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Google books https://books.google.com C 3 9015 OO University of Michigan BUHR pens € , ї à | Cu "c - e - f D ° ~ * D id : à J Ф 2 ы zj 5 LN = * = OF = 4 ENGINEERING Е пе We. = ИШШШШИШШШШШШШЇ АА ТТВ e 367 3 — — — — — — u—e—n. — —— س ا‎ — ЧО — — ͤA—ͤ—K—᷑— (—ü—U س‎ Digitized by Google Buin ed D ar s | REPORT 2 --- OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE APPOINTED BY THE LORDS OF THE COMMITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL FOR TRADE AND THE ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY Joint Commit ee TO INQUIRE INTO THE CONSTRUCTION OF SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH CABLES: TOGETHER WITH THE MINUTES OF EVIDENCE AND APPENDIX. LONDON: PRINTED BY GEORGE EDWARD EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY. FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE. 1861. Ч R TABLE OF CONTENTS. CED | Page : REPORT - - - - е s» - an - - 8 си v MINUTES OF EVIDENCE | Раде Раде Index to Evidence - - - ` xxxvii MACINTOSH, JOHN ° - a . - 86 Attex, Tuomas - - - = 62 Mayes, WiLLiAM, Master R. N. - - - 275 Ашен) Admiral Hoxasio, C.B. - — = - 187 Newatr, ROBERT STIRLING - ò m - 231 Bucur, Captain Sir Epwaan, C. B. - . - 242 PREECE, WILLIAM Henry — — — — 127 Barrr, Дону W. — — — — - 54 Ross, Admiral Sir Janzs © - а - - 187 Baicur, Sir CHARLES Titston ‘= - — - 48 Sawarn, GEORGE - - : - 171 Caxxixc, SAMUEL - — - — - 58 SuarrNzn, Colonel T. P. m — - - 220 Cuarrzrtox, JOHN — — — — - 44 SnanrkE, BENJAMIN m - 2 Е - 959 CLARK, Latimer - - - „= - 199 Stemens, C. WILLIAM œ - — — 8, 216 Dart, Тномлѕ Bannabas — — - - 89 Suver, HucH Abaus - - - - 86 | Daran, Commander Joseru - - - = 181 бмітн, Wirzrovonav - - - - - 27 ` Fitzroy, Admiral Rosenrr, F. R. S. - - - 195 'Гномзох, Wittram, LL.D., F. R. S. - - - 110 aN Fonxpr, Hesry CHARLES - - - - 238 VanLty, CNOMWELL JEPERTWOOD - — — — 148 t Fura, Jou — — - - -'247 WALKER, CHARLES Vincent - - - — 93 8 Giıssoaxe, LIONEL - - — — — 1 Wasuincton, Captain J., R. N., 5. R. S. - - 208 Grass, Richarp ATTWOOD = - - - 15 Wem, FREDERIC CHARLES - - - 261 K Haxcocr, WALTER - - - ~ - 90 West, CHARLES - " . 8 > - 87,186 4 Нғмит, WILLIAM THOMAS - - - - 104 WHITEHOUSE, WitpMAN - - - - - €69 . Hucurs, Professor Davin Epwarp - — - 82 WIXVDOow, Freperic RICHARD - - - - 13 = JENKIN, Frenne — ~ - - 135 Woonnouse, WIILIAu Henry - - - - 89 Kerru, Captain Jon x - - - — - 22 Wray, LEONARD = - - — - 67 ~ Loxcrincz, Janes ATKINSON . ~ — * 31 Youxo, ALLEN - - . - = - 187 4 APPENDIX. 7 APPENDIX No. 1. APPENDIX No. 2.—cont. о Page Page — On the circumstances which influence the inductive dis- General Report by Mr. Latimer Clark—cont. charges of submarine ERPS p by C. Wheat- On the effect of variation in pressure on induction - 313 stone, F. Ii. 8s. — - 281 On the comparative induction of iron and copper 1, Introductory jemarks — - 281 conductors - - - 914 2. Instrument for charging and КОЛЛ wires 281 On velocity of transmission in cables - - 324 3. Employment of galvanometers - 282 On electric waves - - 326 4. Influence of the electro-motive force of the battery On the properties of different insulating materials - 7 on the amount of discharge - 282 India-rubber unmasticated - — — - 329 5. Influence of the length of the „wire on the inductive Masticated india-rubber - - 399 discharge - - - - - - 282 Vulcanized india-rubber - » . - 331 6. Simultaneous discharge — — - 282 Wray's compound — — . - 332 7. Influence of the conductivity of the wire - 283 General observations - - А - - 334 8. m of the diameter of the wire and the thick- ness of the ша. сойо on the amount “ APPENDIX No. 3 discharge - - 283 3. Influence of the insulating. material on the amount Report of an investigation relating to the causes of the | of discharge s j Е * = 285 different electric conducting powers of commercial copper, 10, Influence of temperature on the amount of dis- - by A. Matthiessen, Ph. D., F. R. S. А - 335 charge — — — — 286 Effect of metals or metalloids on the electric con- П. Influence of pressure on the равоне discharge ducting power of pure copper Е E - 335 and insulation = 286 A. Etfect of oxygen on ше conducting power of 12. Influence of interposed өй оп the time of copper 2 8 - 335 charging or discharging - - - 286 В. Effect of carbon — — — - 336 ; 13, Discharges from one end of a wire -— the other C. Effect of phosphorus - " E - 396 Communicates with the earth — Е - 286 D. Effect of sulphur - - - - 336 14. True and apparent discharges — - - - 987 E. Effect of arsenic à . г - 386 l 15. The magnetic rheometer © - 288 Effect of the metals - - - - 336 t 16. iin of sccumulating the effects of charges and Р Ischarges - 28 û account of some experiments made with the submarine ArrPENDIX No. 4. rable of the Mediterranean electric telegraph, by Charles Report upon the results of chemical investigation into the Noe a stoue, F. R. S. - - - 291 causes of the decay of gutta-percha used for the insulation te on the submarine telegraph - - - - 292 of wires for conveying electric currents, by Win, Allen Miller, M.D., F. R. S. — — — - $37 APPENDIX No. 2 l. Experiments on pure gutta - 337 Report by Mr. Latimer Clark - — — - 293 2. Chemical experiments on commercial gutta-percha 338 п quantity and tension . - - - 293 3. Experiments on submarine cables - - 338 Mie transmission of the current through a wire - 294 4. Experiments upon damaged cables suspended in air n the effect of e on the conduction of or placed underground. - - а - 339 Se — — — 296 5. Experiments on caoutcl:ouc - — - 339 On the effect of pressure on the conduction wire of A. Virgin Para rubber, finest quality - - 339 cables - - - 296 B. Masticated rubber, sheet, best quality - - 9840. On insulation and leakage 2 А — - 297 C. A similar series of experiments made with shect a the effect of temperature on insulation - 301 rubber, vulcanized. - - - — 340 On the effects of external pressure on insulation - 302 6. Experiments on other substances 340 On the effect of lengthened application of the battery power 302 Sample of gutta-percha cable чыгган һу. Mackin- On the retardation of signals - - e 303 tosh's patent — * 340 On the measurement of induction - - 806 Supplementary report upon the absorbent qualis of pitta On the effect of variation of battery power on induc- percha and caoutchouc, and of the effect of such absorption tion 8 Е - 307 upon their insulating powers, by Wm. Allen Miller, M.D. 341 On the effect. of тананын in the diameter of the con- Experiments made at Silvertown on the loss of insulation on ducting wire and the thick ness er the шеш оп short lengths of variously coated wires before and after induction - - - - 808 pressure - - - - - 311 - ba effect of variation in temperature on nue Memorandum of experiments on the effect of absorption of 310 water by gutta-percha "cid шашар by Mr. Owen m the specific йшй сарасйу of different Waden e 313 Rowland е - — • 342 2 221598 APPENDIX No. 5. On tlie permeability of various kinds of insulators of sub- marine electric cables, by William Fairbairn, F. R. S., C. E. Section 1. Experiments on the permeability of various insulators under extreme pressure, as indicated by increase of weiglit - - - - Section 2. Experiments on the insulating power of various cores when placed under pressure, - 2 APPENDIX No. 6. Experiments made by direction of the Committee to deter- mine the influence of temperature and pressure on various insulating materials under the circumstances in which they are employed in the manufacture of submarine cables by C. G. Bartholomew and Owen Rowland. Table 1. Influence of temperature on charge and dis- charge - - - - - = Table 2. Influence of temperature on induction and insulation - - - = = 8 Table 3. Experiments on the induction and insulation of two copper wires, one covered with india · rubber and one with gutta-percha, under pressure - Table 4. Experiments on the loss of insulation of wires of various diameters with coating of gutta-perclia of different thicknesses - - - - Table 5. Experiments on the insulation of copper wires, covered with various insulating materials made at different temperatures - - - Table 6. Experiments at very high temperatures - Experiments on the induction and insulation of gutta-percha, plain, and india-rubber covered wires, subject to increased temperature - - Table 7. Experiments on the induction and insulation of 330 feet lengths of differently covered wires under pressure = — — — Experiments on insulation, &c. : Page 349 943 346 350 357 364 365 366 368 368 370 Impurities, air-cells, fissures, and eccentricity of conductors : Gutta-percha sheets - - - ЕС 8 Gutta-percha covered wires - - Е India-rubber sheets - - — — P India-rubber covered wires - - - — Cores of submerged cables: | England and Holland - - - - Atlantic - - - - е - Subterranean wires - - - - Elongation or stretching of cores - - = Effect of temperature - - - Description of apparatus employed in testing at different degrees of temperature - - Plate No 1. Apparatus employed in testing by pressure Plate No. 2. APPENDIX No. 7. Notes and experiments by Dr. Werner Siemens and Mr. William Siemens - - = PA 2 Resistance of short cables < = Š Table of specific induction - - = 8 Charge and distribution along the wire — — Table of insulation of different materials т - 'The absorption of water by gutta-percha, india-rubber, and Wray's mixture under various circumstances, and when immersed in distilled water, sea water, and - brine - = m E = E Lithographed tables, No. 1, 9, 3, and 4. APPENDIX No. 8. Experiments upon gutta-percha as an insulator for subma- rine electric conductors by John Chatterton and Wil- loughby Smith - - - - = Diagram illustrating the testings of each coil of the insulated core of the Toulon and Algiers cable - - Ж APPENDIX No. 9. Abstract of experiments made by direction of the Committee for determining the reiative strength of the outer covering of submarine telegraph cables = - = Experiments on the elasticity of copper wire, and on the elasticity of steel, iron, and copper wire, and tarred hemp Apparatus used in testing the strength of outer covering Plate No. 1. of covering of cables Plates Nos. 2 to 7. Sketch showing the state of a piece of the Dover and Calais cable which had been immersed eight years e Plate No. 8. Sketch of a portion of the Gibraltar cable No. 4. broken in testing its strength, showing the manner in which the gutta- percha was forced through by the return of the outer covering Plate No, 9. Shetches illustrating various forms 378 378 378 378 378 378 378 378 378 382 883 385 386 390 - ~- - telegraph cables - - - — CONTENTS. APPENDIX No. 10. Abstract and results of experiments made by Messrs. Gis- borne, Forde, and C. W. Siemens for determining the relative strength of the outer covering of submarine Abstract and results of experiments by Messrs. Gisborne, Forde, and C. W. Siemens for determining the strength of steel and iron wires, and hempen strands separate and combined - - - - - - Description of machine used for testing the elongation and ` breaking strain of telegraph cables - - - Plate descriptive attached. * APPENDIX No. II. Memorandum of method adopted in manufacturing and testing the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde, and Messrs. Siemens and Halske - F variations of temperature f cable from day to day. А 2 Я Mr. Reed's description of his patent pressure tank, used in testing cables during manufacture et - - Plate attached. x Reports ọn the spontaneaus generation of heat in the Ran- goon and Singapore cable, by William Allen Miller, M.D. . Reports by Messrs. Siemens, Halske, and Co. - - Description of a. resistance thermometer, by Mr. C. W. Siemens к .- . = > - Н . APPENDIX No. 12. Outline of the principles and practice involved in dealing with the electrical conditions of submarine electric tele- graphs, by Werner and C. W. Siemens - ЕС - APPENDIX No. 13. Report on the electrical conditions of the Red Sea tele- graph, by Siemens, Halske, and Co. - - - Plate, Nos. 1 to 7 attached. Report on the electrical conditions of the Aden-Kurrachee cable, shortly before, during, and for ope month after its submersion, or in January, February, and March 1860 - Siemens, Halske, and Co.'s methods of determining. the distances of faults - = E ne . APPENDIX No. 14. On the insulating properties of gutta-percha, by Fleeming Jenkin - —— — — * о - Plates, Nos. 1 to 8 attached. APPENDIX No. 15. Letter from Sir Charles Bright to Sir Stafford Northcote relative to the requirements of a cable of great length laid at a great depth = ` -- — — Е Letter from Ј. А. Longridge to Captain Galton on рауіпр- out apparatus for submarine telegraph cables А .APPENDIX No. 16. Sir Charles Bright enclosing log of successful paying-out of the Atlantic cable, August 1858 - - P Diagram of paying-out machinery. | W. E. Everett, enclosing log U.S. steamer “ Niagara,’ August 1858 - = Log of paying out Atlantic cable from * Agamemnon," Un- successful trip in 1858 — — = = Result of the testings оп the Newfoundland end of the cable, according to instructions from C. F. Varley, Esq., October 1859 - - E - ~ Report on the state of the Atlantic cable in Trinity Bay, by Cromwell F. Varley and J. Kell - - - i APPENDIX No. 17. Account of experiments on the Mediterranean cables in the East India Docks, containing six copper wires, insulated with gutta-percha, and covered with iron wires - . - Account of experimental wires laid in iron pipes on Penton- ville Hill - - = - ә Observations and correspondence on the subject of deflec- tions observed at the Central Station of the Electric and International Telegraph Company, Lothbury, London - Letter from Mr. Alfred Varley to Captain Galton, relative to the rates of working the Varna and Balaklava, and Varna and Constantiaople cables - - - APPENDIX No. 18. Table showing the general particulars of the various sub- marine telegraph cables - . à А 2 Page 391 441 448 449 454 455 461 463 464 489 483 501 502 506 512 REPORT THE LORDS OF TIIE COMMITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL FOR : TRADE. © -— — aa = IN compliance with the instructions given to us by your Lordships to inquire into * the “ best form for the composition and outer covering of submarine telegraph cables,” we have the honour to inform you that we have made numerous experiments and received the evidence of gentlemen conversant with the subject, and we beg to lay before vour Lord- ships the following report. | i In the first place, however, we must express to your Lordships how great was the loss we experienced soon after the commencement of our inquiry by the death of Mr. Robert Stephenson; his philosophical mind, his high scientific attainments, and his great practical knowledge peculiarly fitted him for directing an inquiry such as this, in which mechanical, chemical, and electrical science are combined; it was a subject, more- over, to which he had given considerable attention, and in which he took the greatest interest. We have, however, had the benefit of his valuable assistance in originally devising the course of our proceedings, and in determining the general experiments which we deemed it necessary to make. We propose to divide our report into three general heads, viz. :— I. A short account of the principal telegraph lines which have been laid. II. The construction and laying of submarine cables. III. A summary of principles which we consider should govern these undertakings in future. I. AN Account oF THE PRINCIPAL TELEGRAPH Lines WHICH HAVE BEEN LAID. Ах Ac- We have appended to this Report a tabular statement, showing the principal submarine түк Prs- telegraph lines which have bcen laid. (Appendix No. 18.) CIPAL TELE- In 1840, Professor Wheatstone suggested to the Select Committee of the House of GRraruLines Commons on Railways the construction of a submarine telegraph between Dover WIC HAVE and Calais, and subsequently further developed his plans ; but the first efficient submarine mut telegraph which was actually laid was the line between Dover and Calais, projected by Mr. Brett, and completed in 1851. The tabular statement shows that at the present time 11,364 miles have been laid, but of these little over 3,000 miles are actually working. The following is a list of these lines :— —— in Statute Owner of Line. Shallow Water Cables. Black Sea—Varna to Constantinople Black Sea— Varna to Balaklava Corsica and Sardinia - Dacca-Pegu - - 172 Ottoman Government. 356 British Government. 11 ; French Government. 116 | Indian Government. or за а 9 39 а з а Q0 © Dover and Ostend - - - | Submarine Telegraph Company. Dover and Calais (Grisnez) - 25 Ditto. Folkestone and Boulogne - - 24 Ditto. England and Hanover - - 280 Ditto. England and Denmark - - - 390 Ditto. England to Holland, Orfordness, and Schevening 1191 | Electric and International Telegraph Com- (four lines). 1185 pany. England to Holland, Mismeer to Zandvoort - 136 Ditto. Holyhead and Howth (1854) - - - 13 Ditto. Holyhead and Howth (1854) - - - 73 Ditto. Hurst Castle to Isle of Wigh - - - 1 Ditto. Firth of Forth - - - - - 5 Ditto. River Tay - - - - - 1 Ditto. Ах Ac- COUNT OF THE PRIN- CIPAL TELE- GRAPH LINES WHICH HAVE BEEN LAID, Shallow Mater Cables. Dover and Grisnez cable. vi REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Length — | їп Owner of Line, Miles. Shallow Water Cables—cont. Holyhead and Howth (1852) = 73 | R. and S. Newall and Company. Portpatrick and Donaghadee - 25 | British and Irish Magnetic Company. Portpatrick and Whitehead - 26 Ditto. Portpatrick and " (1852) - 15 Ditto. Liverpool to Holyhead - 25 | Liverpool Dock Committee. Majorca to Minorca - 33 | Spanish Government. Denmark—across the Belt - Danish Government. Denmark, Great Belt - 28 Ditto. Sweden to Denmark - 13 Ditto. Sweden to Gottland - 64 Ditto. 550 | Dutch Government. 240 | Australian Government. 12 36 | Isle of Man Electric Telegraph Company. 93 | Channel Islands Telegraph Company. Singapore to Batavia Tasmanian, Dass Straits - - Prince Edward's Island to New Brunswick Whitehaven and Isle of Man - Weymouth to Alderney, Guernsey, and Jersey € 0 9$ @ 6 oc 3€ @ 3 а @ g@ @ © 9 тый Qo 3,074 Deep Sea Cables. — Athens to Syra and Scio - - - ]17 | Greek Government. Atlantic - - - - -| 2,200 | Atlantic Telegraph Company. Barcclona to Mahon. - - - - 180 | Spanish Government. Corfu and Otranto - - - 60 | Mediterranean Extension Telegraph Co. Dardanelles to Scio and Candia, from Scio to Smyrna| 514 | Levant Telegraph Company. Iviza to St. Antonia - - - - 76 | Spanish Government. Iviza to Majorca - - - - 74 Ditto. Newfoundland and Cape Breton - 85 — Red Sea :— Length. Suez-Cossire - - - - 294 Cossire-Suakin - - - 545 Suakin-Aden - - - - 723 Aden-Kooria Mooria - - - 825 Kooria Mooria-Muscat - - 359 Muscat-Kurrachee - - 553 —— | 3,499 | Red Sea and India Telegraph Company. Sardinia and Malta, and Malta and Corfu 700 | Mediterranean Extension Telegraph Com- pany. Sicily and Malta - - - - - 70 Ditto. Spezzia and Corsica - - 110 | French Government. Sardinia and Bona (Cagliari to Galita). - - 125 Ditto. Toulon and Algiers - - - 480 Ditto. 8,290 It will be perceived that of the lines, above 8,000 miles i in length, which are not working, 6,949 miles belong to four undertakings only, viz.: the Atlantic, 2,200 miles; the Red Sea and India, 3,499 miles; the Sardinia, Malta and Corfu, 700 miles ; and the Singa- pore and Batavia, 550 miles. We have classed these lines. under the respective heads of lines laid in shallow water and deep sea lines. Under the former we place all lines which are at such a depth as to be liable to injury from anchors of ships or dredges, or from strong tidal currents; these may be assumed to be in depths down to about 100 fathoms. Deep sea lines are those which are out of reach of those dangers, in depths considerably beyond 100 fathoms. The particulars of the condition of the several cables are shown in the tabular statement before mentioned, and we therefore propose only to allude to a small number of the cables. Shallow Water Cables. The line between Dover and Grisnez, laid in 1851 by the Submarine Telegraph Company, consisted of four copper conducting wires, each insulated with кишка formed into a rope, covered with tarred hemp and protected with iron wires of No. 1 gauge. These wires were worked, with occasional injuries from anchors, till the spring of 1859, when extensive repairs were undertaken, in the course of which it was found that the gutta-percha covering of the copper wires was in as good order as when first laid, so com- plete had been the protection aftorded by the tarred hemp and the immersion in water. ‘Lhe iron covering was, however, corroded in places, especially where it had lain on a bottom exposed to the action of moving water. | REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, vii The Submarine Telegraph Company have four other lines between England and the Ax Ac- Continent. One from Dover to Ostend with six conducting wires, laid in 1853, very COUNT or similar to the Dover and Grisnez cable. In the others, instead of the single copper wire ™* 0 for a conductor, a strand of four copper wires was introduced. Of these one laid in “747 Lax rs 1858, between England and Hanover, is 280 miles long, containing two conducting wmen nave copper strands, and weighing three tons per mile. The other two were laid in 1859 — BEEN Lar. one, a very heavy cable, 24 miles in length, between Folkestone and Boulogne, weighing Shallow 9} tons per mile, and containing six conducting strands of copper wire, insulated with Vater gutta-percha and Chatterton’s compound, twisted into a rope and served with tarred Cables. hemp, protected by iron wires of No. O gauge. The other is laid between England and гут Denmark, and is 350 miles long, weighing four tons p mile, and containing three cable. conducting strands. The system of the Submarine Telegraph Company has thus been Hanover to place all the conducting wires they rcquire for a particular route in one cable. cable. The lines between England and Holland laid by the International Telegraph Folkestone Company are five in number. The shallow sea which separates the English coast from and Holland is navigated by numerous craft, which renders the submarine lines peculiarly Doulogne ا‎ cable. liable to damage from ships’ anchors. The shallow water, however, on the other hand, PANES renders the repair or renewal of the lines a matter of little difficulty. Instead of the cable. plan of the Submarine Company of placing several conductors in one cable being р. 1 and adopted in the first four lines laid by the International Telegraph Company between Ilolland Orfordness and the Hague, four single wires were laid in four separate light cables, cable. weighing about two tons to the mile: the four cables were all united to a large and very heavy cable for a distance of threc miles from each shore, where ships were thought more likely to drop their anchors. The core is a double-covered gutta-percha wire, wrapped with tape and yarn, and externally covered with No. 8 galvanized iron wires laid spirally. ‘The first cable was laid in a gale of wind, but this cable, as well as the three others, were all successfully paid out, and, setting aside the constant damage from ships’ anchors, have generally worked well. The iron wire has, however, been seriously eaten away wherever it was exposed to moving water. It also rusts very fast in places where it rests in the mud on this side of the channel, but it has remained uninjured wherever it has been covered with the sand or silt at the bottom of the channel. The cables are somctimes found imbedded to great depths in the shingle on the English coast, and at other times entirely exposed. ‘The lines were so frequently damaged, both accidentally, and occasionally wilfully, that their repair required the almost constant services of a vessel and crew, kept for the purpose; and therefore to put au end to so serious an expenditure, a large cable with four conducting wires has been laid down in their stead. i The Electric Telegraph Company in laying these four cables left the entire responsi- bility of the design, construction, and laying of the cables to their own officers, and employed their own vessel, the contractor supplying the cable, and laying it under their instructions. The Channel Islands Telegraph is worthy of notice. This cable, which is 93 miles Channel long, was laid from Portland to Alderney, Guernsey, and Jersey in August 1858. It Islands consists of a strand of copper wires, forming one conductor, covered with gutta-percha, le. and protected by iron wires, the weight being about 2} tons per mile. The depth is nowhere greater than 60 fathoms. The cable is laid across a rocky bottom, traversed by a rapid tide ; but in parts there is sand and shingle. At the landing place in Jersey the cable is laid among rocks, and the first accident took place there in the month of February 1859. "The cable was not fixed to the rocks, and in a violent gale the waves caused it to strike repeatedly against the rocks, and broke it. A repetition of this injury was prevented by clamping the cable down to the rocks by means of iron forks leaded ` into the rocks. The next accident occurred eight months after the laying of the cable four miles from the island of Portland, where the tide, which runs at five and six miles an hour, had caused the cable to work upon a ridge of rock in 25 fathoms water, which had worn it through; in repairing this the cable was taken up and relaid over shingle in another place. In other parts, where the iron covering of the cable was exposed, it became corroded, the rust which formed being continually washed away; in othei places, when it rested on cement stone the wire was decayed, and in some cases the cable sunk into the cement stone; another cause of corrosion is stated to be the attachment of zoophytes, and vegetation to thc cable. In one case the cable was so much abraded on rocks, that half the gutta-percha and three inches in length of copper wire was laid bare and worn away, leaving only an oxide of copper exposed to the water in the groove in which the copper had lain ; and defective as this portion was it is stated that weak currents could still be passed through the cable a 4 г AN Ac- COUNT OF THE PRIN- CIPAL TELE- GRAPH LINES WHICH HAVE BEEN LAID. Shallow ll ater Cables. Singapore and Batavia cable. Tasmanian cable. Deep Sea Cables. Atluntie cable. viil REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Another fault appears to have occurred from lightning. A thunderstorm took place in Jersey, and the Tehi is said to have struck the wire on the land; a portion passing into the office, and destroying the instruments; another portion passing out in the land wires and producing small punctures ; the remainder travelling 16 miles along the cable to within two miles of Guernsey, where it appears to have met with a weak place, and passed out into the water, producing a fault. / Further particulars of the other cables will be found in the evidence and Appendix No. 18; and we propose, therefore, only to allude to two others. One was laid between Singapore and Batavia, for the Dutch Government, which weighed 21 cwt. per mile, and is similar in construction to the Red Sea cable, a cable which had been devised for a deep sea line. (See Table in Appendix No. 18). This line has failed, partly in consequence of injuries from anchors, and partly from corrosion of the outer covering, which was too weak for a shallow water cable. The other was manufactured by Mr. Henley, and laid by the Tasmanian Government, across Bass's Straits in 1859, in three sections, and weighed two tons per mile. One section has failed, and is to be replaced by a stronger cable. This section was abraded by the rocky bottom on which it was laid. Оп the same section a seaweed called kelp grows profusely, which, it is stated, — and floated the cable in some places. The new line is proposed to be laid on a good sandy bottom, in an altered direction, which, had a careful preliminary survey been made, would have been selected at first, and would have prevented the failure which has occurred. Deep Sea Cables. We now pass to Deep Sea Lines, and amongst the first, notice the Atlantic Telegraph. In 1851, Mr. Tibbet, of New York, and Mr. Frederick N. Gisborne, an English engineer, proposed to shorten the communication between America and Europe, by making St. John's, Newfoundland, a port of call for Atlantic steamers, and constructing a telegraph from thence to join the American lines. In 1851, they obtained an Act of the Legislature of Newfoundland, which gave them the necessary powers, and also conferred upon them certain exclusive privileges. These gentlemen were, however, unable to fulfil the terms of the Act, and they transferred their interest to a new Com- pany chiefly promoted by Mr. Cyrus Field, Mr. Dudley Field, Mr. Peter Cooper, Mr. Chandler White, Mr. Moses Taylor, and Mr. Marshall O. Roberts, and called the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company. This Company obtained an Act of Incorporation in 1854, which conferred, amongst other privileges, the exclusive right of landing cables on the coasts of Newfoundland or on the islands or places within the jurisdiction of the Government of Newfound- land for 50 years, and no limit was assigned to the time within which they were to exercise this right. In 1856 Mr. Cyrus Field, Sir Charles Bright, Mr. Brett, and Mr. Whitehouse entered into an arrangement with the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, by which the privilege of laying a submarine line between Europe and the coasts of Newfoundland and Labrador was transferred to them; but these privileges were to revert to the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, if not exercised before 1862. ‘These gentlemen formed the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and obtained a grant of 14,000/. per annum from the British Government, to be paid when and so long as the line was in working order, and the American Govern- ment gave a similar guarantee. . Upon this, the Provisional Directors of the Company raised 350,000/., in shares of 1,000/. each, and they undertook that the line should be laid in 1857. It was not until after this had been done that the permanent Board of Manage- ment was formed. | Some experiments upon forms of cable best suited to the purpose were made at Messrs. Glass and Elliot's works. ‘The form selected was calculated to bear three tons. It consisted of a strand of seven copper wires, each No. 221 gauge, weighing 93 pounds per mile, covered with three coats of gutta-percha, weighing 227 pounds per mile, served with thread jute yarn, saturated with a composition of tar and other materials, and coated with 18 strands of iron wire, each strand containing seven wires, each of No. 22 gauge ; but it is to be regretted that there was no such thorough preliminary investigation as the importance of the subject demanded, because the undertaking given that it should be laid in 1857 did not afford the time necessary for such an inquiry. Mr. Whitehouse (Question 1838) states that Mr. Cyrus Field objected to further experiments because it would have put off the laying of the cable for twelve months, and other persons admit that additional experiments should have been made. Messrs. Newall contracted for the manufacture of one-half of the cable, Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Co., contracted for the other half; and the manufacture was commenced in ———— 2 "и, — ча REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 1X February 1857. Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Co. had no covered works in which to stow it, Ах Ac- and the summer being very hot, the cable was partially injured by the sun. A consider- COUNT or able variation in the conductivity of the copper wire was observed during the process of "с Tere. testing, and a standard for the conductivity of the copper was consequently е but GRAPH Lines not till nearly the whole cable had been manufactured. ‘The cable, 2,500 miles long, was WHICH HAVE finished in July 1857. ` асое The United States steam-ship * Niagara" said to be а vessel of 5,000 tons, received the Deep Sea portion manufactured by Messrs. Newall, and Her Majesty's ship“ Agamemnon,” a vessel Cables. of 3,200 tons, received the portion made by Messrs. Glass and Elliot. The apparatus ,, = for the laying of the cable was scarcely complete when the ships arrived at Valentia. In cable. the first expedition it was settled that the ships should proceed together from Valentia to Newfoundland, and as soon as one ship had paid out the cable on board, a joint was to be made with the portion on board the other ship; many objections were raised to this course, because it was evident that if the weather should happen to be bad when the joint was to be made, half the cable would be inevitably lost. The expedition left Valentia on the 7th August 1857, and the cable continued to be successfully paid out until the 11th August, when it broke in 2,000 fathoms of water, after about 335 miles had been paid out. The dynamometer indicated a strain of 35 cwt. Upon one occasion, before this fracture occurred, the ship had been stopped, and the cable held by stoppers without being paid out, so that it was not the actual weight of the cable which broke it, but, as stated by Sir C. Bright, an omission to ease the break as the stern of the ship was raised by the waves. After this accident the ships proceeded to Plymouth, and the cable was coiled into tanks on shore at Keyham. Upon examination it was found that the cable was injured either by the coiling and uncoiling, or by the original exposure to heat ; and several bad places were cut out where the copper wire had forced itself through the gutta-percha. The cable was tested at Keyham, and the leakage reported to be high. But as it was not placed in water for fear of corroding the outer wires, no very accurate data were obtained. In the numerous tests made at Keyham the cable was cut in several places, and it would appear that sufficient care was not always exercised in making good the joints afterwards. In the spring of 1858, the cable was placed on board the ships, and after some preliminary experiments upon paying out and raising portions of the cable, in the Bay of Biscay, it was determined to commence to lay the cable from mid-ocean, between Ireland and America. Two unsuccessful attempts to lay the cable were made, and the . vessels returned to Cork, but they started again on the 17th July and accomplished the successful laying of the cable between Newfoundland and Valentia, on the 5th August. The communication between the ships during the paying out was kept up by a pre- arranged series of signals, and doubts were entertained during the laying of the final success of the cable, from the serious faults which became apparent. On the first occasion a sudden cessation of the current was perceived, but the insulation was good, and after a time the currents came again as strong as before. This could only be accounted for on the supposition that the internal copper wire had broken from the strain, and that when the cable in which it was had reached the bottom the two ends had been brought together again by the elasticity of the sheath. A serious fault of insulation appeared in the cable at about 420 miles from the Irish coast, after which signals could be transmitted only by the use of Professor Thomson’s very delicate marine galvanometer. Signals continued to be received, sometimes better, sometimes worse, from the 5th August till the 1st September, when they ceased to be intelligible. Attempts have subsequently been made to repair the cable, but the decay from rust of the outer covering, which, as before mentioned, consists of strands of very fine wires, has pre- vented the cable being raised without breaking. Mr. Varley in his evidence (Question 2935) states that the speed with which words could be sent through this cable was little over one word of five letters per minute by relay; on Professor Thomson’s galvano- meter two words per minute were obtained. We attribute the failure of this enterprize to the original design of the cable having been faulty owing to the absence of experimental data, to the manufacture having been conducted without proper supervision, and to the cable not having been handled, after manufacture, with sufficient care. We have had before us samples of the bad joints which existed in the cable before it was laid; and we cannot but observe that practical men ought to have known that the cable was defective, and to have been aware of the lcality- of the defects, before it was laid. | The next telegraph to which we come is the Red Sea and India Telegraph. The Red Sea and India Telegraph Company was formed in 1857-58 upon certain Red Sea Cwessions obtained by Mr. Lionel Gisborne from the Turkish Government, which cable. authorized a line of telegraph to be carried across Egypt and down the Red Sea, thus giving the necessary powers for the сие of a line to India. ‘These concessions X REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. An Ac- give the Company full control over the line, and permit through messages to be cn. forwarded, either in cipher or otherwise, without being subject to examination on the part Стра, Tere. of the Turkish or Egyptian Governments. It also grants sufficient land for stations, and erary Lines the necessary connecting land lines. Mr. Lionel Gisborne was the engineer, and Messrs. wHICH HAVE Newall and Co. contractors, for the projected line. In June 1858, after two unsuccessful BEEN LAID attempts to lay the Atlantic Telegraph had been made, and before the third and Deep Sea successful attempt, the Government gave an unconditional guarantee of 4} per cent. Cables. for 50 years upon the whole capital required for the construction of the Red Sea and 5 India line, viZ., 800,000/., thus relieving the shareholders from risk in the matter; they cable: appointed an official director who had a general control over the proceedings of the Company. 'The cable consisted of a strand of seven copper wires, weighing 180 lbs. per nautical mile, covered with two coats of gutta-percha alternated with two coats of Chatterton's compound, weighing 212 lbs. per nautical mile. This core was served with hemp yarn tarred, weighing 14 cwt. per nautical mile, protected by iron wires weighing 16 cwt. per nautical mile. This cable had consequently the largest copper conductor and the best insu- lation of any cable made up to that date. The whole length of line is 3,043 nautical miles. The first portion, between Suez and Aden, was finished on the 28th of May 1859. It was laid in three sections, exclusive of the land line between Alexandria and Suez. 'The first section is from Suez to Cossire, 255 nautical miles in length; the second, Cossire to Suakin, 474 miles; the third, from Suakin to Aden, 629 miles in length. 'The portion of cable laid between Suakin and Aden tested much less perfectly before it was laid than the other two portions. The section from Suez to Cossire was in good order when laid. ‘There was a fault on the Cossire-Suakin section, 135 miles from Suakin, when first laid, but not such as to prevent the line working, and for several months it did not get worse ; the line has, however, since failed. In February 1860 the Aden Suakin section failed, and'it was found to have several faults ; one appeared to be caused by the gutta-percha having been softened by heat, and the yarn having cut into it and bared the copper wire, and there appeared to be a defect caused by the flange of a drum having rolled over the core and cut into the copper wire; apparently before the core had been covered with yarn and wire. The Company endeavoured to repair the section, and laid down for the purpose above 300 miles of new cable. The communication was restored in July. The section, however, failed again five days afterwards. The pieces brought up from this portion of cable showed numerous places where the wire covering was entirely corroded away. In other places, the wires were as good as when first laid. In many places the cable was entirely covered with shells and weeds, and thus protected from corrosion. This section was laid very taut, and some of the injuries have been attributed to tight paying out, but the corrosion of the outer covering would to scme extent account for the appearance of the pieces which have been brought up. Faults have also appeared in the Suez Cossire section. 'The second portion of line, between Aden and Kurrachee, was completed in February 1860, but remained only for a short time in working order. A portion, of about 70 miles, is laid in depths of from 1,900 to 2,000 fathoms. The sections on this line are, froin Aden to Hallain, 718 miles; from Hallain to Muscat, 486 miles; from Muscat to Kurrachee, 481 miles. The Aden Hallain section has a fault, supposed to be about 230 miles from Aden. The Hallain Muscat section is stated to be in good working order. The Muscat Kurrachee section has a fault close to Kurrachee, supposed to be caused by injury to the shore end from waves; but it would appear also to have other faults. "The Company have had no means on the spot for the repair of this line, nor have they a staff competent to give the information required to enable the condition of the line to be ascertained with accuracy ; but there can be no doubt that, with a moderate expendi- ture and proper appliances, it would be capable of being made some use of. It appears that the contract provided that the cable should be maintained in working order for 30 days by the contractor, and that the several separate sections were worked for a longer period; but that the whole was not worked throughout for that period. The speed at which messages could be sent through the longest section, viz., from Aden to Hallain, is stated by Mr. Forde to be about five words per minute, but we believe that with proper appliances the line would give a higher speed. We consider that the failure of this line is attributable to the cable having been designed without regard to the con- ditions of the climate or the character of the bottom of the sea over which it had to be laid ; and to the insufficiency of the agreement with the contractor for securing effectual supervision during manufacture and control of the manner of laying. It is, moreover, to be regretted that the contract for laying this line was entered into without a full investigation into the question, considering that the success of the Atlantic cable was at the time very doubtful. | | | REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xl In addition to these lines, various submarine cables have been laid in the Mediterranean, of these we would specially notice the following :— In 1854 the Mediterranean Extension Telegraph Company laid down, under concession from the French and Sardinian Governments, a submarine cable with six conducting wires, from Cape Santa Croce, Spezzia to Cape Corse, i In Corsica. From Cape Corse land wires. were carried to Bonifacio; from Bonifacio a submarine cable of six conducting wires was laid to Santa T heresa, in the island of Sardinia, whence land wires were laid to Cagliari and Cape Spartivento. From Cape Spartivento a submarine cable was laid in 1855 to Bona in Algeria, a distance of 125 miles. Mr. Brett made two unsuccessful attempts to lay the latter cable. The first attempt was made with a cable containing six conducting wires, and protected with .strong iron wire; it weighed 8 or 9 tons per mile. The vessel in which it was stowed was a sailing vessel, towed whilst the cable was being laid by a steamer of small power. More slack was paid out than had been anticipated, and the cable broke during an attempt mane to raise it. by means of a windlass from deep water. | A cable with three conducting wires, weighing nearly four tons per mile, placed ir ma steamer, was next attempted to be laid, but it ran short from an error in the course of the ship. The depth at the place was about 400 fathoms, and the steamer held on to the cable for four or five days, whilst buoys ana assistance were being fetched by another steamer which accompanied the expedition. Rough weather, however, came on, and the .cable broke before the assistance arrived. Messrs. Newall made the third attempt, and laid a cable with four endung wires, which weighed three tons per mile. Of the four wires, one appears to have been defec- tive at first, one to have been faulty, and the other two capable of working. This cable has since failed, and it is stated that three faults were found in it; one was apparently caused by corrosion and another by coral dredgers, the third is in a depth of 1,200 fathoms, at about 40 miles from the island of Sardinia. ‘The outer covering of the cable was so little corroded that it was able to be picked up in this great depth until within about a mile from this fault; the cable then became very much corroded, and it broke in attempting to raise it, before the fault was reached.. The tests appeared to show that the cable was actually broken in this depth, but the cause of this y — could not unfortunately be ascertained. Marine ‘animals and vegetation were found adhering to parts of the cable at the above-mentioned depths. A more careful selection of the route would have enabled the faults which occurred 1 in shallow water to be avoided. In 1857 the Mediterranean Extension Company, with a guarantee of interest from the English Government so long as the line remained in working order, laid lines from Cagliari to Malta, and from Malta to Corfu. The line consisted of a strand of copper wires, forming one conductor, covered with gutta percha, and protected by a serving of tarred yarn, covered with iron wires. The cable weighed 18 cwt. per mile. The line between Cagliari and Malta remained in good working order for twelve months, when a fault occurred. ‘This fault was repaired, and the line worked again for several weeks, when it again failed in the same locality. An attempt was made to repair this second fault with an extra length of cable, and the cable was raised at some distance from the fault, and the new piece spliced in, but it proved insufficient to reach from the place at which the cable was raised to the fault. ‘The line between Malta and Corfu is laid in depths extending to nearly 2,000 fathoms; it remained in good working order for about a year and three quarters, and then failed suddenly. The exact position of this fault is not known; but it is assumed to be from 20 to 40 miles from Corfu, and is reported as, continuity interrupted, but cable unbrokepn. The Company have subse- quently, in 1859, laid a line from Malta to Sicily, but 1n comparatively shallow water. This cable contains one stranded copper conductor covered with gutta percha, served with tarred yarn, and protected by iron wires of No. 5 gauge; it weighs three tons per mile. This line is in good working order. Mr. Newall has laid lines between the Dardanelles, Syra, Candia, and Athens, and he has three times failed in attempting to lay a line from Candia to Alexandria, where the greatest depth is 1,750 fathoms. In one instance a hemp-covered cable was used and failed in laying; it was also found that the teredo had eaten through the hemp and indented the gutta-percha. Mr. Newall states that the hemp covering did not enable the cable to be raised from deep-water. [n the last attempt a portion of the Red Sea cable was used, and after the deepest water had been pues a failure occurred, supposed to arise from a bad joint. An Ac: COUNT OF THE PRIN- CIPAL TELE- GRAPHLINES - WHICH HAVE BEEN LAID. Deep Sea Cables. Spezzia and Corsica cable, Bona and Cagliari cable. Cagliari, Malta, and Corfu cable. Dardanelles, Candia, and Athens cable. Submarine telegraph lines have been also recently laid between Spain, Majorca, and Spain, Ma- -Minorca by the Spanish Government, manufactured by Mr. Henley, and the French b 2 jorca, and Minorca ; xil REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. AN Ac- Government have arranged for a direct line between Toulon and Algiers. This line COUNT OF has been manufactured by Messrs. Glass and Elliot. It consists of a strand of copper ae Tere. Wire weighing 400 lbs. per mile, covered with four coats of gutta percha alternated ‘@rapHLines With four coats of Chatterton’s compound, also weighing 400 lbs. per mile, served WHICH HAVE with tarred hemp, and protected by steel wires covered with hemp, to prevent their BEEN LAID. corrosion. The specific gravity of this cable being small, and its strength considerable, Deep Sea it was able to be picked up for some distance in 1,600 fathoms of water. The first Cables. attempt to lay it failed from a fracture due to the occurrence of a storm when the ship from which the line was being paid out was halfway across; the end was Arion and consequently taken into Majorca, and communication established between France cable: and Algeria by way of Spain. A subsequent attempt to complete the line failed from a collision between the vessel sent to assist in laying and the vessel containing the cable. | It will be observed that the failures of all these submarine lines are attributable to defined causes, which might have been guarded against. It is possible that as our experience progresses other causes of failure besides those already ascertained may be discovered, but we believe that there are no difficulties to be encountered in laying submarine cables, and maintaining them when laid, which skill and prudence cannot and will not overcome. Before passing to the next section of our report it will be interesting to describe briefly the arrangements which were made for the manufacture of the sub- marine cable originally intended to be laid from this country to Gibraltar, subsequently proposed for a line between Rangoon and Singapore, and now about to be laid between Malta and Alexandria. Malta and The manufacture of the core of this cable was contracted for after the complete Alexandria failure of the Atlantic cable and before the experiment of the Red Sea telegraph had cable. been decided. The core consists of a strand of 7 copper wires weighing 400 lbs. per nautical mile, covered with three coatings of gutta percha alternated with three coatings of Chatterton's compound, also weighing 400 lbs. per nautical mile, to be equal in conductivity and insulation to a previously constructed standard mile. ‘This core is served with hemp saturated in tar, and covered with 18 No. 11 iron wires for the deep-water portion, the shore ends being covered with No. 0 iron wires. The line as originally devised was to have been laid for 300 miles in depths of from 1,500 to 2,500 fathoms, and the covering for this portion was to have been of steel wires, each coated with hemp. When the Gibraltar line was abandoned, the steel and hemp covering was given up, and the iron wire covering was adopted for the whole cable. The core was manufactured at the Gutta Percha Company's Works, ard was tested in water in one of Reid's pressure tanks, up to a pressure of 600 lbs. per square inch, the air being exhausted from the tank before the water was turned in. This was the highest pressure to which the tank was adapted at the time; by recent arrangements, however, a much higher pressure can be obtained. The resistance and insulation of each mile of the cable were noted, and a careful system of comparative tests framed, which are to be carried on during laying, and after the cable has been laid, by which means the actual condition of the cable will be ascertained with great accuracy. ‘These tests are described in Appendix No. 11. ! The outer covering was manufactured by Messrs. Glass and Elliot. The contract provided that the cable should be kept under water from the time of its manufacture until laid, and that the electrical tests during covering and laying, and afterwards, should be entirely conducted by electricians appointed by the Government or their engineer, to ensure that the comparative tests deemed indispensable should be properly made. ‘Ihe water tanks constructed at the contractors works leaked very considerably ; and in conse- quence of some misapprehension the ships to carry the cable were not originally fitted with water-tight tanks to hold the cable. "The result was, that the cable, at the contractors' works, was alternately wet and dry, and liable to rust; the corrosion of the large surface of iron in the outer covering, coiled in a compact mass, occupying a small space, rapidly generated heat, which could only be kept down by pumping water over the cable, in the absence of any means of permanent submergence. As long as this water was at a low temperature, so as to prevent the heat in the cable rising to above 50" Fahrenheit, no great mischief could result, as oxydation would not progress rapidly ; but when the temperature of the cable increased beyond that amount the heating occurred in an accelerating ratio, reaching a mean of 86° Fahrenheit. This effect of wetting the iron covering of a cable had not previously been experienced, butit haa a very important bearing on the selection of the form of outer covering of & cable. If the line had been laid in one length from Falmouth to Gibraltar, it was estimated that about five words per minute would have been passed through it; if, REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. хі however, it should be laid in three sections between Malta aud Alexandria, the speed at which it can be worked would be materially increased. II. Tue Construction AND LAYING ОЕ SUBMARINE CABLES. A submarine cable consists generally of some insulated conductor, strengthened and protected by other surrounding materials to preserve it from injury, as well during the process of submerging it as after it is laid at the bottom of the ocean. The whole subject of submarine telegraphy may be yet said to be in its infancy, and all that has been done has been rather the result of bold though successful tentative processes than of the application of any well ascertamed data to the ends to be obtained. Under these circumstances the success which has attended many of these operations is a proof of the practical skill of the few talented individuals who have devoted their attention to the subject, and their advice and co-operation have been of the greatest value to the Committee in directing attention to their requirements. The early history of submarine telegraphy resembles in a most striking manner the progress of land telegraphs, in which, as the requirements have arisen, such remarkable progress has been made; and there is no reason to doubt but that a similarly successful result will ultimately attend this new branch of the subject. The early telegraphs began within the limits of a railway station, and almost insu- perable difficulties attended their construction for a distance of even 20 miles. A further extension necessitated an entire change in the whole process. The wires, covered with cotton saturated with a solution of caoutchouc, and laid in metal tubes, were entirely abandoned, and the open air telegraph was adopted; but even with this improvement it was several years before it was found possible, even in fine weather, to work with certainty over a greater distance than 100 miles. Whereas, so perfect has the system of insulation now become, that no difficulty is experienced in communicating directly and instantaneously between London and any part of Great Britain. It was unreasonable to expect that the progress of submarine telegraphy should be in any degree more rapid, and we ought rather to be surprised at the gigantic strides it has already made, than to be disheartened by the difficulties that have been experienced in the undertakings that have been attempted. It is a remarkable fact, and, as regards the science of the subject probably an unfortunate one, that complete success attended the laying of the first telegraph cables. They became successful precedents to appeal to; further investigation was thought unnecessary, and with no variation as regards the principles of construction, cable after cable was designed and laid down under circumstances and conditions having no resemblance to those originally encountered. The result was, however, far more encouraging than might have been expected. It is indeed, doubtful, whether the transmission of messages for even so short a period through such a cable across the whole width of the Atlantic be not a result worth all the expenditure that has been incurred. Down to the date of our investigation, about 50 cables had been already laid down, and Appendix No. 18 contains a list of the cables, with the date of laying down, the particulars of the number of wires, the distance traversed, the company or government to whom they belong, their present condition, and in cases of failure, the causes of their failure, and the accidents to which they have been found liable. In all these cables the same general principles prevail, viz. :— 1. The central conductor is a copper wire or strand of wires. 2. 'The insulating covering is gutta percha. 3. The external protection, when used, consists of hemp, or other fibrous material, impregnated with pitch or some other resinous substance, nearly in all cases covered with iron or steel wire, in the form of an ordinary twisted rope. ; 4. The cables so prepared have been paid out over the stern of ordinary vessels with a pressure break, to regulate the delivery according to the speed of the vessel, which has averaged from four to six knots per hour. | It will be convenient to retain these subdivisions in detailing the results that have been arrived at, briefly stating under each head the state of the subject at the commencement of the investigation. 1. The Conducting Wire. The material used for this purpose has in all cases been copper. Its durability and its high conducting power render it meu applicable to the purpose. It was originally | à CoNsTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. ` * 1. Conduct- ing Wire. CoxsTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 1. Conduct- ing Wire. Stranded wire. ЫШ xiv REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. used for land telegraphs, but its want of tensile strength, and especially its value to marauders, renders it inapplicable for open air lines; and though it is a far better con- ductor than iron wire, the extra size necessary when iron is used, is rather an advantage than otherwise, when the exposed situation of such work is considered; the conducting power of pure copper is to that of iron as one to eight, so that a copper wire „th inch diameter is equivalent as an electrical conductor to an iron wire nearly ird inch diameter. In the first telegraphs the conductor consisted generally of a No. 16 copper wire. This size gave abundant area, and the resistances, even when used in lengths of several. miles, were not found to interfere seriously with the working. The conducting power of copper wire. was taken to be directly as the area; there were, however, no precise data. for determining à priori the size of wire requisite for any given length of circuit and. speed of transmission. ‘The wire was joined by being carefully lapped and soldered at the joint, and wrapped with smaller binding wire, which was also soldered with silver solder. The utmost care was necessary in the construction of these joints, and a large number of faults originated in their imperfection, and, indeed, the joint was always much more brittle than the wire itself, and liable to fracture, and a break at any single Joint destroyed the value of a whole cable. Moreover, copper could not be procured of homogeneous. texture, and not only did hard and soft places occur, but defects or the presence of foreign matter frequently rendered the wire so weak that it ultimately parted after being covered, thus entirely destroying the circuit by the separation of the broken ends in the elastic material with which it was surrounded. In other cases the defect, without causing fracture, reduced the area of the wire at these spots. It was also found that if a wire covered with gutta percha be excessively stretched, the copper wire on contraction was apt to knuckle through the covering of gutta percha, arising from the copper wire being capable of permanent extension, while the elastic covering of gutta percha regained its original dimensions. To remedy these frequent cases of fracture bundles of smaller wires of similar area in the aggregate were adopted instead of a single copper wire. "When the conductor is thus formed of a number of wires, the Joints in the several wires are distributed; and the fracture or defect of a single wire does not therefore vitiate the whole cable; but it is objected to this arrangement that on the failure of any single wire the sharp fine broken end is liable to start out through the gutta percha, and then come into contact with the outer covering, or the water or damp earth on which the cable is laid, a defect not easily detected, and which can only be guarded against by close examination of the strand itself, and by the constant testing of the gutta percha covering of the wire during its manufacture. It is also evident that in the form of a strand the bulk of the conductor is greater than with a single wire, and more gutta percha is required to obtain the same thickness of covering. Want of solidity is urged as an objection to the strand form of conductor, 4. e., it is alleged that if water penetrates in any place to the wire it will pass along the wire as in a tube; the Gutta Percha Company propose to remove this objection by coating the central wire of the strand with Chatterton's compound, and bedding the six outer wires in it in the process of twisting. The compound, which passes out between the interstices of the wires, becomes firmly united to the first coating of insulating material, and the whole is so solid that a few inches of this strand will prevent the percolation of water at a pressure of 600 lbs. per square inch. Mr. Daft proposes to obtain the same object by bedding copper wires coated with brass in vulcanized india rubber. Mr. Clark has proposed to obtain this solidity by making the conductor in the shape of a solid wire, divided into three or four sections longitudinally, fitting closely to each other. Mr. Newall unites the several wires of a strand with solder. To prevent the injury to one wire of a strand conductor from damaging the whole conducting capacity of the cable, Mr. Varley proposes to insulate separately what would otherwise be the several wires of a strand conductor, and to unite them at intervals and use them as one conductor. For instance, assume that the cable's conductor has three conducting wires, each surrounded with gutta percha; these three would be connected together at frequent intervals, as follows: First, Nos. 1 and 2 would be connected together by soldering or otherwise; a little further on Nos. 2 and 3 would be connected, and further on sull Nos. 1 and 3 are so joined, and so on, the different metallic junctions breaking joint, and no two of them being in the same spot. Excepting at these junctions, the separate conducting wires would be isolated from each other. Now, if the insulating covering were damaged, water would enter, and. the wire become defective, strong positive currents could be applied to the REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. XV. cable, which would eat away the conductor till its exposed ends retire inside the insulating envelope, these parts would then offer so much resistance that the line would be work- able again. Thus a cable may be injured in several different places and yet be made available. | | | | In the first telegraph wire that was made, the strength and toughness of the gutta percha was increased by combining it with sulphur, and this was thouglit to increase also its insulating properties ; but the sulphur was found to act seriously on the copper, a sul- phuret being formed at the expense of the copper. In the use of this wire it was discovered that in.cases where the wire had parted in the interior of the sulphurized gutta percha, and the two ends had become slightly separated, the resistance offered by the lining of sulphuret of copper, produced on the passage of a galvanic current sufficient increase of temperature to ignite the uite percha, and actually burst out into flame. So certain was this action, that charges of gunpowder were specially prepared by this means for submarine explosions and other such purposes ; and this method possesses very important advantages from the smaller area of conducting wire that is necessary in comparison with the area requisite for the distant ignition of platinum for such purposes. Professor Thomson and other experimenters have shown that the quality of the copper exercises an important influence on the conducting power of copper wire; but this question had not been fully developed when we commenced our inquiries; we consequently committed to Dr. Matthiessen the task of elucidating this question further. We may observe, in the first place, that if the conducting power of silver be assumed at 100; that of copper would be 90: aluminium 34; and iron 13. Dr. Matthiessen's valuable report will be found in Appendix No. 3. The following is a summary of the results arrived at: — TABLE showing the Effect of Admixture of Copper with Specific Quantities of various Substances. Subst lloyed with pure С pre A d. demperstüre 8 w 0 oppe ubstances alloyed with pure Copper er Copper Conti rade: Carbon : | , Copper, with °05 per cent. of carbon. - - - | 77 87 18:8 Sulphur : | | Copper, with 0*J8 percent. of sulphur - - - | 92°08 19°4 Phosphorus: Copper, with 13 per cent. of phosphorus - - | 10:34 20 Do. 95 do. - “| 24°16 | 22:1 | Do. 2:5 do. - - 7 32 17:5 Arsente : | | Copper, with traces of arsenic - - - - 60:08 | 19:7 Do. 2:8 per cent. of arsenic - - - 13°66 19°3 Do. 5:4 do. - - | 6:42 | 16°8 Zinc : | | Copper, with traces of zinc - s - — 88°41 | 19:0 Do. 1-6 per cent. of zinc - | - - - | 79:3 16:8 Do. 8:2 do. - - - - | 59°23 10:3 Iron: | Copper, with *48 per cent. of iron - - | 35:92 11:2 Do. 1:06 do. - - - 28:01 13:1 Tin: Г Copper, with 1°33 per сепи. of tin - - - 50% 44 16:8 Do. 2:02 do. - - - 33°93 17:1 Do. 4:9 do. - - - 20°24 14:4 Silver : | Copper, with 1:22 per cent. of silver - - 90:34 20:7 Do. 2°45 do. z - - 82:52 19:7 Gold : E Copper, with 3:5 per cent. of gold - - - 67°94 18:1 Aluminium : RT js Copper, with 10 per cent. of aluminium - - - 12:68 14:0 The addition of a small quantity of lead or of tin (0-1 per cent.) to copper containing suhoxide obtains a purer metal, and, consequently, improves its conducting power. The following table shows the conducting power of certain commercial coppers. LÀ CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 1. Conduct- Ы ing. Wire. - Quality of copper. Effect of admixture of foreign substances with cop- per. CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 1. Conduct- ing Wire. Quality of copper. Standard of resistance. xvi REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Quality of Copper. коео с Cause of Diminution of Conducting Power. 0 Pure copper - - | 100 mean 15:5 Specimen furnished by Mr. Tenant, cut from a piece 1} tons in weight - 98°78 15°5 Traces of silver. No suboxide of copper. American (Lake Superior) 92:57 15 Traces of iron, silver (03 per cent.) and suboxide of copper. Australian (Burra Burra) - 88:86 14 Traces of iron and suboxide of copper. Best selected : - 81°85 14:2 Traces of iron, nickel, antimony, suboxide of copper, ; &c. | Bright copper wire - 72°22 15°7 Traces of lead, iron, nickel, suboxide of copper, &c. Tough copper - - 71:08 17:3 Traces of lead, iron, nickel, antimony, suboxide of copper, &c. Russian (Demidorff) - 69:34 12:7 Traces of arsenic, iron, nickel, suboxide of copper, &c. The arsenic present may be considered the chief reason of the low conducting power. Spanish (Rio Tinto) - 14:24 14:8 2 per cent. arsenic ; traces of lead, iron, nickel, sub- oxide of copper, &c. ‘The low conducting power is Gibraltar Core : to be attributed to the arsenic present. Specimen No. 112 - 90.7 15:5 ; ; : „ „ 91 89-5 15:5 ! Traces of lead, suboxide of copper, iron and antimony. ss » 292 - 18:2 15:5 Traces of lead, arsenic (very small) iron, nickel, T » 240 - 744 15:5 j antimony, and suboxide of copper. К It appears from this table that Rio Tinto copper possesses no better conducting power than iron. These differences of conducting power are caused by the impurities present in the specimens; the sub-oxide of copper appears to be most injurious, the conducting power of the copper being diminished by it in one case as much as 28 per cent., but there is no known accurate method of determining quantitatively the sub-oxide, and consequently the actual amount present in the specimen in question was not ascertained. It is scarcely possible to obtain perfectly pure copper, and there is no substance which, added to pure copper, increases its conducting power; but it is of the utmost importance that the purest and best conducting copper should be used in submarine cables. The best way of ensuring this is by contracting for wire of a specified resistance er knot, because then what the copper wants in quality must be made up in quantity. t is, however, preferable to employ pure copper, because impure copper of such a diameter as to have the same conducting capacity, would give rise to greater induction. The specific resistance of copper and other metals to the galvanic current varies with the temperature of the conductor. In the contract for a telegraph cable, a wire affording a standard of resistance at а specified temperature should therefore be furnished. The resistance at different temperatures will vary with the quality of the metal; and copper is not a good metal for such a standard, because it oxydises easily and its conductivity varies so rapidly with temperature, "The standard should be such that— I. Its resistance will remain the same, whether it be made of absolutely pure or com- mercially pure metals; in other words, that such an alloy may be made by any chemist or assayer, and its conducting power will always be the same. II. That its conducting power will not be altered by the process of annealing. III. That its conducting power will not vary much with an increase or decrease of temperature. IV. That the alloy will not alter by exposure to the atmosphere. Mr. Varley uses for a standard iron wire boiled in oil and enclosed in a soft cement. Messrs. Siemens employ german silver for the purpose, which they compare with their mercury standard at zero centigrade. Dr. Matthiessen, whose experiments are published in the Philosophical Magazine for February 1861, considers that the alloy best adapted for a standard of resistance for this purpose is composed of 2 parts by weight of gold, 1 j - silver. And he states that the variation in the conducting power of various specimens of this alloy, made by different persons and in different places, was very small. With respect to the effect of temperature on this alloy and on copper and other metals generally, Dr. Matthiessen observes, that when a hard-drawn wire is heated to 100? a different conducting power is generally found on cooling; and to obtain concordant results it is necessary to heat the wire several times; but when once obtained, the values a — — —— — = и REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xvil found will remain the same, no matter how often the wire may be heated. Whether by letting the wire remain for a length of time it will gradually assume its original con- ducting power or not, is a question not yet decided. With annealed wires the same effect takes place, but in a much less degree. The following table shows the differences in the conducting powers of some metals as compared with that of the alloy, between 0° and 100°, taking the conducting power at 33 75 German silver - - 8'8 per cent. It would thus appear that, so far as variation of temperature is concerned, the alloys are better adapted for a standard of resistance than the other metals mentioned.* Moreover, they do not suffer much from exposure to the atmosphere. With regard to the expense of the gold-silver alloy, the nine grammes alloy cost, drawn into wire, about II. 4s., but the gold in it is always worth about 15s.; so that the real expense is very small. Care must of course be taken to prevent contact with mercury. The best way to prevent any such accidents is to varnish the wires. In having these alloys made it would be advisable always to have two specimens made by different parties, so as to avoid chances of error. f It will be seen that the experiments above mentioned have cleared the question of the conducting power of copper wire, whether as regards its purity or its area, of all uncertainty, and that the size of a conducting wire necessary to fulfil any given condi- tions can in future be determined with absolute precision. In these experiments new methods of testing and new instruments have been employed, 0 = 100°. | Silver - - - - - 285 per cent. (annealed). Copper - - - - 29*0 per cent. (annealed). Gold - - - - - - 28۰0 per cent. (annealed). Mercury - - - - - 8:7 per cent. (Siemens). The gold-silver alloy - - - - 6-5 per cent. (hard drawn). - 6:7 per cent, (annealed). Siemens). which are fully described, and which cannot fail to prove of the highest scientific interest to the theoretical philosopher and to the practical electrician. 2. The Insulating Covering. The first land telegraphs that were constructed were in every respect analogous to submarine cables, and the wires were indeed frequently laid across rivers and canals beneath the water. In the earlier experiments, which were confined to buildings or sheltered positions, the copper wires were insulated by a covering of cotton or silk laid spirally over the wire ; the cotton was subsequently steeped in some resinous substance to protect it from damp, and ultimately the wires so prepared were immersed in a body of pitch or resin, and laid in wooden troughs or iron pipes. As many as 10 wires were thus laid along the Blackwall Railway in a wrought-iron gas pipe, two inches in diameter. In such pipes the wires were carried under ground or water. It was, however, found almost impossible to maintain sufficient insulation by such'means. In some places water penetrated through the pipe, in others the sun damaged the resin, and generally the resinous substance used, gradually decomposed or absorbed moisture. There are, however, still working in the Primrose Hill tunnel nine wires insulated by means of cotton and pitchy compounds enclosed in a lead tube, which have been down for 14 years. Moreover, although the utmost care was devoted to the subject, it was found Impracticable to lay down any great length without serious faults occurring in the con- struction, and the system was hopelessly abandoned and entirely superseded by the open air wires. Covered wires, however, were indispensable for leading into stations, under bridges, and especially through tunnels, where the constant humidity prevented the use of open wires, consequently the greatest difficulty that has had to be overcome with the overland * Dr. Matthiessen states that he has found, whilst making these experiments, that as soon as most of the pure metals are alloyed with traces of any other metal, the differences from temperature rapidly decrease, in fact almost in the same proportion as the conducting power of the metals themselves, Dr. Matthiessen has tested a commercial copper wire, whose conducting power only varied seven per cent. between O° and 100°, whilst pare copper varies 29 per cent. Now suppose a wire of that copper, whose conducting power only varies sen per cent. between 0° and 100°, be compared with a standard at a certain temperature, and then with a pure copper wire at another temperature, say 20° difference, it is obvious that the pure copper wire will not have the same resistance as the original standard. It has as yet been generally assumed that the conducting tower of all copper wire, whether pure or commercial, varies with an increase of temperature to the same етее, which, however, is far from true, and should be borne in mind when constructing a resistance t&rmometer, as proposed by Messrs. Siemens. (Phil. Mag., January 1861.) t Dr. Matthiessen proposes that all those who study the electrical resistance of metals should compare one cf their metals with this alloy, calling its conducting power 100 at 0? (hard drawn wire of one millim. length ind one millim. diameter,) for then we should be able to compare the results obtained by different experi- Renters with one another. C CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 1. Conduct- ing Wire. Standard of resistance. 2. Insulating Covering. CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 2, Insulat- ing Covering. xviii REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. lines has been the passage through long tunnels, and to this difficulty submarine telegraphy is deeply indebted for the progress it has made. It was in overcoming this obstacle that india-rubber was first successfully employed, and it is remarkable, that the first really efficient insulating substance that was used should, after falling entirely into disuse, be now again brought forward. As in the case of copper for the conductor, so india-rubber or caoutchouc appeared almost specially intended for the purpose of insulation. 'l'his substance possesses insulating qualities of the highest order. It is tough, highly elastic, of less specific gravity than water, easily manipulated, extremely durable under water, nearly impervious to moisture, except superficially, and not excessively costly, and it appeared on its first introduction as though nothing further could be desired. One of the first and most important require- ments in any insulating substance that may be adopted is that it should offer facilities for making the numerous joints required, either for the repair of lines when laid down or in their first construction. For this purpose india-rubber appeared also well adapted. If, instantly after being cut, two surfaces of this material are again brought into contact, they unite almost as perfectly as though no separation had taken place; moreover, being soluble in naphtha with a slight increase of temperature, two surfaces may be herme- tically united by warming them and slightly moistening them with this material. The copper wire, previously covered with cotton and shellac, was covered by a thin strip of masticated india-rubber wound spirally on the wire, each turn overlapping the last, and several coatings were thus put on the wire, the union of the india-rubber being secured by slightly moistening it with naphtha. A degree of insulation infinitely superior to anything that had been before obtained was the first result, and the problem on which so much time and money had been expended seemed to be definitely and perfectly solved, and the new material came into rapid use. It required, however, but a very short experience to dispel all the hopes that had been raised. ‘This gum resin, like all others of a similar character, slowly burns or oxydises even in contact with the air only, and in the dark; but in the light, and especially where exposed openly to the weather and the sunlight, the oxydation goes on with fatal rapidity ; the wires hung out of doors soon became useless; the oxydised gum assumes a thick gummy character, and soon falls away from the wire. The union made with naphtha was found not to be durable; and after a short time, even in unexposed situations, the rubber was found loose upon the wire. Attempts were made to preserve it by enclosing it in grooved boards, and thus protecting it from the air, but this in dry situations was found to be of but little avail; and though in wet tunnels it was found to be more durable, yet here also it was ultimately abandoned. In other cases, the india-rubber assumed a liquid form from decomposition, and, simply left the wire by flowing away from it. To avoid these difficulties, gutta percha was proposed. Gutta percha is, when perfectly pure and at moderate temperatures, a remarkably good insulator, and capable of being kneaded and drawn solidly on the wire through dies, which avoids the joint which is necessary with india-rubber laid on in strips. Some difficulties, however, rendered its first introduction not so successful as that of india- rubber. In the first attempts, the covering, which was single only, was not efficiently | put on, and contained air holes and other defects. This was partly due to im- perfections in the manufacture, but more particularly to the bad quality of the gum itself, which comes to this country mixed with a very large proportion of impurities, so large, indeed, that but a very small per-centage of the gum imported is fit for the manufacture of covered wire at all. In addition to the impurities already existing, fine sawdust and ground wood were mixed with the gum. It was also combined with sulphur, with the bad result already detailed under our last head. It was also found liable to oxydation when exposed, though this appeared to be avoided by covering it with Stockholm .tar and immersing it in water, or otherwise protecting it from the air; it is not liable to assume the liquid form, but the making of an efficient joint offered several difficulties, as it was absolutely necessary for this purpose to remelt the material. These Joints gave rise originally to a great number of faults, which, together with the general impurity of the gum itself and the imperfect manufacture, were the principal drawbacks to the more rapid introduction of gutta percha. Gutta percha, even moderately pure, however, has many advantages, and fell into hands far too enterprising and persevering to be rapidly abandoned. ‘The manufacturers devoted themselves to the perfection of their machinery, sorted the gum with the most elaborate care, and soon produced a tolerably pure material Improved methods of making the Joints were introduced, fine ribbons of thin gutta percha being used instead of kneading over the joint with a mass of material; and above all,the system was introduced of REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xix covering the copper wire with several independent layers of thin material, instead of опе Construc- thick layer; the occurrence of air holes or defects from minute fibres left in the material тох AND were thus to a great extent obviated. The greatest care was, moreover, bestowed at the LA or manufactory itself on the testing of the wire during the process of manufacture. Coinci- 5 dent with these improvements in manufacture, the Telegraph Companies endeavoured to сЕ protect the material from oxydation by covering the wires with tape and Stockholm tar, 2. Insulating and enclosing them in wooden grooves, or covering them with yarn and tar, and laying Covering. them in underground pipes, the material being thus found to be tolerably durable, especially when immersed in water. In all cases, however, where these precautions were not taken, the wires rapidly became useless, and mány hundreds of miles have thus been abandoned, while, on the other hand, with these precautions many lines which have been some years in use are still in good working order. It is, however, only since the com- mencement of our inquiry that the perfectly pure material has been produced in sufficient quantity to be practically useful ; and that the high insulating properties of the gum in its pure state have been appreciated. Professor Hofmann appears to have been the first to point out the cause of the decay of Cause of de- gutta percha and india-rubber ; and at the commencement of our inquiry we requested сау of Gutta- Professor Miller to undertake the chemical investigation of this question. His report Percha and will be found in Appendix, No. 4. ИЕ It appears that рше gutta percha is а hydro-carbon, containing of— Carbon - - - 88°96 Hydrogen - - - 11°04 100°00 The gutta percha of commerce is mixed with resin, vegetable fibre, moisture, &c.; the moisture is mechanically diffused through the mass, influencing its pliability and tough- ness. Commercial gutta percha will remain unchanged for months in air, provided light be excluded, and provided the temperature be not raised very high, and it will remain unaltered for years in water, especially when coated with Stockholm tar, and when light is excluded. Alternate exposure to moisture and dryness, on the other hand, particularly if the sun’s light has access to it, is rapidly destructive of gutta percha. All the deteriorated portions of gutta percha examined by Professor Miller were found to have undergone change from oxidation. ‘The evidence we have taken shows that it has occasionally been injured in the sea by animals. | Caoutchouc consists of a hydro-carbon of definite composition, mixed with a small quantity of resin. It is liable to deterioration by exposure to the action of oxygen in the presence of soler light, but the gum is less rapidly injured if exposed to these influences in the native state than if it has been previously masticated. When subjected to the action of air excluded from light it does not experience any marked change even during very long periods. Further particulars will be found in Professor Miller's report. We have made numerous experiments upon the effect of temperature and hydrostatic pressure on both gutta percha and caoutchouc. Such experiments occupy a very consi- derable time, and are otherwise difficult to perform. ‘The general results appear to be that temperature has a very inarked effect on gutta ре» but that pressure appears to consolidate the material and improve the insulation of both gutta percha and india-rubber. The effect of temperature on the insulation of several insulating substances which we Effect of experimented on is shown in the tables of experiments in Appendix No. 6. temperature The results may be briefly stated as follows: — With gutta percha in ordinary use for 5 submarine cables, the insulation at 72° was not one-half as good, and at 92° not one-fourth as good as it was at 52°; and at 52 it was not one-third as good as at 32*. Perfectly pure gutta percha was a far superior insulator, and suffered little loss of insulation until it attained a temperature of between 72° and 92°. India-rubber and Wray's compound, which are very far superior as insulators to the gutta percha which has been ordinarily in use, exhibit very little loss of insulating power until they attain temperatures far above The experiments in a very high temperature showed that whilst india-rubber withstood a temperature of 200° and Wray’s compound a temperature of 152°, gutta percha covered wire was entirely M at a temperature a little over 122". At a tempe- rature of from 90° to 100° Fahrenheit gutta percha will not change its shape; but at higher temperatures a conducting wire covered uniformly with gutta percha will easily become excentric by the mere process of coiling. Gutta percha covered wire should in no case be exposed to heat, the exact amount of which cannot be defined and regulated. This acu is therefore not a desirable one for cables which have to be conveyed c2 + XX REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Coxstrec- through or laid in the tropics, unless means be found for ensuring that the cable be main- TION AND tained at a low temperature. 5 When immersed gutta percha, india-rubber, Wray's compound, and Chatterton's т» N ^ è ° 9 0 e e CABLES — absorb a portion of water. Professor Millers experiments, in which gutta percha and india-rubber, were subjected to pressure of three tons per square inch for a 2. Insulating period of six weeks, show that the absorption of water by gutta percha is very slight, Covering. almost mil, in sea water. In fresh water it is appreciable, but trifling. The absorption of Absorption Water by caoutchouc is always sensible, the surface being rendered white and opaque, of water by owing to the amount of water that has penetrated into the substance. The absorption, insulating however, only reaches to a small depth, and does not destroy or in any way impair the substances. insulating power of that portion of the caoutchouc which is beneath the moistencd layer. The white aspect disappears as the substance is allowed to dry. The amount of absorp- tion is dependent upon the extent of surface exposed to the water. The insulation of the specimens of gutta percha and of masticated india. rubber, experimented upon by Professor Miller, was in no way impaired by immersion under pressure, but the results with virgin india-rubber were not equally satisfactory. Messrs. Siemens’ experiments on the immer- sion in water of gutta percha, india-rubber, and Wray's compound, give the following results: The materials examined absorb water more rapidly from pure water than from sea water, and more rapidly from sea water than from concentrated brine. In gutta percha this difference is very decided, the absorption being about three times as great in sea water, and five times as great in pure water as in brine. Caoutchouc absorbs water somewhat less rapidly than gutta percha at 39° Fahr., which may be taken for the temperature of the deep sea. Wray's mixture absorbs at the same rate from sea water as from pure water, that rate being nearly equal to that of gutta percha, at the lower temperature of 39° Fahr. Increase of temperature affects the rate of absorption by gutta percha moderately with sea water, that rate being little more than doubled for an increase from 39? to 120° Fahr. In pure water the absorption at an increased temperature is greater. Caoutchouc absorbs from brine at about the same rate at 39° and at 120? Fahr. From sea water it absorbs at double the rate at 120°, and in pure water the rate of absorption is as much as eight times greater at 120° than at 39° Fahr. With Wray's mixture, the rate of absorption from sea water is not materially influenced by temperature; but in pure water the rate of absorption increases in a very extraordinary ratio with increase of temperature, being about 16 times greater at 120? than at 39° Fahr. Both caoutchouc and Wray's mixture change colour and lose firmness when exposed for many days to pure water of 120? Fahr. The thickness of the sheets of material employed affects the absorption in a much higher ratio than can be accounted for by the simple increase of surface. The absorption of water by the thicker sheets appears to stop short at a limit which is rapidly exceeded by the thin sheets. The conductivity of these materials appears not to bc materially affected by the absorption of two to three per cent. of water, which may be taken for a limit that will not be exceeded in sea water and at ordinary temperatures. - Increase of pressure within the limits of 50 lbs. per square inch does not affect the rate of absorption materially. The rate is somewhat higher under a vacuum, owing probably to the absence of condensed air upon the surface. Effect of Mr. Fairbairn (Appendix No. 5) made some experiments at Manchester under a pres- pressure on sure of 20,000 Ibs. per square inch, equivalent to a depth of 8:72 miles. At that pressure Mod a sheet of gutta percha т; inch thick absorbed *05 per cent. of its weight of pure water, | after an exposure of 65 hours. A further exposure of 23 hours did not produce any further absorption. A pressure of 5,900 Ibs. per square inch, continued for a period of 450 hours, on a sheet of gutta percha т; inch thick, produced an absorption of *2 per cent. of pure water; whilst with a piece of gutta percha 1 inch thick the absorption in a similar period was only 08 percent. Mr. Fairbairn’s experiments also included trials of the absorption of india-rubber, Chatterton's compound, Wray's mixture, and other substances. As regards the effect of temperature the absorption with a pressure of 20,000 lbs. per square inch was for gutta percha six.times as much at a temperature of 75° as at a temperature of 45°, for india-rubber two and a half times as much, and for Wray's compound seven times as much. Mr. Fairbairn found that in pressures of 20,000 lbs. per square inch, the insulation was improved by consolidation, and that the bulk of the material was reduced. We submitted wires Sd ngu No. 6) covered with gutta percha, india-rubber, and Wray's compound, 110 yards in length, to pressure of three tons to the square inch for periods of a month. The wires were placed in iron pipes connected with an hydraulic press, by means of which the pressure was continually maintained. We had intended to obtain higher pressure, but we experienced so many failures in the attempt that we were J REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xxi at last obliged to give up the endeavour. An examination of the tables will show that, Consrruc- except where specific faults occur, either from joints or from the pressure of the wire [^7 4%? . . . . . . AYING OF against the connexions in the pipes, the condition of the wire after the pressure was put SubwakiNE on remained strictly uniform, the loss of insulation following very closely the temperature Cantus. ofthe water in which the specimen wire was immersed. The general conclusion at which we have arrived, from a careful consideration of these 2. Insulating and other experiments, is, that the absorption of water by these substances is not to be Covering. feared as a cause of deterioration; and that pressure improves the insulation, whilst it Is being applied, its effect being more obvious as the material is a worse insulator ; and there appears to be less difference in india-rubber when subjected and not subjected to ressure than in any other of the materials experimented on. When the first submarine telegraphs were laid the size of the conducting wire or the thickness of the insulating material had not become prominent matters of inquiry. Some | retardation of the electric currents in underground work had been observed; but in | the first short submarine lines but little practical inconvenience resulted, and it was not until lines of considerable leugth had been laid down, that the subject of induction excited | much attention. It was early seen that the inductive action must be in some ratio proportionate to Induction. | the thickness of the insulating medium, but the actual value of this ratio was unknown; | the thickness of the gutta percha was accordingly increased with the feeling that some | increase was necessary, but no real grounds existed for determining what that increase | should be, nor were any clear notions entertained of the precise action of induction | in causing the retardation observed. In 1854 Mr. L. Clark brought under the notice of | Professor Faraday certain experimental results he had obtained in telegraph lines between London and Manchester, and Professor Faraday explained before the Royal Institution | the general principles which govern these effects. | | When a metallic wire is enveloped by а coating of some insulating substance, as gutta- ines or india-rubber, and is then surrounded by water or damp earth, the system ecomes exactly analogous to & Leyden jar or coated pane; the insulating covering represents the glass, the copper wire the inner metallic coating, and the water or moist earth the external coating. The electricity with which the wire is charged, by bringing the pole of an active battery in contact with it, acts by induction on the opposite electricity of the surrounding medium, which in its turn reacts on the electricity of the wire, drawing more from the source, and a considerable accumulation is thereby occa- sioned, which is greater in proportion to the thinness of the insulating covering. One mile of copper wire, one-sixtecnth of an inch in diameter, presents a surface of 85:95 square feet, and the inductive circumstances being assumed to be the same, receives the same charge from a source of the same tension as a Leyden jar having an equal capacity. There is, however, one material difference between the two cases. Though both are discharged in a time inappreciably minute to the senses, the dis- charge from the wire occupies a comparatively much longer interval than that from the coatings of the jar. A wire on insulating supports, in the open air, when it is uncon- nected with the earth, receives also a charge, but very much smaller in amount, the inductive action of distant surrounding bodies exerting but little influence upon it. Although certain general conditions of this inductive action in telegraphic wires had been made the subject of experimeut, and were well known, when we commenced our | inquiry, the knowledge of the subject still remained limited. It was therefore thought | desirable that a series of experiments should be instituted, under circumstances as closely resembling those which take place in actual telegraphic lines as possible, in order to determine the amount of inductive discharge in wires of very considerable lengths, according to variations in the lengths of the wires, their diameters, the material and thickness of the insulating substance, and in the temperature and pressure of the medium | by which they are surrounded ( Appendix No. 1). | The results of these experiments may be briefly summed up as follows :— | | 1. The amount of discharge of a battery is proportionate to the electro-motive force Experiments or tension of the battery. on induction 2. The discharge is directly as the length of the wire. LE 3. When a discharge is effected simultaneously from & number of wires united at "^" their discharging ends, the effect on a galvanometer is the same as when the wires are all united together to form one continuous length. 4. The conductivity of the metal, other circumstances being the same, does not influence the amount of discharge. Hence by employing a bad conductor the resistance of the circuit is increased, the induction remaining the same. 5. The theoretical formula given by Professor ‘Thomson in his evidence for the electro- static capacity of an insulated wire is as follows, viz.: If D denotes the diameter of a c 3 r—— ٠ CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 2. Insulating Covering. Experiments on induction and insula- tion. xxii «REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. copper wire of circular section, symmetrically covered with insulating material to a diameter D', and I denotes the specific inductive capacity of the insulator, and log. denotes the Napierian logarithm of the number to which it is prefixed, the expression for the electro-static capacity of an unit length of conductor thus insulated, when the 2 log. E and this is assumed by many experienced experimentalists correctly to represent the phenomena. It appears from the experiments above mentioned that the amount of discharge from wires of different diameters with coverings of various thicknesses of the same insulating material may be assumed to be for practical purposes, directly as the square root of the semi-. diameter of the wire and inversely as the square root of the thickness of the insulating envelope. Ке by increasing the diameter of the wire and the thickness of insulating covering, in the same proportion, the amount of inductive discharge remains the same. "The force of the current in a voltaic circuit increases as the square of the diameter of the wire (the length of circuit being constant and the resistance of the battery being inconsiderable as compared with that of the metallic portion of the circuit), consequently if it be found inconvenient to increase the wire and the insulating covering proportionately, greater advantage will be obtained by increasing the diameter of the wire than the thickness of insulating covering, for whilst the covering remains the same the induction discharge increases only as the square root of the diameter of the wire, whilst the force of the current increases as the square of the diameter ; and if the insulating covering be varied the conducting wire being constant, the strength of the current will remain the same, but the induction will only decrease as the square root of the thickness. 6. a. That india-rubber surpasses all other materials in the smallness of the amount of its inductive discharge and the perfectness of its insulation. In the former respect a coating of india-rubber is fully equal to a coating of ordinary gutta percha of double its thickness. b. That Wray's compound, an artificial composition formed by the addition of other highly insulating materials to india-rubber, and the newly manufactured pure gutta percha, closely resemble india-rubber in both particulars. c. That the mixture of imperfectly conducting materials with gutta percha, as carbon in Mr. Radcliffes composition, or pounded cocoa-nut shell as in Mr. Godefroy's, has the disadvantage of greatly reducing the insulation and increasing the induction. d. That the interposition of cotton thread between the wire and an india-rubber coating, as in Hall and Wells' preparation, also considerably increases the induction and diminishes the insulation. ‘The induction is augmented because the cotton thread, which is a bad insulator, increases the surface of the conductor; and the insulation is impaired, not only because the insulating coating is diminished, by the thickness of the cotton, but probably also in consequence of the greater inductive action. "The interposition of cotton between two layers of gutta percha is equally disadvantageous, as is proved by the experiments on Mr. Hearder's short line of 450 yards. e. That the interposition of a viscid insulator between two coatings of gutta percha neither decreases the induction nor improves the insulation of the line. If Mr. Hughes’ process should possess any advantage, it will be found in the tendency of the viscid fluid to fill up air holes or flaws in the gutta percha coatings. . СШ, speaking the more perfect the insulating property of the material is, the less is its inductive capacity. ‘There are, however, several apparent exceptions to this rule among the experiments made, but there are so many causes to affect the experiments on insulation, that we are not warranted to infer, from these exceptions, the entire independence of the two properties. 7. Temperature affects the discharge only in so far as it affects the insulation. 8. It does not appear that pressure exerts any influence on the amount of induction discharge. Several other interesting results will be found in Appendix No. 1. The velocity with which electricity travels through a metallic wire is exceedingly great; indeed, for practical purposes, instantaneous, when there is no induction. The well-known experiments of Professor Wheatstone, which were made with electricity of high tension, proved that this velocity is not inferior to that with which light travels through the planetary space; and the most reliable experiments which have since been made with electricity of comparatively low tension, which is more affected by adventitious circumstances, still give а very high speed. Messrs. Fizeau and Gounelle ascertained the velocity of electricity generated by a voltaic battery to be in copper wire 111,834 miles per second, and in iron wire 62,130 miles per second ; and the more recent. outside of the insulator is kept in communication with the earth, is . REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xxiu experiments of Messrs. Guillemin and Burnouf give the velocity in iron wire to be Cowsrnvc- 111,847 miles per second. Messrs. Fizeau and Gounelle inferred from their experi- 8 AND ments that the velocity of electricity is independent of the strength of the current and све о the section of the conductor, though it varies with the material. CABLES. Other experiments have been made, from which a much lower velocity has been con- | duded; but these have generally been on subterranean lines, in which the retardation 5 ng has been proved to be owing to the inductive action of the surrounding medium, from — which they are separated by an insulating covering. In these cases it is not the velocity Experiments of the electricity in the metal which is measured, but the time which is required for on induction a certam amount of effect to be produced at the remote end of the wire, or, in other ре insula- words, the time necessary to charge the wire to a certain amount. Most electricians "'- who have considered this matter in a theoretical point of view concur in stating that this time is proportional to the square of the length; many attempts have been made to prove this law, but satisfactory experiments, free from error or ambiguity, are still wanting. Dr. Faraday, from some experiments made by Mr. Clark, gives two seconds for the time which the current requires to appear at the remote end of a subterranean telegraphic wire 1,500 miles in length, whilst in the same length of air wire the time was almost inappreciable. Mr. L. Clark states the time at which the current appeared at the distant end of a subterranean wire 788 miles in length was three-eighths of a second, whatever was the battery power employed ; and, with regard to the Atlantic cable (before it was submerged), Mr. Walker states the interval between the electric force being communi- cated at one end and arriving at the other to be about two seconds. It is stated that Professor Thomson’s delicate reflecting galvanometer showed a sensible current in less than one second. If a measured charge, after its transmission through the wire, were discharged at the remote end in an equal interval of time, this retardation would be of little importance, as the charges at one end and the discharges at the other would succeed each other in the same order and with the same intervals between them; but as the discharge in great lengths of wire occupies a much greater time than the charge, if a new charge is given before the wire is completely cleared of the former, although the charges may be separated by strongly marked intervals, the discharges would be confounded into one, and it would be impossible to distinguish the various succession of currents, which represent the alphabetic characters, from each other. There is thus a limit to the number of signals ira "- be made in a given time, dependent on the inductive action brought into play on the line. Various expedients have been resorted to, to increase the rapidity with which currents may be made to succeed each other; the one most generally employed is to discharge the near end of the line immediately after it is disconnected from the battery, before another current is sent into it. Mr. Varley and Messrs. Siemens, instead of discharging the return current into the earth, neutralize it by bringing the wire into contact with the pole of a weak battery, which produces a weak current in the opposite direction. Pro- fessor Jacobi employs a secondary battery, which, becoming polarized or charged by the transmitted current, occasions a current in the opposite direction, which acts during the cessation of the primary battery current and neutralizes the residual electricity in the wire. Professor Hughes has made a number of experiments on submarine cables (before they were immersed) to ascertain the number of alternating currents he could pass through em in a given time, so that the signals should not be confused at the oppone end; he calls the succession of two alternating currents a wave. The results he obtained are stated in his evidence. | With respect to the number of words per minute transmitted through various sub- manne telegraphs in their submérged and working state, we collect the following Frtculars from the evidence :— me Words per minute. — Varna and Balaklava - - - 310 nauts 5 A. Varley. ima and Constantinople - - 150 nauts 15 Ditto. Sea - - - - - 480 nauts 12 Forde Ditto - - - - - 730 ,, 5 or 6 Ditto Hanie - - - - - 2,500 miles 24 Thomson, maximum. Atto - А - 8 - Е 2 Ditto, verified by himself. Sato - - - - 35 1:1 C. F. Varley, by relay. lwems to be generally admitted by experimentalists that the rapidity of succession X the signals is not affected by varying the number of elements of the battery. c4 xxiv REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. CONSTRUC- The most important problem to solve in submarine telegraphy undoubtedly is, how the г. AND signals may be made to follow each other with the greatest rapidity ; and this resolves AYING OF З К . . . . . . SupMagiwg itself into two questions, how far can the circumstances upon which inductive action CABLEs. depends be removed, and what are the best means to lead away or destroy the residual . charge of the wire after the original current has ceased to act. In the course of this сори inquiry we have obtained some valuable information with regard to the former, but much „remains to be done before the latter question can be fully answered. We would, however, Experiments draw attention to the remark made by Mr. Varley (Quest. 2909), that in the practical on induction working of an underground or submarine line, the available speed for communication can аи only be taken at one-third of the attainable speed. | Е Mr. Varley One of the most fatal things that can happen to a submarine cable is the occurrence To increase Of faults by which a conducting communication is established between the internal wire speed. and the surrounding water; the smallest and almost imperceptible fissure is sufficient to effect this, and the utmost care should therefore be taken in the manufacture to avoid them. When gutta percha is the insulating substance, they arise most frequently from air-holes produced during the preparation of the material, and occasionally from badly centering the wire, by which it is brought into close proximity to the external surface of the covering, so that a slight abrasion may occasion it to protrude. Both these defects may be in a great measure avoided by covering the wire with successive coatings. The wire, originally properly centered, may also become displaced in consequence of the softening of the material when exposed to a high temperature. In wires covered with masticated india-rubber these particular defects do not occur to such an extent, but on the other hand it is necessary that the joints of the spirally twisted slip should closely adhere, otherwise in every place of imperfect contact a fault would be generated. The masticated india-rubber when warmed is softened, and will yield to constant pressure ; in this way wires so covered have failed. Another cause of defective insulation is the presence of some foreign substance or impurity. Very efficient tests have been devised to ascertain the existence of faults in a covered wire during or after the process of manufacture, and we do not doubt that a cable may be delivered by a manufacturer entirely exempt from faults. But faults may originate during the process of laying, and even after this operation, in consequence of previous or subsequent injuries. Such injuries are sometimes mechanical, as from abrasion or other causes, and sometimes electrical, as for instance at places where the wire is eccentric or where the insulating covering is less perfect than in other parts of the line, the electricity escaping at the weak place may gradually injure the insulating covering so as at last to create a serious fault; this effect will be more likely to occur in long submarine lines, where strong currents of electricity are employed. In lines which can be worked with very weak currents such injuries may sometimes be postponed for a along time These faults are difficult to discover and repair; but certain testing opera- tions founded on the laws of the voltaic current have enabled the place of a fault to be determined within certain limits, which can be the more accurately ascertained according as the insulation of the line is more perfect. Several of the modes of testing actually employed, are described in the evidence. At the period of the commencement of our inquiry the insulating properties of the gutta percha then in use had been found to be such, that improvement was not deemed absolutely necessary. But we have shown above that the leakage of electricity through gutta percha, as then prepared, is very large, and that if a foreign conducting substance should have found its way into the gutta percha covering of a wire, or if an air bubble should occur in the covering and when immersed become filled with water, or if the conducting wires become excentric, the electricity will leak out at these weak places, and when currents of any strength are used will gradually destroy the insulation at the spot; and the failure of the line will only be a question of time. We have, moreover, shown that erfectly pure gutta percha, prepared by means of new processes, is far superior as an insulator to that in use at the time when we commenced our inquiry; and we have also shown that other substances are vastly superior to ordinary gutta percha in insulating power and less liable to injury from heat. Sufficient time has not, however, yet elapsed to submit these new substances to the test of experience, and the past history of the submarine telegraph shows that the greatest precaution is necessary in employing any new material until its durability under all circumstances, as well as its electrical properties, have been ascertained. Amongst these substances we have mentioned india- rubber, which formerly failed and has been again introduced, in consequence of attempts having been made to use it, so as to avoid the defects to which it was originally found liable. For instance, it is necessarily laid on in ribbons, and it is proposed to effect the union of the edges of the ribbon without the use of any injurious solvent. In one case it is proposed to place the surfaces of newly cut material in immediate juxtaposition, by which means .REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. XXV they unite; in another case the ribbon wound spirally on to the wire is covered witb vulcanized india-rubber, and the whole is subjected to a high temperature and pressure to compel the union of the edges; in the third case the ribbon, after being wound spirally on the conducting wire, is passed through hot water; another suggestion is that the liquid milk as it comes from the tree should be brought over and be applied directly to the wire so as to solidify for the first time upon the wire, but this has never yet been tried. Caoutchouc is always much more free from impurity than gutta percha, its properties are therefore far more constant, and the little experience which has been obtained as to its dura- bility shows that there is no ground for apprehension on that score. Of the other compounds experimented upon by us the one proposed by Mr. Wray possesses remarkable powers of insulation; but how far the absence of experience of the durability of these new materials may warrant the adoption of any of them in lieu of gutta percha is still a subject requiring great care and consideration. If, however, it should be thought unadvisable at once to adopt them, gutta percha is now a well-tried material, the newly introduced pure gutta percha has remarkable insulating properties, and the perfection with which copper wire can be coated with it renders it an efficient insulator under ordi- nary circumstances ; and it is established beyond a doubt, that, although instances have occurred in which it has been damaged by marine organisms, and been found liable to decay under rare and peculiar local circumstances, this gum will last for many years when uscd in moderate temperatures, coated with Stockholm tar, protected from light and covered with watcr. The general result of the experience thus gained is, Ist, that no material, how- ever promising, can be relied on until it has stood the test of time ; and 2nd, that too much care cannot be given to the manipulation of the insulating covering of a con- ducting wire, which is composed of substances so delicate in texture, and employed in such a manner that if a single defect, however slight, escapes detection during the process, the whole result is vitiated, as is the case with a chain when a single link is faulty. Perfection will be most likely to be secured by carefully testing the eore in defined lengths, in water of a specified temperature, and causing every particular of the results of the tests to be carefully noted for future reference in case of faults. 3. The External Protection. As we have already seen, all the means that had been adopted for preserving the insulation of telegraph wires under ground or through tunnels had been found, more or less, inefficient, except in cases where the pipes which contained them were saturated with moisture or filled with water. This was an important consideration in favour of the durability of submarine telegraphs, but the preservatjon from decay was only one of the objects to be attained by the protection of the insulated wires of a submarine cable. Gutta percha is an extremely tender material, and is peculiarly liable to injury from the slightest cause. It requires, therefore, to be protected, even in the process of manipulation, and during its transport from place to place. Nothing has been found more effective for the first protection of gutta-percha wire, preparatory to any other covering, than wrapping it, immediately after it is made, with an ordinary tape wound spirally about it, the tape being steeped in tar or some other similar substance, to ensure its preservation and pro- tect it from the air. A submarine line is, moreover, exposed to a very considerable strain during the act of paying it out of the vessel while laying it down in the ocean. It is necessarily subject to much handling during this process, and to a considerable amount of tensile strain, as it has to pass over “drums” through a break, and lastly, over the stern of the vessel into the sca. In heavy weather the motion of the vessel as it rises and falls throws considerable stress on the cable, and in deep water its actual weight becomes the most important element of strain, especially iu cases where cables have been paid out in depths of between two and three miles, and when it is remembered that iron wire of the length of little over three miles will barely support itself. The first cable was designed for shallow water, and a covering of iron wire adopted for its protection. ‘The wire was laid on spirally, and the weight of the cable was, by this addition, made so great that it was not found liable to injury from the anchor of any ordinary coasting vessel. As it would evidently have been imprudent to place such a material as iron in immediate contact with gutta percha, the core was first surrounded with a considerable thickness of hemp steeped in Stockholm tar and tallow. This com- pound was found to have no destructive effect on the gutta percha, and formed a safe material, in which the wire strands became embedded. ‘The result was most successful ; it was peculiarly adapted to the circumstances in which it was placed; and no cable has been more durable. Subsequent cables were constructed upon the same plan, and, as long as the circumstances were similar, with similar success. The most important CoxsTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 2. Insulating Covering. Experiments on induction and insula- tion. 3. The Ex- ternal Pro- tection. CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 3. The Ex- ternal Pro- tection. XXVI REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. innovation consisted in this, that, instead of laying several insulated wires together in one rope, each was enclosed in a separate cable. Thus, between England and Holland, four separate wires are enclosed in four separate cables. "This system was adopted because in shallow water, where so large a number of vessels, are constantly passing, the cables were peculiarly liable to being damaged by auchors; and if one or more of the wires were damaged, the constant communication could be kept up by means of the other wires, and repairs were much facilitated by having so light a cable to deal with. These repairs involved the cost of the constant maintenance of a vessel for that purpose, the expenses of which caused the system to be abandoned, and a large and heavy cable (as heavy indeed as it was practicable to make it) has been laid down in lieu of the separate cables. It requires considerable power on board a vessel te be able to lift a heavy cable to the surface, and if a small vessel is so unfortunate as to foul her anchor, the anchor is invariably lost ; but of course as the position of such a cable is well indicated to navigators, care should be taken to avoid such contingencies. In dealing, however, with great distances and depths of water, heavy cables become impracticable, unless special vessels of enormous size be constructed for conveying and laying the cables. The Atlantic cable, small as it was, and though laid down in two halves, required a ship of no less than 3,200 tons burthen to carry each half. It is evident therefore that no vessel could have been found capable of carrying a much heavier cable. It was also thought that in. extremely deep water the cable would practically be so completely out of the reach of accident, that any further protection than was necessary for its mere manipulation in laying down was unnecessary ; but although in the case of the Atlantic the use of a small cable was perhaps unavoid- able, it is a remarkable fact that in almost all cases small cables have been found liable to mishaps, while the heavier a cable has been the greater has been its durability. So long as iron wire is used for covering the cable, the strain occasioned by paying-out in deep water is but Jittle affected by the weight or size of the cable. Wire, however small, will break with its own weight at a length of or about three miles, and an iron rod, however large, also breaks at the same length, the strength being of course in proportion to the area, and therefore in proportion to the weight. In dealing, therefore, with decp sea cables, it is evident that the strain cannot be varied by a change in size of the cable itself, but by the alteration of the specific gravity of the substance employed. Ап iron cable we have seen breaks with its own weight at three miles in length; but a small gutta-percha wire being but of little greater specific gravity than water itself, might be paid out in any depth without any increase of strain. Indeed, one inventor has proposed that for great depths a cable:lighter than water should be used, and anchored by weights at a given distance from the bottom, so that all abrasion would be avoided. ‘These consi- derations led to the abandonment of iron wire, and the adoption of hemp as an external covering. The specific gravity of „hemp is little greater than that of water, and conse- quently no strain occurs with hempen cables, whatever be their length. But the expc- rience with hemp has not been satisfactory. It has been found too weak, after long immersion, to enable cables to be raised from much depth, aud has been frequently eaten away by marine animals and injured by marine vegetation ; besides which it is very liable to abrasion from rocks or gravel; and its absolute durability, even when free from these dangers, is very doubtful. In order to increase the strength of the cable for laying or for raising for repairs, and to increase the specific gravity of the cable, the hemp has been combined with iron or steel wires, which have been embedded in it. The union of hemp and steel has been found to give much greater tensile strength than would at first sight appear probable from such a combination. In all cases in which small wire has been used without other protection, the rapid corrosion of the wire has been a source of great inconvenience. The iron wire in the early cables has generally been galvanized, and its durability has been increased to a moderate extent by this process; but it is by no means a durable article, even with this precaution, and its durability depends on its local position. When covered with sand or mud, provided there be nothing in the mud itself destructive to iron, the wire appears tolast a considerable time under water; but in certain localities, where the cable lies upon rocks, exposed to the constant flow of water, or where the mud or sand contains peculiar constituents destructive to iron, a very few months of submersion have completely destroyed the material. To avoid this corrosion the iron has, as we have mentioned above, been coated with hemp, and this again covered with tar or some other protectingr material, and its durability has been undoubtedly increased by this process. The portions of the Atlantic cable covered with tarred yarn picked up in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, were bright and free from rust; in other cases the hemp has been abraded from the wire, the durability of the cable then becomes merely a question of the durability of the hemp or tar covering The. most simple and practical way of covering a rope, and that which consequently first a (EL mm e 7 7 . rs s or Ae os Б REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xxvii suggested itself, was to lay the iron wire spirally on the core, but this method was not free from objections, among the greatest of which was the liability of such a rope to form itself into kinks, which depend to a great extent on the lay of the spiral covering. These kinks are apt to occur, whenever sufficient slack accumulates to allow them to form. If, in paying out a line, slack be allowed to run overboard whilst the vessel from any cause is laying to, it almost invariably becomes entangled and twisted at the bottom of the sea in the most remarkable manner, especially when there is a strong tide. Or if, in paying out the cable frour the hold of a vessel, where it is laid in large carefully arranged coils, these coils become entangled in the hold, a large quantity of slack is rapidly drawn into the breaks, the paying out suddenly stopped, and the cable sometimes damaged before ` the speed of the vessel can be checked. If the ordinary twisted rope could be placed on a drum as it is manufactured, and the drum carried on board ship, and the line paid out directly from the drum into the sca by the rotation of the drum on its axis, no liability to kinking could arise; but such a process is evidently impracticable, the weight of the drum and its coil being far too great to be dealt with by any mechanical means. If such a rope were slipped off the drum, and in this state laid in the hold of the vessel, every coil that was paid out from the mass would throw a * turn" into the outlying rope and these twists accumulating would rapidly tend to the destruction of the cable either by untwisting it, or tightening it to such a degree as to throw it into kinks. When the cable is laid in the vessel a turn is laid in with every coil; in paying it out the reverse operation undoes the turn which has been laid in, in the first instance. It is important to avoid coiling or uncoiling a cable, when finished, more often than is absolutely necessary ; and even its transference from the factory to the ship, and from one ship to another, is hazardous. To remedy the inconvenience from kinking many devices have been suggested, such as plaiting the hemp or wire on the cable or laying them in parallel layers, and afterwards binding them all over with a spiral wire. Lines so constructed with parallel wires or strands possess this addi- tional advantage, that in case of great tensile stram the parallel wires tend directly to protect the inner core from strain. without in any way increasing the pressure upon it, whereas if great tension be put on a twisted cable the elongation ofthe cable tends to the compression of the inner core, and that to such an extent as sometimes to cause con- siderable damage. Cables have been thus taken up in which the insulated wire has been greatly reduced in diameter by this tension, and the gutta percha itself nearly destroyed. It also frequently happens, on the relief of this tension, that the contraction of the outer covering and of the gutta percha causes the copper to knuckle through and come into contact with the strands of iron. Or in other cases, when the cable has been elongated, the core of copper wire covered with gutta percha has been permanently clongated, and forced itself through the strands of iron wire; this effect is shown in Appendix No. 9, Plate No. 9. It is an important consideration in the outer covering of a submarine cable that the delicate insulating material which covers the conductor is liable to numerous injuries during the process of laying on the outer covering, and that although the core may have been originally perfect, these injuries will sooner or later prove the destruction of the cable after it has been laid. The plan which has hitherto been adopted of covering the core with a serving of hemp or tape, saturated with some insulating material, enables any injuries which have occurred during the process of laying on the outer covering to be concealed until after submergence ; it has therefore been suggested that it would be desirable to saturate the serving of hemp or tape with a conducting material, instead of with a non-conducting material, and to keep the cable in water and under electrical tests during the whole time of manufacture ‘and until submerged. One mode of obtaining these tests would be to stow the cables in defined lengths, in a series of insulated tanks; and to keep a constant current on the cable; the proportion of the current which escapes from each tank would show whether the portion in one tank was worse than that in other tanks. Another method is that which was adopted by Messrs. Siemens and Halske for testing the Malta and Alexandria cable and described in the Appendix No. 11. We have had laid before us numerous specimens of proposed cables for deep sea lines, as well as a series of experiments upon different forms of cable, made for the Treasury, by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde, for determining the form of the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable. (See Appendix No. 10.) We have ourselves made experiments upon several forms of cable specially devised by various persons for deep sea lines, information respecting which will be found in Appendix No. 9. The following table gives a general view of the results. As one of the main objects to be attained is a minimum of extension with a maximum of breaking weight during the process of laying, we have compared the results by showing for each cable the equivalent length in water due to a definite elongation and to the breaking weight. d 2 CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE | CABLES. 3. The Er- ternal Pro- tection. — CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 3. The Ex- ternal Pro- tection. xxviii REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Cables in which the Strength is placed in the Outer Covering, by means of Hemp or Wires, laid on spirally. ee | Length of Cable in Water in Fathoms equivalent to General Description of Arrangements NAME. for ко 0°5 le | Strength and Protection. Gravity. per Cent. per Cent. Breaking of of Strain. Elongation. Elongation. i EDI M IE p oes Fathoms. Fathoms. Fathoms. 1,610 | Notreached | Not broken. | ә М | with tape, shellac, and marine glue. | 1119 Not reached 3, 376 Clark, L. - | Steel wire, with a slight spiral, covered 1:92 See Plate, No. 5 - - - Gisborne and Forde | Steel wires, coated with hemp, laid 1:9 1,176 1,947 Not broken. (Gibraltar Deep spirally. See Plate, No. 2 - } | 2,440 3,924 Not broken, Sea). | with a | . weight == 5,683 fa- thoms in - water. Siemens < | Strands of hemp, laid spirally, pro- 1,342 2,552 Not broken. tected by thin copper sheathing. prs | 2,046 3,672 Do. See Plate, No. 4 - - - - 1,694 3,284 Do. Cables in which the Strength is placed in the Outer Covering, by means of Hemp or Wire, laid on longitudinally. | ! Tarred hemp lines served round with | pue 5,300 8.124 | Not broken. cord of hemp. See Plate, No. 5 - = 5,908 16,982 1:9 2,653 | Not reached 3,424 De Bergue - - Godefroy - - Steel wires, coated with india-rubber, | and covered with india-rubber | canvass. See Plate, No. 3. | | 2,596 3,500 Not broken. Do. = =| De MEE NE NE ЕЕ... і 2,596 Not reached | 3,809 Hall and Wells - | Hemp lines kept in place by plaited | 1:35 160 1,126 4,420 hemp. See Plate, No. 4. 4 per cent. extension. Do. Steel wire and hemp lines kept in place | 1:6 2,499 |. Not reached 2,729 with plaited hemp. Do. - -| Do. LP" | 1:9 ` | 2,437 4,525 5,597 Silver = Steel wires, covered with plaited | 2.8 J 1,642 2,260 . Not broken. hemp. See Plate, No. 2 - 21 f 1,832 Not reached | 3,213 Sinnock - - | Tarred hempen lines, served in a close ! Р Е spiral, with hemp string and iron | 14 us | p | ш. 5 wire. See Plate, No. 4 - — с | 2099 | 997 1,782 — no d E = 4 pia { 636 7,132 | Cables in which the Strength is placed next the Copper Conductor inside the Insulating Covering. — — ee MM —— — — — M — —— —— — - — —— — ͤ — Allan - e | Steel wires, laid spirally on copper | conductor, outer covering plaited 1:6 1,519 | Not reached Not broken. | jute, saturated with marine paint. i 1,283 | 2,258 2,936 | See Plate, No. 3. | | Do. - Do., outer covering india-rubber | 1:38 3,405 6,555 7,484 | canvass. | | Do. - Do., outer covering Godefroys | 1:3 3,835 6,340 / 6,848 compound. | | | | i j | Аз regards Ње liability of these cables to kink, we would observe that the Messrs. Gisborne and Forde's (Gibraltar) cable was easy to kink, and was set in kinks by tension. Messrs. Silver's cable was disposed to kink. Messrs. Clark's, De Bergue's, Godefroy's, Hall and Wells’, Sinnock's, and Allan's were difficult to kink, and the kinks generally unfolded by tension. A cable made by Mr. Hooper was submitted after our experiments were concluded, and we had no opportunity of testing it. The strength is given by steel wires laid on in a slight spiral, protected from corrosion by means of vulcanized india-rubber. See Appendix No. 9, Plate 6, Fig. 21. The results shown in the above table for Mr. Allan’s cables are remarkable. In these cables the strength is given by stecl wires laid spirally round the copper conductor, thus using the strength giving material to form part of the conductor; the area of the con- ductor is therefore increased ; and there is no danger of the conductor knuckling through. the gutta-percha from the resiliency of the latter. This addition to the conducting area REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, xxix increases the induction of the cable in the full ratio of the increased area, but it only increases the conducting power of the cable in the proportion which the conductivity of steel bears to that of copper, which is about one-seventh. To obtain the same capacity for the transmission of messages in & cable of this kind as in a cable in which copper forms the sole conductor, the dimensions of the conductor must be increased to give the same ratio of conduction to induction. The insulating material of course requires protection in these as in other cables. | All the cables in the table in which iron is used for strength have been furnished with some protection against corrosion. This is afforded in some cases by hemp, in another case by tape, shellac, and marine glue, in another by india-rubber and india-rubber canvass, in another by a mixture of cocoa-nut and gutta-percha covered by india-rubber canvass. In the cables in which hemp is used for giving strength, the hempen strands have been protected in one case by a serving of hemp, in another by a combined covering of hemp and iron wire, and in another by a sheathing of copper. The object of employing copper being, that it is not so subject to corrosion in the sea as iron. e consider it essential that in iron or steel covered cables the iron or steel should be protected against corrosion, both as a preservative before laying and as a security when laid, to enable them to be raised in case of injury. The protection of the iron or steel covering by hemp alone cannot be durable; nor indeed are we satisfied that any of the materials submitted for protecting the iron or steel covering would be durable if exposed to abrasion. It has been suggested that for cables in shallow water where a solid covering is wanted, the outer covering should be sought in some hard metal not acted on by sea water—probably some alloy. We believe that a coating of tin upon steel or iron wires, with a further protection by means of hemp saturated with tar or some more durable compound, or covered with a cheap form of gutta-percha would be advisable. Cables in which the strength depends on hemp will not be able to be raised for repairs, and unless the hemp is protected will be subject to destruction by marine animals and vegetation, by decay, and by abrasion on hard surfaces. The dura- bility of hemp, however, may be much increased by coating it with some compound of gutta-percha or with marine glue. Whatever, however, be the outer covering, it should prevent any strain being brought on the inner core; the specific gravity should, therefore, be adapted to the depth and be such as to ensure the cable sinking evenly. We under- stand that the specific gravity of the Toulon and Algiers cable (1*9) recently submerged in depths of from 1,600 to 2,000 fathoms has proved satisfactory in practice. It is also to be observed that the necessity for joints to be made in a cable whilst laying and after itis laid down is sure to occur, and must be provided for. ‘The difficulty of making a Joint even in gutta-percha wire has already been alluded to, and whatever be the outer covering, it is evident that it will often be found necessary to make joints in it at sea under circumstances of considerable difficulty. In the ordinary twisted cable a splice can be made almost as secure as the original cable. Longitudinally covered cables will necessarily present greater difficulties, and the fact that joints will have to be made must be borne in mind in the selection of the outer covering of a cable. When three or four wires are included in the same covering, a defect in any one of the wires renders it necessary to cut the entire cable, and this difficulty is no doubt an objection to this kind of cable. | 4. Laying and Maintenance of Submarine Cables. We have only incidentally considered the question of laying submarine cables. All the evidence which we have collected on the subject tends to show that no cable should be laid without detailed survey being previously made of the bottom of the sea where it is to be laid, in respect both of the irregularities of the surface and of the material of which the surface is composed. These materials should be subjected to analysis, to ascertain whether they are likely to produce any chemical action detrimental tothe cable, and the course in which the cable is laid should be selected with a view to avoid, as far as possible, any bottom upon which either mechanical or chemical injuries are to be apprehended. | The Channel Islands telegraph, to which we have already alluded, affords a strong instance of the necessity of such a survey. The Red Sca Telegraph, which has been entirely corroded where it lies over the Dhalac Bank, is another; the Bona and Cagliari cable, in which corrosion and fracture have occurred in deep water, is another; and the Cagliari-Malta telegraph, where the failures have occurred in comparatively shallow water, on a bottom strewed with rocks, or, as some persons have suggested, subject to volcanic action, is another. Any ground liable to anchorage should be carefully avoided, and also water so shallow as to be affected by surface currents, pum it is practicable the depth should à ° 4 CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 3. The Ex- ternal Pro- tection. 4. Laying and Mainte- .nance of Submarine Cables. CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 4. Laying and Main- tenance, ххх REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE not be greater than to allow the recovery of the cable and its repair when necessary. It has been found almost impracticable to recover cables that have been laid in greater depths than fron) 300 to 400 fathoms, nor, except in very rare cases, have any under water currents been found to exist beyond a depth of from 60 to 100 fathoms. This, therefore, should form a criterion of the depth to be selected, provided such depth and a favourable bottom can be found. Silt or mud has in some cases been found to corrode the iron cover- ing of cables very rapidly, in other cases to preserve them, according to the constituents of the mud. All uneven, rocky bottoms should be avoided, especially in the neighbourhood of volcanic action. The surveys that have been made have been far too superficial in this respect. It has very properly been observed that if the land between London and Brighton were under water, and were surveyed from the surface at distances of 10 and 15 miles only, the soundings might accidentally so occur as to indicate nearly a level bottom, whereas we know how undulating the country really is. So important is the selection of a proper site for a cable that soundings should be taken at least every two or three miles, and much more frequently when any great irregularity is indicated by those soundings. In this way dangerous reefs and precipitous spots might be avoided, and generally, with but little diversion, favourable ground might be found. | | a c We trust that no telegraph cable will be laid in future until the best course has been selected by detailed investigation of this nature. With respect to the mechanical operation of laying, we believe that many improvements have yet to be made. The first requisite is that the ship should have a large amount of us power, so as to be able to make way against contrary winds and seas. | he paying out a long cable from a vessel, however well preparcd for the purpose, offers greater difficulties than would at first sight be imagined. — The cable is laid in the hold of a vessel in as large a coil as possible, and for this purpose there are but few which will allow space enough, hence all ordinary vessels require considerable modification. The space must evidently be perfectly clear, no cross beams from side to side of the vessel can be allowed, and no perpendicular supports for the upper deck can be perinitted throughout the whole of the area occupied by the cable. It is especially in steamers where so much of the hold is occupied by engines, that the diiliculties in this respect are experienced. The cable must be so placed as to load the vessel evenly, and must be so paid out that she shall preserve an even keel. Consequently, when, as in some cases, the cable has been laid in two separate holds at the head and stern, in a vessel not properly adapted, portions trom one and the other must be alternately paid out, and the cable be, therefore, so laid that this shift may be made with facility, and without fouling any portion of the apparatus or of the rigging. But with ships arranged for the purpose, and provided with large water ballast, this difficulty is not espericnced. Thus the Zandvoort cable paid out from the * William Cory" was coiled in two large coils, and the paying out of one coil was completed before the second coil was commeneed upon, water being admitted as required to keep the vessel in trim. When the velocity with which a cable is paid out is considered, say from four to six knots in the hour, the change above mentioned in a heavy sca is an operation involving considerable risk, and it should, therefore, if possible, be avoided. Moreover, vessels loaded with cable are liable to roll to an inconvenient extent, especially screw steamers, which are particularly applicable for this purpose. A cable stowed in a sailing vessel and towed by a steamer is unmanageable in a heavy sea, the steering is extremely difficult, and in case of accident, it is impossible to check the progress of the sailing vessel containing the cable.” It is therefore imperative, especially with a long cable, that the vessel employed should be a steamer of sufficient dimensions to contain coals, and the cable for the whole voyage. A vessel capable of iaying a cable, weighing three tons per mile, across the Atlantic will have a load of 6,000 tons besides coals, and the clear space in her hold must be of sufficient dimensions for coiling this enormous length of cable. The hold must also be completely protected from the heat of the boilers. It is evident, therefore, that for such a purpose a vessel would have to be specially constructed, as no vessel existing, except the Great Eastern, would be adapted to the work. The labour attending the paying out of a cable is far rreater than would be at first sight imagined, several relays of hands are necessary. The cable is coiled in the hold with as much regularity as possible, and each layer of coils is kept in its place by lashings of hemp, and sometimes by packings of wood for that purpose. The hands employed in irecing the coils have a difficult duty to perform. When going at full speed the coils have to be handed out with great rapidity, and yet with great regularity, to prevent their being thrown into the breaks more speedily than required; while the lashings and packings of wood have to be carefully removed, so as to liberate only so much of the cable as is required. The guides through which the cable REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, l xxxi passes must be carefully contrived to avoid the possibility of the cable getting out of the Construc- sheaves on receiving any check. It next passes through the break, which requires the TION AND most delicate handling to ensure the proper strain. If sufficient pressure be not put on Y = the break the cable runs out from its own weight with a far greater velocity than is due Canres. to the speed of the ship, and a large per-centage is wasted. The speed with which a cable is paid out should evidently precisely correspond with * Laying that of the vesscl, and in deep water the greatest care is necessary to obtain such a „ result. In shallow water less difficulty is experienced in this respect; and so accurately | were the steerage and regulation of the breaks under command in the first cable laid across to Holland, that though laid during a gale of wind, only 7 per cent. of cable. beyond that required for the direct measured distance was laid. This operation was performed, too, in a rapid tideway, the tide being transverse to the course, first on one side of the vessel and then on the other. The steering of the vessel was never, therefore, in a direct line, but at a considerable angle to the direction it was intended to go. When it 1s remembered how seriously the drag of the cable over the stern of the vessel interferes with the steerage, the great care that is necessary in the navigation will be appreciated. Another difficulty occurs from the derangement of the compasses of the vessel by so large a quantitv of iron in their vicinity ; for although the compasses may have been first adjusted for the deflection due to this disturbance, yet as the cable is paid out, its amount varies very considerably. To mect this difficulty a separate vessel is required to guide the vessel containing the cable. In the case of the Dutch cable two tugs were employed always ahead of the vessel containing the cable. A straight course was made by these tugs alternately, and buovs were placed to make for during the day, while at night Bengal lights were exhibited from the tugs. It was, no doubt, owing to these precautions that so small a per-centage of waste took place. The cable, after passing through the break, runs over the stern of the vessel into the sea—in some cases over a sheave, and in others through a hawse pipe. But the steerage of the vessel is far less interfered with if the cable is allowed free lateral motion over the stern of the vessel. For this purpose the rail round the stern is protected by a strong plate of cast iron, and on this plate the cable is shifted from side to side of the stern, as the stecring renders it necessary. Its position requires constant changing, for the friction soon cuts deep grooves into the cast-iron plate, if allowed to run long in the same spot. The break usually employed has been a large drum of cast iron round which three or four turns of the cable are laid, the surging being affected by means of a cheek which guides the cable on to the drum. The break 1з checked by an ordinary friction strap. Nothing has been found more effectual than constant personal superintendence for the regulation of this pressure, and to facilitate this operation many ingenious mechanical arrangements have been employed. The construction of the break is, indeed, a matter of the greatest importance. It is a machine which must be absolutely free from failure of any kind during the whole of the voyage, as any accident happening to the break endangers the safety of the whole operation. The laying of the cable should be unin- terrupted from the beginuing to the ena of the journcy, and with this view no derange- ment should be possible either in the machinery connected with the break or in the engines of the vessel. The speed, also, should be maintained as uniform as possible, and some speed always ensured, whatever may be the weather. To ensure this end a vessel with abundance of power is absolutely indispensable, for even the choking of a pump, the heating of any part of the machinery, the derangement of a valve, or indeed the slightest mishap in any part of all this complicated machinery, may prove the loss of the whole cable. If in spite of weather or tides the vessel could infallibly preserve a moderate speed across the Atlantic, the laying of the cable would involve but little risk. As long as the weather is calm, and all in good order, the operation is an extremely simple one, requiring only proper care and attention. But in heavy weather, when the vessel is pitching and rolling to such an extent that the men can scarcely keep their feet in the hold while unlashing and freeing the cable, thc cable when the surging of the vessel throws sudden and unequal strains on the break, and more especially during dark nights when the breaksman himself can scarcely keep his place, and can see nothing of what is going on around him, the difficulty is of no ordinary kind. Paying out cable from the hold is much facilitated by an arrangement invented by Mr. Newall, technically termed the cone and rings, and described in the evidence appended. Several self-acting breaks have also been proposed and used, but these have mct with only partial success. Proposals for alterations of form from the break-wheels hitherto used will be found in the Appendix; for instance, Mr. Longridge proposes that the cable should pass in a spiral groove round a cone, and that the friction on the cone should afford the necessary retardation to the passage of the wire; this friction being varied as occasion arises by d 4 CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE CABLES. 4. Laying and Main- tenance. Ld xxxii REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. varying the length of groove which the cable is made to traverse. Another plan is to xe the cable between friction rollers. Captain Selwyn, R.N., proposes to obviate the iability to kink which a coiled cable possesses by placing the cable on a large floating cylinder, which is intended to be towed by a steamer, and which would roll over in the water and uncoil the cable as it progressed. We have great doubts as to the practicability of this plan. — | The question of the paying out of submarine cables and the mathematical laws to which they are subject in paying out have been already fully investigated in numerous well- known publications. We would, therefore, only observe that whilst we have described the arrangements in general use, the form of paying-out apparatus to be adopted will necessarily depend upon the cable to be used and the depths at which it is to be laid, and must therefore bc determined by the engineer in each case. A considerable amount of information will be found in the Appendix on the general arrangements which have been adopted for manufacturing and laying submarine cables. The contracts that have been entered into have always necessarily presented considerable difficulties, differing entirely, as they do, from any ordinary contract, in which the work, when completed, can be easily measured, examined, approved, or rcjected. If, on the one hand, the contractor is made solely responsible and liable for the protection of the line, and is to furnish a guarantec for his sufficient performance of the contract to make or lay it down, then it becomes a matter of great importance to determine for what period of time such a guarantce should be required. Moreover, if this responsibility is laid on the contractor, it is evident he ought to be subject to little interference from other parties, as any guarantee he may give will evidently be useless if, in carrying out the work, he is simply to obey the orders of others. On the other hand, if the control over the work is kept entirely out of his hands, it is difficult so to arrange the terms of the contract as to give him any important interest in the success of the undertaking, and without such interest it is absolutely impossible, in work of such a character, to ensure that diligent, constant care and attention to every detail which is sd essentially necessary to its perfection. Again, the risk attending, more especially, upon laying down submarine cables in deep water, is evident from past experience, and is so great that no contractor can undertake the work. without a very large margin for profit, which consideration, while it seriously increases the cost of such an enterprise, does not in practice secure its being properly carried out. The Electric Telegraph Company have preferred leaving the construction of the cable to the contractor, but the manufac- ture in every detail is under the personal superintendence and direction of their own officers, who are, in fact, responsible for the quality of the workmanship. In such case, no extravagant profit need be paid to the contractor, who incurs but little risk. In the other cases, where the whole matter has been left in the hands of the contractor, who, having only in view the laying down of the cable, which should be protected for a limited length of time, does what he has agreed to do in the most economical manner possible, and without regard to the ultimate durability of his work. All such contracts have been proved to be objectionable, and telegraph companies have acted, in respect to the manufacture of telegraphs, in a manner totally different from that in which they would have acted in any other operation. They begin by simply asking the contractor for what amount he would be prepared to lay down a cable in a given position, guaranteeing his performance for a limited time, as though a cable, unlike a railway or any other means of communication, were a thing which would necessarily, when once laid down, last for ever. No greater error could be committed. Nothing can be more precarious than the life of a cable. The company which, without regard to its future maintenance, provides capital for merely one cable must be fortunate indeed if such a course should not prove its rum. The future repair, maintenance, and restoration of a cable is as important an item as the maintenance of a railway. Capital for all these purposes should be provided, as well as for the mere construction of the cable itself. With our present experience no company would be justified in relying upon the successful action of one single cable in deep water, and two at least should be provided for in the original estimates, to meet the chances of accident in laying down. And beyond this, arrangements should be made that a sufficient reserve fund should be available for constant repairs, and if necessary renewal. ‘This is also a most important consideration in regard to the route that is sclected, for although the protection afforded by deep water is evidently very great, the chances being that the life of a cable will be much longer in deep than in shallow water; yet, on the other hand, faults do occur at the greatest depths, and in such case the cable is necessarily abandoned, as no repair is possible. REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xxxiil II].—ScumMMARY or PRINCIPLES WHICH SHOULD GOVERN THE CONSTRUCTION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE TEeLEGRAPHS. The materials of which a telegraph cable is composed, and the dimensions and form in which these materials are to be combined, necessarily depend upon the conditions of position, depth, nature of the bottom of the sea, and the climate in which the cable is to be laid. Each case will require special consideration and arrangements peculiar to itself and we can only point out the general principles to which regard must be had by an engineer, in designing and laying a submarine telegraph cable. We have already stated these general principles, and we propose now, therefore, only to pive a short summary of the main points which it is necessary to observe. he following are the points to which we would invite attention :— A.— Construction of the Cable. 1.—The Conducting Wire. The conductivity of the metal, other circumstances being the same, does not influence the amount of induction; a bad conductor, therefore, increases the resistance, the induction remaining the same. Hence the conducting wire should be formed of the material which possesses the highest conducting power which can be selected. To ensure this it is desirable in contracts to provide that the conductivity of the wire shall be equal to that of a standard wire at a specified temperature, and then what the wire wants in quality must be made up in quantity at the contractor's expense. It is, however, better to obtain the material with the highest conducting power, because the larger diameter of the inferior conductor would give rise to increased induction. The standard wire should be of some metal or alloy not liable to oxydise, and not subject to rapid variation in conductivity from change of temperature. The metals and alloys we have described in an earlier part of the report appear well adapted to the purpose. The conductor should be formed of a strand of wire, or of some modification of the strand form, as before mentioned, so as to prevent the fracture of one of the wires rendering the whole cable useless. 2.—'The Insulating Covering. Of the materials which have been submitted to us the best insulator by far is india- rubber; Wray's compound and pure gutta percha, nearly resemble india-rubber in its insulating properties. | The induction discharge is directly as the length of a wire. The amount of induction discharge from wires of different diameters with coverings of various thicknesses of the same insulating material may be assumed to be, for practical purposes, directly as the square root of the diameter of the wire and inversely as the square root of the thickness of the insulating envelope. Hence by increasing the diameter of the wire and the thickness of insulating covering in the same proportion, the amount of inductive discharge remains the same. The force of the current in a voltaic circuit increases as the square of the diameter of the wire (the length of circuit being constant and the resistance of the battery being inconsiderable as compared with that of the metallic portion of the circuit), consequently if it be found inconvenient to increase the conducting wire and the insulating covering proportionately, greater advantage will be obtained by increasing the diameter of the wire than the thick- ness of insulating covering, for whilst the covering remains the same the induction discharge increases only as the square root of the diameter of the wire, whilst the force of the current increases as the square of the diameter ; and if the insulating covering be varied the conducting wire being constant, the strength of the current will remain the same, but the induction will only decrease as the square root of the thickness. India-rubber surpasses all other materials in the smallness of the amount of its inductive discharge and the perfection of its insulation. A coating of india-rubber is fully equal to a coating of the gutta percha hitherto in use of double its thickness. Wray's com- und and the recently manufactured pure gutta percha closely resemble india-rubber In both these respects. The mixture of imperfectly conducting materials with gutta cha has the disadvantage of greatly reducing the insulation and increasing the induction. The interposition of cotton thread between the wire and an insulating coating considerably increases the induction and diminishes the insulation. ‘The induc- tion is augmented because the cotton thread, which is a bad insulator, increases the surface of the conductor ; and the insulation is impaired, not only because the insulating coating is diminished, by the thickness of the cotton, but probably also in consequence of the greater inductive action. ‘The interposition of cotton between two layers e SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES WHICH SHOULD GO- VERN THE CoNsTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE TELE. GRAPHS, Construction of Cable. The Con- ducting Wire. The Insulat- ing Cover- ing. SUMMARY OF PRINCIPLES Wien SHOULD GO- VERN THE CONSTRUC- TION AND LAYING OF SUBMARINE TELE- GRAPHS. Construc- tionof Cable. The Insulat- ing Cover- ing. The Ex- ternal Pro- tection. General Conclusion as to Form of Cable. XXXIV REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. of insulating. material is equally disadvantageous. - The interposition of a viscid insulator between two coatings of insulating material neither decreases the induction nor im- proves the insulation of the line, but the viscid fluid has a tendency to fill up air holes or flaws in the insulating coatings. Generally speaking the more perfect the insulating property of the material is, the less is its inductive capacity. India-rubber and Wray’s compound are not perceptibly affected by any ordinary increase of temperature, but increase of temperature has a very decided influence in diminishing the insulation of gutta percha. This substance is, therefore, not well suited for cables to be laid in tropical regions. . Temperature affects the induction discharge only in so far us it affects the insulation. ۰ India-rubber and gutta percha are subject to deterioration by exposure to the action of oxygeu in the presence of solar light ; but when light is excluded gutta percha will remain for months, and india-rubber for a considerable period unchanged in air, and both wil remain unaltered for years in water when light is excluded; indeed sea water is peculiarly favourable to the preservation of gutta percha, especially when coated with Stockholm tar. As regards Wray's compound, we have seen a specimen of his No. 2 material which it is stated has been exposed to alternations of temperature and exposure during two years, but sufficient time has not elapsed since its introduction to enable us to express a definite opinion as to its durability. | p India-rubber, gutta percha, Wray's compound, and Chatterton's compound all absorb water; the absorption is more rapid from pure. water than from sea water, and more rapid from sea water than from concentrated brine. ‘The thickness of the material affects the rate of' absorption in a peculiar manner. "The absorption of water by thick sheets stops short at a limit which is rapidly exceeded by.thin sheets, pressure does not appear to increase the amount of absorption ; and it does not appear that this absorption is to be feared as a cause of deterioration in submarine cables. Pressure greatly improves the insulation, whilst it is being applied, and this effect is more perceptible as the substance is a worse insulator. But it does not appear that pressure asserts any influence on the amount of induction discharge. The manner in which gutta percha can be manipulated and placed on the wire by being forced through a die, renders it less liable to flaws when laid over wire than india-rubber, but india-rubber is generally more free from impurity than ordinary gutta percha; the more perfect insulation afforded by india-rubber, pure gutta percha and Wray's compound enables flaws to be detected, which would pass unnoticed with ordinary gutta percha. The occurrence of flaws in the insulating covering of conducting wires can be best guarded against by laying on the material in several coats and by testing each of the coats under water at a specified temperature. ‘These electrical tests should be continued during the covering of the cable and whilst it is being submerged, in order that comparative results may be obtained throughout. | 3.—The External Protection. The forin of the outer covering must in each case depend on the local circumstances affecting the site in which the cable is to be laid ; and in selecting it, regard should be had to the fact that it is necessary to provide for the repair of the cable everywhere, except in depths which interpose a limit to the possibility of raising it. It should be such as to protect the internal core against injuries or strains in laying or in raising for repairs, against the nttacks of marine animals, and against abrasion upon a hard bottom; and it must be capable of having joints made in it with ease. It should be such as to give the cable sufficient specific gravity to ensure its sinking evenly. The material by which strength is given to the cable should be effectually protected against corrosion, and should be arranged so as to furnish the required strength with the minimum amount of elongation. | ZEN | | The suggestion that the materials used in the external covering should. not be suffi- ciently good insulators to prevent the detection of injuries to the internal core during the process of covering, is one which deserves consideration. 4.— General Conclusion as to Form of Cable. The construction of a shallow water cable must, of course, ditfer from that of a deep sea cable. The shallow water cable will not be much subject to injury in laying from the strain brought upon it, but it will be liable to abrasion and injury from currents, anchors, and other causes, and must, therefore, be constructed with a view of being raised frequently for repairs. For this class of cable the preservation of the outer covering from corrosion is of the first importance.. The most. desirable covering would, if it could be found, be a strong metallic covering not liable to corrode in sea water, rather than iron REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. XXXV wire covered with hemp or other material. For cables beyond the reach of anchors, and Summary or even of strong currents, it may be necessary to employ iron or steel wires to obtain the PRIxcirrxs necessary strength for raising for repairs, either during laying or after they are laid. In "сн this case the danger from abrasion is less, and the iron or steel wire must be protected very aa from corrosion by means of some outer covering. We think such an outer covering is to Consrruc- be sought in tarred yarn, protected by some cheap compound of gutta percha or india- TION Ахр rubber. The wires by which strength is given should be laid on longitudinally, or with сазо оғ a very slow turn, and must be kept in place by a special binding, or by means of the TIE. covering compound. Cables of this general form may also, we believe, be made applicable cnarns. to the greatest depths which will be met with. In any case the outer covering should be so devised as to prevent a strain coming on the core; and the specific gravity should be E adapted to the depth and be such as to ensure the cable sinking evenly. | | With our present experience we believe the safest core for a submarine cable is a strand of purest copper wire, in which solidity is obtained by one of the arrangements before | mentioned, and coated, according to the locality in which it is to be employed, with purified gutta percha or with india rubber, protected by a covering of gutta percha, and the whole served round with tarred hemp to form a bed for receiving the protecting external wires ; each coating of insulating material should be tested in water of a specified tem- perature to ascertain that its insulation was equal to a specified standurd. The size of the conductor and the thickness of the insulating material should be such as to allow of | | | | | | | the line being always worked with moderate currents. A long cable must, however, insulate sufficiently to resist the tension arising from currents termed “deflections " or “earth currents," which Mr. Varley states have sometimes, in a distance of about 70 miles, a tension of more than 100 cells of Daniel's battery. See Question 2914. B. Laying and Maintenance of Submarine Cables. Paea 1.— Preliminary Survey. o 0 uoma- Before the route, in which a submarine telegraph cable is to be laid, is decided on, a rine Cables. careful and detailed survey of the nature and inequalities of the bottom of the sea should —- be made, and that line selected where there are fewest probabilities of injuries from Preliminary mechanical or chemical causes, and where (if possible) the depths are such as to allow of the cable being raised for repairs. In such a survey it is of more consequence to ascertain the relative differences of level of the bottom of the sea at every step than the actual depths ; and it would be of great advantage for this purpose if some instrument could be devised which would enable the actual outline of the bottom of the sea to be traced. The actual position in which a cable is laid should be defined with the greatest | precision attainable, to facilitate future repairs. | { | 2.— Apparatus.for laying Submarine Cables. The failures which have occurred in laying submarine cables are mainly attributable to Apparatus the employment of ships which have not been constructed for the purpose, and of de- атое fective paying out apparatus. This latter must depend so entirely upon the form of Cables — cable to be used, and the depths in which it is to be laid, that it must be left to the engineer to devise in each case. In depths where repairs are possible the amount of slack paid out should be sufficient to enable the cable to be raised without injury for repairs. The question of the ships to be used is one of great importance, to which sufficient attention has never yet been paid. "The ship should be of large capacity, to admit of the cable being coiled easily without injury, and great care should be taken to isolate the hold from the engine room ; it should be of a form to allow of the cable being paid out without any material alteration in the trim of the ship taking place ; it should have suffi- cient power to enable it to maintain a speed of from four to six knots per hour in the direc- tion in which it is proceeding, in any weather; and it should be very steady in a rough sea. These qualities point to the necessity of special ships being built for the purpose. There are difficulties in the way of this being done by contractors for laying cables, because they cannot afford to have ships idle on their hands, and they consequently either hire a ship, or build one to serve afterwards for other purposes. But we believe that a ship of the construction we have shown to be necessary for laying a cable would, when not 1 employed in laying cables, be found extremely useful for the ordinary purposes of | commerce. : Ш ИН = | äé—‏ — — —— — سد r e Y‏ » T - + س‎ — — — ——j—ü— —— 3.— Contracts for laying Submarine Cables. Ї It the contractor is made solely responsible for the safe laying of the line, he cannot Contraets for be made subject to much interference by other parties: but he will put on a large lau ing Sub- additional price to cover the risk he incurs, and the extra cost to be paid does not Cables secure the success of the enterprise. If, on the other hand, he is not made r. sponsible, е д xxxvi REPORT OF THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Summary or he will have little interest in the success of the undertaking, and without such interest PRINCIPLES it ig difficult to secure that close supervision to the details of the manufacture which Тоир co. Will alone obtain perfection. VERN THE The question, no doubt, to some extent, depends upon who the contractor is. But in Coxsrruc- any case we believe that a divided responsibility would be fatal to this, as it is to any TION AND other enterprise. Hence we should suggest that a defined, but limited, pecuniary 5 responsibility should be placed on the contractor, who must therefore be allowed a certain TELE- liberty in his arrangements, but the specification for the manufacture should be drawn GRAPHS. up by the engineer, and include clauses reserving to the engineer the right of approving Fay and of all the arrangements to be made. At present the manufacture of the core, consisting Maintenance Of the conducting wire with its insulating covering, is necessarily in the hands of of Subma- different persons from. those who contract for the manufacture of the external pro- rine Cables. tection and for laying the cable; the core would therefore be delivered to the latter Contracts Contractor in a specified electrical condition, for which he would be held liable if for laying accepted by him. Submarine With respect to the period for which the guarantee should be made, we believe that Cables. the best plan would be that the contractor for laying the cable should contract for its maintenance for a certain number of years, and that the arrangement should be such that whilst he received payment for the actual cost of laying, he should receive his profit, after the cable was laid, in the shape of an annual sum for maintenance, by which means the greater the number of years the cable lasted without repairs the larger would be his profit. in providing for a telegraphic line no company can rely on the successful action of the cable; capital should be provided, not only for laying the line, but for properly constructed ships and other appliances for raising and repairing it in the depths which would admit of it, and for laying a second line to be used whilst repairs are in progress; and there should be provided out of revenue a reserve fund for the repair, maintenance, and renewal of the line. Conclusion. | We have thus endeavoured to lay before your Lordships in a condensed form the results of our inquiry. We are much indebted to the various persons who have given us information, and for further details we beg to refer to the Appendix and Minutes of Evidence attached to this Report. We desire, however, in conclusion, to observe that we are clearly of opinion that the failures of the existing submarine lines which we have described have been due to causes which might have been guarded against had adequate preliminary investigation been made into the question. And we are convinced that if regard be had to the principles we have enunciated in devising, manufacturing, laying, and maintaining submarine cables, this class of enterprise may prove as successful as it has hitherto been disastrous. DOUGLAS GALTON, 1 С. WHEATSTONE, Committee appointed by WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN, the Board of Trade. GEO. P. BIDDER, EDWIN CLARK, CROMWELL F. VARLEY, LATIMER CLARK, GEO. SAWARD, Committee of the Atlantic Company. BOARD OF TRADE, WHITEHALI, April 1861. = xxxvii INDEX TO EVIDENCE. [N.B. In this Index, except otherwise specified, the figures refer to the Questions in the Evidence.] ALLAN, THOMAS, Evidence, 1582-1664. Statement of his system of Ocean telegraphy ; page 62. ALLAN'S CABLES. (Allan, Thos.) System of cables, 1586-1588; cables for shallow water to be deeply mailed, 1590, 1591; deep water cables, 1590; construction for shore ends, 1592-1595, 1664; metallic core of copper and iron, a means of reducing weight and gravity of cable, 1596-1597 ; inexpediency of using breaks in paying out cables, 1598-1601 ; specific gravity most suited for cables to be paid out, 1602; electrical difficulties not to be apprehended from the use of copper and steel wires in the centre of a cable, 1603; proportionate size of copper and stecl wires, 1604 ; electrical result in velocity, as compared with conductors wholly copper, 1603-1609, 1622-1628; small size of conductors in Dublin and Holyhead cable, cause of failure, 1610, 1615 ; no difficulty in paying out from the usc of centre wires, 1615, 1616; a cable of such construction for tl:e Atlantic might be carried in one ship, 1616-1621; increasing the size of conductors a means of avoiding charge, 1629-1634; better con- ductability obtained by placing stcel wires in centre of cable, 1637; proportion of charge relative to the surface of the conductor, 1639; no break apparatus necessary, 1644-1649, 1656-1660, 1664; cable inextensible, and not so expensive as the Gibraltar cable, 1649, 1650, 1657 ; weight in ship and in sea, specific gravity and cost per mile, 1649.—( Canning, Samuel.) — Difficulty in coiling, 1517-152).—(Clark, Lati- mer.) Mechanical objections to principle, 3612-3614.— (Glass, R.A.) Principle of putting the strength of a cable in the centre, 402, 404—406. —( Jenkin, Fleeming.) Electrical objec- tions, 9886-2888. —( Longridge, J. А.) Opinion upon 769, 775; conducting power not diminished by the union of steel and copper wire, 775-777; reasons for placing the strength of a eable on the inside, 778-806 ; not liable to injury in paying out, 809.—( Thomson, W., LL.D.) not advantageous to intro- duce other metal with the copper, except of a higher conduc- tivity. —( Woodhouse, W.H.) not advantageous, 949-954. ATLANTIC CABLE. (Brett, J. W.) Not satisfied with the form of cable, 1439- 1442 ; early proceedings too hurried, 1443, 1444 ; electrical tests not sufficiently attended to, 1445-1447; injured by application of great battery power, 1448, 1449.— ( Bright, Sir Charles T.) Separate contracts for the manufacture of cable objectionable, 1174-1184 ; form of outer covering, 1184 1190; effect of heat upon the gutta-percha of first cable, 1192; testing in water, 1193-1195; experimental expeditions, 1197, 1198; break end paying out machinery, 1199, 1200, 1203, 1204, 1213-1292 ; first voyage, 1202-1205; experiments of joining cable in the middle, 1206-1210, 1256-1259, 1261 ; experiments made after first and second expeditions, 1213, 1223-1268; paying out of second cable, 1269-1302 ; angle of cable in paying out, 1279; strain in paying out shown by the dynamometer, 1281— 1286, 1290, 1291; cause of cessation of signals, 1301 ; failure attributable to hurry, 1316 ; desirability of further soundings, 1324-1327 ; strength of cable, 1334. — (Canning, Samuel.) Exe periments to determining a suitable cable, 1475-1479 ; reasons for adopting the form used, 1483, 1484 ; steel for covering could not be procured in sufficient quantity, 1485, 1486; cause of failure attributable to imperfect manufacture, and perhaps extraordinary battery power, 1493-1499 ; satisfactory result of experimental trip to the Bay of Biscay, 1551-1553. (Chatterton, John.) Heat the cause of the eccentricity of the wires, 1130-1132.— (Clark, Latimer.) Copper conductor too small. 3619.—{ Daymar, Commander Joseph.) Attended “ Niagara in paying out the western half, 3190-3193 ; paying out apparatus perfect, 3194 ; smallest amount of speed in laying, 3195; in laying a cable, would prefer starting from America, rather than from England, 3195, 3197; preference to a lighter cable, 3198, 3199.— (Glass, R. J.) Opinion upon, 301-314 ; additional experiments should be made before laying another cable, 310, 314—316; eccentricity of wires in the gutta-percha from radiation, 414-417.—( Henley, William T.) Testings after failure, 2320- 2332; distance of fault from Valentia, 2320; fault apparently in the manufacture, 2331, 2332; testing speed and retardation at Keybam, 2333-2339 ; number of words obtained per minute, 224] ; comparison of speed with battery and induction coils, 2343-2345: no damage to the cable from employing strong induction coils or batteries, 2349-4359.—( Hughes, David Ed- ward.) Atlantic cable injured by using induction coils, 2014- 2016 ; Daniell's battery would increase the injury from induc- tion coils, 2017—2020 ; insulation of cable at Keyham generally bed, 2068; defects owing to exposure to heat, to the numerous jéots, and the use of induction coils, 2070; opinion very favourable to the successful laying of a new cable, 2071. —( Kell, Captain J.) Failure from too much haste, 562, e3 ATLANTIC CABLE—cont. 563; Valentia unfit for terminus of cable from sbelvy nature of bottom, 570, 571; Kinsale, favourable nature of the bottom, 572, 574; facility of uncoiling, 453, 459; coating of cable, 460, 461; injury by coiling and uncoiling, 466, 469 ; description of first failure, 475; attributable to deficiencies in the machinery, 476; difficulty in stopping a screw steamer in case of accident, 478, 480; no kinks in laying cable, 479 ; unsatisfactory condition of cable after uncoiling, 484 ; successful trip, events from time of starting, 487-509; stoppage of the electrical communication, 493-496 ; injury to gutta-percha in- sulator by the heat, 498, 499; injury from mode of covering cable with tar, 508, 509; eccentricity of the copper wires, 510, 511 ; impossibility of testing for eccentricities, 512, 513; ес- centricities might have been avoided by taking more time, 514 ; failure from too much haste, 552, 563.—( Newall, R. 5.) Manufactured 1,250 miles of the cable, 4459 ; testing of cable under water declined by the Company on the score of expense, 4460.—{ Saward, George.) Successful message sent by Govern- ment to countermand troops, 3089 ; speed of messages originally expected, 3100, 3101 ; ignorance of the directors of the defects of the cable, 3233-3037 ; cutting the cable for testing, 3038— 3040 ; defective joints, 3041-3043; too great hurry the cause of failure, 3044-3052 ; measures taken to resuscitate cable, 3049-3051 ; want of practical skill, 3052. —( Smith, Willoughby.) Failure from too much haste, 737, 740.—( Thomson, William, LL.D.) Signalling through the cable and strength of electrical current, 2476-2478 ; experimental cruise to Bay cf Biscay, 2479-2488; tests applied during the laying of the cable, 2490- 2507; loss of continuity, 2508-2513; defect in insulation, 2514-2518; defects due to manufacture or mechanical injury, 2519-2521; sufficiency of tests employed during the manu- facture, 2522, 2523; tests preferred for a submarine cable, 2524-2526; failure of the electric current immediately after laying due (о defects in insulation, 4528-4532 ; general opinion of causes of failure, 2536-2538 ; position of fault in cable, 2539-2545; maximum of specd at which messages were transmitted, 2548-2550 ; cable injured by the use of induction coils and battery power, 2551-2553; minimum amount of battery power to give a readable signal through a perfect Atlantic cable, 2556, 2557 ; manner of receiving ard forwarding messages at Valentia, 2561-2564; earth currents observed at Valentia, 2565; reversal signals, 2566-2572; experiments at Valentia afier failure of currents, 2573 ; experiments at New- foundland, 2574-2588; a supposed fault about 400 miles from Newfoundland, 2588 ; noserious obstacles in laying a new cable that may not be overcome, 2604, 2605 ; a new cable may be laid with certainty, 2608.—( Farley, C. F.) Results of experiments at Valentia after failure, 2942, £943 ; report upon state of cable, 2912; probability of being able to use the cable, 2943-2945 ; pressure upon the gutta-percha not injurious to its insulation, 2947-2956.—( Walker, V.) Experiments on retardation in Atlantic cable, testing by galvanometer, formule for oscillations, results of experiments, and general opinion upon cable, 2249- 2305.—{ Washington, Captain John.) Nature of bottom of Bulls Arm Bay on the coast of Newfoundland, 3748, 3767; further soundings of the Atlantic necessary, 3811], 3812.— (Webb, F. C.) Failure in the first year owing to the inadequacy of the break, 4637—4689.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) Testing of cable, 1835-1843 ; electrical state of the cable after manufac- ture in 1857, 1844, 1845; injured from exposure to heat after manufacture, 1847, 1857-1872 ; false soldered joint in manu- facture, 1847, 1857; cable not tested under water, 1873-1882 ; mode of testing cable at Keyham, 1883-1887; testings of cable after submergence, 1888-1904; effects of the strong currents from the induction coils, 1903-1907 ; construction of the induction coils, 1905, 1906 ; use of a large number of cells in a Danieli's battery liable to injure cable, 1908-1912; risk from stretching the conductor, 1916, 1917; injury to cable by use of induction coils and Daniell’s battery, 1918-1923; an Atlantic cable should have hemp in the outer covering, should be flexible, but not liable to stretch or shrink, 1970, AUSTIN, ADMIRAL HORATIO, C.B., Evidence, 3401. ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH COMPANY. Origin and arrangements under which first proceedings took place, 3014-3030; progress of the works of the company, 9031, 3032; ignorance of the directors of the defects in the cable, 3033-3037 ; actual cash outlay, 3046-3048 ; difficulty in raising funds for a new cable, 3053, 3054; views as to the description of aid required from the Government, 3055-3059; question of a Government subvention, 3060-3064; price of messages, 3065-3067, 3071, 3072; terms of Government assistance guaranteed, 3053, 3068-3070. xxxvll BARCELONA AND BALEARIC ISLANDS CABLE. Description of, 2442, 2446. HEECHER, R. N., CAPTAIN А. B. Letter to Captain Galton, R. E., enclosing copy of un eld memorandum relative to a submarine volcano off Iceland, page 215. ‘ BELCHER, C.B., CAPTAIN SIR EDWARD, Evidence, 4257—4329. bergs, temperature of the sea, &c., page 250. BLACK SEA CABLE. (Newall, R. S.) Proportions taken as a basis of insulation for other cables, 4401; speed o! working, 4486, 4487.— ( Woodhouse, N. HI.), process of laying, 887, 888; length, 889, 890; first cable laid with a cone and rings, 891 ; small amount of slack in laying, 892, 893; depth, 894 ; great facility in laying light cables, 901—909; core of No. 16 wire, 908. BONA CAGLIARI CABLE. See Cagliari and Galeta, BRETT, JOHN W., Evidence, 1337-1440. | BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON, Evidence, 1162-1336. CAGLIARI AND GALATA CABLE. (Brett, J. W.) Depth, 1349; broken by an up and down strain, 1351—1356 ; description of second cable, 1357-1361; failure of second cable, 1362-1367 ; angle in paying out cable 1365-1367; contract with Messrs. Newall, for a new cable, 1368-1979. 1393; couditior upon being laid, 1373-1379; cause of defects, 1380, 1384, 1387, 1399, 1394. (Gisborne, L.) Greatest depth, 82; condition of, 84-90; (Glass, R. A.) Cause of failure, 377—384. —( Newall, H. S.) Observations on the proportions of the cable, 4400; mistake in calculating the weight on the break whee! in paying out cable, 4402 ; messages sent through each of the four wires after laying, 4405; faults that have arisen chiefly due to the land lines, 4406 ; cable broken within the last two months, 4407, 4408; developineut of faults in the cable, 4410; weight of cable, 4414, Mr. Brett’s information and experience not sufficient in laying cable, 4418 ; Mr. Brett's statement of sudden depths incorrect, 4419-4422 ; recovered postions of cable laid by Mr. Brett found to have been laid in a tangled mass, 4476.—( West, F. C.) Recovery of cable in 700 fathoms, 4603, 4604; no kinks in cable, 4606, 4607. | LÀ CAGLIARI AND CORFU CABLE. ( Gisborne, L.) Cause of failure, 68.—( Brett, J. W.) Weight of Malta and Corfu cable, 1410.—( Henley, W. T.) Cause of failure of Cagliari and Malta cable, 2315-2317.—( Newall, R. S.) The Corfu cable damaged by lightning, and the Malta cable by boats’ anchors, 4440.—( West, F. C.) Particulars of the repair of the cable in 1859, 4599; for the failure of cable, 4593-4602. CANDIA AND ALEXANDRIA CABLE. (Gisborne, L.) Failure of three attempts to lay cable, 37-65; causes of failure, 38, 65, 66; fault at 1500 fathoms, 40; fault due to stretching and shrinking of materials composing the cable, 41; size of core the same as that of the Atlantic cable, 51 —( Newall, R. S.) Cable broke in attempting to raise it on account of failure in the insulation, 4499,4502 ; same description of cable as that of the Red Sea, 4500. CANNING, SAMUEL, Evidence, 1450-1581. CEUTA AND ALGESIRAS CABLE. Paying out machinery, 2436, 2437 ; depth of cable, 2439— 2440. CHANNEL ISLANDS CABLE. (Brett, J. W.) Number of wires, 1427-1431; expense of repairs for last seven years, 1432-1434; cause of damages, 1435. — (Preece, William Henry.) Size, weight, length, and depth 2621-2623; covered with gutta percha, 2626; injury by friction on rocks, 2630-9632; not injured by the shingle, 2633-2636 ; broken by the edge of a rock, 2641-2646, 2662- 2669; repaired, 2646-2654 ; broken a second time by wearing on the sharp edge of a rock, 2657—2659 ; remedy adopted, 2660; neglect of taking proper soundings cause of the accidents. 2661, 2662, 2739 ; another accident by the abrasion ofthe whole of the copper wire, 2688-2694; a kink the cause of another stoppage, 9694—9699; length worked through, 2780, 2781; alternate currents of electricity used in working, 2784; effect of earth currents, 2789, 2790. CHARGE AND DISCHARGE. See Induction. CHATTERTON, JOHN, Evidence, 1049-1162. CHATTERTON’S COMPOUND. (Canning, Samuel.) Favourable opinion of, 1573-1575.— ( Chatterton, John.) Greatly improves the insulation, and not so much affected by temperature as gutta percha, 1061-1066 ; ingredients and manner of applying the compound, 1158-1162. —(Clark, Latimer.) A very high insulator, 3603-3606.— (Hancock, Walter,) 2177,.—(Jenkins, Fleeming.) 2816, 2817- 2829, 2830-2883. ( Siemens, II.) 192, 193.—( Smith, Wil- loughby,) 669, 670; improves the resistance to water pressure 678, 679.—( Varley, C. F.) 2965; prevention of flaws in gutta percha, 2970. ' : Letter to Captain Galton, R. E., relative to ice- 7 INDEX TO EVIDENCE: TAKEN BEFORE THE CLARK, LATIME Ii, Evidence, 3517-3653. CONDUCTIVITY OF COPPER. (Clark, Latimer.) Conductivity of copper wire, 3621-3628. —( Thomson, W., LL.D ) Experiments upon, 2458-2465 ; con- ductivity of an alloy of copper and lead, 2466, 2467 ; mode of testing at the gutta percha works, 2468-2471 ; conductivity of copper wires having a spiral steel covering scarcely affected by the steel, 2596, 2597; not advantageous to introduce other metal with the copper as a conductor, except of a higher con- ductivity, 2598-2601, "S CONDUCTION, INDUCTION, AND RETARDATION. See Induction. CONDUCTORS. (Allan, Thomas.) Electrical difficulties not to be apprehended from the use of copper znd steel wires in the centre of a cable 1603; electrical results as compared with conductors wholly copper, 1603—1609, 1622-1628; smali size of conductors in Dublin and Holyhead cable the cause of failure, 1610, 1615.— (Clark, Latimer.) More rapid speed by increasing the size of the conductor, than by increasing the insulator, 3619— (Fitzroy, Admiral H.) Recommends a single copper wire of large dimensions, 3467-3191-3501.—(Fleeming, Jenkin.) Re- sistance of copper conductors, 2840-2844; preference to a thick copper wire, 2880. — (Glass, N. A.) No strain should be put on the conductors, 402.—(Huches, D. E.) À large conductor superior as regards speed, 1976-1978.— (Longridge, J. A.) No diminution of the conducting power from contact of the copper and steel wires, 775-777.--( Saward, George.) Size of, 3099. — ( Thomson, William LL.D.) Size best adapted for rapid transmission in loug distances, 2594, 2595; con- ducting power of copper wire scarcely increased by a spiral steel covering. 2596-2597 ; not advantageous to introduce other metal with the copper, except it has a higher conductivity, 2598- 2601.—( Varley, C. F.) Large conductors the only means of obtaining rapid and certain communication through long lines, 2915-2924; proper size for the conductor of an Atlantic cable, 2935.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) Result of increasing the size of the conducting wires, 1831-1838. DAFT’S INSULATOR, 2609. DAFT, THOMAS BARNABAS, Evidence, 2134-2151. DARDANELLES CABLE. ( Chattertcn, J.) Mode of testing adopted, 1135-1137. DAYMAN, COMMANDER JOSEPH, R.N., Evidence, 3103— 3927. Letter illustrating the experience gained by practical experiment in measuring the depth of the ocean, page DOVER AND CALAIS CABLE. Recent examination, 1413-1421 ; condition of, 1467-1472, 1531, 1537 ; records of testing, 1543-1546.—( West, Charles.) Leave from British and French Government to lay cable, 3229— 3234, 3238-3240 ; cause of relinquishing the laying of cable 3233-3237, 3239; concession granted to Messrs. Brett in 1847 3240-3242; supposition of the French Government in. making the concession as to the originators of submarine telegraphy 3245. DYNAMOMETER. | | (Allan, Thomas.) Instrument for indicating strain upon cables, 1528-1530,—( Bright, Sir C. T.) Strain upon cable shown by the dynanometer, 1261-1286, 1290-1291. DE BERG'S CABLE, 3615-3618. EARTH CURRENTS. (Clark Latimer.) Machine for balancing and counteracting the effects of earth currents, 3630, 3631; strength of earth currents as compared with battery power, 3632 ; peculiarities of earth currents, 3633-3639.—( Brett, John V.) Effect of, 2789, 2790.—( Thomson, W., LL.D.) Currenta observed at Valentia, 2565.—( Varley, C. F.) 2910-2914. FAULTS IN CABLES. ! ! (Gisborne, Lionel.) In Suakin and Cosseir line, 4, 5, 7, 8 9 and 11; remedied by cutting out damaged portion and splicing, 12; appeared gradually in Candia aud Alexandria cable, 44 ; stretching of core causes gradually a fault, 45-49; faults in the Mediterranean lines solely attributable to the manu- facture, 107.—( Glass, R. A.) Faults in manufacture developed in deep water in a short time, 340-344 ; fault in Holland cable from a nail, 356-362. —(Mayes, William.) Fault in Red Sea cable which has improved, 4726; other faulis, «752-4734, 4826— 4829, 4872; nature of faults, 4744, 4746; fault from tension in paying out, 4748, 4788, 4795 ; faults from defects in gutta percha, 4796-4799 ; faults from the breaking of iron wires, 4801, 4895, 4896. —( Siemens, W.) Several in Mediterranean lines, 162 ; in the Cauea-Syria line, owing to cavities in gutta- percha or eccentricities of wires, 132; in gutta-percha covering, causing electrolisis, 132; in .Candia cable from insufficient strength of hemp covering causing elongation of core, or the eccentricity of the conductor, 141. —( Webb, F. C.) Experience in ascertaining by electrical tests the position of faults, 4510, 4611. - js 2 2 FITZROY, ADMIRAL ROBERT, F. R. S., Evidence, 3467- — SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH . COMMITTEE XXIIix FORDE, HENRY CHARLES, Evidence; 4142-4256. FULLER, JOHN, Evidence, 4820-4396. GIBRALTAR CABLE. | (Bright, Sir C. T.) Strength of, 1335, 1336.—( Clark, Latimer.) Cable well designed, but shore ends too slight, 3541-3545 ; necessity to inject oil or some suitable fluid to prevent. water in deep sea penetrating to centre of cable, 3547-3556 ; plan of welding steel wires objectionable, 3558.—( Canning, Suvauel. ) Too much hemp iu the cable, 1554-1562, —( Dayman, Com- maader J.) Gibraltar Strait subject to action of stroug tide or current, 3!68-3170.—( Forde, Henry Charles.) No hesitation in iaying such a cable, 4171; advantages in laying a hemp and iron covered cable over ап. iron covered cable, 4172-4177, 4193- 4199; strands of the cable should be laid up with compound, 4906-4209.— (Glass, R. A.) Specific gravity, 414; safety of laying in. deep water, 397—421:; might be covered with advantage with an india-rubber compound, 742-745; might be covered with hemp and tar, 756-761.—4 Siemens, C. W.) Testing improved under pressure, 3852; insulation test, 3854 ; effect of temperature, 3859-3864 ; experiments for detecting holes in the gutta-percha covering, 3865-3868.—{ Varley, С. F.) Shore ends not stout enough, 2980, 2984. | t GISBORNE, LIONEL, Evidence, 1-121: GLASS, RICHARD ATTWOOD, Evidence, 246-426. Tabular statement of cables laid by, 249; conditions neces- sary in manufacturing submarine liues, 256. GUTTA-PERCHA. | - (Brett, J. W.) The best insulator for cables, 1426.—( Canning, Samuel.) Impermeability in water, 1542, 1570,.1571.—( Chat- terton, John.) Process in manufacture for core, 1052, 1053; advantages and cost of using in successive coats, 1054—1060 ; insulation greatly improved by Chatterton’s compound, 1061— 1065; pirmeability of, 1066-1068, 1111; price, 1069-1074; does not deteriorate in submarine cables, 1075—1077; covering with lead, 1079; the best insulator, 1082-1084; eccentricities in wires and air holes prevented by the number of coatings, 1087, 1088, 1092-1097, 1103, 1104; testing cables in water, 1098, 1,02, 1120-1129; vulcanized, 1106-1110; chemical action causing decay, 1138-1141.; formation of an oxide of copper from contact of copper wire, 1143, 1144; effect of marine insects upon, 1146 ; indestructible when protected from the action of the air, 1147, 1148; wood tar а preservative, 1149, 1150; creosote a solvent, 1151 ; coal tar injurious, 1152; resin and gums not injurious, 1156, 1157.—(Clark, Latimer.) Impermeable in water at great depths, 3559-8560; liable to small faults which may be remedied by application of a com- pound, 3561-3566 ; does not stand high as an insulator, 3575; extremely perishable when exposed to air, $578; preserved by covering with oil, tar or asphalte, 3578-3584. — (Gisborne, Lionel.) Perfectly central covered wire can be manufactured, 60, 63; a conductor to some extent, 75, 76; result of pressure upon, 72, 73; chemical action of the conductor upon at great pressure, 74 ; chemical action developed by pressure, 77-80.— (Glass, R. A.) High opinion of, as au insulator, 258 ; durable qualities, 259. —( Hancock, Walter.) Gutta-percha as an insula- tor, 2153; experiments upon its permeability in water, 2158, 2167; light and atmosphere appear to be injurious, 2162, 2163; salt water not injurious, 2164; adulteration, 2168, 2169; market supply, 2170-2174; compounds of gutta-percha as insulating substances, 2175, 2176; scarcely a possibility of a better insulator than gutta-percha, 2179; experiments upon ordinary cover.d gutta-percha wire, 2187, 2188. (Henley, W. T.) Decay trom want of moisture, 2385, 2387, 2403, 2404; under-ground lines covered with tarred yarn and marine glue, 2388-2396, 2398; durability of gutta-percha under ground, 2396, 2400; affected by fungi, 2405-2408 ; oxidation of iron in gutta-percha, 2409 ; instances of decay, 2432; preference to pure gutta-percha as an insulator, 2375.—( Newall, R. S.) No con- fidence in gutta-percha covered cables, 4431 ; means employed to fill up air holcs in the. gutta-percha coveriug, 4431, 4432; gutta-percha becomes deteriorated from the increased demand, 4433 ; faults chiefly owing to air bubbles, 4435; 800 miles of cable lost between Candia and Alexandria owing to faults in the gutta-percha, 4495, 4510, 4512; gutta-percha indestructible in water, 4516, 4517; but totally unsuited to warm climates, 4534.—{ Thomson, William, LL.D.) Not affected by pressure of water, 2588-2593; the best insulator known, 2609 —(Jenkin, Fleeming.) Insulating properties at various temperatures, 2903-2814; Chatterton's compound not so an insulator at low temperatures as gutta-percha 2816. 2817-2829, 9830, 2833. — ( Saward, George.) Very sunable covering for wires under water, 8014; market value of old cables, 3018-3020; cost of new material, 3023; effect of lightning upon covered wire, 3090-3092; gutta-percha when laid in chalk soils, 3097, 3098; marine glue a preservative in under-ground lines, 3011, 3012.—( Siemens, W.) Eccentricity of conductor in insulator, 141; air bubbles, 145; tests for detecting eccentricities, &c., 146; gradual deterioration of weak parts in insulators, 147; insulation well enough for practical] purposes, 3880; liability to give way from certain eauses unless carefully dealt with, 3880-88892.—( Smüh, Wulosghby.) Best material for insulation, 592, 593; improve- ments mnd variations in quality, 603-610 ; means of detecting GUTTA-PERCHA—cont. E ж EX an inferior quality, 612, 613 ; preservation of central positi zu of the wires, 614-617; detection: of eccentricities of wires, 617, 618; objection to testing under great. pressure, 625-627 ; permeability of, 633 ; means of prevention of air holes, 641— 650; air holes injurious to the eore, 681; deterioration. of when in contact with copper, 651; exposure to air without moisture, injurious, 652-655, 696-699; additional cost of covering wire with several coats, 660-665 ; resin not injurious, 672; creosote injurious, 673 ; temperature at which it becomes plastic, 674, 675; temperature of 130? liable to cause eccen- tricities, 676, 677 ; should be protected by an impervious outer coating, 684 ; indestructible in water, 700; affected by fungi, . TOL, 702; effect of insects upon, 703-705; effect of mixing sulphur with, 713--716; supply of material unlimited, 718 ; increase in the price, 719-721; nothing inherent in gutta percha to render cables so covered hazardous, 732, 733; nothing in gutta-percha to prevent a cable being quite permanent, 734- 736 ; Mr. Macintosh's plan for vulcanizing, 706; vulcanizing does not improve the insulation, 707; experiments upon vulcanized gutta-percha, 709-7 19.—( Walker, C. V.) Gutta- percha. not a satisfactory covering: for land wires, 2214-2229 ; very good under water, 2230; improvement in quality of gutta-percha, 2240; effect of gutta-percha and india · rubber combined, 2306-2809.—( Window, F. W.) The best thing: to employ known at present, 219. HAGUE CABLE. Composed of one solid wire, 2616—2618.—( Webb, F. C.) Means adopted for repair of cable, 4587, 4588 ; breakage of cable caused by the anchors of fishing vessels, 4589. HANCOCK, WALTER, Evidence, 2152-2209. HEMP. (Canning, Samuel.) Not a sufficient protection for cables, 1473, 1474; experiments upon, 1480—1489 a saturating with tar, 1578—1581.— ( Forde, Henry Charles.) Preference to cables covered with hemp combined with steel wires, 4192; experiments upon hemp covered cables. 4193-4199.— ( G'is- borne, L.) Not alone a proper material to cover cables with, $8; too clastic, 38; saturated with tar, shrinks in water in а ‘few hours, 42; hemp covered cables liable to injure the elec- trical state of the wires, by elongation, 53. — (Glass, R. A.) Hemp saturated with tar as a covering, 260, 261, 278-284. —( Kell, Captain J.) Covering cables with hemp, 465, 466.— (Macintosh, John.) Contraction of hemp covered cables, 840— 847.— (Newall, R. S.) Hempen cables used in the Mediter- ranean injured by the teredo, 4446-4448, 4570; hempen cables not difficult to lay with a suitable apparatus, 4449; hemp ап objectionable form of covering, 4595; no advantage in hemp combined with wire, 4506, 4512-4515, 4518; liability to rot in deep water, 4508; contraction of hemp avoided by using a patent wire roping machine, 4509. HENLEY, WILLIAM THOMAS, Evidence, 2311-2446. HERDER'S CABLE, 2969. HOOPER'S CABLES. (Newall, В. S.) Superiority of, 4526, 4527 ; mode of appli- cation to cables, 4468-4476, HUGHES, PROFESSOR DAVID EDWARD, Evidence 1971-2071. HUGHES INVENTION. (Chatterton, John.) 1085, 1086, 1153..1155; records made by Hughes’ patent printing instrument, 2021-2025; com- parison of records made with Morse's system, 2025, 2026; system of using the currents, 2027-2042; insulation by means of a semi-fluid substance between the coatings of a cable, 2043; cables insulated by the semi-fluid, four’ times superior to gutta- percha, 2055-2056 ; semi-fluid cheaper than gutta-percha, 2056.—(Clark, Latimer.) Insulation by fluid very excellent, 3607-3611; improves the density of the gutta-percha, and does not injure it, 3608; principle of machine for printing through cables, 3641-3653; speed of working, 3644; works with a weaker current Шап any other machine, 2647—3649,— (Gisborne, L.) 61—63.—( Henley, №. Т.) Opinion of, 2381- 2384.—( Smith, Willoughby, ) 656—659. INDIA-RUBBER. 4 (Canning, Samuel.) Resistance under water, 1571. —( Chat. terion, John.) An excellent protection to insulated wires as an outer covering, 1081.—( Clark, Latimer.) Stands high as an insulator, 3588 ; effect of contact with copper wire, 3588, 9589; Messrs. Silver's plan of covering wire, tlie most approved, 3590, 3591; india-rubber covered with gutta-percha would form a good cable, 3592, 3593 ; vulcanized, 3594—3601 ; Macintosh's process of curing india-rubber or gutta-percha, 2602.—( Daft, ` Thomas Barnabas.) Vulcanized india-rubber insulator, peculiar properties of adhesion to the metal, 2195-2145 ; believed to be perfectly durable in water, 2145; facility. of making joints, 2144 ; placed upon the wire longitudinally in any number of ' coatings, 2153, 2151; tests of insulation favourable, 2149.— (Fuller, John.)—Masticated india-rubber the only rubber that insulates, 4333 ; process of mastication, 4540 ; mode of apply- ing india-rubber to the wire, 4335-4339 ; experiments upon . india-rubber under pressure in water, 4841-4356 ; cause of, e4 — = -— — EN эк == -= — == e. oc - aş p — — K — -—— "o کے‎ +- xl INDIA-RUBBE R—cont, and means used to prevent liquefaction of india-rubber, 4357— 4360, 4388-4392 ; india-rubber never decomposed against the wire under water, 4361; does not decompose with great heat, 4363-4365; greatest heat used without affecting its insulation, 4383-4385; insulation at different degrees of temperature, 4386 ; high insulating properties of india-rubber, 4370 ; longest length of india-rubber cable laid at Kuirachee, 4472, 4573, and the Isle of Wight, 4393; durability of the india-rubber wircs used at the Strand offices, 4393, and now being laid through tunnels on the South-eastern Railway, 4394—4396; opinion upon Hooper's preparation of india-rubber, 4366-4368.— (Hancock, Walter.) High opinion of as an insulator, 2179; preference for cables with coatings first of gutta-percha and then layers of india-rubber and gutta-percha, 2180-2186; tests, 2186, 2190, 2191; price of mixed cable 25 per cent. higher than ordinary gutta-percha, 2193 ; decomposition of india-rubber in contact with gutta-percha, 2203-2209; crude tara solvent of indiaerubber and gutta-percha, 2207.—( Henley, W. T.) India- rubber as an insulator, 2376—-9378.— (Jenkin, Fleeming.) In- sulating property about the same as gutta-percha, 2821-2893; charge of electricity in india-rubber covered wire only three- fourths of that of gutta-percha, 2823, 2824.—( Macintosh, John.) Superior in some cases to gutta-percha as an insulator, 834, 835; mode of putting on core in successive coats under pressure, and vulcanized on the outside, 835, 836; tests, 840— | 847, —(Preece, William Henry.) — Southampton and Isle of ' Wight cable, 2751-2761, 2766-2768; india-rubber not a satisfactory covering for a cable, 2762; mode of testing india- rubber, 2763-2765 ; саге in selecting, 2770.—( Saward, George.) Decay in india-rubber covered wires, 3015.—( Siemens, W.) As an insulator, 178, 179; adaptation as an insulator, 187, 204, 205; not liable to cause kinks, or to buckling the conducting wires, 189; mechanical difficulty to use as an insulator, 197, 198; grease injurious to, 199; chemical decomposition, 901— 203; vulcanized, 188.—( Silver, Hugh Adams.) Process of covering wire, 2073-2075, 2083-2085; decomposition in some cases close to the wire, 2076-2082; experiments as to the insulating power in comparison with gutta-percha with Chat- terton's compound, 2090-2092 : experiments with pressure, 2093-2104; absorption of water, 2105-2107..—( Thomson, Willium, LL. D.) India-rubber not strong enough for cable, 2609. —( Varley, C.F.) Observations on india-rubber covered wire, 2957; insulating properties as compared with gutta-percha, 2957 ; applied to wires in its natural state would be superior to gutta-percha, 2957, 2958, £974-2976; Silver's india-rubber covered wire, testing of, 2966.—( West, Charles.) Durability of | cable laid across Portsmouth harbour, 2110-2113; not in the , Slightest affected by the copper wire, 2114, 1115; softening to ^ be attributed to an inferior material, 2116, 2119, 2125; effect of oil or grease, 2120-2124; East india-rubber not used for insulation, 2126, 2127; testings, 2129; india-rubber cables covered with platted iron wire, 2130; should not be covered with iron for deep sea cables, 2131.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) Messrs. Silver's mode of insulation, 1939-1942 ; pressureupon india-rubber covered wire, 1944; india-rubber not porous, but absorbent, 1946-1952.—( Window, F.W.) not sufficient know- ledge to justify its use at present, 219; Mr. Silver’s process 220, 221: vulcanized, 222-237. —( Wray, Leonard.) Objections to india-rubber, 1700. | INDIA-RUBRER AND GUTTA-PERCHA. (Maciatosh, John.) Experiments upon absorption of mois- ture, 869-883.—( Smith, Willoughby.) Experiments upon com- parative merits as insulators, 595-601; experiments upon a compound of, 666, 667.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) Gutta-percha not absorbent, 1852. INLIA-RURBER CLOTH. (Hancock, Walter.) For coating wires, 2193; might be used without the hemp serving, 2194; cost, 2198, 2199; insulating properties, 2202. INDUCTION. (Allan, Thomas.) Increasing the size of conductor a means of avoiding charge, 1629-1634 ; proportion of charge relative to the surface of the conductor, 1639.—( Pright, Sir Charles T.) Experiments upon induction, 1317-1319; cause and means of overcoming retardation, 1320—1322,—( Clark, Latimer.) Effect of false currents in coiled conductors, 3629. —( Fleeming, Jenkin. ) Resistance of copper conductors, 2840-2844 ; charge directly as the length, 2846-2851 ; retardation through long cables, 2853-2871; large surface of conductor in Mr. Allan’s cable would increase the charge, 2888.—( Henley, IW. T.) Induction and retardation in land lines, 2412, 2413.—( Hughes, David E.) Increase of size of conductor does not increase largely the induc- tive effect, 1978 ; retardation not due so mucli to induction as to charge and discharge, 1987-1989 ; charge in proportion to the resistance of the wire, 2001; time required to charge a cable to its maximum, 2001-2003. — ( Longridge, James A.) Retardation in long cables owing to the smallness of conductors, 776.—( Preece, William H.) Retardation, 2771-277 9.—4( Siemens, W.) Return currents in badly insulated wire, 154, 155; retar- d:tion increased with increased length, 172-174 ; formule for expression of retardation, 198.—( Thomson, W., LL. D.) Obser- vations upon conductivity, induction and retardation, 2450— 2457.-—( Varley, C. F.) Law of induction, 2915-2924, 2934. (Walker, W.) Experiments on retardation on Atlantic cable, x — INDEX TO EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE IND UCTION—cont. - testing by galvanometer, formule for oscillations, 249-9305. (Whitehouse, Wildman.) Laws governing retardation, 171 9; size of conductors for overcoming retardation, 1820, 1821, 1831-1835 ; experiments on surface induction, 1822-1830. INDUCTION COILS. (Hughes, David E.) Atlantic cable injured by the use of induction coils, 2014-2016 ; Daniel's battery would increase the injury from use of induction coils, 2017-2020, 2070. — ( Thomson, William, LL.D.) Atlantic cable injured bythe use of induction coils, 2551-2553.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) Effects of strong currents from induction coils, 1903, 1907; construc- tion of induction coils, 1905,1906 ; injury to Atlantic cable by the use of induction coils, 1918-1923. INSULATORS. See Chatterton's compound; Daft's Insulator ; Gutta Percha; Hughes’ Composition, India-rubber, Vulcanite ; and Wray’s Composition. ISLE OF MAN CABLE. Causes of failure, 288-292. JENKIN, FLEEMING, Evidence, 2800-2890. Tables of ex- periments on india-rubber and gutta-percha covered wire, page 144. (Diagrams, Figs. Nos, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.) Letter to Captain Galton on faults in submarine cables, page 145. . KELL, CAPTAIN JOHN, Evidence, 497—588. Plates referred to in evidence, Nos, Е LIGHTNING. (Clark, Latimer.) Injury to cables by lightning, 3561-3567 ; remedy proposed, 3567—3569.— (Preece, William Henry.) In- jurious effects, 2705-2722 ; use of conductors, 29719-2715. — (Saward, G.) Effect of lightning on underground wires, 3090-3092.—( Siemens, V.) Effect upon telegraph cables, 147-151 ; means of avoiding injury, 165-162.— ( Varley, C. F.) Effect upon underground wires, 2977 ; use of conductors, 2978.— ( Walker, C. V.) Effect upon underground lines, 2242, 2243 ; precautions, 2244-2248,—( Newall, R. S.) Means of guarding a cable against lightning, 4444. LONGRIDGE, JAMES ATKINSON, Evidence, 762-832. MACINTOSH, JOHN, Ecidence, 833-883. MAGNETO-ELECTRICITY. (Clark, Latimer.) Comparative absorption of electro-magnetic currents and battery power, 3640.—( Henley, W. T.) Best for working through a long submarine cable, 8360; electrical cur- rent more constant, and not of the burning character of that from induction coils, 2366-2371.—( Thomson, William, LL D.) Preferred to battery power, 2554, 2555. MALTA AND CAGLIARI CABLE. See Cagliari and Corfu. MALTA AND CORFU CABLE. See Cagliari and Corfu. MAYES, WILLIAM, MASTER, R.N., Evidence, 4682- 4904. MEDITERRANEAN CABLES. See also Cugliari and Ga- leta, Cagliari and Corfu, Candia and Alexandria, Ceuta and Algesiras; Spezzio and Corsica, (Gluss, R.A.) Depths of, 368-369 ; failure of Spezzia and Corsica, and Cape Spartevento and Bona cables, 431, 449-451 ; construction, 445 ; weight, 432, 446, 447, 454, 486 ; failure owing to use of sailing vessel, 432, 428—440 ; number of con- ducting wires 448; working of, 453 ; depth, 441—443 ; injury by repeated coiling, 485, 4*6.—( Webb, F. C.) Failure of cables simply due to insufficient mechanical knowledge on the part of persons employed in laying, 4635, 4636 ; causes of failures, 4640, 4644. NEWALL, ROBERT STIRLING, Evidence, 4397—4556. NEWFOUNDLAND AND CAPE BRETON CABLE. (Canning, Samuel.) Description of, 1452-1466, OSTEND CABLE. (Brett, J. V.) Examination of, 1421; ceasing of continuity from a hole in the gutta-percha, 1421-1424.—(Canning, S.) Loss of insulation during the laying, 1547-1549. PAYING OUT MACHINERY. (Allan, Thomas.) Inexpediency of using breaks in paying out cables, 1508-1601 ; 1644-1649.—( Brett, J. V.) Angle in paying out Cagliari and Galeta cable, 1365-1367.—1 Bright, Sir Charles T.) Break and machivery used for the Atlantic cable, 1199, 1200, 1203, 1204, 1213-1229, 1269-130? ; angle of cable in paying out, 1279; strain shown by the dynamometer, 1281— 1286, 1299, 1291.—( Canning, Samuel.) Machinery for paying out cable laid by Messis. Glass and Elliott, 1501-1505—( Clark, Latimer.) Serious defects in paying out machinery, 3525; a superior break for paying out cables, 3526; Longridge's breaks, 3599,—( Dayman, Commander Joseph.) Paying out apparatus for Atlantic cable perfect, 3194. — (Forde, Henry Charles.) Difficulties experienced in paying out Red Sea cable, owing to machinery, 4151-4153, 4165, 4166; opinion upon paying out machinery, 4242—4245.—( Henley, W. T.) Paying out ma- chinery used for the Ceuta and Algesiras cable, 2336-2437.— (Kell, Captain J.) Failure of Atlantic cable attributable to de- ficiencies in machinery, 476.—( Longridge, James A.) Paying out machinery should be rotative, 812; paying out machinery the SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. | xli pAYING OUT MACHINERY—conft. SHARPE, BENJAMIN, Evidence, 4551-4583. cause of the failure of the Atlantic cable, 812; suggestions as to SHELL-FIS , 3 paying ont machinery, 814-820.—( Newall, R. 5.) Break us HELL-FISH AND WORMS (Xylophag а). jn paying out cables, 4431,4482.—( Siemens, W.) System adopted (Chatterton, J.) Effect upon gutta-percha, 1146.—( Glass, N. A.) in paying out Red Sea cable, 139. —( Smith, Willoughby.) Effect 293-298.— (Newall, R. S.) Hemp cables in the Mediterranean of ihe raising of the stern of a vessel in paying out a cable, 868. injured by the teredo, 4446-4448.— (Siemens, W.) Ravages —( West, Charles.) Complicated machinery should be avoided as upon cables, 132-140.—( Huxley, T. Н.) Letter to Captain much possible, 2132, 9139. —( Woodhouse, W. H.) Machinery Galton relative to, page 9. adapted to cable should be used, 1096, 1030, 10% о SIEMENS, C. WILLIAM, Evidence, 122-205, $829- 3893. PORTPATRICK AND DONÀ GHADEE CABLE. с А (Bright, Sir Charles T.) Laying of, 1169-1171. SILVER, HUGH ADAMS, Evidence, 2072-2108. SINGAPORE, BANCA, AND BATAVIA CABLE. PREECE, WILLIAM HENRY, Evidence, 2612-2799. | i ( Gisborne, L.) Iron covered, 116; laid in shallow water, 117. PRINCE ED WARD'S ISLAND AND NEW BR UNS- —(Newall, R. S.) Cable damaged several times by ships' an- WICK CABLE. chors, 4492 ; cable the same size as the Red Sea cable, 4493.— (Canning, S.) Length ond depth, 14 53-1455. ( Sharp, Benjamin.) System of longitudinal protection for the outer covering of cables, 4557-1584.—(Stemens, C. W.) Length RED SEA CA BLE. and depth, 3829, 3830; results of examination before and after (Forde, Henry Charles.) Description of the cable between its submersion, 3232-3832 ; broken by au anchor, 3833, 3834 ; Aden and Kurrachee, 4147 5 greatest depth, 2,000 fathoms, - distance of fault correctly calculated, 3834-3837, 5841-8846 ; 4148,4141; soundings taken previously to laying cable, 4150, cable covercd with iron, 3838 ; liable to injury from shallow- 4170; difficulties experienced owing to paying out machinery, ness of water, 3839, 3841; mode of ascertaining the conductivity 4151-4153, 4165, 4166 records of the electrical condition of and resistance of the gutta-percha covering, 3847-9851; in- the cable during laying, 4158-4160; peculiarities observed crease of insulntion in the gutta-percha covering from pressure, during the laying of the cable, 4161 ; temperature, 4162, 4163; 3852; insulution compared with the Gibraltar cable, 3854- 4930, 4239; improvement of the insulation in paying Qut, 3859. 4164, 4169; condition of the cable after laying, 4154-4157 ; А E | causes and nature of faults, 4215-4323 ; injury to gutta-percha 5 F e 589-761. Plates referred covering by using powerful batteries, 4225-4227 5 control of the А : ° ° electrical condition chiefly under the control of the contractor, SOUNDINGS. 4167 ; speed obtained in the longer lengths, 4205-4210.— ( Belcher, Captain Sir Edward.) Process of sounding at (Gisborne, Licnel.) Depths of, 6, 10; relative conductivity of great depths, 4301-4311; great uncertainty in taking deep sea copper and gutta-percha in cable, 7; words per minute, 105, soundings, 4306; currents at the bottom of the sea, 4298-4300; 106 ; weight of gutta perchs and copper per mile, 108 ; weight greatest depths cf soundings taken between Labrador and of, 28; greatest depth, 34.—( Moyes, William.) Length, great- Greenland, 4314, 4315 ; suggestions upon sending an expedition est depth, and nature of the bottom of the several sections to the north to take soundings, 4325-4397. —( Bright, Sir Charles between Suez and Kurrachee, 4691-4720; the Sucz and Cor- T.) Desirability for further soundings, 1924-1927.—; Dayman, sire section twice broken in the anchorage, 4721-4723 ; Suakin Commander J.) Modification of Lieut. Brooks’ method, 3105- and Corsire section has undergone no repairs and is still work- 3199; opinion of using a fine steel wire instead of a hem ре ing. 4124, 4725; a fault in the section has improved, 4726- line, 3195-3127 ; time occupied іп taking soundings, 3130; 4131 ; a fault in tlie Suakin and Aden section on the Dunlak mode of marking upon а chart, 9191, 3132 ; nature of botto:n bank, 4732-4735; operations to remove the fault, 4736-4742 ; of sea from soundings taken between England and America, eondition of the cable when first raised, 4743; nature of faults, 3194-3156 ; temperature at bottom of sea, 3157-9154 ; depth 4736-4742; fault from tension in paying out, 4748—4774; of soundings and specimens of bottom of Mediterranean, cable had been laid nine months before fault appeared, 4765 ; 3157-3163 soundings and nature of the bottom in the Gut cable between Kurrachee and Muscat appeared to be very of Gibraltar, 3164-3172; soundings may be taken in great tightly paid out, 4116-4184 ; cable when again raised showed deptlis, 3179-3173 ; pressure upon bodies in deep water, 91 55- ezidence of great strain having been used in paying out, 4785- 3156; sudden decrease 0 depth in approaching some places, 4188, 4795 ; injury of cable after being laid from corrosion, $174-3179; peculiarity in soundings between coast of Sicily 4189, 4194, 4881—4886 ; some of the faults from defects in the and Africa, 3180, 3181; soundings for the Atlantic cable, gutta-percha, 4196-4199 ; injuries to cable froin the breaking 3188, 9189 ; force of currents under water at great depths, of the iron wires, 4801, 4895, 4896 ; cable recovered much s211, 8212; American apparatus for ascertaining depths, covered with shells and sea-weed, 4802-4804, 4814, 4815, 3991; no tendency in hempen log lines to untwist, 3200- 4817-4820, 4830; arrangements adopted in undermining the 3210. — (Kell, Captain J.) Necessity for careful soundings, cable, 4305—4815; the two sections between Corsire and 517, 518; Atlantic not sufficiently sounded, 519-521, 566. Suakin and Kooria- Mooria, and Muscat only at work, 4821- —( Ross, Sir James C.) Necessary to have soundings, 3219.3990- 4824; a fault in the Aden and Kooria cable, 4826-4829; com- 3393.—( Shaffner, Colonel T. P-) Soundings between Labrador munications made for a few days throughout the whole line and Greenland, 3930-9939; and Iceland and Faroe Islands. from Suez to Kurrachee, 4836, 4837 ; faults in cable not to be 4007-4028, 4032-4949, 4067.—( Washington, Captain John.) attributed to high battery power, 4853—4868; cable broken Deep-sea soundings, 3655 ; between Rockall and Cape Farcwell several times in undermining, 4839-4850; difficulty of grap- 3669-9671; between Ireland and Newfoundland, 5669, 3676; pling cable, 4860-4867 ; thickness of cable used in deep and nature of bottom, 3674, 3675; Lieut. Maury’s line of soundings, shallow water, 4869-4871; failure of the shore end near Aden, 3695-3700 ; soundings in the Pacific by the United States 4872-487 4.—( Newall, R. S.) Line between Suez, Aden, and Government, 3703-3705 ; no difficulty in taking soundings in Kurrachee in working order, 4424 ; faults between Suakin and 5,000 fathoms, 3735, 9136; operation of taking soundings, and Aden after being laid nine months from tlie use of beavy bat- nature of line used, 9736-3741, 3792-3796 absolute quiet tery power, 4495-4430; would use Hooper’s patent for a Red and repose at great depths, 3162-3161 ; discreponcies in Sea cable, 4489-4491; present condition of the cable as a soundings taken in Strait of Gibraltar and in Pautelaria, 3766- whole, 4535-4539. — (Siemens, W.) Testing of, 130-132 ; 3770, 9185-3190; rocky bottom and rapid currents in straits system adopted in paying out, 152; temperature during paying present difficulties in maintenance of cable, 3771, 3779; pre- Hut on board ship and at bottom of sen; fault probably from ference to the separate mode of taking soundings to Brooks’: some fissure in gutta-percha, 199 ; re- appearance of, 180; fault plan, 3791, 3895-9898; depth of water south of banks of tretwcen Suakin and Aden afterwards rectificd, 152, 183, 184. Newfoundland, 3198-3805; depths in which cables might be —( Web, F. C.) Cause of failure, 4642-4644; rate of trans- injured, 9806-3810. mission of words, 4646—4651 ; opinion upon the construction г E m And maintenance of the cable, 4660-4664; nature of contract, SPETS AND, CORR AND CORSICA AND SAR- А 4 Ate 45:12; tight laying of the cable, 4673-4676. | (Brett, J. W.) Weight and depth of cable, 1842, 1343-1347 ; REIDS РА TENT FOR TESTING INS ULATED heavy cables to which no repairs have been required, 1410, IRE, 345. 1411. RE TARDA TION. See Induction. STATIC ELECTR ICITY. 1 К : = Siemens, W.) A test for detecting eccentricities in conduce ROSS, ADMIRAL SIR JAMES C., Evidence, 3247. К 146, 151, 152.—( Smith, Willoughby.) Statical test, 723- SA WARD, GEORGE, Evidence, 2999-3102. Notes, descrip- 726. ive of the island of Rockall, page 118 5 account ud the late SUBTE RRANEAN WIRES. dreadful earthquake at Terceira, page 179 ; remarkable pheno- í З à . di Saward, George. Gutta-percha covered wires liable to enon near the Azores, page 180; diagram of route of the S. 3002-3010; Stockholm tar а preservative to gu i perci Atlantic cable, and of proposed routes by Iceland, &c. nes 301, 9012 5 Dover lines covere 4 «ith submarine glue; 7 Zei i = ; i i 3090-3092 ; power of battery FL AFFNER COLONEL T. P., Evidence, 3886-4141. Ad- 3011-3014 ; effect of lightning. 3. ; po" Ж Ai ional evidence relative to the fcrmation of ice upon the used, 3099-9095 ; spced of working; 3096.—( Varley, 0. F.) coast of Iceland, page 226 comparative work ing of the North Insulation, 2895-2897 ; how tested, 2898 ; peculiarities obe Atlantic, and the old Atlantic telegraph projects, pase 229 ; served, 2900, 9904-2906 ; gutta-percha covered wires first used rac nipulation of the Atlantic telegraph line, page 330. in 1849, 2901. SUBMARINE AND SUBTERRANEAN CABLES AND WIRES. (Varley, C. F.) Apparatus for rendering speed of working more regular and constant, 2907, 2908 ; forces of interruption in working, 2909; earth currents, 2910-2914; large conductors the only meaus of obtaining rapid and certain communication through long lines, law of induction, reduction tables, 2915- 2924, 2934; specd varies in the direct proportion of the con- ductibility of the wire, 2925-2928 ; speed of transmission of messages by the Atlantic cable, 2929-2933 ; proper size for the conductor of an Atlantic cable, 2955 ; the magneto instrument the best source of electricity for working a cable, 2936, 2937; working by battery through induction plates, 2379-2939; Rhumkorff coils, 2939, 2940; speed of cables, coiled and un- coiled the same, 2979. SUBMARINE GLUE. (Forde, Henry Charles.) Not much advantage as a covering unless to preserve the wires from rust, 4236-4241.—( Saward, С.) A covering for telegraph wires, 3011-3014, 3017. TELEGRAPHIC CABLES. (Brett, J. W.) Unadvisability to leave selection to contractor, 1406-1409 ; durability, 1436, 1438.—( Bright, Sir Charles T.) Cables should be paid out over the stern of vessels properly constructed, 1293-1296 ; effect of pressure in deep water, 1302- 1306 ; failures owing to contractors, 1307, 1308 ; permanence of deep sea cables, 1323 ; instances of fracture when paving out at an angle, 1328 -1333. —( Canning, Samuel.) Cables laid by Messrs. Glass and Elliot now in successful working, 1455- 1458 ; cost of repairs small, 1459 -1460 ; number of conducting wires, 1463 ; outer coverinz composed of solid iron wires, 1464; heavy cables for shoal water, 1465 ; machinery for paying out, 1501-1505; preference to paying out a heavy cable to a light one, 1506-1508 ; preference of laying cables taut, 1512 ; allow- ance of slack in paying out, 1513-1516 ; twisting of cables in paying out, 1522-1527; impracticability of testing cables by pressure in water at manufactory, 1538-1541; pressure of water in deep sea not injurious, 1541; insulation, 1568-1531 ; Allan’s system of cables, 1582-1664.—( Clark, Latimer.) Serious defects in paying-out machinery, 3525; a superior break for paying out cables, 3526; Longridge's breaks, 3529; no danger from currents in paying out cither light or heavy cables, 3530— 3533; longitudinal motion of a cable in water, 3531 ; light cables in deep water better than solid iron cables, 3534-3585; Gibraltar cable suitable for deep water, 3536, 3538 ; experience against a purely hempen cable, 3537-3539; objection to lateral iron wires outside a cable, 3540; weight of cables for shore ends, 3546, 3547 ; twisting or untwisting of a cable in sinking through the water, 3551-3557; injury to cables from rust, and means adopted to prevent rust, 3573-3574; effect of tempera- ure, 3624; effect of different thicknesses of coatings of sub. marine cables, 3625-3628 ; effect of false currents in coiled cables, 3629, —( Forde, Henry Charles.) Not desirable to use hemp covered cablesin depths varying from ЗОО to 1,000 fathoms 4178, 4179; iron covering desirable to strengthen cable in laying, 4180. 4184-4192 ; protection of iron wires from orida- tion, 4181-4183; no injury from the spiral form of the outer covering, 4200; stretching of the outer coveriug, 4201-4205 ; wires hitherto covered with too few coatings of gutta-percha, and not sufficiently tested. 4246-4256.—( Gisborne, Lionel.) Insulation affected by heat, 15-17; paying-out machinery, 24— 26; paying out little affected by the pitching of the vessel, 27 ; angle formed in paying out, 29-31, 94-96; strain estimated by the angle, 32; measurement of strain in paying into deep water, 33, 36; inertia of machinery in paying out into great depths, 35; safety of laying in almost any depth of water, 69; permanency in deep water, 70; pressure in deep water, 71; form and specific gravity for laying at depths of 21 miles, 91; experiments upon, 91-93 ; one-half the greatest amount of strain safely approached in paying out, 102—104; contracts with manufacturers to lay at their own risk, 110-113; cables should not be left to choice of contractor, 119; contracts, 120-121; Rowett's cable, 54.—( Glass, R. A.) Outer covering should be of hemp, saturated with a preservative mixture, 260, 261; the outer coating should be of iron wires proportioned to the depth and the nature of the bottom, 262, 263 ; effect of abrasion upon the outer wire, 270, 271, 275 ; iron wires covered to prevent rust, 276, 277 ; importance of greater perfection in manufacture of long cables, 285—287 ; deep sea cables, 299; form of covering, 300; 3,020 fathoms not too deep for a cable, 317-392; difficulties in laying long lines, 323-324; contracts for cables, 325-340, 347-349 ; impossibility of testing a cable during its manufacture by pressure, 346; failure generally attributable to their being of too slight a character, 366; con- struction should have reference to paying out, 385-388, 393 ; should be perfectly coiled on board, 392 ; specific gravity to the depth, 396 ; no strain should, if possible, be put on the conduc- tors, 402; Mr. Gisborne’s rule for designing a deep sea cable, 407—410. —( Henley, W. T.) Hemp and iron as a covering in- stead of all iron, 2372, 2373. —(Jenkin, Fleeming.) Influences of the dimensions of covering on insulation, 2828, 2834; influ- ence of temperature, 2826-2828 ; methods of testing conductors and insulators, 2835-2839; resistance of copper conductors, 2840-2844; charge of cables directly us the length, 2846-9551; retardation of signals through long cables, 2853-2871 ; specific gravity of cables for deep water, 2872-2885 ; electrical objec- INDEX TO EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE TELEGRAPHIC CABLE S—cont. tion to Mr. Allan's cable, 2886; large suríace of comductor would increase the charge, 2888 ; preference to a thick copper wire with a thicker covering of gutta-percha, 2880. —( Kell, Cap- tain J.) Practicability of laying in deep water, 451, 452, 517 559, 561 ; relative properties of uncoiling, 462-464 ; covering with hemp, 465, 466 ; liability of strand cables in case of break- ing to injure the gutta-percha, 471 ; necessity for careful sound- ings, 517, 518; Atlantic not sutliciently sounded, 519—521, 566; adaptation of specific gravity of cables to depth, 523 ; angle at which a cable may be paid out, 525-527 ; picking up of cables, 531-558. —( Longridge, James A.) Form of cable suitable for deep and shallow water, 765—769 ; lighter cable without iron covering for deep water, 769; the whole metallic substance placed inside the cable and laid in the direction of its axis, 769, 770, 778—806 ; no difficulty in coiling, 771-774 ; no diminution of the conducting powcr of the cable frum contact of copper and steel wires, 775-777 ; retardation in long cables caused by the smallness of the conductors, 776; spiral lay of a cable causes a tendency to untwist in paying out, 778-805 ; paying out ma- chinery should not be rotative, 812 ; cause of the failure of the Atlantic cable was the paying-out machinery, 812; sugges- tions as to the paying-out machinery, 814-820; duration of cables in deep and shallow water, 821-822; light cables may be laid with the greatest ease, 823-826; cables should be com- pletely tested before laying, 826 -832.—( Mayes, William.) Cables without iron covering incapable of beirg raised, 4889; cables should be of such strength as to be capable of being repaired, 4890; hemp covered cables would not offer so much facility for recovering as iron covered, 4900, 4901.—( Newall, R. S.) Weight is not necessary or desirable in a cable unless near tne shore, 4415; not more risk in laying a heavy cable than a light one, 4416. 4452 ; an unnecessary expense to lay an iron cable to America, 4417 ; cubles after reaching the bottom comparatively safe, 4418 ; worse than useless covering with iron except in shal- low water, 4453 ; preference to embed the steel wires, when used for strength, in vulcanized india-rubber, 4454 ; would use india- rubber for protecting the copper wire and vulcanized india-rubber for protecting the steel wire, 4468 ; such a cable would be far more perfect for deep water than any yet seen, 4477, 4551; steel wires should be insulated to prevent induction, 4553-4556 ; cables should be in one length and without joints, 4554 ; cables should be subjected to a very severe test before sending them out, 4488; insulated wires should be tested to the strength they are intended to bear, 4547-4550; spiral form of iron covered cables perfect, 4520-4525; difficulty in getting a uniform strain upon wires laid longitudinally, 4525; depth in which cables have been raised, 4477, 4478, 4504; cables not injured by coral, 4479 ; not a good plan to contract for cables at the risk of the contactor, 4541-4546.—{ Preece, William Henry.) Chalk or sand bed preferred for a submarine cable, 2663, 2664 ; influence of tides at great depths, 2673-2675 ; corrosion of the iron coatings of cables, 2671, 2672, 2676-2687 ; necessity of coating cables wiith some asphalting process, 2723-2738 ; diffi- culties in picking up broken cables, 2741—2750.— ( Sawari, George.) Gutta-percha a suitable covering, 3014; durability of deep sea cables, 3056-3058 ; desirability of manufacturing dur- ing the winter aud submerging before the heat of summer, 3102 ; opinion as to the best arrangements and form of contracts, 307 5= 3077. —(Sicmens, C. V.). Return currents in badly insulated wires, 154, 155 ; faults remedied by passing positive currents of electricity, 156; oxidization of wire by passing positive currents, 156, 161; deep water favourable to cables, 162 ; desirability of divesting of underground lines, 170 ; underground lines not so safe as submarine, 170, 171; retardation of currents of elec- tricity increased with increased length, 172-174; formule for expression of retardation of currents 198. — Working by reversed currents the safest, 3870-3879; improvement in ‘the hemp serving to prevent rusting of the iron wires, 3889, 3883; best form for deep sea cables, 3884.—( Smith, Willoughby.) Mode of testing at gutta-percha works, 722 ; may be laid in any reasonable depth, 730, 731; difficulty in manu- facturing joints, 748—751; testing joints, 752-754; should be dried before covered with tar, 756—761; collodion and asphalte as an outside covering, 848-851; testing by pressure and ex- tensile force, 852-856 ; effect of the raising of the stern of a vessel in paying out, 868.—( Varley, C. F.) Facility of picking up cables in certain depths, 2984, 2985; means of finding position of fault without cutting cable, 2985-2988; use of sand batteries discontinued, 2994—2997 ; Daniell's battery used in testing, 2998.—4( Webb, F. C.) Prefers a single cable with one wire, 4591; use of buoys in laying and repairing cables, 4587, 4588, 4615—4618; recovery of cables by grappling, 4619- 4621; greatest depth at which a cable could be wilfully de- stroyed, 4622—4625 ; importance of testing cables under water, 4652, 4654 ; impossible to test under water to the full pressure, 4653 ; proper precautions have not been taken for the main- tenance of cables, 4655, 4656 ; cause of failure of submarine telegraphs owing to want of engineering skill in persons em- ployed, 4626, 4650; cables laid by contractors should be required to be maintained for a long period, 4627—4634 ; contracts as at present made not adapied to meet the several contingencies, 4665, 4672; durability of the covering of cables after laid in the sea, 4677—4681; suggestion to electrotype the outside wires with copper, 4680.—4( West, Charles.) Deep sea cables should not be covered with iron at all, 2131 ; complicated machinery should be avoided as much as possible, 2132, 2133 ; origin of subina- SUEMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. xhn TELEGRAPHIC CABLE S—cont. rine cables, 9928-39246.—( Window, Frederic William.) Ocean substantially made, 217 ; influence of pres gre at great depths, 241.—( Woodhouse, wW. H.) Decrease of specifie gravity net a material advantage, 955; ight cables in some instances disadvantageous in laying, 956-960; а light cable for the Atlantic would not be advantageous, 962-965 ; machinery adapted to cable should be used for paying out, 1026, 1030, 1031, 1048. TELE GRAPHIC COMMUNICA TION WITH AMERICA, (Belcher, Captain Sir Edward.) Feasibitity of laying and maintaining & cable by the route of iceland, Labrador, and 4285; prefers the laying of the cable vid the and the Faroe Islands, 4258-4261; 4286-4290; üdes and whirlpools off the Faroe Islands, 4261, 4962 ; tides not likely to injure à cable, 4263 ; tides a question to be deter- mined, 4317-4319; bottom of sea on the west side of Green- land composed of mud, 4285; slimy nature of mud at 130 fsthoms, 4264 ; floe ice and bergs on the east side of Greenland, 4264-4268 ; cable should be carried across Greenland as а subterranean line and then run across to Labrador, 4277; all the lines should be run from the western to the eastern stations, 4277; ridge between Labrador and Greenland would protect а cable laid south of it from icebergs, 4977-4981, 4313 ; no ocean currents between Labrador and Greenland that would affect a cable, 4297 ; little to be feared from ice between Scot- land and Greenland, 4312; proper period for laying a cable, 4320, 4821 ; possibility of employing the colonists in Greenland and Labrador in keeping up stations, 4822-4324; route through cult, 4292 ; suggestion of laying а telegraph line by the Cape de Verd Islands, 4999. — ( Dayman, Commander, Joseph.) Opinion as to laying a cable by Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador, 3213, 9214, 9220, 3222-3229.—(Fitæroy. Admiral R., F. R. S.) A Н Коска! to the southward of Iceland, and to the southward of Greenland and the offing of Labrador and Greenland, the Dest between England and America, 3467, 3476-3481; would recommend a single copper wire of large size, covered with a vitrified substance, and used in moderate lengths, 3476, 3492-3507; outer covering should be of copper; 3509-3516. — (Ross, Sir James C.) Difficulty in laying an Atlantic cable by the Faroe Islands and Iceland, owing to the strong tides and rocks, 3949, 3373, 3915, 3382-3384; a cable liable to be injured by drift ice on the south shore of Iceland, 3954-3259 ; the east coast of Greenland is inaccessible only on account of the floe ice, 3256, 3374; would not recommend a cable being laid to Iceland, 3260 ; would recom- mend a cable being laid from Rockall to Greenland, 3260- 3964, 3315; danger in laying a cable on the Labrador coast, 3967, 3380, 3381; the coast of Greenland would be a very difficult route, 3275, 3276 ; necessary to have soundings, 3279, 3390-3393 supposed depth between Rockall and Cape Fare- well, 3280; nature of the Spitzbergen current, 92892-3287, $310, 3346, 3347; depth of fiords on me coast of Labrador, 3288, 3301-3304 ; icebergs, floe ice, packed ісе, 3291-3298; depth at which a cable would be saſe, 3299, 3909 ; spurs along the south-west coast of Greenland not probable, 3332, $334 ; general character of the south-west of Greenland bluff, precipitous, and rocky, 3340-3344 ; cables at 150 fathoms are free from action of tides, $348; an Atlantic cable might possibly be laid from Rockall to Cape Farewell and thence to Hamilton Inlet, 3387, 3988 ; difficulties much greater than by a direct course to Newfoundland, 3389, 3999, 3400. —( Saward, George). Views as to the best route, 3078; the Greenland route hazardous from ice and volcanoes, 3079-3084 ; route from Falmouth to Halifax, 9084-3086 ; route across Russia and Behrings Strait, 3088.—( Shaffner, Colonel, Т. P.) Concession from the Danish Government for Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, 3889-2896 nature of agreement of Danish Government with Sir John MacNeil, 3897-3899 ; caution money required by the Danish Government, 3900-3904 ; examination of route, 3905; cable to be laid from Hamilton's Inlet. 3907; rights of the Atlantic Telegraph Company to Hamilton's Inlet, 3907-3913; depth and nature of bottom of Hamilton's Inlet, 3915, 3919, 4061-4066 ; not difficult to maintain a line from Hamilton’s Inlet, to join Canadian lines, 3920-3923, 41 14-4119; cable to be laid to somewhere near Julianshaab, 3928-399, 3933-3957 soundings show bottom of sca between Labrador and Greenland, to be similar to that between Ireland and Newfoundland, 3930-3939 ; depth, 3930 ; currents off Cape Desolation, 3940, 3941; no difficulty from icebergs or floe ice in laying a cable witha steam vessel on the coast of 6 reenland, 3942-3952; line to be carried across Greenland, 3958-3963 ; description of the interior, 3959-3961 ; met with no ice on the east coast, 3963-3969, 3978-3980, 4050-4057 ; east coast may be approached with a steam vessel at certain seasons, 3971-3973; current round the coast, 3974- 44775 deep water and muddy bottom, with sandy shore on thc east coast ol Greenland, 3981-3991; same character of bottom om coast of Iceland, 3989; cable to be landed somewhere near Reskiavig, 3999-3993; Bay of Reikiavig never frozen over, 4904-3996 ; line to be carried over land to Portland, 3999, 4009, 4075, 4076 ; bottom of sea near Portland sandy, 4001 ; depth between Greenland and Labrador, 4025 ; soundings be- tween Labrador, Greenland, Iceland, and Faroe Islands, 4007~ 4025, 4032-4049, 4067 ; Spitzbergen current, 4058-4061; no TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION WITH AMERICA —cont, diffoulty in landing а cable on the Faroe islands, 407 1-4073, 4089-4093 ; no difficulty from volcanic agency on the coast of Iceland, 4074; no ice off Portland at any season, 4077-4087 ; ‘tion of taking cable from Faroe islands to Scotland, 4094; epinion in favour of a light cable with protected ends, 4103-4104 ; current between Greenland and Iceland quite shallow, 4104—4112 ; reasons for supporting the route, 4120; length of longest portion of line 600 miles, 4121—4123 ; greatest length for telegraph commercially available, 4125-4138; а line through Asiatic Russia cannot be made commercially. 4139—4141.—( Washington, Captain J.) Route from Scotland by Faroe islands, Icelands, Greenland, and Labrador impracti- ticable, 3656-3668, 3853 ; depths’ not known, soundings should be taken, 3668, 3815-3858 ; the currents not the difficulty, 3814 ; Atlantic Telegraph Company's route the bottom of Ooze, 3674 ; nature of sudden dip off coast of Ireland, 3676-3689, 3693-3695 ; not necessary to ascertain more accurately the nature of the bottom, 3690-3692 ; opinien of a southern route by Cape Finisterre, the Canary Islands, Cape de Verde Islands, and St. Pauls, to Northern Coast of South America, 3706-3734; no soundings taken beyond Cape St. Vincent, 3710; distances between points, 3711, 3744; possible impediments from volcanic islands, 3719, 3720; soundings between the Canary islands and Cape de Verde islands, 3715; soundings between England and the Azores and North America, 3731-3733 ; volcanic nature of the Azeres, Teneriffe, and Cape de Verde Islands, 9742, 3745-3746; Atlantic Telegraph Company's route the best, 3747.—( Young, Allen.) No ice comes into the Harbour of Tredericshaab, 3412; bottom of harbour mud and rocky bottom im sea outside, 3413-3415; cable might be laid safely in the herbour, 3424 ; description of pack outside the harbour, 3494-3438 ; по difficulty in landing a cable on the south of Greenland, except from winds, 3439- 3441; would propose to start from the coast of Greenland and go toward Iceland, 3442, 3442; season of year for laying 8 cable between Labrador aud Grcenland, 3445-3459; pack ice off the south coast of Greenland, 3453—3464. TEMPERATURE OF THE SEA. ( КеП, Captain J.) Variation at depths, and with the latitude, 385-588. (Dayman, Commander, J.) Temperature at bottom of sea, 3197-3154.—( Admiral Fitzroy.) Instrument used, 348 1— 3487; observations vy Commander Dayman, 3488-3489; specific gravity and temperature, 9489—9492.—( Sir James Ross.) Tem- perature of the sea in northern latitudes, 3351—5359 ; Results of experiments in southern regions, 3360-3372. THOMSON, WILLIAM, LL.D., F. R. S., Evidence, 2447— 2611. Appendix No. 1. Description of diagrams (see plates 1, 2, and 3 attached) 1eferred to in evidence, page 125. Appendix No. 2. Account of the accident, given in writing &o Captain Preedy, R.N., at sea, during the laving of the cable, page 126. Appendix No. 3. Formula and table referred to in answer to question 2594, page 126. VARLEY, CROMWELL FLEETWOOD, Evidence, 2891- 2998. Law of induction in telegraph conductors, page 153 ; Varley's reduction table, page 154 ; report on the state of the Atlantic cable, page 160. VELOCITY OF SIGNALS. (Henley, W. T.) Difference in transmission in coiled and un- coiled lines, 241 3-9432.—( Thomson, W., LL.D.) Speed of trans- mission of signals, 2452-2454, 2548-2550; effect of resistance coils on the speed, 2610, 261 1.—( Hughes, David Edward.) Experi- ments to increase the speed, 1973 ; large conductor superior as regards speed, 1976-1978; results of speed obtained through different lengths of cables, 1977, 2004-2111 ; increase of con- ductor does not increase largely the inductive effect, 1978 ; speed obtained by induction coils and Daniell's battery same as stated by Mr. Whitehouse, 1980; retardation not due so much to induction as to charge and discharge, 1987-1989; speed independent of battery power used under certain circum- stances, 1991-1993 ; believes the current to be instantaneous, 1994-1995 ; charge of cable in proportion to the resistance of the wire, 2001; time required to charge a cable to its maximum, 2001-2003; speed with the battery the same as with the inductive coil, 2012; records made by Hughes’ patent printing instrument, 2021-2025 ; comparison of records made with Morse's system, 909 5-2026.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) Unifor- mity under like conditions, 1725; voltaic current difficult to use and slower than the magneto electric, 1726-1730; experi- ments upon magneto-electric currents, 1731-1739 ; magneto currents 24 times as rapid as voltaic, 1740; no perceptible alteration in speed by increasing cells of battery, 174i, 1742; result of using a large number of cells, 1743-1746 ; induction coil current, 1747-1751; experiments with Magnetic Company's gutta-percha subterranean wires, 1752-1778; experiments between Dublin and London, 1774-1777 ; speed of reverszls, 1778; difference of 1. 75 between transmission of reversals at equal periods and of signals requiring unequal times, 1779, 1780 ; experiments corroborated by subsequent ones upon the Atlantic cable, 17815 speed of reversals in the Atlantic cable, 1782-1800; speed with Daniell's battery, 1801-1811; dit- ſerence of speed at Keyliam by inductive coils ond Danicll's battery, 1812-1814; experiments with the Magnetic Com- pany's wires proved that an Atlantic cable could be worked, a „ و‎ xliv INDEX TO EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. VELOCITY OF ELECTRICAL CURRENTS, &c.—cont. 1815, 1816; responsibility for the electrical conditions of the Atlantic cable, 1819; size of conductor for overcoming retar- dation, 1820-1821, 1831-1835; experiments on the effect of surface induction, 1822-1830; difference between an induc- tion coil and a battery with respect to tension, 1924-1927 ; efloct of the heating power of Daniell's battery on gutta-percha, 1930; speed obtained by Daniell's, 1934-1938.—( Newall, H. S) Speed of working the Varna and Balaklava line, 4486, 4487, Tow VULCANITE. See also India-rubber and Gutta Percha, and Hooper's Patent. (Newall, R. S.) Endurance of vulcanized india-rubber in sea water, 4532, 4533.—( Whitehouse, Wildman.) The best insulating material, 1955; component parts, 1959: action of the copper тау be avoided by tinning the wires, 1960; flexibility, 1963 ; vulcanite the most perfect insulator, 2374; properties of, 3594-3601. WALKER, CHARLES VINCENT, Evidence, 2210-2310. Notes to evidence, (A), on the mode by which the leakages of the Atlantic cable were determined, page 97; (B) charging capacities of various cables, page 100. Report of investigation into the conditions relative to the retardation of signals in the Atlantic cable, page 101. WASHING TON, CAPTAIN J., R. N., F.R.S. IFEBB, FREDERICK CHARLES, Evidence, 4585-4681. Letter to Captain Galton submitting further remarks on the subject of deep sea cable coverings, page 272. WELLS AND HALLS PATENT CABLE, 472. WEST, CHARLES, Evidence, 2110-2133, 3228-3216. WHITEHOUSE, WILDMAN, Evidence, 1715-1970. WINDOW, FREDERICK RICHARD, Evidence, 206-245.. Opinions upon ocean and ordinary submarine telegraphy, 206, 208 ; laying of inferior cables the cause of greater expen- diture in the end, 209-212; causes of the loss of ocean cables, 212-216: length of cables lost to May 1858, 216. WOODHOUSE, WILLIAM HENRY, Evidence, 884-1048. WRAY, LEONARD, Evidence, 1165-1712. WRAY S COMPOSITION. (Fuller, John.) Opinion upon, 4374, 4382; composition principally ef india-rubber, 4378; insulation diminishes the less the quantity of india rubber used, 4381 ; liability to shrink, 4381, 4382.—( Glass, R.A.) 350-355. System of insulation and results of tests applied by Mr. Varley, 1665-1667: impermea- bility of material, 1668, 1669; chemical indestructibility and resistance to atmosphere, 1673 ; can be put on wires by a die in two coats, 1674, 1675 ; substances composing, and nature of compound, 1679-1689, 1699; plastic temperature, 1693; con- ductibility of aluminum, 1693-1694; price, 1695 ; useless for external covering, 1696 ; properties asa conductor, 1697, 1698 ; price as compared with gutta-percha, 1701, 1702; application of material over gutta-percha, 1705-1709 ; experiments upon, 1710, 1711; inductive capacity, 1719. —( Siemens, W.) India- rubber and other materials, 200 ; decidedly superior in inductive capacity to gutta-percha, 3880; possesses a decided adventage over gutta-percha, 3884, 3885.—{ Varley, C. F.) Comparison with gutta-percha, 2959-2964 ; durability, 2971. XYLOPHAGA. Sce Shell Fish and Worms. YOUNG, ALLEN, Esq., Evidence, 3410-8466. Letter to- Captain Galton expressing the possibility of laying a cable from the south coast of Greenland, page 195. | MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE * THE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE AT THE| OFFICE OF THE BOARD OF TRADE. Thursday, 1st December 1859. PRESENT $ The Right Hon. J. Stuart WORTLEY. Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. VARLEY. Mr. LATIMER CLARK. Mr. SAWARD. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. LIONEL, GISBORNE, Esq., examined. 1. (Chairman.) You are a civil engineer ?—Yes. 2. You have had, I believe, considerable experience in laying down submarine cables ?—I have been con- nected with the laying down of a good many sub- marine cables, but I have never personally superin- tended the laying down of more than one. 3. What submarine cables have you been connected with ?—I have been connected with the line from the Dardanelles to Candia, which it is intended shall go from thence to Alexandria. I had originally the concession for that line, and I was engineer to the company who undertook to lay it. That company was dissolved, and it was placed in the hands of other parties, and my partner, Mr. Forde, was present during the laying down of a portion of the line. Iam at present engi- neer to the Red Sea and Indian Telegraph Company, and to the Falmouth and Gibraltar Telegraph on account of the Government. I specified the class of cables to be laid down, assisted in making the con- tract, and superintended all the experiments during the manufacture of the cable, and up to the time that it went on board ship. I was present during the laying of the line from Suez to Aden, which is now in perfect working order. | 4. I thought that there had been some fault in that line, and that you had not been able to certify it ?— There is a question between the contractor and the company as to a fault between Suakin and Cosseir. That fault is one of insulation measurable by an in- strument, but, not practically appreciable in speaking through ; so that, although as a scientific question, there is a fault in that cable, as a practical question, on the working of it, there is none. It is, however, intended to lift the cable where the fault exists, and to eut it out. 9. Is that fault in deep water, or is it in shallow water —In 300 fathoms of water. I will give the Committee & short summary of the state of the line. I will commence at Suez. In paying out ihe cable from Suez to Cosseir no fault of any sort or descrip- tion ever went overboard that we could find out, nor did any stoppage occur during the paying out. The line was landed at Cosseir, a distance, I think, of 272 knots, and up to this time there is no fault upon that line that is measurable by the finest instruments that we possess, supplied by Mr. Siemens. 6. At what depths was the line ?—At 300 and 400 fathoms ; the whole line lies in water not more than 400 or 420 fathoms perhaps at one spot; generally, about 300 fathoms, and seldom less than 150; the formation of the Red Sea being steep at the edges, and with a plateau at the bottom. ~- 7. Did the gutta-percha show no loss whatever ?— The gutta-percha showed the loss due to itself as material, but no more loss than it showed out of the water. I can produce to the Committee a detailed report and sections showing the relative conductivity of the copper and the gutta-percha, all referred to one unit. In the Suez and Cosseir line the loss by insulation of the gutta-percha is only what is due to it as & homogeneous mass being a slight conductor of electricity ; there is no such thing in existence as a perfect non-conductor, the perfection of non-conduc- tion being always the imperfection of the instrument. In going from Cosseir to Suakin the cable was laid down successfully; but a fault went overboard, a slight one; the vessel was slowed for a short time, and in about two hours the fault completely disappeared. We went on and the cable was laid successfully to Suakin, and for the first 10 days no fault, irrespective of the different conducting powers of the two ma- terials, could be appreciated. In about 10 days a fault manifested itself, and as a scientific question increased rapidly for 10 days, and then it became stationary, and that fault still exists. The last reports that we have are that the fault is, if anything, better than it was, certainly better than when it was at its maximum, and that it is improving rather than getting worse. The position of that fault has been carefully determined by measurements made from both Suakin and Cosseir, and it is known to be at the same place where the fault went overboard ; the position of that place is accurately marked on the charts, it is close in to a little islet within 150 yards in about 300 fathoms of water. It can be lifted and mended, if required. That line is 534 knots in length. | 8. Is the resistance of the fault known ?—Yes. 9. Does it vary under testing ?—It does not ; it varies a little from day to day, but it is scarcely ap- preciable. The magnitude of the fault is measured according to a standard, which I can give the Com- mittee when I send in the report, if they should desire it. 10. What is the maximum depth at which the | A L. Gisborne, Esq. 1 Dec. 1859. L. Gisborne, Esq. ] Dec. 1859. 9 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE cable is laid in the Red Sea ?—I think 420 fathoms, certainly less than that. 11. (Mr. Varley.) Is no variation at all percep- tible when the fault is being tested ? — I cannot answer that question so well as Mr. Siemens; I do not pretend to be an electrician, and never did. I am an engineer, and I think I understand the manufacture of cables and the principles of them. | 12. (Chairman.) What is your opinion as to the practicability of lifting a telegraphic cable successfully in 400 fathoms of water ?—My opinion is founded upon the fact that they have been already lifted in that depth. I may proceed to state that we started again from Suakin and laid the line down to Aden, and in the laying down of that line we got a fault overboard, and it was a serious one; it was caused by the jamming of the cable at the cone against one of the rings; we were in between 300 and 400 fathoms of water, aud we laid to on that cable for, I think, 18 hours. In the meantime we had been steaming on slowly to keep up а sufficient strain on the cable to prevent its forming kinks, und we picked up between seven and eight miles of that cable and found the fault, and the whole loss when cut out was found to exist in that fault, proving the cable behind us to be perfect. A splice was made and we continued it on to Aden; there was a fault close to Aden in the splicing of the shore ends to the main line, but that was corrected immediately, and when the line was landed at Aden we found it practically perfect, and it has remained so ever since. 13. Have you fouud no difficulty from the shore ends lying in the hot sand ?—Considerable difficulty from the hot sand, and we had to take up the shore ends, that is of the land line, (which was buried in a trench, not in the water) at Cossier, twice, in conse- quence of faults occurring, and eventually we had to lay the shore work at night. 14. How are the shore ends covered ?—Generally speaking, the cable itself is connected. 15. Is there no protection against the heat ?. No; we buried it three feet under the sand. I may men- tion as a questiou of heat, that when we first tested the cable on board the Imperador,” about 900 miles of cable, at Suez, the insulation was so bad that we could not speak through it on board ship. 16. You attribute that to the temperature ?—Yes ; as we laid down the cable and it got into the water the insulation improved steadily. We were able before we had gone many miles to deduce a rough law, by which we could ascertain the proportionate state of insulation of the cable according to the temperature. We found the temperature of the sea in the Red Sea generally 81° a foot below the sur- face; I have seen it as much as 90°, and at 300 fathoms about 73°. 17. What was the temperature in the hold ?—It was sometimes 92°. 18. At what temperature does gutta-percha become plastic ?—It is a difficult question to answer; it de- pends very much upon the position it is in. Ihave hung up a piece of gutta-percha wire over the awning exposed to the sun, I have had it hung up for an hour, and it did not become plastic in the sun in a current of air; I have laid a gutta-percha wire covered with iron upon the bulwarks, with the thermometer alongside it, and when the sun was 110? on that ther- mometer the gutta-percha oozed out like sealing- wax. 19. (Mr. Saward.) Were the bulwarks painted black ? — Yes. 20. (Chairman.) The thermometer ranged 110?? —Yes. Ihave had a piece in the engine-room, where the thermometer was generally 100°, and it has not been affected in the least, but the lead covered wire carried along the decks as a connexion from the hold to the instruments melted away though covered with wood. 21. You mean that the gutta-percha melted ?— Yes. 22. ( Mr. Saward.) Would that be due to radia- tion I think it is due to the conducting power of the heated metal. When you have the gutta-percha in a current of air, the heat does noi affect it so much as when it is lying out of a current of air and exposed to the sun. The question of temperature was very much elucidated by our proceedings in the Red Sea, in consequence of the cable getting into a cooler medium as it was laid, and so much was that the case that in one instance, when we were laying the cable, we had to connect one hold and another hold toge- ther, so as to work a great deal more cable than the length we were going to lay, and we had to insert a pricker, aud make a temporary connexion with half tlie cable in one hold, to enable us to speak through with the station we were corresponding with from the ship. During all the time of the laying experi- ments were registered constantly, and the testing of the cable was continued throughout all the time it was being laid. 23. (Chairman.) Was the weather calm during the time it was being laid? Most of the time; we had strong breezes part of the time. 24. Did the vessel pitch at all? — Enough to make me sea-sick ; we had no rough weather. "The paying- out machinery worked admirably when properly "watched. We never had any accident in the paying- out machinery, the watching being more necessary to control the amount of slack being paid out than from any danger to the cable itself. 25. Can you describe in a few words the general nature of the machinery?—' The machinery consisted of a drum, round which the cable took four or five turns, with a friction strap on it ; the friction strap was worked by a lever, in which various weights were placed, and the weight upon that lever repre— sented the strain upon the drum. The cable, after passing over the drum, passed under a sheave working at the end of a short lever, which we called the “ in- dicator ;" this short lever and the sheave were quite disconnected with the friction strap, so that they had no effect upon it; but by weighting this short lever and sheave to an amount equal to the weight upon the friction strap you got a sort of balance, so that when the weight upon the cable became greater than the weight upon the short lever the lever rose, the cable being at an angle under it, and as soon as that lever rose the man at the break would then take the pressure off the strap, and thus compensate for the extra strain that was coming upon the cable, from whatever cause. The great object of this was not so much to prevent the cable breaking as to allow the man at the break to know that he was keeping a uniform strain on the cable, the uniformity of the strain depending upon the uniformity of the depth ; and to such accuracy did we get after some prac- tice, that we used often to signal to the “Cyclops” beforehand what depth of water we were running in when we had come to a change of even 50 fathoms ; and so perfectly did that machinery work, that with the last 254 miles of the cable which Mr. Newall Jaid from Aden towards India, we covered 252 miles of ground in 300 fathoms of water, and as to the cable which was laid down from Suakin to Aden, which is 637 miles long, the loss by the slack is only three per cent. ; but before we knew the machinery well we lost as much as 16 per cent. during 24 hours. The average loss upon the whole cable is under 10 per cent. 26. Has the break much inertia when the vessel pitches, and is there a sudden strain brought upon the cable by that means ?—I never saw these vessels pitch violently ; but I think that the pitehing ofa vessel ‘has very little effect upon the paying-out machinery if properly attended to, the length of the cable behind the vessel is ко great in anything like deep sound- ings, and the small angle of 10 or 11 degrees which the cable makes with the stern of the vessel, gives it such enormous elasticity, that the rise and fall of the stern of the vessel in pitching is practically nothing compared to the length that you have in the elasticity of the cable. | x SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 3 27. You do not think that there is much danger to be apprehended from the inertia ?—There is no doubt that with a very light cable and a heavy vessel that rolls very much and pitches and does not steer straight, you can bring a larger amount of inertia upon the machinery; but with an iron-covered cable that weighs anything like a ton to a knot, and in moderate sound- ings of a thousand fathoms, or which a cable can easilv attain by its own strength, I do not think that, generally speaking, the pitching of a vessel seriously affects the working of the machinery. 28. What was the weight of the Red Sea cable? Twenty-one hundred weight per knot. 29. ( Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Is not the angle less at the stern of the vessel the lighter the cable is ?—The angle depends partly upon the specifie gravity of the cable, but also upon the speed of the vessel. 30. Assuming a given speed, is not the angle smaller in proportion to the lightness of the cable ?— Yes; the Red Sea cable was payed out generally at an angle of 11 degrees. 31. (Chairman.) You mean with the horizon? — Yes ; we had a stern sheave, the upper periphery of which was fixed at an angle of 11 degrees above the bottom of the jaws over the stern, through which the cable paved out, so that when the cable was paying out and we saw it working in the jaws, we knew that the angle was about 11 degrees ; when we saw the cable stationary in the bottom of the juw, we knew that the angle was greater, without taking the trouble to measure it ; and when we saw the cable, on the contrary, very much about the jaws and paying out nearer to the top, we knew that the angle was too small, or, in other words, that the strain upon the cable was too great. 32. Then vou ascertained throughout the strain upon the cable by the angle ?—Yes, that was one means of estimating it ; I never felt during all the time we were paying out the cable the slightest doubt or fear as to its breaking in the machinery. Our whole object was to lay as little cable as possible, allowing sufficient slack for the depth we were in. 33. Could you measure the strain upon the cable in deep water ?—We measured it the whole time. There was a regular log kept, in which was registered constantly what the cable was doing, and that log has been filled up, and calculations made since 1 came home, and the whole history of the cable during its paying out is now a matter of figures. 34. What was the greatest depth that you passed in laying down the cable?—420 fathoms. 35. (Mr. Varley.) Do not you imagine that in so great a depth as 1,600 or 2,000 fathoms, where you say that the strain would be greater, that the inertia of the machine would play an important part on the pitching of the vessel in a very rough sea ?— Of course; but generally speaking, I do not think that if the construction of the cable is properly apportioned to the depth, that the inertia of the machinery then need play any important part in laying a cable. If you tried to lay a eable weighing 10 tons to a mile in Soundings of 1,000 fathoms with light machinery, the machinery would not, of course, answer. If you laid it, and it only weighed 10 ewt. to a mile, in 50 fathoms, with very heavy machinery, the machinery would not answer; but I think that if the specific gravity of the cable is proportioned to the depth at which you are laying it, that then machinery can be desigued so as not to have any dangerous inertia. 36. Did you find that the strain varied exactly as the depth of the water in which you were laying the cable ?——When we came to know it, it did it perfectly; but it is entirely a question of the eve, the ear, and the judgment at the moment. Mr. Newall laid 600 miles of cable in soundings up to 400 fathoms depth, losing only 3 per cent. slack, and the last 254 miles of the cable we laid at a speed of 8 and 9 knots, and we covered 250 miles of ground in about 300 fathoms of water with a monsoon in our favour. 37. (Chairman.) Of the other cables with which you have been connected, did any fail ?—There has been one cable which has failed three times, the cable from Candia to Alexandria. | 38. What were the causes of the failure ?—When the company that I was connected with took up the Indian line, they gave up the Dardanelles and Alex- undrin line, which they had only taken up because the Turkish government insisted upon its being made, and when they so gave it up, my connexion with it practically ceased, but still I advised, and was more or less mixed up in the matter. An iron- covered cable had been designed, something like the Corfu and Malta cable, and it was intended to lay that cable, but Messrs. Newall, who had undertaken to lay this cable at their own cost, as a matter of economy tried a hemp-covered cable. Here is a piece of it (producing the same) that was picked up in 400 fathoms of water, and this hempen cable had to go down in depths 1,600 and 1,800 fathoms, and as much as 1,900 fa- thoms; they paid out 129 miles of this cable, and they covered 128 miles of ground, and it was blowing extremely hard, and they hung on to that cable for 36 hours, blowing so hard that boat communication be- tween the man-of-war and themselves was impossible. At the end of that time a fault was found to exist—a fault as to insulation ; they tried to pick up the cable, and it broke, and they were then, I think, in 1,500 fathoms. Since that cable failed, experiments have been tried by me and others upon hemp-covered cables, There is one cable which has been in the water for some months, and the Committee will see that the hemp has shrunk so as to force the core right through, and in many places forced the copper through the gutta-percha, showing that hemp alone is not a proper material to cover a cable with. First of all, it is much too elastie ; this cable will stretch 4 or 9 per cent. before it breaks ; when it is once got into the water, the tendency of it is to shrink, the outer covering will shrink ; the gutta-percha will try and ‘shrink, but being held back by the copper, it is pre- vented, unless it forces the copper to shrink with it, and then the copper knuckles out, so that this hemp- covered cable has been proved to be perfectly useless for the object for which it was intended; the failure must be entirely attributed to the want of proper materials having been used in the manufacture of the cable, and not to any fault inherent in the core itself as a core, or in the manner of laying it, as laid down by Mr. Newall. 39. ( Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Was there any symp- tom, when that small hempen cable was laid down in 1,800 fathoms, of any effect from the pressure of the water upon it ?—Not that could be ascertained ; it broke during the paying out. 40. (Chairman.) Do you know at what depth the fault was ?—I think it was in 1,500 fathoms of water, and the fault came on gradually. 41. Was the nature of the fault ascertained? The eable broke where the fault was supposed to exist. I have no doubt that the fault occurred to the cable because it can stretch 4 per cent. before it shows any fault of insulation, and that is a very dangerous thing. If the strain upon the cable had been throughout per- fectly uniform, still the slack would be less than one per cent., and it is fair to assume, in so light a eable going to a great depth, that the strain was sometimes unequal ; in that ease the cable would stretch, the effect of which upon the conductivity of the cable would not be felt till some time afterwards, when the hemp began to shrink. My belief is, that the fault that occurred was due to the stretching and shrinking of the materials of which it was composed. 42. What length of time does it take before hemp saturated with tar begins to shrink in the water ?— As soon as it is saturated ; under pressure within a few hours. 43. (Mr. Saward.) With regard to the hemp that was used in your experiments, was it first shrunk or saturated with any fluid, or was it wound spirally round the core in a dry state ?—It was put on saturated with Stockholm tar. | 44. (Mr. Varley.) Y think you stated that the fault A 2 L. Gisborne, Esq. 1 Dec. 1859. L. Gisborne, Esq. 1 Dec. 1859. 4 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE appeared gradually, and went on augmenting till it ужаш so large as to stop the communication ?— es. 45. Do you not think that if the fault had arisen from the knuckling of the copper that it would have arisen suddenly, and after a certain amount of tension had been accumulated, sufficient to cause the copper togo; when once it started, it would go suddeuly through the gutta-percha ?—Хо; I find the contrary to be the fact from the experiments I have made. I can show the Committee pieces of core which have stretched 25 per cent., and are electrically perfect, and these pieces of core left to themselves for some weeks gradually became electrically imperfect ; the copper and the gutta-percha are in a constant state of antagonism, and any weak place that shows itself is gradual, whether in the copper or in the gutta-percha, and the electrical connexion becomes imperfect. 46. But invariably gradually? Not invariably ; but I can state a case in which 25 per cent. of elon- gation was given to & piece of core without any electrical fault, and after a few weeks there was a serious one, and now the copper has bulged up. 47. That fault came on gradually ?—Y es. 48. Have you met with any other faults of & similar nature that have come on suddenly, or any more faults which have come on gradually of the same kind ?—I have never stretched but one piece of core to that extent ; stretching core six or eight per cent. does not do it any harm at first. 49. The copper does not knuckle out ?—No, not at first А I have tried the Gibraltar core, which is very thick. 50. That is not the same core as the Dardanelles line ?—No. 51. (Chairman.) What is the thickness of that core? — About the same size as the Atlantic cable as to thickness. 52. How many coverings of gutta-percha has it ?— Three, I think. E lie la 53. Have you considered whether, if the hemp had been previously saturated in any kind of suitable fluid, it would have been possible to prevent the shrinking of the hemp cable ?—I have tried experi- ments which are embodied in tables which the Board of Trade have, and upon almost every sort of hempen cable which has even been proposed. I have refused nobody to try an experiment upon any class of cable, some of the samples are in this box, and the results will speak for themselves ; but they are that in every case the cable elongates when hemp covered in a manner which eventually injures its electrical state. 54. Have you ever tried Rowett’s cable ?—I think 80, and without success. 55. (Professor Wheatstone.) Has this specimen been actually taken from the bottom of the sea?—Yes. 96. I observe that the wire is very eccentric ; did this occur in its original manufacture, or subsequently to its having been laid ?—I think that is accidental where it has been cut. 57. To what do you attribute that eccentricity ? To imperfect manufacture. 68. Not to any effect as having been laid down at the bottom of the sea for any length of time ?—I think not. 59. Or the action of heat ?—No. 60. Do you not think it impossible to get any very great length of wire absolutely centred; will not a certain amount of eccentricity always be found in gutta-percha covered wire as at present manufac- tured ?—I see no reason why perfectly central wire should not be manufactured. In all manufactures the chances of faulty places are great, but I see no more reason why you should not get practically per- fectly manufactured core than why you should not get a perfect casting. 61. (Mr. Saward.) Are you familiar with the in- vention of Professor Hughes for applying a semi-fluid substance ?—Yes. 62. Do you perceive any mechanical difficulty in the application of it to a cable, and if not, do you think it would be an advantage ?—I am now getting a mile of cable made with Professor Hughes's applica- tion in it, and until that cable has been experimented upon I should not like to give a definite opinion ; but my own impression is, that, professionally, we should be wrong to trust to any self-acting system of mend- ing a fault, the great point being to prevent it before- hand. 63. If it be true, that it is a useful substance, and of easy application, would it not have a tendency to make the centreing of the wire more perfect No, I do not think it would have a tendency to make it more perfect. Perfect centreing can only be at- tained by putting on a succession of extremely thin coats of gutta-percha. The experimental committee have a piece of cable with 20 coats of gutta-percha round the core, and it is impossible that that should be badly centred; there are 20 courses in that cable (potnting to the same). 64. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Did you say that in the case you have been alluding to, which was a case of faulty construction, the cable in its character was left to the choice of the contractor ?— Yes; he took tne whole responsibility of making it, laying it, and paying for it. 65. Did you not also say that you thought the choice of the contractor was influenced to a great ex- tent by a desire to economise the expense ?—Cer- tainly ; and still more so after the contractor had failed in laying this cable (pointing to the same), the manufacture of which never was looked after, and which, I believe, never was properly tested before- hand, and was made as cheap as possible ; after having had this experience, he took the rest of this hemp-covered cable and covered it with iron, but did not put iron enough upon it so as to prevent the hemp being visible between the strands ; and he took that same cable out and tried to lay it, and in laying it an accident happened to the machinery. In altering the weight upon the lever, one of the men in charge of the machine turned a screw, which required very de- licate handling, to lift the lever ; he suddenly jammed it, and the cable broke in the machine, and was lost in 1,200 or 1,400 fathoms of water. Up to that time the insulation of the cable was good, although during its manufacture it had never been properly tested so as to ensure its being good. "That is failure No. 2. Now comes failure No. 3: Mr. Newall having failed in laying this cable twice, or rather Mr. Liddell, his partner, having failed twice, Mr. Newall, his partner, came to the Board of the Red Sea and Indian Tele- graph Company, and asked permission to take some of their cable to lay between Candia and Alexandria ; they gave him permission, and he took it ; but in- stead of taking all the 420 miles he required, he only took about 315 miles ; he put it on board ship and sent it to the Mediterranean, and commenced laying it at the eastern point of Candia, and he laid down all the 315 miles of Red Sea cable which they had lent him perfectly, with practically no loss of insulation at all, and then attached to it the remainder of this iron-covered cable, which had been originally a hemp- covered one ; he tacked on this old iron-covered cable, and they had not paid out five miles when a fault occurred. The fault was a slight one at first, but it went on rapidly increasing, and by the time they had paid 25 miles they were obliged to stop. They picked up 20 miles of this improperly manufactured iron cable in а depth of from 1,200 to 1,500 fathoms of water, and at the end of 20 miles it broke, and it broke ap- parently from having got round a rock ; but the con- clusion that I would draw from these three failures is, that they are all three attributable to the want of care during the manufacture of the cable, and not to anything that is intrinsically due to the cable as a submarine conductor of electricity, or to the meuns adopted for laying. You will remark that the gutta- percha on this cable is thin for & depth of 1,200 or 1,500 fathoms of water,—the Red Sea cable; the core is too thin for a depth of 1,500 fathoms of water, still in both cases have those cores answered SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 5 their purpose in that depth where they were properly manufactured. In the last instance, the whole of the very deep water was passed when the fault occurred. With regard to the Red Sea cable, which it is proved by the result has been carefully looked after during the manufacture, a portion of that cable was laid in as much as 1,900 fathoms of water, and laid perfect ; the imperfection only took place when the attempt was made to lay another cable imperfect per se, which neither I as an engineer nor Mr. Siemens would have allowed to be right, had we been responsible for the expenditure upon it. 66. Do you say that you are of opinion that if that choice of the cable had not been left to the contractor, and its election had not been so much influenced by economical considerations, and it had been selected by competent authorities, and manufactured according to their directions, there is no reason why that cable should not have been successfully laid? Not the slightest ; on the contrary, I can quote the case of a cable that was laid in the same sea, the Cagliari and Malta and the Malta and Corfu, which is as slight as this is, and it was laid in 1,500 fathoms water per- fectly successfully, the cables having failed since from causes quite irrespective of the manufacture of the article and its laying. 67. (Chairman.) What was the cause of the failure of the Corfu and Malta cable ?—Mr. Siemens will give you the best information upon that subject. 68. And what was the cause of the failure in the Cagliari and Corfu cable ?—The original fault, as far as I can learn, was caused by the cable being grappled by fishermen ; the second fault was caused by the first being improperly mended, and the third fault was caused by the cable being lost in 300 fathoms. Ido not give this as information of my own know- ledge, but from what I have gleaned. 69. You have no doubt that cables can be safely Jaid in deep water, say 2,000 fathoms ?—I have no doubt that you can lay a cable in almost any depth of water, if you apportion its specific gravity and its strength according to the depth at which it is being laid. You will see by the tables the results of the experiments made upon the strength of cables by Mr. Siemens and myself. "There is a column in which is run out the ratio between the specific gravity of the cable and its breaking weight, and the depth that that breaking weight represents, and you will find in this box, No. 9, specimen formed of steel and hemp, and the breaking strain of the cable represents 11,000 fathoms of water, with an elongation of less than one per cent. So that I think the question of laying cables in deep water, as a question of laying, is not more difficult to solve than the question of laying cables in shallow water, if the proper mode of con- struction is adopted. 70. (Mr. Saward.) Do you perceive any engineer- ing or mechanical reasons for doubting the permanency of cables properly constructed and laid in deep water ? —The only experience that we have of any length of time is of the cable between Calais and Dover. 71. I speak of causes existing particularly in deep water, which do not exist in shallow water, and which would affect the permanency of telegraphic cables laid in deep water ?—There are extreme developed causes, either natural disintegration or chemical action. If you have very shallow water the cable will be subject to rubbing and to wear and tear on the outside, or being injured by an anchor. If you have enormously deep water, your cable will be subject to very great pressure, a pressure, perhaps, of two and three tons to an inch; and there is no doubt, under such a pressure, with such an active agent as electricity passing through the heart of your cable, there is a tendency to the disintegration of the material, both by chemical action and from natural causes, much greater than there would be in a similar cable laid at a depth where the pressure upon it would be only a few hun- dredweight per inch. But I do not think that a cable in 3,000 fathoms of water, properly manufac- tured and once laid, is more likely to injury than a cable in 500 fathoms of water. We know that gutta- percha, properly manufactured, under a pressure of five tons to an inch does not absorb water to any amount which could possibly injure it. I do not mean to say that а very thin coating of gutta-percha over a very large conductor, with very intense elec- tricity passing through it, and all under a pressure of five tons to an inch, the water would not penetrate to that conductor, but it would only be from imperfec- tion in the manufacture ; but I do mean to say that, with a properly apportioned conductor, with a cover- ing properly manufactured and properly laid on, there would not be much more chance of its going wrong in 2,000 fathoms of water than in 500, assuming the manufacture to be proportionately good. 72. (Chairman.) Have you made any experiments showing the result of a pressure of five tons per square inch upon gutta-percha ? The only experiments that I have seen are those of Mr. Mackintosh. 79. Have you seen anything to indicate that the insulation or the conductivity of the wire is in any way influenced by extreme pressure ?—I cannot say; I have not subjected any length of it to great pres- sure; I am now putting up a pressure tank, by which I shall be able to use a pressure of 1,000 pounds to an inch, and I can put into that two knots of cable. Upon that we shall make experiments which will test that question ; experiments upon conductors covered with one covering of gutta-percha to one covered with 20 coatings. 74. (Mr. Varley.) Xou stated, I think, that you thought it not unlikely, when а cable was submitted to a pressure of five tons to an inch, the electricity passing through the conductor would cause more chemical ac- tion on the gutta-percha under such pressure than in an ordinary state ?—I think it is more likely to do so. 75. How do you suppose the chemical action would take place, unless the gutta-percha conducted the electricity ?—All gutta-percha conducts it, to a certain amount. 76. Do you think that it conducts more electricity under pressure ?— No, but the particles are broughi nearer together. 77. Chemical action is due to the amount of elec- tricity conducted invariably ; therefore, unless more electricity were conducted, it would appear that no more chemical action would take place at such a pres- sure than in the ordinary state ?—I think you will find chemical action in many cases very much deve- loped by pressure. You will find sometimes a com- plete loss of action in a vacuum. Electricity is no doubt one of the many excitants of chemical action where it takes place, and it will take place under some circumstances when once excited. My argu- ment is, that chemical action is more likely to be excited from whatever cause, under certain circum- stances under great pressure, than in & vacuum. 78. You spoke of intense currents of electricity, are the Committee to understand you to mean that the kind of action that you would expect to take place would only take place under the influence of very in- tense currents, but that avoiding the use of that intense electricity, you would to a large extent avoid the in- jury you would contemplate ?—Yes ; the excitement due to electricity is measurable by the intensity of it. You may subject two materials to a large quantity of electricity at & low tension and no chemical action will take place, and if you subject those same quan- tities to à small amount of very intense electricity you. will cause electrical action immediately, the ultimum of electrical action being the spark. | 79. (Mr. Saward.) 'Then the element of destruc- tion which you apprehend, in cables laid in deep water, would be very much mitigated if the mode of passing the electricity through it were properly managed ?—I am comparing the same intensity of electricity passing under 500 fathoms of water to the same electricity passing under 2,500 fathoms, taking the same length, and assuming that for a length of 500 miles you would require E а cer- L. Gisborne, Esq. 1 Dec. 1859. L. Gisborne, Esq. 1 Dec. 1859. aA ES "Every 100 feet stretches two: feet. . 6 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE tain intensity to do your work; I say that if those 500 miles were all in shallow water, the chance of disintegration or chemical action is less in 500 fathoms than in 2,000. 80. (Mr. Varley.) This is merely your idea of what would take place; you have no evidence to prove it ?—We have no evidence in 2,000 fathoms of any cable, for none has been laid. 81. Your experience has been principally gained in the Mediterranean and in the Red Sea „ Wholly во. 82. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is the greatest depth at which any ‘cable lies, either in the Mediter- ranean or in the Red Sea, which is now in efficient order ?—I will take the Bona and Cagliari cable, that lies in 1,600 fathoms. 83. Is that at the present time in good working order ?—In as good order as any cable of its class could be under the circumstances. It consists of a very slight conductor covered with a thin coating of gutta-percha. 85. But it is in working order ?—Yes. 84. How long has it been down ?— Three years. 86. Has it ever been interrupted ?—It has been constantly interrupted, as the loss of insulation is so very great, but it is a permanent loss of insulation due to the imperfection of the manufacture of the cable. ; 87. It has not become deteriorated since it was first laid down ?—I believe not. 88. It suffered great deterioration at first, but since that it has gone on pretty steadily ?—Yes. 89. (Mr. Varley.) Is it not true that two of the wires are wholly useless, that the third wire is scarcely ever available, and that the fourth one is only par- tially workable ?—.My information is derived only from public sources; I do not know personally whether the wires are good or not, but I have under- stood that three of the wires can be worked through, but there is one of them which is a good deal better than the other three. 90. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) If I understand you correctly with regard to the Bona aud Cagliari cable, if it be а fault, the fault is such as you would attribute to the badness of the manufacture and not to any natural causes which necessarily accompany the lay- ing of any deep sea cable ?—Certainly; I should have attributed the same faults that now exist to the cable when being first shipped ; the faults ought to have been foretold by anyone understanding the subject. 91. (Mr. Saward.) Have you formed any opinion as to the general form and specific gravity of a cable suitable to lay in depths of 21 miles ?—Yes. Anybody who looks over this book of experiments, of which there have been a great many, will see the different results. These are—** Experiments for the Strength of Cables, conducted by Messrs. Gisborne and Siemens for the Government." I have run out in a column in red ink the equivalent in depth of half the breaking strain of a cable, two- thirds of the breaking strain, and the total breaking strain, and alongside of that is the per-centage of the elongation ; and, as a general principle, I find that where the 'elongation at half the breaking strain ex- ceeds one per cent, the cable is not suited for the depth represented by half the breaking strain. For example, I will take sample 7 in this box, and I find that the elongation at half the breaking strain is 2°20 per cent. 92. Are these steel wires or iron wires ? — Iron covered with hemp. The elongation at half the breaking strain represents a depth of 2,755 fathoms ; from that, I should say that that cable is not safe to be laid in 1,000 fathoms of water. 93. Will you now take No. 9 ?—That is composed of steei and hemp. I will take the mean of the experiments, and I find, in round numbers, that half the breaking strain is 0°75 per cent., at what repre- sents à depth of 5,000 fathoms. On that cable the total breaking strain gives an elongation of about two per cent, representing nearly 1,100 fathoms. I may mention ڪھ —— the results are extremely gratifying. in a cable of that sort, assuming the welds to be that I expect to attain results better than these, because I am now conducting a series of experiments which are not yet entered in this book. 94. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) At what angle do you expect cable No. 9 to go out from a ship moving, say, at six knots an hour ?—At 10? ог 11°. 95. In any depth of water ?—Yes, above 100 fathoms. 96. Say 200 fathoms ?—Yes. 97. (Mr. Varley.) Do you think it possible to get in sufficient quantities, in the present state of the market, steel wire for such a cable as the Atlautic cable, and are there any difficulties in the manufacture of a steel-covered cable which render it unfit for deep sea purposes ?— The quantity of steel can be obtained. I have now offers from one steel manufacturer to deliver me 40 tons per week. 98. Are there not serious difficulties in the way of welding steel wires, especially of such a small calibre ? Il have made a very large number of experiments upon steel welded and unwelded, from different manufacturers, and upon steel henip covered, and I find that fairly or skilfully distributed over the cable, the strength is diminished only about half the breaking weight of the one wire where the weld is; that is to say, if this cable has 12 wires in it, and one of those wires is welded in a length of 100 feet, that the loss due to that weld is half the breaking strain of that one wire, 4th of the whole strain, and that I can get rid of that altogether, aud make the steel stronger than itself, counteracting the effect of the weld through other means : thus if I take one of these steel wires and break it by tension and then take a certain quantity of hemp, say, a pound, and put it into a strand and break it, and add the sum of these two together, they make say a ton; I can then put that hemp upon the wire in such a fornt that the hemp and the wire together will bear more weight than the sum of what “they will separately. It may appear a paradox, but I will explain it. The result that I arrive at broadly is this, that the hemp and the iron together, in certain proportions, will bear more weight ‘than the sum of what they will separately; and I ‘account for that in this way :—lIf you take this piece of iron, and lap the hemp round it with a certain lay, in the quantity which experi- ment has proved to be the best, when the strain comes upon it, the first thing that stretches is the steel or the iron; supposing that there is a weak spot in that steel, before that weak spot breaks it will elongate to a certain extent, and then the hemp clasps that weak spot, and gives it the strength that it would have lost were it alone; so that when this steel alone is tested, the breaking strain of that piece of steel is its weakest point; but now I have overcome that weak point by bringing into action the force of the hemp, so that the next time any portion of the materials is giving way it will not be the weakest point of the steel, but the next weakest point, and so the next weakest point will be supported by the hemp, and so on, until the breaking strain of the compound hemp and steel wire is not the weakest point of either of the materials, but it is the mean of both ; by that means I get a com- bination of greater strength than I can obtain sepa- rately. I have now explained the apparent paradox; as I have stated, you get with the materials together a breaking strain the mean of both materials, instead of, when separate, getting the breaking strain of the weakest part of each material. 99. (Mr. Saward.) Have you exposed this hemp and wire-covered cable to water for any lengthened period of time? For some weeks. 100. Does it undergo any alteration of shape? None. The steel wire in the hemp controls it and prevents it shrinking. 101. The shrinking of the hemp in this case would -be an advantage, as it would surround the steel closely ?—' There must not be too much shrinkage ; if SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. ' 7 there is, the first strain will eome upon the hemp and it will part before the iron has got the strain upon it. There is & certain lay and a certain proportion of the materials of steel and hemp by which you can add a very large amount of strength, and for that reason I state that I think that the specific gravity and strength of a cable and its elongation can be appor- tioned so as to ensure the laying at very great depths, and the question of depth becomes to an engineer simply one of the mechanical adaptation of the materials. 102. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you think is the greatest amount of strain that you may safely approach to in paying out a cable, considering that its breaking strain as one, how near may you ap- proach to that ?—One-half I think. I think that you may calculate your cable at half its breaking strain, with the probability that during the paying out you may sometimes attain a higher ratio from. some slight imperfection or disturbance in the paying- out machinery. | 103. Does not that greater strain risk the cable ? — No, not if you have the means at hand to relieve the strain upon the cable, which means ought always to be at hand. 104. Do you think that those means cannot be made self-acting, so as to avoid the danger which you have before mentioned, and which occurs when it is left to the care of a man, that you are liable to get an unequal strain put on ?—No. My opinion is that if you have anything self-acting, it will probably act badly. "Phe principle that I acted upon was this, that when my own hand was not upon the lever of the break, Mr. Newall’s was. A great many things may be made self-acting in the paying- out inachinery, but after all you must depend upon the judgment and the knowledge and wakeful- uess of the man who is handling the break, and I believe with judgment and watchfulness and care you can handle a break in such a way as to know to within ten per cent. what the cable is doing, which of course is very far under its breaking strain. 105. With regard to the means of communication through the cable, will you state what number of words you are able to send through the Red Sea cable ? —The Red Sea cable is working from Aden to Suez by translation at eight words a minute. 106. You have described that as being in perfect order, and therefore the Committee may take that as being the ordinary working of that cable ?—I think, with time and a little more practical manipulation of the iustruments and a little more care, we shall be able to work 10 or 12 words a minute ; 10 words a mi- nute for 500 miles was the amount that was expected when the contract was let, and it was to that amount that the cable was desirable ; we find that the cable will work 10 words a minute through 750 miles at one streteh, and thus my anticipations have been fully carried out. | 107. I understood you to say that your belief is that any cessation or interruption of the action of any of the cables in the Mediterranean is attributable not to any permanent natural causes or permanent diffi- culties, but rather to occasional accidents or a fault in the manufacture ?—Certainly; I know of no instance in which a cable can be proved to have deteriorated electrically or mechanically of its own accord. 108. (Chairman.) Can you give the weight of the copper and gutta-percha in a mile of any cable that you have referred to ?——The Red Sea cable has 180 Ibs. of copper and 212 Ibs. of gutta-percha. 109. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) From your knowledge of what has taken place in the Mediterranean, are you of opinion that there has been any imprudence in the character of the contracts which have been entered into ?—Yes, I think that the contractors have been left а great deal too much to themselves. | 110. Are you of opinion that it is safe for the Go- verument or for any commercial body to contract with a manufacturer to lay a cable at his own risk, leaving him to the choice of his materials and of the form of the cable ?—If you leave the whole risk tothe IL. Gisborne, contractor, you must leave the contract in his hands, and I think it is unadvisable to leave all the risk in his hands ; hineteen-twentieths of the risk consists in the imperfections which is due to the manufacture of the gutta-percha and the copper, with that the con- tractor has nothing to do. Hitherto the contractors who have laid cables have gone to one firm, the Gutta- percha Company, for their core. Private individuals or the Government can deal with the Gutta-percha Company as well as the contractor can. N ow, if the contractor takes all the risk of laying a cable, he not only takes the risk of the loss of the money which he spends himself in covering that cable, in fitting out ships, and putting up machinery, but he also runs the risk of losing the core and having to replace it, the main part of his risk being due to that core. Ido not see why you should throw upon the contractor the onus of replacing an article over which he has no. control. If you supply the core to the contractor and tell him to cover it in a certain manner, and you lay it,—as to any cable that may be lost, you will replace the core and he will replace the covering, —I think that is a principle which is a fair one, dividing the responsibility, because then the perfection of the core becomes a matter of serious moment to you wlio have to replace it if you lose it. You will then take care to look after the Gutta-percha Company, as no contractor can or will. а 111. In these contracts of which you are cognizant, has not the risk of the contractor, where it has been left to him, been confined to only a short period after the laying ?—4A month. 112. Do you think that that gives sufficient Security for their laying them efficiently, and not giving them too much influence with regard to considerations of economy The risk is a commercial element, as much as an engineering one. If you think it worth your while to pay 25 per cent. to an individual, and vou choose to trust to his skill to secure your property, that is your business ; but if you think you can do it better by employing professional men at so much a day or so much a month, you ean do so; my own opinion is that the contractor should run a consider- nble risk, limited to what he has actually expended himself. Take the Gibraltar core or the Red боа cable ; the price of the core of the Red Sea cable was in round numbers about 501. a knot, the price of the covering was about the same ; then the contractor has not only to pay for the core and to pay for the covering, but to supply ships to take it out and lay it, and he would lose all that if he lost the cable ; whereas if you supplied him with the core, all that he would lose would be 501. a knot upon the covering, and upon that 501. a knot is his profit. 113. Is it not the case that in nearly all, or in by far the greater proportion of cables lately, the contractor has dictated the kind of cable to be laid ?—Not in those that I have had to do with. 114. Was it not so in the Mediterranean ?— All that I know about the Mediterranean cables is from hearsay, and what one sees in the Journals. t 115. I understood you to say that with regard to the one to Candia, fhe cable was entirely left to the contractor ?—After my connexion with it ceased. My original specification was for an iron-covered cable about the same size as the Corfu. 116. And subsequently your advice was departed from, and they took their own course ?— Yes ; I did not know that they were going to lay a hemp-covered cable until my partner wrote to me to suy that it was hemp covered. I can give the Committee another instance, in which a cable is being laid under my advice by the Dutch Government, between Singapore and Batavia. The specification was made out by me, and the contract given through me to Mr. Newall, and the cable is being laid. "The manufacture of it was under my control. That cable has gone on board ship entirely perfect. 117. Where is it to be laid ?—In very shallow water only 50 fathoms, ' * е. А 4 Esq. 1. Dec. 1859. 8 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 118. Is that any thicker than the Red Sea cable in the outer covering ?—Slightly thicker. 119. If it were the case that in a large number of instances the contractors dictated the kind of cable that was to be laid, should you not consider that a vicious principle ?— That depends upon whether the contractors know more about it than those who are consulted. 120. Is it not opposed to their interests to some extent; in other words, would not their interest be conflicting with those of their employers to a large extent, with regard to the permanence of the cable more particularly?—As a rule I think it wrong to leave to the contractor the choice of the specification for a cable ; but if commercial people will throw the whole risk upon the contractor's shoulders, he must have the control.of everything. If you say to a con- tractor, you will manufacture a cable for me, to be laid from such a point to such а point, and you shall not be paid until that cable is laid, or if you are, you will give security for it, and after that cable is laid it must work at ten words a minute. Then a con- tractor must design a cable capable of doing the work required, and he then assumes all the responsibility, and ought to have the whole control. I think that is & vicious system. 121. If that sort of contract is made, with a condi- tion that he shall only be responsible for a month after the cable is laid, does not that expose him to tempta- tion to carry it out as cheaply as he can if his respon- sibility is only to hold for a month ?—I think that if a cable will last for a month, it will probably last for years. By lasting a month, I mean that it shows no sign of weakness in a month ; if after a month you cannot detect any electrical fault in it more than is due to the materials you have used, I think that that cable is as likely to last years as days after the expiration of that month. Mr. C. WILLIAM SIEMENS examined. 122. (Chairman.) You are a civil engineer ?— Yes. 123. You have devoted, I believe, considerable attention to electric telegraphs ?—Yes, I have, in connexion with my pertners in the electrical busi- ness. 124. You and your partners, I believe, have the superintendence of a large number of telegraphs on the continent ?—Yes, my partners have. 125. Who are your partner ?—My two brothers and Mr. Halske. 126. You have charge of the Russian telegraphs ? We have. 127. And of the Austrian telegraphs ?—Not the charge of it. | 128. Of the Prussian ?—We have constructed many lines in Prussia and Austria and other parts, but we have only charge of the Russian lines. 129. You have been concerned in the electrical testing of several cables during the progress of laying? —We have had charge of the electrical conditions of the cable during the laying of a number of cables ; most of the cables in the Mediterranean, including the Bona Cagliari, the Channel Islands, the Cag- liari-Malta-Corfu, the Canea-Syra and Pyreus, and several other small cables, besides the Red Sea cables. 130. There are some points connected with the electrical testing of the Red Sea cable as to which Mr. Gisborne stated that you would supply some evi- dence, as that department was in your charge ; will you be so good as to give us an account of the laying of that cable ?—We had several gentlemen from our establishment, amongst them my brother, Werner Siemens, who superintended the electrical conditions of the cable. The cables were first tested on board ship, in order to ascertain that no deterioration in the insulation had taken place since they had left the works. 131. You had tested those cables, I suppose, at the works previously ?—Yes. 132. During the manufacture ?—We had not an official testing, but we tested the cable before it left the works. During the paying out of the cable, we had established a system of connecting the cable on the shore where it was laid to a clock arrangement, by which three connexions were made alternately. One is a connexion of a core of the cable to the earth ; another, & connexion of the cable with the instru- ments ; the third is the insulation of the cable at the end. By this arrangement we can, at known periods, submit the cable on board ship to different tests, in order to ascertain its condition, whether the continuity is perfect, whether the resistance of the gutta-percha does not fall below а mean, and thirdly, what is the charge that this gutta-percha covering will hold. During the progress of the laying of this cable several interesting facts or phenomena presented themselves. The temperature on board ship was exceedingly high, as much as 92? ; the temperature at the bottom of the sea averaged 72° or 73°. During its transit a con- siderable improvement in the insulation took place, as will be observed on inspection of our diagrams, which Mr. Gisborne has presented to the committee. There were other phenomena ; and first in laying the section from Cossier to Suakin, a sudden fault appeared during the paying out ; this fault disappeared again after the lapse of two hours. It wholly disappeared, but four days after the completion of the line the fault reappeared, which, by calculation, was found to be in the exact spot where the fault had appeared during the laying. It is as yet a subject of conjecture what the nature of that fault can be; evidently the fault was perceptible during the time that the cable was in suspense, or had a strain thrown upon it, but dis- appeared when this faulty place had securely reached the bottom, and was relieved of this strain. This proves, I think, that there was in the gutta-percha some fissure or faulty place, which by a slight exten- sion of the cable could admit the water near enough to the conductor to produce defective insulation, but which closed again by the elasticity of the gutta- percha, until by the continued action of the electric current a partial disintegration of the protecting film of insulating medium was produced. Another, and larger fault, appeared in the next section from Suakin to Aden, during its submersion at seven miles distance from Aden, but which was rectified ; that was a fault in the gutta-percha, produced evidently on board ship. In the Mediterranean cables several faults appeared, both immediately in paying them out, and after they had worked for some time satisfactorily. They occurred for the most part in the Canea-Syra line, which, like the first unfortunate Canea-Alexandria line, consisted of a hemp-covered insulated conductor. These faults consisted either of cavities in the gutta- percha covering filled with water, or of places where the copper conductor did lay so very eccentric as to reach very nearly the surface of the gutta-percha. The slight film of insulating medium in these plans afforded a sufficient protection to the conductor during the process of testing, but in allowing & portion of the current to pass, electrolysis appears to set in, which rapidly changes the appearance of the gutta- percha in those places, and destroys its insulating property. In addition to these faults, which must be attributed chiefly to faulty manufacture, this cable, which was laid in 1858, and taken up again last summer, was found to be beset by another enemy in the shape of millions of small shell fish or snails, accompanied by small worms, which had completely destroyed the unsheaved hemp, and eaten some circular holes into the gutta-percha. Professor Ehrenberg, to whom we submitted specimens of those animals, is of opinion that the shell fish only attacks the gutta- percha, but that the little worms accompanying it is SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF. 9 rally the friend of the cable, in destroying the former.* 133. Have you any specimens of those shells ?— Not with ше; but I can furnish you with them. I have brought a piece of the cable itself, showing the ravages of the animals. 134. (Professor Wheatstone.) Was the hemp that was used tarred ?—Yes. 135. Well saturated ?—Yes, as much as usual. 136. Did these animals make their way through to the copper wire No. 137. And this was after 10 years’ immersion ?— No, after one year's. 138. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you know upon what kind of bottom it was where this occurred ? Was it rocky, or sandy, or muddy ?—Mostly rocky; in the seas between Candia and the other Greek islands there is & great deal of rock and sand. 139. Was this piece near the shore ?—No, it was in mid sea. 140. In what depth of water ?—I cannot give the depth at the spot. In taking up the cable in the Mediterranean, which had formerly been laid from Cagliari towards Bona by Mr. Brett, it was found to be covered with corals to a depth of 700 fathoms, after which no coral appeared. I was present during the expedition to Gibraltar, which was a sounding expe- dition, and there we found small animals, apparently of a similar description, at a depth of 900 fathoms. 141. Was that on the coast of Portugal ?—It was off Cape Finisterre. The faults which were found in the Candia cable were probably caused to a great extent by elongation of the core, owing to the insuffi- cient strength of the hemp covering ; but proofs are not wanting that the conductor frequently almost touched the circumference of the insulating gutta- percha. A striking instance of this description occurred only lately during the paying out of a cable from Otranto to Avlano, when a great fault was sud- denly indicated ; the cable was taken back, and the copper wire, for about 12 inches, was found almost to be at the surface—it could be seen in places. 142. Who was the manufacturer of that cable? The Gutta-percha Company manufactured the core, and supplied it to Messrs. Newall and Co., who laid this cable. 143. (Mr. Saward.) Was that cable in the course of its manufacture passed through tar in a heated state, or a mixture of any kind, to preserve it from rust ?!——It was tarred in the usual manner. 144. Was it an iron-covered cable ?—Yes. 145. (Mr. Varley.) Did you examine the gutta- percha in that part of the cable where the wire was exposed ; did you cut it across, and look at a section of it; and did you find the marks which indicate the different layers of the gutta-percha perfect, or that the wire was out of the centre ?—I have not seen that particular piece of wire, it has not come yet ; but. Ihave seen pieces of cable so eccentric, where the * The Government School of Mines, Jermyn Street, My DEAR SIR, . January 4, 1859. THE specimens you have sent me remove all doubt as to the mature of the mischief-maker in the cable. It is a bivalve shell fish, the zylophaga, closely allied to the shipworm (feredo), but di Spade from it, among other peculiarities, by not lining its burrow with shelly matter. The zy a turns beautiful cylindrical burrows, always against tbe grain, in wood; and I have no doubt it perforated the hempen coating of the cable in the same way. On meeting the gutta-percha it seems not to have liked it, and to have turned aside, thus giving rise to the elongated es which we see. Nothing is known, so far as I am aware, of the range in depth of zyophaga, so that I cannot answer your inquiry as to whether it is probable that cables immersed in 000 — 2,000 fathoms water would be attacked or not. The best way would be to determine the point experimentally by аа Д bite of the cable at various depths, and letting them lie for a few mont One thing appears to be consolatory, viz., that the æylophaga is evi- dently repe led by the gutta-percha; for had not such been the case, you w have that substance perforated by continuations of the lindrical burrows which traversed the hempen Yep by destro ing tbe outer covering, therefore, I do not see that kaga is likely to do much damage to the cable. AE the hemp тае well steep 555 moe ор ше Qe toy: hardly ao ug ex a metal sheathin n foun rma- eficient in checkin й P art of the cable. pently к the ravages of zylophaga and teredo in Yours, &c. 8 ed T, 0 UXLBY. Captain Galton, R.E, 9) dun coating seemed to have been disturbed, as though the gutta-percha had been in a semi-fluid condition, I have seen pieces of that description, but in most cases the fault appears to be one of imperfect manufac- ture. There are sometimes air-bubbles in the gutta- percha when it is not made with sufficient care, which will allow the cable to resist perfectly, until it is put toa severe working test. ‘These causes should be examined more closely into, and I think there is no difficulty in manufacturing & cable without any such holes and eccentric places, if the cable be property tested, both at the gutta-percha works and at the works of the manufacturers of the cable. 146. (Chairman.) You would propose to apply peculiar tests during the manufacture for the purpose of discovering eccentricities, would you not ?—Ihave suggested a mode of finding places of slight insula- tion by charging the cable with static electricity, and allowing the discharge to take place across those places, in anticipation of what the continued working of the cable would produce ultimately. 147. You imagine that those weak places, in the first place, are liable to allow a current of electricity at a high tension to pass through, and in the second place are liable to gradual deterioration by the chemical action which is taking place by the escape of the electricity at those defectively insulated parts, is not that the case ?—There is evidently great chemical action going on in the cable by the passage of a current, the proof of it is the current of polarization; when the cable has been charged for some time by the current, a return current will flow out. This return current is greater in badly insulated cables than in well insulated cables, and proves clearly some change or some chemical action having taken place. It is therefore highly probable, judging from the altered appearance, that in those places of thin insula- tion an excessive chemical action will set in which will disintegrate the gutta-percha, but it is equally certain that where a sufficient wall of insulated gutta- percha intervenes, no perceptible destruction of the gutta-percha takes place, otherwise it would have appeared in those cables which have been worked for some years, especially in the Dover and Calais or the Malta and Corfu line, which latter has been worked for several years, and which has not failed till lately, as it appears, by lightning. 148. Have you any evidence as to that being an accident ?—I have no positive evidence, but I have & piece of the same core which was acted upon by lightning, and it speaks for itself (producing a piece of telegraphical cable). 149. Where was this acted upon ?—In the Medi- terranean ; it was at the Corfu end, I believe. 150. Was that on the shore or in the sea ?—Near the shore. 151. (Mr. Varley.) How was it struck ?—In the land line. I find that a piece of the Gibraltar core will retain the static charge for a considerable time, disappearing only gradually. I also find if the thick- ness of the wall is materially diminished, a discharge takes place across the gutta-percha, which establishes a passage for a galvanic current from the conductor to the surrounding water. Now such a discharge cannot, I conceive, injure the remaining part of the coating, and altogether the static electricity would not act in asufficient quantity to produce any chemical change upon the mass of the insulating medium. I therefore am of opinion that in order to ensure the safety of a cable, it is advisable to find out the places where the insulating medium is not of a suitable thickness, and rather to destroy that portion of the cable than allow it to be submerged. 152. Do not you find that when in an electric cable the static discharge is considerable at any opening made by any weak places, the larger the opering the more liable it is to admit water, consequently making the discovery of the defective place more certain than when you are operating on shore lines No doubt; we want to make as great a discharge as pos- sible, therefore the longer the cable is, = greater Mr. C. W. Siemens. 1 Dec. 1859. Mr. C. W, Siemens. 1 Dec. 1859. s. the discharge we shall have, and the surer wil be thé indication of those faulty places. | ` 153. (Mr. L. Clark.) Does not a 10-feet Leyden jar attached to a piece of cable give a very strong indi- cation when you have passed the faulty places ?— Yes, it probably would. | . 154. (Mr. Varley.) I should like to ask you for & little more explanation about the return current that you spoke of, from badly insulated cables. I did not clearly understand what you meant by that ?—When the cable is badly insulated, I find the current pro- ceeding from the cable, after it has been subjected to the current from the battery, is more powerful than a return current would be in a well insulated cable. . 155. Do you mean a cable containing a defect in it, which renders it badly insulated, or do you mean a cable which is merely covered with an insulating material of a less insulating power; do you mean to fay, that a cable having a defect that admits water would give more return current than a cable that has no such defect ?—If the fault has become a great one, then the return current will be lessened; but if the cable is simply defective, from containing a number of eccentric places, or if the cable is honeycombed, as it has been found to be to a great extent in some of these cables, then this return current is more power- ful and more enduring than it would be from a thickly insulated core. | 156. You mean soundly insulated ?—Yes. There is another proof of chemical action in cables. If there is & point of bad insulation, it is found that by passing a positive current for & length of time through this cable, it can be restored to a tolerably good condition of insulation. This circumstance was first taken advantage of by my brother, to maintain the early underground line wires in Prussia in working condition, and has also been resorted to to improve the condition of submarine cables ; but it would be very dangerous, I consider, to trust to such means, because this re-establishment of insulation is effected at the expense of actual decomposition of the copper conduetor. Wefind ihat the copper has been oxidized away in some instances, and the insulation has been partially restored for a while on account of this oxida- tion; but where such places exist, the cable cannot be of a permanent description. | 157. (Professor Wheatstone.) Are you aware that Mr. Hip, the superintendent of the Swiss telegraph, made an experiment of that kind, and that it has remained two years since the cure was effected in that manner ?—Yes; but in the course of time the copper will be eaten off. I think it is not a safe mode; it is an effectual mode of patching the cable, but I think a cable so patched would not be fit for continued use, and it would not be a cable that should be accepted as perfect. 158. (Mr. Varley.) Supposing а cable has a defect in it, and consequently cannot be worked, excepting in that way, you may then get a considerable amount of workout of it by 5 ?—No doubt. 159. Have you any information as to any case be- sides that one which has been mentioned, in which a cable has been restored to working order for any length of time — The Bona cable has been restored to a very good working order in that way, but it can only be restored for a time; the effect of those posi- tive currents is lost nfter it has been worked in the usual way. ! 160. (Chairman.) What is the exact chemical action which takes place from the positive current ? —The effect is the oxidation of the copper. I have seen pieces of copper so acted upon. 161. Then the copper becomes its own insulating materiul, from the oxide of copper outside of it ?— That appears to be the effect, and it shows clearly that decomposition of the water must have taken place, in order to produce oxide upon the copper. 162. With reference to Mr. Gisborne’s evidence, what is your opinion generally as to the risk of laying cables in deep water, if properly made as to strength and specific gravity?—I can only corroborate on prin- & a. 10 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE ciple, and as the result of past experience what Mr. Gisborne said, that if a cable is properly made, and properly designed for its work, it can be laid with perfect safety in deep water. The strain upon the cable bears a proportion to the depth of the water in which it is laid, and therefore it is simply a question of calculation whether a cable can be produced that can be laid in a given depth without bringing any regular strain upon it exceeding a certain safe amount, which should certainly not exceed one-half the break- ing strain, taking care that the cable does not elongate with that strain beyond the limit of elasticity of the copper conductor, or say one-half per cent. What you, I suppose, wish me more particularly to refer to is the electrical condition; there I really see no reason why a cable in deep water, say 2,000 fathoms, should not last as long as in shallower water. It is true that ‘under such pressure a change may occur as to the degree to which chemical action extends, or the rate at which it operates upon the gutta- percha: It is possible that under this heavy pressure some of the water, which we know is contained in gutta-percha, may be set free, so that the copper can more freely act upon it. In cables of sufficient insulating medium the chemical action appears to throw itself upon weak places only, and if а cable in deep sea has a thickness of insulating material proportioned to the greater facility for the chemical action that may exist at the greater depth, I cannot see any danger in having deep sea cables. Experience, I think, proves rather the comparative safety of deep sea cables. In the Meditcrranean no cable has lasted better than the Corfu and Malta cable, and if reports are true, it is now only injured by atmospheric influence, not by any cause proceeding from the depth of the water. ‘The Cagliari cable has remained, so far as I know, in the same state as it was in the beginning. One of the wires was defective when it was first laid; it was found that the splice had not been well made. ' The fourth wire was re- stored to working condition, but the cable has never been in first-rate condition ; it never has been well insulated, owing te the extreme thinness of the in- sulating medium. I think it has two coverings, but they are exceedingly thin. 163. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Who manufactured that cable? — The core was manufactured by the Gutta-percha Company, and the cable was laid by Newall and Company. : | 164. (Mr. Clark.) Have you any information as to the state of insulation of the Sicily and Cagliari cable? I have not. О 165. (Mr. Saward.) With regard to the injury oc- curring to these cables by lightning, is it not possible to make such arrangements on shore as to avoid the possibility of those injuries, by means of lightning conductors ?—I think there are several means by which those dangers might be avoided. The first is, to put à good lightning discharger near the place. of the landing of the cable. It is not sufficient, I con- sider, to place such a lightning discharger near the station, because lightning, striking the suspended land wire, will not find sufficient discharge at the station, but will discharge in both directions, and the cable may be injuriously affected by such discharge. A very safe way of avoiding the lightning discharges upon the cable, where there are short land lines con- nected with them, is, in my judgment, a wire sus- pended in contact with the earth over the land wire in connexion with the cable. Such an arrangement would be very inexpensive. | : 166. ( Chairman.) You mean close to it ?—Over it. 167. At no great distance ?— The distance is im- material ; two or three feet over the insulated wire. 168. And a larger wire than the insulated wire ?— I should prefer a larger wire, in order to make it ca- pable of carrying off the lightning discharge ; and I would connect this wire with the earth either at every post, or at least at frequent intervals. This wire would require no insulator, and would act simply as & safeguard’; it would have an additional ` “SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. — — 11 advantage in preventing slight fluctuations of atmo- spheric electricity from affecting the working of the instruments. The submarine instruments are natu- rallv of a very delicate description, and it is advisable to avoid disturbing influences as much as . possible. An arrangement of this description would place the land wire, as it were, between two earths, and remove from it all atmospheric electric influences. 007 169. (Mr. Varley.) Do not you think, if a wire werê put deeply underground, covered with gutta- percha, that it would remove all the difficulty at once, and more efficaciously than that plan of placing one. wire over the conducting wire ?—N o doubt а deep underground wire would effectually remove the diffi- culty ; but underground wires in connexion with the submarine conductors for some reasons are objection- able, and sometimes even impracticable. "The shore in many cases is rocky and precipitous, and it is desi- rable to test the submarine line as much as possible without reference to any other disturbing causes. If a fault exists, we can determine, nd doubt, where that fault exists, whether in the land line or in the sea line ; but if several faults exist, it is more difficult to deter- mine with precision where the fault lies ; so that, in order to keep an exact record of the condition of the submarine line, I think it desirable to divest it as much as possible of underground lines. T g ` 170. Do you consider that an underground line would be more liable to irregularity than an over- ground line ?—It would be more liable to changes of insulation; an underground line of wire is considered not so safe as a submarine line; it is more liable to disturbances by land slips, by attacks from animals, and by accidents of various descriptions. | 171. (Chairman.) Do you know of any cases of underground wires being injured by lightning ?—I am aware of instances in which an underground line has been injured by lightning. 172. (Mr. Saward.) Have you given any special attention to the law which regulates the speed of cur- rents through long insulated conductors ?—1 have paid attention to that subject. | | 173. Have you formed any opinion as to the ratio in which the retardation of the current increases with the increased length of the conductor, as to whether it increases as the square, or in what ratio ? —This question is one of considerable intricacy. There are certain laws regulating the flow of electri- city in the conductors; there is one law on the subject known by the name of Ohm's law, there is another law regulating the induction or the charge of the insulating covering which regulates the resistance of conductors. Now the retardation is the product of those two laws operating one against the other. If the cable is merely extended in length, without in- creasing either the conductor or the insulating cover- ing, the power of speaking through this cable will decrease very much in the square ratio of the length ; but it is possible to construct a cable for any reasonable speed of communication through it, if scope is given to the proportion of the conductors and the thickness of the insulating medium to the length. | 174. Then it is a question of the size relatively of the conductor and the insulator ?—Quite so, provided the insulating material remains the same. 175. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Are there any sub- marine cables in the Russian dominions ?—There are some short lines; one from Cronstadt to Oranicubaum. 176. In what depth-of water ?—In very shallow water. That cable was laid by the firm with which ] am connected in 1853. TD 177. Is there any deep sea cable at all in the Rus- sian dominions ?—There is not. | 178. (Mr. Clark.) Have you had any experience of insulation by india-rubber ?— My experience of india-rubber, as an insulator, is very limited. I have seen some of the earliest india-rubber coated wire; it was laid in Russia by Jacobi, and it appears that the india-rubber has not changed jts nature materially by the working aud the time it. has been exposed. Those wires are’ partly under water and. partly under gtound. I have seen some tests lately of india-rubber- coated wire, which certainly speak very much in favour of that substance; and it may be a question whether it could not be advantageously applied in many cases, either separately or in conjunction with gutta-percha, It would certainly be free from many of the difficulties under which gutta-percha has hitherto laboured. 1t would be free from cavities, and it would not be affected by heat and elongation of the conductor in disturbing the centre; but whether. its present state of manufacture is sufficiently perfect to warrant its application on a large scale, J am not- prepared to say. | 179. (Mr. Varley.) Supposing an india-rubber- covered wire to be bent sharply, and left in а warm temperature for some time, do you find that it main- tains its centre as well as gutta-percha covered wire, or do you find that it comes out of the centre? Have you tried any experiments, with & view to ascertain whether an india-rubber covered wire would resist & kink in which the cable would be turned round sharply better than a wire covered with gutta-percha? I have not carefully made the experiment, but from the observations I have made, I consider that india- rubber being much more elastic than gutta-percha will not yield to the action of continued pressure in the same way that gutta-percha does. 180. I ask that question, because my experience has gone rather in the opposite direction. * Mr. Gisborne stated that while the Red Sea cable was at Suez, its insulation at the temperature was so imper- fect before it was submerged, that they eould not work through it. You stated that you could give some evidence upon that point; it would be very interesting and important, if you could give something like an idea as to the cause why communication was wholly. impossible at that time ?— Communication through the coil on board was rendered difficult from two causes. The first was the volta induction of one.wire upon the other in the coil, which. always interferes. greatly with speaking through coils; but in the Red Sea cable the insulation became very considerably affected by the excessive temperature on board also. So that for those two reasons it was found advisable to. divide the coil on board ship in paying it out, by pricking the cable at intermediate points. It would certainly have been possible to speak through the whole length, but the test would pot have been so uniform. 181. With regard to the insulation, have you any idea of the amount of deterioration in the insulation from the temperature, which I believe was 92° in the hold of the vessel ?—Between the limits of 92° in the hold of the vessel, and 70? or 72? at the bottom of the ocean, the iusulation or the resistance of the gutta- percha very nearly doubled ; so that when it waa sub- merged, one half of the current passed through the. gutta-percha that passed when the cable was on board the ship. | 182. (Mr. Clark.) Do you suppose that the cable itself was in a temperature of 92° on board, or the air in the hold ?—I was not present, but I understand the cable itself. | : 183. (Mr. Varley.) You have stated that there was а fault in the cable laid to Suakin, that this fault disappeared for awhile, and then re-appeared, and was tolerably steady ; that fault, I believe, has: not been picked up ?—No ; this fault re-appeared after а few days; for ten days it increased very rapidly, but at the end of one month it had assumed a uniform condition. | ко | | 184. The fault did not impede the working much ? —It never impeded the working of the instruments. 185. What was the nature of the current used for testing that fault or working through it—was ita ers current or a negative current? We used oth. ) | 186. Alternately ?— Les, taking a mean of several observations with both currents. ZEE 187. (Chairman.) To revert to the question of coveriug the wire with india-rubher ; do vou think india-rubber can be nsed: with- advantage as.irinsu- B 2 Mr. C. W. Siemens. 1 Dec. 1859, Mr. C. W. Siemens. eee 1 Dec. 1859. 12 lator, until it can be put on through a die, like gutta- percha ?— The chief difficulty in the application of india-rubber is, I believe, the manufacture. I do not think that genuine india-rubber can be put on by a die. The best india-rubber for insulation is the native or bottle india-rubber ; whereas after it has been worked up it is no longer in the same condition. Whether it is suitable for insulating a submarine conductor without the application of another substance, I am not pre- pared to say. The india-rubber is softer than the gutta-percha; and I have some doubt whether it might not receive injury by a partial pressure squeezing it away from the conductor, unless it was protected by some more rigid substance. Those are points of detail which experience must show ; but I think it deserves great attention as an insulator on account of its closeness of texture, its elasticity, and high insu- lating properties. | | | 188. Have you had any experience of insulation by vulcanized india-rubber ?—No. 189. (Mr. Varley.) Had your previous remarks with regard to the test of india-rubber in & kink against pressure, reference to the bottle india-rubber or such india-rubber as is at present used for covering telegraphic wires ?—I tried some experiments, with the bottle india-rubber, and I came to the conclusion that india-rubber would be more suitable for with- standing continued effort than gutta-percha. In some of those cables that have partially failed it is evident that the strain upon the cable in paying them out has permanently altered the tension of the copper; and the gutta-percha being of a more elastic nature wants to recover its original position, causing the copper to be too long for the cable and to buckle out gradually, whereas india-rubber would no doubt yield to the copper, and assume with it the new length. | 190. Owing to its weaker tension ?—O wing to its weaker tension and its greater elasticity. 191. ( Chairman.) Have you not made some experi- ments upon the relative power of india-rubber and gutta-percha to retain charges of electricity ?—I have made some experiments. 192. What is the result of those experiments ?—I found that gutta-percha alone did not hold the charge well nor for any length of time, owing, as appears to me, to its greater facility of decomposition by the current, whereas india-rubber alone holds the charge for a very considerable time, for hours. In the Gibraltar cable a more tentative quality is produced by Chatterton’s compound, which I am informed con- tains a considerable proportion of india-rubber, so that its greater power to hold the charge may be owing to that addition. 193. (Mr. Clark to Mr. Gisborne.) Is it the fact that Chatterton's compound contains india-rubber ?— There is no india-rubber in Chatterton’s compound. Mr. Siemens.) I merely made the suggestion ; the fact is, that the Gibraltar cable retains the charge better. 194. (Chairman.) And not owing to the extra thickness of the gutta-percha ?—I think the same thickness of pure gutta-percha would not retain the charge so well. | | 195. (Mr. Saward.) Referring to the questions which you were good enough to answer me, is not our brother in possession of a formula for the calcu- lation of the retardation of the current ?—Yes, my brother has investigated this subject thoroughly. 196. Is it public ?—It has been published in the Scientific Memoirs. "The principal formula expresses the capacity of an insulated wire of any known length and section, the specific inductive capacity of the insulating medium being all known. It is as follows :— ЕР Capacity R K, in which 1, is the length; | В, the radius of covered wire ; r, the radius of conductor ; K, the inductive capacity. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE For the correct understanding of this formula it is necessary to add S an the capacity of a Franklin plate 1 K. S, being the surface ; d, the thickness ; K, the inductive capacity. 197. (Chairman.) Assuming india-rubber to be as good a conductor or better than gutta-percha, is not the difficulty of using it wholly confined to putting it on mechanically? — Putting it on mechanically in a satisfactory manner is no doubt the most apparent difficulty. If that difficulty should be satisfactorily . solved, there remains another, I think, whether india- rubber is sufficiently rigid to he trusted without adding some other medium to it or surrounding it with some other plastic substance that would add rigidity to it; but that could easily be found if the first question, that of manufacturing it in such a way that it would be impossible to have any flaws or bad joints in the covering, was thoroughly removed. It is manufactured now generally by wrapping it round. I have seen specimens very well cemented by Messrs. Silver & Co., but very irregular in thickness, and that would be & serious objection to manufacturing it into & cable, because the iron covering would not lie to it well. 198. May not every joint in that wrapping be the cause of an electrical defect ?— Yes, во long as there is & joint. If it could not be proved that there is perfect continuity established, I should have very great doubts of its answering as an insulator. 199. (Mr. Saward.) Is it not a fact also that the slightest contact of oil or grease with india-rubber destroys it ?—It does so. There are some specimens which I have seen which are very much affected by some such cause, inasmuch as the india-rubber nearest the wire becomes semi-fluid. The insulating property of the india-rubber is, however, not dimi- nished thereby, and, unless the softening influence continues to extend, no harm would be done. This, however, can be guarded against, either by carefully avoiding the pressure of grease, or by coating the conductor first and last with gutta percha or some other gum. 200. Have you seen the composition invented by Mr. Wray, of india-rubber in combination with some other materials, which I believe he has patented ; it presents an appearance somewhat resembling gutta- percha аз to its hardness ?—I have not examined it. 201. (Chairman.) Have you ever seen a piece of copper wire insulated with india-rubber through which & current of electricity has been passed more than once in which some chemical decomposition has not taken place ?—Yes, І have seen some specimens that were laid down by Jacobi many years ago; I believe in 1847. 202. Submarine ?—$Submarine and underground; I think it would hardly make any difference. 203. In those specimens of Jacobi's, was the india- rubber in contact with the copper wire that was the best preserved as well as that which was the worst preserved ?—Yes. 204—5. (Mr. Varley.) Does not india-rubber some- times melt on the outside as well as on the inside, if it is exposed to any external agent ?—I have observed the effect only in some specimens nearest the wire ex- cept where india-rubber had been exposed to oil or to excessive heat. In many specimens, including those from St. Petersburgh, no such effect has been observed. Respecting the Gibraltar core, I would still observe that its insulation is exceedingly perfect at present, owing partly to the comparatively great thickness of insulating medium employed, and partly, no doubt, to its being put on in three successive layers ; whereas, hitherto only two layers have been used. Moreover, greater care is used to insure concentricity and uniform quality of coating, owing to the severe tests applied. ‘This will be the first core that will be tested under pressure at the gutta-percha works, and in order to increase the usefulness of these tests, I propose to raise the temperature of the water in the pressure tank is expressed by SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. to a uniform degree not less than 75° Fahrenheit, which is the highest degree the water of the canal attains during summer. At this comparatively elevated tem- perature gutta-percha is more pliable than at lower degrees, and will, therefore, yield móre readily to the external pressure which will be applied to force the water into cavities, which cavities will be detected by the tests with static electricity, which I have also proposed to apply. Another material advantage will 13 be gained, inasmuch as the results of the gaivano- meter or conductivity tests of the gutta-percha covering will admit of direct comparison (being greatly influenced by change of temperature in a ratio which has unfortunately not yet been determined by reliable experiments), and the loss of current by its conductivity will be as great as it is ever likely to be in summer, and greater than it will be at the bottom of any ocean. Adjourned to To-morrow at Two o'clock. -———— À———— —Á——————————————— — Friday, 2nd December 1859. PRESENT: Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. The Right Hon. J. STUART Wort ey. Mr. SAWARD. | CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAR. Mr. FREDERICK RICHARD WINDOW examined. 206. ( Chairman.) You are a civil engineer?—I am. 207. Have you given especial attention to the sub- ject of submarine telegraphy ? —Yes. 208. Will you state briefly your views upon the subject of ocean telegraphy to the Committee ?—I have noted down a few points which I thought might be interesting to the Committee. When we treat of the best means of forming an ocean tele- graph, I think we must make a distinction between that and the ordinary submarine telegraphs such as have been laid down at present. By that I mean to distinguish the two, ordinary submarine telegraphs I consider those of inconsiderable length laid in moderately deep water, and somtimes also in deep water. Ocean telegraphs are long lines in deep water. Now those should be very differently treated; the scientific portion of course is exactly the same, but still we may, as engineers, look upon them in a very different light. Ocean telegraphs, when they are affected by an injury, cannot be recovered ; and ordinary submarine telegraphs (still adhering to the expression “ ordinary ") when they are injured can be recovered, and can be mended, and resume work- ing. Consequently, it seems to me, that it is an affair of capital in the one case, and of revenue in the other, that is to say, in the case of an ocean telegraph, you should desire so to construct it, even at the expense of a very large outlay, that you may, as far as possible, avoid any chance of accident. With an ordinary sub- marine telegraph in shallower water you may use a smaller mileage capital ; but then you would increase your yearly expenses by repairs. 209. That is to say, you may make a less efficient line and spend less money per mile ?—Yes ; I mean to say that you need not to go to the limit of perfection for an ordinary submarine line, but that you must do so for an ocean telegraph. I do not know it of my own knowledge, but I have heard that the Inter- national Telegraph Company have had to spend some 15,000/. a year in the repairs of their lines, 210. Are you referring to Mr. Stephenson's state- ment ?— Yes ; now that represents & capital of some 300,000L., and I do not think there is any doubt that if half of that sum had been additionally expended in laying down the same number of wires in a proper cable, in all probability the yearly expenditure would not have been greater than that of the Submarine Company, who state that their lines have not cost them more to repair than an average of 5001. a year. The result would have been a saving of some 150,000, to the company. 211. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Is it within your knowledge that Mr. Stephenson repudiated that state- ment, as it was reported. Have you ever communi- cated with him since ?—No, I have not. It is not within my knowledge. 212. Very shortly after Mr. Stephenson was re-, ported to have made that statement, I had occasion to communicate with him upon the subject, and he authorised me to state, that he had been reported as Bpeaking far too generally; that his observations were intended to apply to the International lines in which they had, much upon the principle to which you have adverted, used imperfect cables, and that they had, consequently, been subjected to great expense in re- pairs, but that he did not mean to apply it to ocean telegraphy or marine telegraphy generally. I un- derstand you to say that you are not aware of that correction ?—I am not aware of that correction. You will observe, that I instanced the case of the Inter- national telegraph lines. I think we may distinguish, for argument, an ocean line as exceeding 300 miles in length, and in water of 2,000 fathoms depth. Now I am not aware of any line at present existing, fulfilling those conditions. The nearest approach to an ocean line, leaving the Atlantic line out of the question, is the late Corfu line ; it is known that that line is un- fortunately lost. I was present yesterday at the examination of Mr. Siemens, and I heard that he referred the loss of that line to accident ; however in any case we know that it is lost. Now I think that it is the duty of engineers, as far as lies in their power, to reduce the chance of accident within the smallest possible limits. The chance of all the acci- dents that have hitherto been known to have occurred to submarine lines would, in my belief, have been lessened by adding to the working parts of the cables. I do not mean to say that all accidents would necessarily have been averted, but the chance of accident would have been materially diminished. There are three principal causes of the loss of ocean cables ; first, in laying them ; secondly, from too great resistance of the conductors ; and, thirdly, to having a too feeble wall of insulating medium. As ocean lines if lost cannot be recovered, they should be made entirely suited to their work, regardless of cost, With respect to the first-mentioned cause of loss, namely in laying, that[may be materially lessened without adding to the expense, simply by а more careful adaptation. of the coating for the purpose which it is to fulfil. The re- sistance of the conductor and the better insulation can only be remedied by adding to the expense. I think that one of the principal causes why telegraphic lines have been imperfectly made up to the present time is, that unfortunately engineers have been too little consulted, and that concessionaires have had too much the conduct of the matter. Concessionaires are | B з Mr. C. W. Siemens. 1 Dec. 1859. Mr. F. R. Window. 2 Dec. 1859. Mr. F. R. Window. 2 Dec. 1859. F551 ———— — 14 | MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE not necessarily engineers, in fact we know several that are not; their interest is not entirely in the last- ing of the line, they are bound by their concession to supply a line by a certain date, and they naturally go to a contractor, with a request that he will supply a proper line for a certain sum of money, which is limited necessarily by their concession. The manu- facturer supplies it at the price required, and it succeeds or it fails. Iam sure that the Committee will not suppose for an instant, that I am warring against any individuals, but simply against a system; the sys- tem has been tried, and from the numerous losses which have occurred, I believe the system may be pronounced to have failed. In consequence of this system, telegraphic matters now have got into a dead-lock; the public will not subscribe any capital for such enterprises, unless under guarantees from the Governments interested in their formation; and from a mistaken idea of economy, originating in a misconception of the real requirements of ocean lines, the Governments refuse to give & guarantee upon & sufficient capital to make an entirely suitable line. was not made upon that system, was it —I do not eay that it was; I believe it was not. 214. Therefore the failure of that cable could not be attributed to the system to which you have re- erred ?—No ; but the cable was unsuited to its work, and its failure must be attributed in this, as in other cases, to that cause. The Atlantic was the first ocean telegraph attempted, and we did not then possess so extended a nowledge on the subject as, has since been acquired. But even in those days sufficient was known of submarine telegraphy to induce the belief that the original capital of the Atlantic Company—reduced by one-fifth, as it was said to be, by payments to concessionnaires,—was far too small to create a proper and efficient line. Instead of first getting the concession, then finding out what capital is likely to be raised or can be raised, and then ordering a cable to suit. that capital, I do not think it can be doubted for an in- stant but that you ought first of all to design a cable completely suited for its work, and then to base the capital upon that estimate. While I am recom- mending what may appear a reckless cost in the manufacture of ocean telegraphs, it must be remem- bered that in increasing the expense of the line you are increasing also, perhaps not quite in the same ratio, the capacity of the line for earning revenue. Because by adding to its working parts you add materially to its facilities for transmitting signals. Now, I think you will admit that in long ocean telegraphs, and here I may instance the Atlantic telegraph, it is scarcely likely that that line would ever be an instant vacant ; that is to say, you will be able to find as many messages to transmit as you are able to send. If you can send ten words or twenty words a minute, you will find ten or twenty words to be sent ; and also from the difference of longitude, probably the line must be kept working day and night. Consequently I do not think it would be for an instant idle. Therefore the power of transmission will be the sole limit of the income it can earn, and by increasing the one you increase the other. 215, With regard to the failure of ocean РЕЗЕ can you state what the mileage is of the telegraphs that have failed, exclusive of the Atlantic telegraph, in proportion to that which has been successful ?—I am not prepared to give you that information ; there are scarcely any ocean telegraphs. 216. There are none that you call ocean eleg apt —No. (Mr. Gisborne.) I have a statement of the cables laid, broken, and lost up to May 1858, and I find about 3,000 miles of cable laid, of which 1,000 miles were lost or broken; and that includes the Balaklava and Varna line, which was laid of simple gutta-percha, and the-Eupatoria line, which was also laid of simple gutta- percha, so that putting those two ' out of the question, it would appear that out of 2,500 miles laid there were some 500 miles lost up to Mey 1858. (Mr. Window.) Since May 1858 many of the lines then laid, and at work, have failed ; and also several others have been lost in the attempt to lay them in deep water. should have been made up to the present time ; it would possibly have shown a different result. In comparing the telegraph lines which have failed, with those which have been properly and successfully made and laid, and have remained in working order, there is no propriety in excluding the case of the Atlantic, which failed from preventable causes, and is the chief example of the disastrous result of starving a cable to proportions inadequate to its work, . in order to keep down the capital within a certain ‚виш. In the remarks which I have made to the Committee, I have referred chiefly to ocean tele- graphs; I do not know of any ocean telegraph now | | pear aa existing. 213. (Chairman.) The Atlantic telegraph’ cable ` 217. (Chairman. ) Your argument generally is that an ocean telegraph should be very substantially made, and much more substantially than those laid in shallow water ?—Yes. 218. Have you carefully considered the best means of insulating conductors for submarine telegraphy ? 5 I have. 219. What is your opinion as to the merits of gutta- percha and india-rubber comparatively for the pur-. pose of insulation ?—I consider that gutta-percha, though not entirely suited from its nature for very deep sea telegraphy, is certainly the best tbing to employ that we know of at present; I say at present, because there are several substances now proposed as insulators which promise well, but we have not yet any practical experience of their fitness. I do not consider gutta-percha perfect for such a use from its cheesey nature, if I may so express it, its softness ; and although it is not so good an insulator as I should desire to see, I do not think that our knowledge of the means of preparing india-rubber for telegraphic purposes is at present sufficiently advanced to justify us in employing it. 220. You have considered Mr. Silver's process, bave not you, a good deal ?—I have ; I have seen several specimens which were represented as having been made by Mr. Silver's process that were in & state of decomposition. | 221. Do you think the numerous joints which 1 re- sult from the employment of Silver's process would create a liability to failure ?—I do not, because, as I understand Mr. Silver's process, the joints cease to be joints ; when the cable is finished, it is made omoge neous by a process that I am not aware of. | 222. Have you a specimen of vulcanized india- rubber ?—I have, and I shall be happy to show it to the Committee. 223. Do you think that vulcanized india-rubber - is a material that is likely to be of use in submarine telegraphy ?—I think it is a direction in which it would be useful to make some inquiries, because I be- lieve if it were possible to use vulcanized india-rubber as an insulator, it would be the best of all possible insulators for submarine telegraphy. | 224. Why?—In the first place it is a very first-rate insulator ; and in the next piace it is almost impossible to damage it. 225. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Is vulcanized india- rubber a superior insulator to bottle india-rubber ?— Iam not able to say of my own knowledge; but I have been informed that it is so. 226. (Professor Wheatstone.) Are you aware whe- ther any experiments have been made with vulcanized india-rubber ?—$Sir William Snow Harris tells me that he has made some experiments, and that he finds it very considerably superior to any other Such a statement, to have any value, : SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH: COMMITTEE. preparation of india-rubber or gutta-percha. - One great advantage of vulcanized india-rubber over any other insulator for ocean telegraphy is, that it is almost impossible to damage it ; you might put it on an anvil, and hammer it with & sledge hammer, and you would not damage it in the slightest degree. 227. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Are you aware whe- ther vulcanized india-rubber is as liable to deteriora- tion in sea water as it is in the air ?—Of my own knowledge I do not know; I have been informed that it is quite indestructible in sea water. It is exten- sively used for valves in marine engines, and I am informed that they are uninjured by the action of the salt water. 228. (.Mr. Saward.) Is not sulphur used in the preparation of vulcanized india-rubber ?—Y es. 229. (To Mr. Siemens.) Can you give the Com- mittee any information as to the use of vulcanized india-rubber as an insulator ?——M y brother commenced with vulcanized gutta-percha as an insulator, which was a better insulator than unvulcanized gutta-percha, but it had to be given up, because there was a chemical action upon the copper taking place on the part of the sulphur. The sulphur acted upon the copper, pro- ducing the sulphuret of copper, which sulphuret of copper dispersed itself through the mass of the insu- lating medium, and rendered it an imperfect insulator. I have not made any experiment with vulcanized india-rubber, but I should be apprehensive that a similar action would take place if vulcanized india- rubber were brought near a copper conductor. (Mr. Gisborne.) I know that that is the case. 230. (Mr. Saward.) Would not vulcanized india- rubber also be liable to decomposition from the salts of the sea ?—I am not aware. ` 231. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) It is exceedingly liable to decomposition in the air under common circum- stances if we may judge from the india-rubber rings which rot in our drawers ?—( Mr. Siemens.) I believe if there is too much sulphur in the composition it deteriorates very rapidly. ` 232. (Mr. Stuart Wortley to Mr. Window.) Have you from your experience any reason to know that there is a liability to chemical action from the proxi- mity of vulcanized india-rubber and copper ?—I have a specimen to which I wish to draw the attention of the Committee, not of vulcanized india-rubber upon copper, but vulcanized india-rubber upon brass ; and it has this peculiarity that, during the process of curing, the brass and the vulcanized india-rubber be- come one ; there appears to be some chemical union between the two, and beyond the mere surface which is affected at the instant of curing, the sulphur does not go any further into the metal. The inventor of that first of all employed it for putting india-rubber tires on to wheels; he drove the dog cart, on the wheels of which those tires were used, for two years. Ibelieve that is six years ago, and he says that the wheels are still in a perfect condition. 233. (Chairman.) Who invented this process of coating brass with india-rubber ?——Mr. Daft, of Tottenham. | 234. Is he the patentee of the india-rubber wheels? —He is. 235. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) I understand you to say that you consider vulcanized india-rubber would not be liable to injury from chafing or from any me- ehanical injury ‘—That I believe is found to be the case. 236. At the same time being an excellent insulator and very pliable ?— Les. 237. Is there any danger of vulcanized india-rubber splitting in a kink ?—None whatever. The great 1§ secret of vulcanized india-rubber is properly curing Mr. it. It should be sulphurized with sulphur, and not F. R. Window. with any liquid compound, and it should be cured at & certain temperature. If that temperature is ex- ceeded, which I believe is very often the case, the produet does not show any fault at first, and that is how such a very large quantity of bad vulcanized india-rubber gets into the market, but in the course of & few months that which is over-cured, that is to Bay, exposed to too great a heat in the curing, rots. 238. Is there not a danger of pure india-rubber splitting at too great a point of tension in bending it when it is applied to a more rigid substance like metal ?—I am not aware of that. 239. (Mr. Saward.) Do. you consider that the question of the permanent establishment of an ocean telegraph presents any insurmountable difficulties ?— None whatever. 240. When once a proper line of ocean cable was properly laid, de you consider that it would be pecu- liarly subject to special damage over and above those causes of damage to which other submarine telegraphs are liable? — No ; upon the assumption that it is entirely suitable for its work. " | 241. Should you, as an engineer, attach any im- portance at all to the question which you are aware was raised some time ago as to the influence of pres- sure upon a cable at grent depths? Should you consider that it would be liable to injury ?—I should have some fears with a cable insulated with gutta- percha, but not one insulated with either vulcanized or pure india-rubber, ` 242. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is the nature of the injury that you apprehend to gutta-percha from that pressure ?— That the water in time, under that great pressure, might force its way through micro- scopic faults. Gutta-percha in its commercial form is not homogeneous, but contains dirt, fibre, and other impurities in a state of subdivision, which may form channels for the entrance of water under great and continued pressure. I have seen specimens of white and chemically pure gutta-percha; I should not apprehend the same danger if this were employed, but I have no information respecting its insulating qualities.“ 243. Have you any reason to know one way or the other whether the presence of sulphur in vulcanized india-rubber would be likely to protect it in any degree from animalculz or fish ?—I1 have no means of knowing. There is one other advantage in using vulcanized india-rubber, to which I might draw the attention of the Committee. I do not know whether the advantage is real or only imaginary, aud that is, that the process of curing vulcanized india-rubber is slightly to contract it. It is prevented in these spe- cimens from contracting by being held by the metal, but when any fracture of the metal, from any undue strain, takes place, the elasticity and contraction of the india-rubber would, when the strain was taken off, bring the points into contact again. There is a specimen where the conductor has been broken, but the points are kept constantly in contact (erhibit- ing a piece of wire coated with vulcanized india- rubber). 244. Is not the supply of india-rubber infinitely greater than that of gutta-percha ?—I do not know it of my own knowledge ; I believe it is. 245. Is not the supply of gutta-percha in the raw state almost entirely in the hands of one firm ? and with regard to india-rubber, you may obtain any quantity ?—I do not know; practically, I think, it is so. I believe the supply of india-rubber at Para is unlimited ; also upon either bank of the Amazon. Mr. RICHARD ATTWOOD GLASS examined. 2 Dec. 1859. r. 246. (Chairman.) In what way are you connected with submarine cables ?—I am a submarine cable А. A. Glass, manufacturer and contractor for laying. 247. Have you had considerable experience in laying submarine telegraphs Tes. B 4 Mr. R. A. Glass. 2 Dec. 1859, 16 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 248. What number have you laid? — I have a tabular statement of those we have manufactured and laid and are in working order. 249. Will you be good enough to read it ? The same was read as follows: SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH CABLES laid down, manufactured by Grass, ELLIOT, and Co., all of which are in perfect Working Order. Size of Conductors. Outside Wires. Length of Date 5 . | Insulated when From To 5 S Cabe in | Wire, in | Depths. laid. No. | Size. No. | Size. " es. Statute Miles. guage. 1854 | Sweden . a | Denmark ~ „| 8 | 16 No. 2 10 2 12 36 1854 | Italy - e „ | Corsica - - 6 16 l 12 1 110 660 1854 | Corsica e ә - | Sardinia - „ 6 16 1 12 1 10 60 1855 | Egypt - - 44 | 16 2 | 10 1 10 40 1856 | Newfoundland- Cape Breton -| 1 Strand 1 12 9 85 85 1856 | Prince Edward Island | New Brunswick - 55 1 12 9 12 12 1857 | Norway - - across | Fiords - » 1 10 6 49 49 1857 | Across mouths of Danube a = 35 1 12 9 3 3 1858 England - е Holland — 4 | 13 0 10 00 140 560 1858 i — Hanover - | 2 Strands 3 12 6} 280 560 1858 | Norway - =- across | Fiords - -| 1 do. 1 10 6 16 16 1859 | Alexandria - и - ~ -| 4 | 16 3 10 1 2 8 1859 England „ | Denmark - -| 3 Strands 3 12 53 350 1,050 1859 | Sweden Gotland -{ 1 do 1 12 9 64 64 1859 | Folkstene Boulogne • | 6 do. 3 12 0 24 144 1859 | Liverpool - e | Holyhead - -| 2 16 3 12 6 25 50 1859 | Across Rivers in - | India - e 41 13 0 9 2 10 10 1859 | England - — - | Isle of Man - -| 1 16 2 10 6} 36 36 1859 | Malta - - e | Sicily - - | 1 Strand 1 | 10 54 60 60 1,298 3,503 250. Were those lines designed by yourselves, or by the engineers of the companies ?—By engineers generally in consultation, I may say, with ourselves. But on looking through them I find that the larger lines were designed by engineers ; and as to some of the smaller lines, we communicated direct with the Governments for whom they were laid, and they have adopted our suggestions. 251. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) The list you have read is a list of all the lines you have manufactured that are now in working order ?—Y es. 252. Are there any lines of your manufagture, and laid by you, that are not now in working order ?— None, with the exception of the Atlantic. There is one that was lost in Newfoundland, in a gale, but that never was laid down. 253. (Chairman.) It was lost before it was laid ? —Yes. With the exception of the Atlantic cable, we have had no failures, except of a temporary charac- ter. In those cases the defects have been remedied in a few days. 254. Several of those lines have been used for a considerable period 7— es. 255. Were all those lines manufactured on princi- ples of which you approved ?—I think I may say that we had no decided objection to any ; in some instances we might have suggested, perhaps, a little alteration. 256. What are your views of the conditions which should be observed in the manufacture of submarine lines ?—I think first and foremost should be considered the nature of the place where the cables are ultimately designed to be laid. I think that careful surveys should be made as to tlie nature of the bottom, the shores, and the tideway, and things of that sort gene- rally. Having arrived at that information, I think then should be considered the length of the line, the size of the conductors, and, more particularly, the amount of the insulating material. I think that the mode in which the insulating material is handled, probably, is as important, or more important, than anything, particularly in long lines. 257. What, in your judgment, is the best insulating material for submarine lines, dividing them first into lines for shallow water, and then into lines for deep water ?—In shallow water I may say that we have practically never used anything but gutta-percha, 258. And that is evidence of your high opinion of gutta-percha as an insulator ? — Les. We have had samples submitted to us of many other insulators, which certainly show a superiority as regards their insulating properties, but we have no means of judg- ing what the effect would be of dealing with those substances practically in laying the cable. 259. Do you believe gutta-percha to be a very durable material ?—I am enabled to speak rather con- fidently of that. I believe it to be very durable, inasmuch as within the last week I had an opportunity, personally, of picking up and repairing the Dover and Calais cable, which was laid in 1851, and the core of that, composed of gutta-percha, I found to be, in every respect, as good as the day it was manu- factured. 260. To pass from the insulating material to the outer covering of the cable, what are your views upon that point ?—I think it very material that there should be an ample serving round the gutta-percha of hemp, saturated with some preservative mixture ; and we have found that the mixture used in the first Dover cable has answered in every respect. 261. What was that mixture ?—It was a mixture of the best Stockholm tar, pitch, a small quantity of linseed oil, and a very small proportion of Russian tallow. We have discontinued the use of the tallow, and we find that the mixture without the tallow answers every purpose. 262. 'Then after the serving of hemp, what would you propose?—A fter the serving of hemp I know of nothing, particularly for moderate depths, so good as the covering of iron which has hitherto been used. 263. Do you proportion the iron wires to the depth at which the cable is to be laid ?—Yes, and to a great extent according to the nature of the bottom. 264. Do you find the nature of the bottom produce & very peculiar effect upon the iron wires ?—Yes, a very peculiar effect in many places, I have seen in the Channel Islands lately, in a depth of between 30 and 40 fathoms, where the iron wire has suffered a great deal from abrasion and motion establishing friction, which has had the effect of destroying the iron wires, and cutting through the. gutta-percha to the copper wire. 265. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is the nature of the bottom to which you refer 7— Rocky and sandy, with a considerable tideway. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 266. Is there anything peculiar in the rocks ; any iron or copper, for instance? Not that I am aware of. From the specimens I have seen I should say that the injury has been produced from abrasion, because the wires that have not been in contact with the rock have been perfectly symmetrical. 267. (Chairman.) What was the size of the iron wires in that case ?—The iron wire, I think, in that case was about No. 5 or 6 gauge. 268. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Did you manufacture that cable ?—No, we did not. 269. (Chairman.) Have not you also taken up the cable between Dover and Calais ?—Y es. 270. Did not you in that case find some peculiar effects produced by different parts of the bottom ?— Yes. The effects seemed to be attributable to the nature of the soil in which the cable was laid. We found on picking up the cable very sudden changes in the appearance of the iron wires. In some places the wires appeared to be as perfect as when they were laid down, and within a few yards there seemed to be a total change, and the wires appeared corroded and eaten away to a considerable extent. 271. (Mr. Saward.) So as to affect the external coating only ?—Y es. 272. Did not you discover a defect in the cable which was totally unconnected with that cause ?— Yes. 273. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What was the cause of the defect ?—One cause was a defect originally in the manufacture of the cable; there was a slit in the gutta-percha, which probably had been made by some workman, and then afterwards that slit was served over, but from lapse of time the electric current passing destroyed the copper wire. The other defect was one very similar. Those were faults that existed when the cable was laid down, though not showing themselves. 274. (Mr. Saward.) That cable was laid down in 1851 ?—Yes. 275. To what extent was the iron corroded in the worst parts ?—I may say probably 25 per cent. the very worst, I should think not more than that. 276. (Chairman.) Has your attention been turned to the subject of covering the iron wire with any outer covering to preserve it from.rust ?—Yes, we have adopted many mixtures. 277. Have you faith in any of them ?—I have faith to a certain extent. I think the last cable we covered was laid from the Isle of Man to Liverpool, and that covering certainly offers advantages, I think, that are likely to preserve the wire for a considerable time. I may state that we have found that where the iron wire has been in contact with the yarn and tar forming the serving, the wire seemed to be perfect ; there appears to have been no oxidation, and the wire seems to have retained its original shape. 278. You therefore assume if itis served with hemp outside saturated with tar, that it would preserve its strength entirely ?—I believe if it could be served to that extent, and that serving could be maintained on the cable until it rested on the bottom, it would pre- serve the iron to a very considerable degree. 279. But still that serving of the iron wires would be of no avail to preserve them from abrasion, as in the case of the Channel Islands telegraph ?—Clearly not. 280. Do you find the serving liable to come off in paying out the cable, and during the process of lay- ing ?—I can only speak of that from the reports I have received from our own people, who state that they had no difficulty of that kind ; there was no abrasion during the running out ; the serving lasted well, and they had no difficulty. 28]. Do you find any difficulty arise from laying on the serving, saturated with hot tar?—Yes, we have found cousiderable difficulty in laying-on the tar, as in the case of the Isle of Man cable, for this reason that it will only adhere at a certain tempera- ture, that temperature is nearly 250°, and we are obliged to be very cautious in the operation ; and it 17 occupies a great deal of time, inasmuch as the heat is во great upon the external wires that the gutta-percha is liable to be injured. In fact, I may say that the gutta-percha was injured in one case when we were laying it on in a particular way. 282. (Professor Wheatstone.) By unsettling the wires ?—By unsettling the copper wires in the centre of the gutta-percha; the heat from the exterior caused the wire to leave the centre, and to come in contact with the serving. 283. (Mr. Saward.) Are you now referring to the asphalted covering ?—Yes. 281. (Chairman.) Do you not consider that every plan by which heat is applied to the core after it is manufactured involves risk to the cable?—Decidedly. 285. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In this list which you have handed in, I observe that the lengths of the cables vary very much. Do you consider, in practice, that it is of great importance to seek to attain a higher degree of perfection in the long than in the short lines of cable?—Clearly. 286. Have you, in practice, in some of the shorter lines laid cables of inferior quality to the longer ones? —Not of inferior quality, though less insulating material; but in the longer lines it becomes more necessary, if I may use the term, to be watchful, and to attain, as nearly as possible, perfection ; because, in the operation of laying, we have no means of repairing them as we have in the short lines. 287. In а long line you would not attribute much importance to considerations of cheapness, but rather seek perfection *—I think, being guided by conside- rations of cheapness is as great a mistake in sub- marine cables as it is in other things. 283. You have mentioned the Isle of Man cable. Did not that for a time fail ?—It failed for a time from mechanical causes. ; 289. Can you give the Committee an explanation of the circumstances under which that failure oc- curred ?—I shall be happy to give the information which I have received officially. 290. You were not present at the laying of that cable ?—I was not. It was laid by us, with the assistance of Mr. Webb and Mr. Latimer Clark. Mr. Latimer Clark can give you direct evidence as to that, if he is examined. I believe the cause of the failure was laying the cable across a race or tideway, and laying it across seaweed, which abounds there to a very great extent and of very great size. The cable, heavy though it is, was carried away, and broken in two places by the strength of the tide and the seaweed collected round it. 291. What length of time did that injury take to repair? A few days. 292. From that time has it been perfect ?——From that time it has been perfect. It has been taken up at that point, and relaid at a point less subject to that strong action of the tideway and seaweed. 293. (Chairman.) Are you aware whether any marine insects have ever eaten the outer covering of cables, or would be likely to do so ?—That is very difficult to say. If you may judge from the Calais cable, the number of marine insects collected on that was very astonishing and curious; the most perfect parts seemed to be surrounded by the thickest crust of marine insects of all kinds. 294, (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Had they in any in- stance eaten into the core ?—No, not at all; they seemed to have fastened upon the oxide of the iron. 295. And not entered into the substance of the cable ?—-No, not at all. | 296. That did not affect the action of the cable ?— No, not in the slightest degree. 297. (Chairman.) Has any case соше under your notice of animals eating the hemp of the cable ?—No. 298. Are you aware, ns n matter of fact, that they have eaten the hemp off the cable ?—I have never heard of their eating the hemp off a submarine cable. I have heard of their eating the hemp of the cable laid down in the sea. I have had no experience in hemp cables at all. C Mr. R. A. Glass. 2 Dec. 1859. Mr. R. A. Glass. 2 Dec. 1859. — — 18 299. Have you paid attention to deep-sea tele- graphy 7— Les. 300. What is the form of covering that you con- sider best adapted to deep-sea telegraphs ? Were you satisfied with the outer covering of the Atlantic telegraph ?—From the experience gained on that ex- pedition, I think it might have been improved. 301. What were your objections to that form of covering ?—I think it was probably too hollow in its nature ; that it was, if anything, too soft ; and I think that it was, probably, not so strong as it ought to have been. Ithink if it had been used in that form, then the covering should have been steel wire instead of iron. Ithink that would have been preferable. 302. Were not you concerned in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph ?—The services of our firm were engaged. , 303. Have you any observations to offer to the Committee upon that undertaking generally ?—I think there is a great deal to be said upon that subject. 304. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you consider to have been the great mistakes made in the Atlantic telegraph ?—I think those who were connected with that undertaking were to a great extent in the dark as to what they had to encounter. 305. (Chairman.) You think that the matter was not sufficiently considered before it was undertaken ? —Just so; I think that more time ought to have been given, and experiments ought to have been made ; it was far too hurried. 306. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider that the division of the contract into two parts had anything to do with the failure of the undertaking, inasmuch as it prevented the cable from being tested in one piece ?—Yes ; I think that is objectionable under any circumstances. 307. ( Mr. Stuart Wortley.) We have heard a great deal about one portion being laid in one direction, and another in another; do you think that that is of much importance?—I do not attach much importance to that. 308. Was there anything in the failure of the At- lantic telegraph which may not be accounted for by the circumstances to which you have alluded, namely, to the little experience which at that time had been obtained in ocean telegraphy, and the hurry with which it was laid down ?—I think there was far too much hurry to commence with, and I think that ex- periments should have been made upon different forms of cable; I am speaking now of the mechanical laying of the cable. 309. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think that the ex- perience gained by the Atlantic Telegraph Company and the experience since then, if properly used, will insure the success of deep sea cables ?—I think further experiment is necessary ; I think the information that has been obtained by laying the Atlantic cable may be considered as a great benefit, and likely to ensure success for a further undertaking, that is if additional experience be obtained. 310. (Chairman.) What additional experiments do you consider necessary ?—I think before а form of cable is decided on for the Atlantic telegraph, experi- ments should be made in laying different lengths of cable in deep seas ; that the electrical conditions of the cable should be tested when laid, and if that system of experiment be carried out there would be a very much greater chance of success, because we should ascertain the description of cable to be laid with greater certainty. 311. Do you think the difficulties arise in laying the cable, or from the pressure to which the insulating material will be subjected at the bottom of the кез? —J do not think that any pressure upon the insulating materials would have the effect of destroying the cable when once laid. I think the cable should be of such a form that the core can be kept intact until it arrives at the bottom of the sea. 312. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you attribute the failure of the Atlantic telegraph to the laying or to its treatment before it was laid ?—I hardly consider that the Atlantic telegraph was a failure as regards MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE its laying. I am not aware, except from what I have heard, but I believe that the electrical apparatus might have been prejudicial to it; I mean the battery power that was used. 313. You believe that the Atlantic cable was in- jured by the intense currents which were passed through it ?—I believe that had a great effect, and was the final cause of the signals ceasing. 314. Am [right in inferring from what you have said, that you do not think it would be expedient to attempt the laying of so long a deep-sea cable as the Atlantic cable without further experiments?—I think so, to insure a fair chance of success. 315. After those experiments, are you sanguine that it is yet to be done ?—Very sanguine. 316. (Chairman.) Do you think a shorter deep-sea cable, such as the Gibraltar cable, can be laid with safety ?—For my own sake I hope I am right in my expectations. 317. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you think mere depth is any practical difficulty in laying a cable ?— When you say * mere depth," the depth should be defined. 818. Say 3,000 fathoms ?—I think a cable could be laid at 3,000 fathoms. 319. You do not think that the mere depth is any insurmountable difficulty *—I do not think that a depth of 3,000 fathoms is an iusurmountable difficulty. 320. (Mr. Saward.) 1f & proper cable were pro- perly laid in 3,000 fathoms, should you consider it as good a property as a cable laid in less depth ?—I should consider it better property if once laid, certainly. 321. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) On what ground ?— , А deep-sea line when laid, as far as we can judge, lies in a quiescent state. If it is laid intact as manu- factured and in a perfect condition, it is difficult to imagine how it can be injured by lapse of time. 322. Agninst that is to be set the difficulty of rais- ing it for examination, if & fault occurs ?—Clearly. 323. (Chairman.) Do you attribute the difficulty of laying the Atlantic telegraph to the great length of the line rather than to the depth, owing to the storms that you are liable to encounter ?—I must always premise that I consider storms to be fatal to such an expe- dition, particularly such a storm as the Agamemnon was exposed to, but in moderate weather there can be, I think, very little difficulty in laying a cable, parti- cularly one which would be designed after additional experiments. 324. Why have you more confidence in laying a short line of deep sea cable, like the Gibraltar cable, than you would have in laying an Atlantic cable ?—9Be- cause we can depend upon the weather generally for two days, which would be about the time occupied in laying the deep sea portion of the Gibraltar line, although we cannot for 10 days or a week. 325. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) You have stated your- self to be a contractor for submarine cables; have you any information to give the Committee upon the sys- tem which has hitherto been pursued in regard to contracts for submarine cables ? do you think the failures that have occurred are in any way attributable to the nature of the contracts ?—I think many of the failures that have occurred may probably be traced to that cause. | 326. In what way—what is the objection, do you think, to the system which has been hitherto pursued? —I think that contracts have probably been made with contractors with the view of their taking the risk of the line, and it has been looked upon (inasmuch as it was nt the contractor's risk) that the company with whom that contract was entered into, would be satisfied with whatever cable the contractor chose to lay. 327. Do not you think the contractor is under the temptation to lay the line as cheaply as he can, if it is left entirely to him ?—I think that is rather the natural inference. 328. Therefore you would prefer that the form of the cable and the character of the cable should be SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. fixed by some independent authority, and that the contractor should merely contract to manufacture it according to that specification ?—Just so; he then pleases himself whether he contracts or not for it. 329. That system would be perfectly consistent with his taking the risk of laying the cable, would not it ?——Clearly ; he need not contract if he were dissatisfied with the cable. 330. Has there been any case in your experience in which you have taken the whole risk, both as to the nature of the cable, the manufacture, and the laying?—Yes; the majority of the cases comprised in that list which I have given in. | 331. (Chairman.) Still the contractor must take some risk if he insures the safe laying ?— He takes the risk of laying the cable. 332. Would you be satisfied if one person made the cable and another person laid it ?—No ; because experience shows that we may have a minute fault, which may not show itself for a few hours, or, in some cases, days ; but in the constant working of the wire that fault may become larger until ultimately the cable becomes bad. 323. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) We will assume, without reference to any particular case, that defects have been discovered in cables that have been laid, which defects might have existed in the manufacture; do you consider it would be practicable to keep such a watch upon the manufacture, either by yourselves or by your agents, or by the agents of the companies who einploy you, as absolutely to preclude the possi- bility of faults escaping notice running into the cable, and eventually being paid out ?—Keeping an efficient watch has always been a source of anxiety to us, inasmuch as the whole cable is dependent upon every inch of it being perfect. We can do no more than keep the most efficient watch we are able; but with all that we yet find damages which have es- caped our observation. 334. For the protection of the manufacturer us well as for the protection of the projectors, or the adventurers, or whatever we may call the owners of the cable, what system should you suggest for that purpose as the most perfect ?—I think there should not be divided responsibility to begin with. 335. (Chairman.) What do you call “divided re- '5 sponsibility ?”—I mean the contractors having their servants and the promoters or the companies having their servants looking after the same object. Each one considers the other as looking after their interests, and it causes a great deal of annoyance and in many cases neglect. 336. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do not you think the character of the manufacturing establishment is the best security ?—Clearly I think the manufacturer has a very large stake in it. 337. You prefer that to the responsibility being thrown entirely upon the company employing the manufacturer, having their officers to watch? — Les. 338. (Chairman.) Should you be satisfied that the payment to the contractor should only be made at the end of a year after the cable was laid No; І do not think that quite bears upon the point. 339. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you think would be a reasonable time to test the efficiency of a cable ?—I think that if a cable is worked through day by day constantly for a fortnight, aud there is no variation in the test, or the working, you may con- sider that the cable is efficient. 340. You think if there is no indication of a fault in a fortnight, then the cable may he considered as satisfactory ?—I think so, provided you have used a fair amount of battery power. 341. Would a fortnight be a sufficient time to develope a fault in the original manufacture ?—I think it would show itself in a fortnight to some extent. I do not mean to say that the cable would fail in a fortnight, but the fault would commence to show itself, particularly in deep water. 342. Why would a fault show itself particularly iu 19 deep water ?—From the pressure of the water at the greater depth. 343. Then you do attribute considerable import- ance to the pressure upon the cable by the water at great depth ?—I think you would ascertain a fault sooner from defective insulation if you were to submit the core to pressure either in deep water or by hy- draulic means. 344. (Chairman.) Would you have the core sub- mitted to the same pressure before it is laid that it is to be submitted to after it is laid ?—I do not know that that should follow as a matter of course. I think experiments are being made, and it should be done where it is practicable. 345. (Mr. Saward.) Is there not a mode by which cables can be tested under pressure as they proceed from the manufacturing process. I refer to something that I understand Mr. Reid has invented ?—Yes. I have never used it ; but I am informed that Mr. Reid has a patent process for testing insulated wire, but I think he has never carried it beyond 1,000 lbs. to the square inch. 846. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Would it be possible to have any machinery by which a cable, in its perfect state, could be tested by severe pressure in the course of its manufacture I think not; it would be attended with great difficulty. 347. ( Chairman.) Do you consider that the principle upon which the specification for the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable is drawn is fair to the parties who make, and those who take, the contract ?—I think the penalty is too large. 348. Do you consider it fair and right where you take a contract to lay a cable at your own risk, the core being supplied to you guaranteed to do certain work, if through no fault of yours you lose any portion of that cable, that the core should be re-supplied by . the parties with whom you contract ?—lf the loss arises from a detect in the core, unquestionably. I think it should be stated that the core should be sub- mitted to a test at’ the works of the Gutta Percha Company. I think that very important. 349. Before it leaves their works ?— Yes; inas- much as they are to deliver the core in a perfect state to the Government or the contractor, it should be as- certained at their works whether it is perfect. | 350. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Have you in con- templation, or under examinatiou or experiment, any new materials, either for the conductors or the insu- lators, as to which you entertain hopes of success ?— I have had several submitted to me, but one in particular, that 1 have paid a good deal of attention to (I am speaking of an insulator); and I think it bids fair to be a good insulator. 351. Upon which you have experimented ?—Y es. 352. (Chairman.) Whose material is that ?—Leo- пага Wray's. The experiments we have made upon it give us great hopes of getting an excellent in- sulator. 353. Do you think it will be durable ?—That is the point which has to be considered. It is a com- bination of substances. 354. Which are durable in themselves ?—Yes ; at present they seem to be durable; they combine very well, and the insulation is very good. 855. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What cables are you engaged in laying at present, if any ?—1 am about the Ostend, and a portion of the Dover and Calais. I do not recollect any other at the present time. 356. I believe no difficulty has occurred in laying the Holland cable? We had a fault. 357. What was the nature of that fault ?—It was of a very serious nature. A piece of iron had been driven into the core, forming a contact between the copper wire and the external iron wires. 358. Had that been wilfully or accidentally done in your opinion ?—From all appearances it had been wilfully done during the time of payiug out. 359. How soon was it discovered *— It was dis- covered in the middle of the night, midway in the C2 laying. .. pu ж Mr. R. A. Glass, 2 Dec. 1859. Mr. R. A. Glass. 2 Dec. 1859, — — 18 299. Have you paid attention to deep-sea tele- graphy ?—Yes. 300. What is the form of covering that you con- sider best adapted to deep-sea telegraphs? Were you satisfied with the outer covering of the Atlantic telegraph ?—From the experience gained on that ex- pedition, I think it might have been improved. 301. What were your objections to that form of covering ?—I think it was probably too hollow in its nature ; that it was, if anything, too soft ; and I think that it was, probably, not so strong as it ought to have been. Ithink if it had been used in that form, then the covering should have been steel wire instead of iron. Ithink that would have been preferable. 302. Were not you concerned in the laying of the Atlantic telegraph ?—The services of our firm were engaged. 303. Have you any observations to offer to the Committee upon that undertaking generally ?—I think there is a great deal to be said upon that subject. 304. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you consider to have been the great inistakes made in the Atlantic telegraph ?—I think those who were connected with that undertaking were to a great extent in the dark as to what they had to encounter. 305. (Chairman.) You think that the matter was not sufficiently considered before it was undertaken ? Wust so; I think that more time ought to have been given, and experiments ought to have been made ; it was far too hurried. 306. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider that the divisiou of the contract into two parts had anything to do with the failure of the undertaking, inasmuch as it prevented the cable from being tested in one piece ?—Yes ; I think that is objectionable under any circumstances. 307. ( Mr. Stuart Wortley.) We have heard a great deal about one portion being laid in one direction, and another in another; do you think that that is of much importance? do not attach much importance to that. 308. Was there anything in the failure of the At- lantic telegraph which may not be accounted for by the circumstances to which you have alluded, namely, to the little experience which at that time had been obtained in ocean telegraphy, and the hurry with which it was laid down ?—I think there was far too much hurry to commence with, and I think that ex- periments should have been made upon different forms of cable; I am speaking now of the mechanical laying of the cable. 309. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think that the ex- perience gained by the Atlantic Telegraph Company and the experience since then, if properly used, will insure the success of deep sea cables ?—I think further experiment is necessary ; I think the information that has been obtained by laying the Atlantic cable may be considered as a grent benefit, aud likely to ensure success for a further undertaking, that is if additional experience be obtained. 310. (Chairman.) What additional experiments do you consider necessary ?—I think before a form of cable is decided on for the Atlantic telegraph, experi- ments should be made in laying different lengths of cable in deep seas ; that the electrical conditions of the cable should be tested when laid, and if that system of experiment be carried out there would be a very much greater chance of success, because we should ascertain the description of cable to be laid with greater certainty. 311. Do you think the difficulties arise in laying the cable, or from the pressure to which the insulating material will be subjected at the bottom of the sea ? —I do not think that any pressure upon the insulating materials would have the effect of destroying the cable when once laid. I think the cable should be of such a form that the core can be kept intact until it arrives at the bottom of the sen. 312. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you attribute the failure of the Atlantic telegraph to the laying or to its treatment before it was laid ?—I hardly consider that the Atlantic telegraph was a failure as regards MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE its laying. I am not aware, except from what I have heard, but I believe that the electrical apparatus might have been prejudicial to it ; I mean the battery power that was used. 313. You believe that the Atlantic cable was in- jured by the intense currents which were passed through it ?—I believe that had a great effect, and was the final cause of the signals ceasing. 314. Am I right in inferring from what you have said, that you do not think it would be expedient to attempt the laying of so long a deep-sea cable as the Atlantic cable without further experiments? —I think so, to insure a fair chance of success. 315. After those experiments, are you sanguine that it із yet to be done? Very sanguine. 316. ( Chairman.) Do you think a shorter deep-sea cable, such as the Gibraltar cable, can be laid with safety ?—For my own sake I hope I am right in my expectations. 317. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you think mere depth is any practical difficulty in laying a cable ?— When you say “mere depth," the depth should be defined. 318. Say 3,000 fathoms ?—I think a cable could be laid at 3,000 fathoms. 319. You do not think that the mere depth is any insurmountable difficulty ?—I do not think that a depth of 3,000 fathoms is an insurmountable difficulty. 320. (Mr. Saward.) If a proper cable were pro- perly laid in 3,000 fathoms, should you consider it as good a property as a cable laid in less depth ?—I should consider it better property if once laid, certainly. 321. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) On what ground ?— | A deep-sea line when laid, as far as we can judge, lies in a quiescent state. If it is laid intact as manu- factured and in a perfect condition, it is difficult to imagine how it can be injured by lapse of time. 322. Against that is to be set the difficulty of rais- ing it for examination, if a fault occurs ? —Clearly. 323. ( Chairman.) Do you attribute the difficulty of laying the Atlantic telegraph to the great length of the line rather than to the depth, owing to the storms that you are liable to encounter ?—I must always premise that I consider storms to be fatal to such an expe- dition, particularly such a storm as the Agamemnon was exposed to, but in moderate weather there can be, I think, very little difficulty in laying a cable, parti- cularly one which would be designed after additional experiments. 324. Why have you more confidence in laying & short line of deep sea cable, like the Gibraltar cable, than you would have in laying an Atlantic cable ?—Be- cause we can depend upon the weather generally for two days, which would be about the time occupied in laying the deep sea portion of the Gibraltar line, although we cannot for 10 days or & week. 325. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) You have stated your- self to be a contractor for submarine cables; have you any information to give the Committee upon the sys- tem which has hitherto been pursued in regard to contracts for submarine cables? do you think the failures that have occurred arein any way attributable to the nature of the contracts ?—I think many of the failures that have occurred may probably be traced to that cause. 326. In what way—what is the objection, do you think, to the system which has been hitherto pursued? —I think that contracts have probably been made with contractors with the view of their taking the risk of the line, and it has been looked upon (inasmuch as it was at the contractor’s risk) that the company with whom that contract was entered into, would be satisfied with whatever cable the contractor chose to lay. 327. Do not you think the contractor is under the temptation to lay the line as cheaply as he can, if it is left entirely to him ?—I think that is rather the natural inference. 328. Therefore you would prefer that the form of the cable and the character of the cable should be SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 19 fixed by some independent authority, and that the contractor should merely contract to manufacture it according to that specification ?—Just so; he then pleases himself whether he contracts or not for it. 329. That system would be perfectly consistent with his taking the risk of laying the cable, would not it ?* —Clearly ; he need not contract if he were dissatisfied with the cable. 330. Has there been any case in your experience in which you have taken the whole risk, both as to the nature of the cable, the manufacture, and the laying?—Yes; the majority of the cases comprised in that list which I have given in. | 331. (Chairman.) Still the contractor must take some risk if he insures the safe laying ?— He takes the risk of laying the cable. 332. Would you be satisfied if one person made the cable and another person laid it — No; because experience shows that we may have a minute fault, which may not show itself for a few hours, or, in some cases, days ; but in the constant working of the wire that fault may become larger until ultimately the cable becomes bad. 323. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) We will assume, without reference to any particular case, that defects have becn discovered in cables that have been laid, which defects might have existed in the manufacture; do you consider it would be practicable to keep such a watch upon the manufacture, either by yourselves or by your agents, or by the agents of the companies who einploy you, as absolutely to preclude the possi- bilitv of faults escaping notice running into the cable, and eventually being paid out? — Keeping an efficient watch has always been & source of anxiety to us, inasmuch as the whole cable is dependent upon every inch of it being perfect. We can do no more than keep the most efficient watch we are able ; but with all that we yet find damages which have es- eaped our observation. 334. For the protection of the manufacturer as well as for the protection of the projectors, or the adventurers, or whatever we may call the owners of the cable, what system should you suggest for that purpose as the most perfect ?—I think there should not be divided responsibility to begin with. 335. ( Chairman.) What do you call ** divided re- “sponsibility ?"—I mean the contractors having their servants and the promoters or the companies having their servants looking after the same object. Each one considers the other as looking after their interests, and it causes a great deal of annoyance and in many cases neglect. 336. (Hr. Stuart Wortley.) Do not you think the character of the manufacturing establishment is the best security ?—Clearly I think the manufacturer has avery large stake in it. 337. You prefer that to the responsibility being thrown entirely upon the company employing the manufacturer, having their officers to watch ?—Yes. 338. ( Chairman.) Should you be satisfied that the payment to the contractor should only be made at the end of a year after the cable was laid ?*—No ; I do not think that quite bears upon the point. 339. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you think would be a reasonable time to test the efficiency of a cable — I think that if a cable is worked through day by day constantly for a fortnight, and there is no variation in ihe test, or the working, you may con- sider that the cable is efficient. 340. You think if there is no indication of a fault in a fortnight, then the cable may he considered as satisfactory ?—I think so, provided you have used a fair amount of battery power. 341. Would a fortnight be a sufficient time to develope a fault in the original manufacture ?—I think it would show itself in a fortnight to some exteat. I do not mean to say that the cable would fail in a fortnight, but the fault would commence to show itself, particularly in deep water. | 32. Why would a fault show itself particularly iu deep water ?—From the pressure of the water at the greater depth. 343. Then you do attribute considerable import- ance to the pressure upon the cable by the water at great depth ?—I think you would ascertain a fault sooner from defective insulation if you were to submit the core to pressure either in deep water or by hy- draulic means. 344. ( Chairman.) Would you have the core sub- mitted to the same pressure before it is laid that it is io be submitted to after it is laid ?—I do not know that that should follow as a matter of course. I think experiments are being made, and it should be done where it is practicable. 345. (Mr. Saward.) Is there not a mode by which cables can be tested under pressure as they proceed from the manufacturing process. I refer to something that I understand Mr. Reid has invented ?—Yes. I have never used it ; but I am informed that Mr. Reid has a patent process for testing insulated wire, but I think he has never carried it beyond 1,000 Ibs. to the square inch. 846. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Would it be possible to have any machinery by which & cable, in its perfect state, could be tested by severe pressure in the course of its manufacture ?—I think not; it would be attended with great difficulty. 347. ( Chairman.) Do you consider that the principle upon which the specification for the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable is drawn is fair to the parties who make, and those who take, the contract ?—I think the penalty is too large. 348. Do you consider it fair and right where you take a contract to lay a cable at your own risk, the core being supplied to you guaranteed to do certain work, if through no fault of yours you lose any portion of that cable, that the core should be re-supplied by the parties with whom you contract ?—If the loss arises from a defect in the core, unquestionably. I think it should be stated that the core should be sub- mitted to a test at the works of the Gutta Percha Company. I think that very important. 349. Before it leaves their works ?— Yes; inas- much as they are to deliver the core in a perfect state to the Government or the contractor, it should be as- certained at their works whether it is perfect. | 350. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Have you in con- templation, or under examination or experiment, any new materials, either for the conductors or the insu- lators, as to which you entertain hopes of success ?— I have had several submitted to me, but one in particular, thut I have paid a good deal of attention to (I am speaking of an insulator) ; and I think it bids fair to be a good insulator. 351. Upon which you have experimented ?—Y es. 352. ( Chairman.) Whose material is that ?—Leo- nard Wray's. ‘The experiments we have made upon it give us great hopes of getting an excellent in- sulator. 353. Do you think it will be durable? — That is the point which has to be considered. It is a com- bination of substances. 354. Which are durable in themaelves ?—Yes ; at present they seem to be durable; they combine very well, and the insulation is very good. 855. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What cables are you engaged in laying at present, if any ?—I am about the Ostend, and a portion of the Dover and Calais. I do not recollect any other at the present time. 356. I believe no difficulty has occurred in laying the Holland cable ?—We had a fault. 357. What was the nature of that fault ?—It was of a very serious nature. A piece of iron bad been driven into the core, forming a contact between the . copper wire and the external iron wires. 358. Had that been wilfully or accidentally done in your opinion ?—From all appearances it had been wilfully done during the time of payiug out. 359. How soon was it discovered *— It was dis- covered in the middle of the night, midway in the C2 laying. .. TENE Mr. R. A. Glass, 2 Dec. 1859. Mr. R. A. Glass. 2 Dec. 1859. 20 360. Immediately on the immersion of the cable ? — Yes, the strong contact showing that the fault must have been very dead earth or that it was metallic contact, and it turned out to be metallic contact. 361. Was it a nail ?—Yes, a small flat nail driven in and broken off se that there was nothing per- ceptible through the external wires. 362. With that exception you had no difficulty ?— Not the slightest. 363. You found no difficulty attributable to per- manent causes or natural causes other than those which must be the condition in every case? — None. 364. I believe the Holland cable is laid in light depths ?—-Moderate depths. 365. (Chairman.) Have you considered the general causes of failure in the different submarine lines that have been laid ?—I have not had an opportunity of seeing the state of the cables that have failed. 366. Have you formed any opinion upon the causes of the failures ?—I have formed a general opinion that the cables that have failed have been of too slight a character. 367. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Could you furnish the committee, or must they apply to other quarters, with information as to the number of words those various cables that you have laid are capable of transmitting per minute ?—I think it would be better for you to apply to the different parties who have been working them ; our connection with them ceases when they are once laid; we have no opportunity of judging. 368. There is only one deep sea cable amongst them ; the Malta and Sicily is the deepest, is it not ? — There is one deeper than that; the Newfoundland is deeper, between two and three hundred fathoms ; and the Sardinia and Corsica ; that is one of the early lines laid. 369. What is the maximum depth of that? About 500 or 600 fathoms. 370. Has there at any time been any difficulty in carrying on or continuing the working of that? None that I am aware of. 371. That forms part of the Malta line; does it not ?— Yes ; it originally went by way of Cagliari ; that cable connects the island of Corsica with Sar- dinia ; the Malta line is from Sardinia to Malta from Cagliari. ' 372. Did you lay the line from Corsica ?—We manufactured it, and some of our staff laid it ; it was laid by the contractors with the Mediterranean Com- any. J 373. Does the Corsica line conclude the line be- tween Genoa and Sardinia ?— Les; it goes from Genoa to Corsica, and thence to Sardinia. 374. And no farther ?—No. 375. The Sardinia and Malta is a separate line that has now failed ?—Y es. 376. With which you were not connected ?—No. 377. What was the cause of the failure of the Bona line ?—The cause of the last failure was having an insufficient quantity of cable. They arrived within five miles of the island of Galita, and I believe hung by the cable for five days. 978. Did they pay out more cable than they ex- pected ?—Yes ; they did not calculate the distance to Bona sufficiently so as to reach Galita. 979. (Mr. Saward.) It was for deep water a very heavy cable, was not it ?—Yes. | 880. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Did they pay out much more than the actual mileage ?—Considerably more. 381. Do you suppose that the cable lay in kinks?— No; it would not lie in kinks ; it would lie in folds, and would be drawn into kinks as the cable was lifted afterwards. 382. What was the cause of the first failure ?— The first failure arose from a run; they could not control the cable, and had to cut it. 383. (Chairman.) Was the cable too heavy for the depth ?—The machinery was not sufficient to hold it. 384. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Both those failures were attributable to difficulties in the laying, and nof to MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE any defects in the cable ?—Just so; the wires were all perfect in the last cable, and we received a message from Galita requesting us to send out more cable to enable them to reach the island in a few days, but it was not likely that we could do so. 385. ( Chairman.) That cable was laid in a depth of 500 fathoms? if you were to design a cable to be laid in that depth, should you design a different class of cable ? do you consider that the weight of the cable in the water should not exceed half its breaking strain in the greatest depth ? — Clearly we should design a cable that could be laid with comparatively small loss of slack, and at the same time would be capable of bearing such a strain as to keep it in hand without injuring its form, and con- sequently the electrical conditions of it. 386. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Speaking abstractedly are you of opinion that a cable should be light in pro- portion to the depth in which it is laid ?—I think you may err on the side of lightness ; you may have a cable too light; there are other properties than the mere sinking of the cable in a specific time to be considered. 387. (Chairman.) How do you mean that you can have a cable too light, what would be the difficulties that you would encounter with very light cables ?—I think the difficulties are many; first of all the cable is liable to a certain amount of injury or accident merely from its voyage out, from the rocking and rolling of the ship; I think a cable ought to have a certain con- sistency so as to prevent accidents of that kind, and there are the injuries which it is subject to in a variety of ways during the process of running out; it should also be of such a form that it will run out without the chance of kinking or overrunning itself or any- thing of that kind. 388. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) 'The lighter the cable the less the difficulty in paying it out. Is not that the case ?—' That does not at all follow ; we find less difficulty in paying out a comparatively stiff cable than a very light one. 389. (Chairman.) Supposing a cable were so light that you were able to pay it out like a log line with men's hands, what effect would that have ?—I think the effect of that would be that you would lose your cable and your hands too. 390. How do you mean that you would lose your cable *—I do not think you could regulate its running into the sea by that mode ; you could not control it in any way. 391. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you mean that it would not sink fast enough ?—It would not sink fast enough ; but I think there is no regularity in that system of running out by hand; you cannot keep a regular uniform strain upon it. 392. (Mr. Saward.) Is it not also very important that cables should be perfectly coiled on board ship ? —I think the great secret of the successful laying of a cable is its being properly coiled. 993. Would not a light cable be less in its proper place in the hold than heavy cable ?—Clearly. 394. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Within certain limits, probably you would be of opinion that the deeper the water the lighter the cable should be? Within certain limits, but not to excess. 395. (Chairman.) Is there a proportion between the specific gravity of the cable and the depth to which it is to be laid, which proportion has been found the best for paying out ?—Yes. 396. (Mr. Saward.) Is not the problem to be solved with respect to a deep sea cable to adapt the specific gravity to the depth - Les; the mechanical con- struction for its coiling and running out clear. 397. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you think that No. 9., which we understand is the Gibraltar cable, could be safely laid in deep water ?— Yes. I think it is an excellent cable; it is specified with steel wire, and I think it is as good a cable for deep sea purposes easy to keep a moderately a3 at present I am aware of. I know of no cable that SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF. 91 I would rather take the risk of laying than a cable of that construction. 998. Would you be afraid of one still lighter in very deep water ; take the Atlantic for example ?— I do not say that I should not. 399. We understand that there is & uniform depth of about 2,000 fathoms for a distance of about 900 miles; are not you of opinion that you might lay a lighter cable at those great and uniform depths ?—I am not prepared to say that a lighter cable could not be laid, but I would prefer something stronger, and with more solidity. 400. (Chairman.) In using the word “light,” you use it as compared to strength. What Mr. Stuart Wortley means, I presume, is, if you had a cable that was lighter than that, but as strong, would you have any objection to lay it ?—There is rather more than that in it; I must have consistency; I may say, having regard to the internal insulating material and the copper, as to what effect it would have in either collapsing or stretching. I think you must keep a certain solidity about the whole thing. It is not altogether a question of specific gravity ; that is no doubt a very great agent in the matter, but there are other things to be considered in a deep sea cable. 401. (Mr. Saward.) Taking this Gibraltar cable, if you were the contractor for an Atlantic cable, would you use it for the purpose ?—It is the best I have yet seen ; subject to further experience I know, at present, of no better cable than that. 402. (.Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Is it for the sake of the outward protection of the cable that you require it to be of that weight, or of a considerable weight ?— I think it should be a certain weight for the outer protection of the cable. І have seen instances in which cables have been very much injured by the ocean. I think it was one of the faults of the Atlantic cable that it was hardly solid enough ; I think it was too soft in its nature; it would not stand a pinch ; you want a certain solidity to stand the pinch or pressure that all cables are subject to more or less. 403. Do not you think by strengthening the con- ductors and the internal core, and making that stronger, that you could compensate for the want of external weight and rigidity ? —I do not think that any strain should be put on the internal core or conductors I think there should be no more strain on them than can possibly be avoided. 404. (Chairman.) Have you scen Allan's cables ? —] have seen a variety of cables of Allan's. 405. Do you object to his principle of putting the strength of the cable in the centre ?—I have seen many of his cables. I have seen one with a rod of iron in the centre; I think in that form it certainly will not do. 406. Do you think the strength of the cable is more necessary on its outside than inside ?—If you can confine it to a certain amount of straining. 407. As а general principle do you agree with Mr. Gisborne's opinion, that the rule to be followed in designing a deep sea cable, as to its covering, should be that the depth at which it is to be laid shall be less than half the breaking strain of the cable, and that at half the breaking strain the elongation shall be less than one per cent ?—I think that is a very good rule. 408. And a safe rule? — And a safe rule. That clorgatiun of one per cent. I assume bas been derived from experiments ; if you can attain that I think you have got the proper thing. 409. 'This Gibraltar cable, which in your opinion is a good one, you are aware elongates only 75 per cent. x a depth which would represent 2,700 fathoms ?— es. 410. And that you consider is a safe principle for a designer of submarine cables to follow in designing the outer covering ?—I think so. 411. Have you paid much attention to the paying out apparatus — Les. eni 412. Have you any particular views as to what principle the paying out apparatus should be con- structed upon? We use our own apparatus. 413. (Mr. Saward.) I believe a gentleman of the name of Clifford, in your establishment, bas given & good deal of attention to that matter lately ?— Yes. 414. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you know the specific gravity of the Gibraltar cable compared with the Atlantic cable ?—I think about half. (Mr. Gisborne.) The Gibraltar cable is 25] ewt. in the air, and 13} in the water ; the specific gravity of the Atlantic cable is 212 су. in the air, and 164 in the water. 415. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Then the specific gravity of the Atlantic cable is lighter in the air, and heavier in the water, than the Gibraltar cable ? (Mr. Gisborne.) Yes; it is 16:30 cwt., in the water against 13:11. It is ЗІ ewt. heavier. І can put it in this way ; half the breaking strain of the Atlantic cable represents a depth of 2,489 fathoms, and half the breaking strain of the Gibraltar cable represents about 5,000 fathoms. I am giving the mean of a number of experiments, so that the Gibraltar cable can be laid in nearly double the depth of water that the Atlantic cable can with the same strain. 416. (Mr. Stuart Wortley to Mr. Glass.) The result is without diminishing the bulk or the rigidity, or those qualities which. you think essential to the satisfactory paying out of the cable you may reduce the specific gravity to a very considerable extent? Yes. 417. And that you think an unqualified advantage ? —I do. (Mr. Siemens.) Expressing it in specific weight, the specific weight of this cable No. 9 is 2:1, and the specific weight of the Atlantic cable is 4. (Mr. Gisborne.) The Atlantic cable would run as much risk in being in 1,250 fathoms as the Gibraltar enble would in 2,500, it comes to that on the question of elongation, and the question of strain. 418. ( Mr. Stuart Wortley to Mr. Glass.) Was not the Atlantic cable lying at your works in the month of June 1857 ?—I believe it was. 419. You have spoken of the effect of heat upon cables. Do you think that that cable was exposed to any risk from heat on that occasion ?—I think that the cable suffered probably, whether from heat I can- not say. 420. Have you any recollection of the circum- stances under which it laid there ?—I have a recol- lection that at that particular season we had three or four of the warmest days almost ever known in this country, and we found that the sun had acted upon the core prejudicially. 421. In what way did it act upon it ?—In softening the gutta percha. 422. (Mr. Saward.) Would not that have a ten- dency to get the conductors out of the centre ?— Yes. 423. (Professor Wheatstone.) Did not you cut a good many miles out in consequence of finding that defect? — Les; there was an awning over it at that time, we were all deceived, we had gutta percha against our factory walls, which was not acted upon at all; it was from the radiation. 424. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you think that may have impaired the efficiency of the cable to some ex- tent ?—I think it is possible it may, but everything that showed any defect was cut out at the time. 425. May not there have been a considerable por- tion very close which would not show the defect at that time ?—Just so; I believe there was а very con- siderable portion very close when it came to our works: that we had proof of by cutting out pieces that never were submitted to the heat of the sun at all. 496. Assuming injury to have arisen from those causes that may be avoided for the future ?—Clearly. Adjourned to Thursday next at Two o'clock. x .. . r ä——P———ñ UMEN OT A — ca о Mr. R. A. Glass. 2 Dec. 1859. Capt. J. Kell. 8 Dec. 1859. 22 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE Thursday, 8th December 1859. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. SAWARD. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. Captain JOHN KELL examined. 427. ( Chairman.) You are in the merchant service, I believe ?—I was. | 428. Since when have you been connected with the laying of submarine telegraphic cables ?—Since 1854. 429. What cables have you laid ?—I was at the laying of the Spezzia cable, and I was at the laying of the other three cables afterwards laid by the Medi- terranean Company. 430. Did you lay the cable from Spezzia to Corsica? —] was at the laying of that cable, and of the cable from Cape Spartivento to Bona. 431. Were not they laid in 1855 ?— Yes ; they failed. 432. From what cause ?—The first failed in conse- quence of taking sailing vessels to be towed by steamers. ‘There is not sufficient control over a sailing vessels when in tow of a steamer, but we could not obtain a steamship large enough to carry the cable; it being 8 tons to the mile, and weighing 1,260 tons. 433. Was not that a very heavy cable ?—It was the same as the original Mediterranean cable. 484. Was that Mr. Brett’s cable ?—It was. 435. Did not the cable laid from Cape Spartivento to Саша fail ?—Yes ; that cable fell short. When we got within about nine miles of land we had no more cable. 436. (Mr. Saward.) Was not it intended to have laid that cable to Bona. ?—It was. 487. (Chairman.) Was that cable carried out in a sailing vessel?—No, a screw steamer ; the Dutchman. +38. In what way does the laying of a cable, by means of a sailing vessel towed by a steamer, act inconveniently?— Lou cannot regulate her speed if you have a head wind, which we had. 439. You canuot check the speed when it is re- quired to be checked ?—No; nor can you keep a straight course. There is not steerage way enough in a steamer to keep a direct course when meeting the wind. We were steering south and the wind was south, consequently she “shore” out of the direct course. : 440. Would you not pay out more slack in that case ?— es; it is impossible to avoid a zigzag course under such circumstances. 441. What is the greatest depth between Cape Spartivento and Bona ?—1,500 fathoms is the esti- mated depth. It has been sounded by Frenchmen, and I have no reliance on their soundings. I think there are many holes very much deeper. I am quite of opinion that there are holes between Cape Sparti- . vento and Galita nearly 3,000 fathoms, if not more. 442. How do you estimate that ?—PFrom the un- evenness of the bottom, and the rapidity with which the cable ran out when it came off the known shelves, or came from shallow water into deep. I think the French charts do not represent the inequalities to be so bad as they really are. 443, Comparing the soundings which we have had taken between Gibraltar and Malta, they are found almost identical with the soundings taken by the French where they cross ?—That is near the shore. 444. Was not the next cable that you laid between Cape Spartivento and Bona ?—Between Spartivento and Galita. It ought to have gone to Bona, but we had not cable enough. 445. Were all those cables of the same construc- tion ?—No ; the last cable that was short was a three-wire cable. 446. (Mr. Saward.) What weight per mile ?— About four tons a mile or rather over four tons. 447. (Chairman.) The other two cables weighed how much ?—Eight tons. 448. How many wires ?—8Six conducting wires. 449. (Mr. Saward.) Was there any hitch in the laying of those cables with the exception of one being too short ?— Yes; the first time that we went into deep water it parted, or we broke it rather, and then I underran the cable for twenty miles, and spliced on with what I had in the hold, and went across to Galita. On going across I was obliged to lay it very slack, and consequently we were short of cable and could not reach the island. 450. With the exception of that cable being too short, would not it have been successfully laid, al- though a heavy cable ?— Yes, if we had had ten miles more it would have been successfully laid to Galita. 451. (Chairman.) You got over the deep water part successfully, did not you ?—Yes, and got into 400 fathoms ; we were so near Galita as that. 452. Do you think that there is any practical diffi- culty in laying, even a heavy cable, in water of that depth ?—No, nothing, even in that place ; but it must be laid very slack on account of the unevenness of the bottom. Wherever the ground is uneven it requires a very large percentage of cable in slack.’ 453. Have you any knowledge of how the cable has worked since it has been laid ?—Neither of those cables are working, but the cable from Spezzia to the north part of Corsica is, I am told, working better and better every year. It is perfectly faultless as I have heard lately. 454. In what depth of water is that cable laid ?— Under 400 fathoms I think. 455. Have not you been connected with the Atlan- tic Telegraph Company since its formation ?—Yes, since 1857. 456. What duty did you undertake in connexion with that company at first ?— The coiling of the cables in the holds and superintending their manage- ment during the paying out of the coils. 457. Had you the superintendence of the breaks ? No, I attended to the coils exclusively. 458. Were there any difficulties in uncoiling that cable ?—It uncoiled itself. I had men ready in case & kink or an accident should happen as it came out ofthe hold. The Atlantic cable did not require men to touch it scarcely, but I thought it prudent to have them always ready to lower the rings, attend lights, or do what might be required. 459. Do you attribute the fact that the Atlantic cable did not require any handling to the way in which it was coiled or to the nature of the cable ?— Certainly to the nature of the cable and not to the way it was coiled ; the coating put upon it had much to do with its coming out so well. 460. What coating was used ?—Stockholm tar, pitch, beeswax, aud a little Russian tallow ; it was very thickly coated with this composition and stuck to the tier just enough to prevent its jumping or alter- ing its position before it was required to do so; this made it come nicely out. 461. Is it an advantage that a coiled cable should stick to a certain extent ?— It was in that case, because the cable was very pliable. 462. Is a pliable cable more or less safely uncoiled than a stiff one ?—There ів a limit to that. I do not think that a strand-cable, if it had nothing upon it at SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. · 23 all and was perfectly bright, would uncoil as safely as acable without strands, that is to say, if the wires were solid instead of being strands. 463. You think it would uncoil better if the strands were solid ?—Certainly; there is more stiffness, we do not want it to be too pliable. 464. Which of those samples of cables would you prefer for uncoiling ?—That. (No. 1 deep sea Gib- raltar cable.) 465. What is your opinion of No. 2 deep sea Gib- raltar cable, the wire covered with hemp ?—I have never handled these cables. I should better like to see them uncoiled before I gave an opinion. I have no doubt this cable with the steel-wire inside would uncoil very well, but that is mere opinion. I have not seen it in practice. Steel-wire cables never coil so well as iron cablea, they always have a spring in them. 466. Would the covering of hemp affect that at all No, I do not think it would. I found with the steel cable that we had from the Atlantic, when it came to be coiled more than once, and left in the same position for any time, it got“ set,“ which we had the greatest difficulty in getting out so as to make it coil again ; it seemed to be all alive, and would not lay even in the coil. 467. Was not the Atlantic cable coiled and un- coiled twice A great many times. 468. Do you consider that it was injured by that ? —I do. 469. In what way ?—The strand cable, in con- sequence of being so pliable, had always to be unlaid when the strands were separated ; it subjected the cable to great injury from anything that came near it; and in some instances, when it was coiled, it threw a turn into one part and threw it out of another. 470. When you speak of a strand cable, are you contemplating any other form of outer covering for the cable ?—4 solid wire similar to these would not have the same hendency. 471. (Mr. Saward.) In a strand cable would not there be a tendency for the thin wires of which each strand is necessarily composed, if a breakage occurred, to stick into gutta-percha ?—Yes; I found that to be the case in handling the cable at Newfoundland this year. If the wire was broken or chafed in any way it turned round and stuck into the gutta-percha. I have a specimen, which has not yet arrived where that has been the case. In getting up the cable" the strand wire has broken, turned over, and gone right through the gutta-percha as sharp as a needle, and that will be the case especlally when it becomes a little rusty. 472. (Chairman.) As you have had considerable ex- perience of telegraphic cables, allow me to ask you what you would think of one like that made under Hall’s and Wells’ patent, assuming that it is made of large wire if necessary ?—I do not think it would do at all with large wires, for this reason, if it got a bend you would never get it out. In a cable like this specimen it might do, but in a large cable a bend would never come out, and there would be risks of its getting through the machinery. 473. You think it would be quite impossible to work with a cable of that construction ?—I think so from what I see of it. I only speak from the feel of the thing in my hand as I move it. 474. You were on board the * Niagara," were you not, when the first failure happened ?—Yes. 475. Wil you shortly describe the events that occurred from the starting on the oth of August until the accident resulting in the loss of 380 or 400 miles of wire? We commenced with laying the shore-end; owing to the grooves of the wheel being too small, the wire flew off, fouled the machinery and broke; we went back again, fished it up, spliced on to what remained in the ship, and went on again ; and we went on then successfully till we got to the end of 380 miles, and then the cable parted in the same way, the small cable flew out of the grooves of the wheel, pre- cisely the same as the large one did ; it got round the shaft, and, before there was time to get the ship stopped, it parted. 476. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think the loss of the 380 miles of cable was attributable to deficiencies in the machinery ?—Yes, I do; if there had been pro- tection to the machinery it could not have got out. 477. (Chairman.) The loss did not arise from any fault of the cable itself ?—No, not from any fault of the cable certainly. 478. Must there not always be a considerable diffi- culty in stopping a ship if any accident does take place to & cable ?—Yes, always, particularly & screw steamer. 479. Is it impossible in uncoiling a cable to pre- vent kinks passing into the machinery by watchful- ness ?—In laying down the Atlantic cable from the Niagara we never had any kink ; I do not think there was one in the first instance. I think if the cable is carefully coiled and got out, you have no business with kinks if it is coiled from overhead instead of allowing it to be capsized over the men's heads every turn. 480. (Mr. Saward.) Was not the ship in which you were engaged in laying the Atlantic cable, a screw which you have previously objected to ?— Yes. 481. (Chairman.) After that part of the Atlantic cable was lost, did not the ship return to Keyham ?— Yes, and then we uncoiled the cables into the tanks. 482. In what condition was the cable when it wns uncoiled ?—When it was first uncoiled it did not look so bad, but when it was re-coiled in the tanks and put on board ship it was certainly very much worse than when we first had it. 483. In what way was it worse *—In the way I have described ; in many parts the lay of the eable was made uneven by being coiled so many times, and by being put round wheels of such small diameter. 484. Do you think the Atlantic cable was more likely to be injured than other cables by the coiling and uncoiling ?—I am of opinion if the Atlantie cable had been made similar to this Gibraltar cable it would not have been so much injured. 485. Were the cables at the laying of which you were present in the Mediterranean coiled and uncoiled more than twice ?—A piece of the large Mediter- ranean cable I think I coiled and re-coiled fourteen times. 486. Was that cable much injured by the coiling and re-coiling ?—Yes, it was a heavy cable; an eight ton cable. 487. Will you describe the various events that took place up to the successful laying of the Atlantic cable from the starting? — When we first spliced on and went on, by accident the cable parted after we had got about two or three miles, and we returned and spliced on again. | 488. To what do you attribute that accident ?—It is scarcely possible to account for it ; it slipped off the wheels in that instance, but I think it was & jump. 489. Do you think there was any fault in the machinery ?—There was no fault in the machinery. We do not know how these things may happen. A man by pure accident might put his foot upon the cable as. it was coming out of the coil, and by that means bring the cable taut ; in that case it would spring forward and jump out of the grooves of the paying-out machinery. 490. (Mr. Saward.) Was not that on the 27th of June ?—I think it was. Ihave not the dates. That was after the first failure, or rather after we had laid down about 140 miles each. In that case, the cable parted close to the *Agamemnon's" stern. I was not on board the * Agamemnon ;" this is the second time that I alluded to. | 491. 'This was the first accident of which you have knowledge ?— Yes. 492. ( Chairman.) Was it then re-spliced ? —We returned and spliced the cable again, ps went awsy 4 Capt. J. Kell. 8 Dec. 1859. Capt. J. Kell. 8 Dec. 1859. 24 and successfully laid it to the end without the slightest accident of any kind, either a kink, or otherwise. 493. Were the signals always maintained through the eable during the whole time of paying out ?—I think three times the electric communication was stopped ; one time for nearly 40 minutes (I cannot be exact to a few minutes) altogeiher, and we were in great doubts about it. 494. And then the communication was restored ?— It restored itself. 495. (Professor Wheatstone.) To what cause do you attribute the stoppage of the signals on that occasion ?—Not being an electrician I cannot answer that sufficiently. 496. (Chairman.) You cannot account for these stoppages in апу way ?—No, I cannot; there was no- thing in the paying out from our ship, and I am aure, from the information I have had from the other ship, there was nothing to which you could attribute those stoppages. 497. Did you ever observe in those places where you say the outer covering was very much opened any flaws in the gutta-percha or injury to it ?—No, Inever could see the gutta-percha. 498. Had the cable been exposed to much heat during the coiling and uncoiling ?—I believe it was at Greenwich. I know it was exposed to great heat in consequence of being coiled in a place where the heat could get to it and where it had no covering. 499. Do you think that that injured the gutta- percha ?—Yes, in fact I know it did. 500. What was the temperature of the hold of the * Niagara" in which the cable was coiled ?—About 80°. І mean when the steam was up and when the holds were filled. 901. Do you think that that temperature was inju- rious to the gutta-percha ?—No, I do not. 902. Are you aware what temperature is injurious to gutta-percha ?—I am not aware. I have never tried it. We have been splicing the cables in 90? and upwards, and then the gutta-percha was not at all injured. 503. Was it soft ?—No, if submitted to a great pressure it would give ; it was softer than in cold weather, but not what I consider soft. 504. You have said that the cable was covered with tar; how was that tar put on ?—It passed through iron tanks filled with the composition I have named, and kept hot by gas. 505. Do you think that would have any effect in injuring the gutta-percha ?—Without great care it was possible. 506. Do you believe that the cable was injured from that cause ?—Part of it. 507. (Mr. Saward.) I believe you called the atten- tion of the company once or twice to the possibility of injury by that cause ?—I did. One part of the cable we found defective when it was stripped. 508. (Chairman.) Do you mean that the cable had become injured very much from some process ?—Yes, it must have been heat of some kind because the copper wire was partly visible; it was not quite through for the gutta-percha will allow of being very thin, you could see it through the gutta-percha. 509. Were those defective pieces afterwards cut out ?—Yes. 510. (Mr. Saward.) Do you attribute that sort of injury, namely, the want of centring, to any fault on the part of the Gutta Percha Company ?— Certainly not ; it could not have come out of the gutta-percha, because it had been examined so many times and then put in water at the cable works; it would be sure to have shown itself there. 511. Are you aware that in some specimens of the Atlantic cable which have been recently discovered the copper conductor is quite away from the centre, and showing itself on the outer circumference of the gutta-percha ?— I have never seen a copper wire quite outside of the gutta-percha, but so close to it that you might say it was outside; you could seo every turn right along. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 512. (Chairman.) Would it have been possible to have examined the cable sufficiently to detect, every one of such faults which might occur ?—No ; it was not possible, because there was a great deal of tar upon the outer part of the cable ; it would have taken a year, with a good many eyes, to have examined it minutely. 913. Would it have been necessary to have taken off the whole of the tar ?—Yes ; we could not have done it without. 514. (Mr. Saward.) Would it not have been possible in the first instance to have prevented such a state of things arising ?—Certainly, by allowing more time. 515. (Chairman.) Do you think, besides the faults which you saw of the nature you have described, it is possible that other faults may have existed in the cable at the time it was laid ?—Yes ; quite possible. 516. Have you carefully considered the question of laying deep sea cables ?—I have. 517. Are you of opinion that there is any difficulty in submerging a cable in water of great depth, provided it is properly constructed, 3,000 fathoms for example? —There is no difficulty whatever if you have a know- ledge of the bottom ; the only difficulty that arises in my mind is from not knowing what the bottom is composed of. If you could only ascertain its outline or unevenness, но as to have а true representation of the bottom, then it would be quite practicable to lay a cable in, say, a depth of three miles. 518. You would recommend very careful soundings to be taken of every part of the bottom before the cable was laid ?—Y es. 919. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think the Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland has been suffi- ciently sounded for the purpose of laying a submarine cable ?—I do not; when there are spaces of ten or twenty miles between the soundings, the lead might go between those precipices which exist no doubt at the bottom of the sea, as they do on land. 520. ( Chairman.) Do you think it would be possible to get such a map of the bottom as you describe ?—I think soundings might be taken at each five miles ; that would be a good guide. 921. Between soundings five miles apart there might be a mountain, I presume ?-— Yes; but the chances of ascertaining the character of the bottom would be double what they are at present. 922, Have you considered the question of the weight of the cable and the specific gravity ?—I have not gone into that question of the weight of the cable and the specific gravity. 023. (Mr. Saward.) Is it your opinion that the specific gravity should be carefully adapted to the depth ?—Of course it must be. 924. What would you say of that cable, No. 9, or one similarly constructed, as to its suitability for laying in the Atlantic ?—1 should say that you might lay that cable, from what little I have seen of it, in any depth of water. It would be more suitable than this (No. 12). This (No. 9) would not descend too quickly, there never would be much strain upon it; it would be quite light and go at a much sharper angle. 525. (Chairman.) Do you consider that there is much danger from the motion of the ship in laying а cable, or does the angle &t which the cable goes out compensate for that to some extent ?—The lighter the cable is the less it is likely to be injured ; the more the cable lifts up and down over the stern, the more danger there is; the longer the angle at which you can get the cable the better ; the ship's pen- dulous motion is scarcely felt at an angle, say from 10° to 20°. 526. You think that a cable should be paid out at an angle of 10° ?—Yes. 927. Must the speed of the ship be kept up to a certain extent to allow of it ?—Yes; you can pay the cable out at six miles, and let the ship go through the water at five miles, if you choose to do so. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 528. By paying out a fifth of slack ? -es; but 20 per cent. is too much. 529. (Mr. Saward.) In paying out slack, if I un- derstand you, you would like, if you had sufficient soundings, to adapt it to the contour of the bottom as far as you could ?—Certainly; in some places where the bottom was uneven, as in many parts of New- foundland, I would pay out 30 or 40 per cent. of slack till I got over that difficulty. I would allow plenty of slack for the cable to fall into those cavities at the bottom. 530. ( Chairman.) If you have a great quantity of slack, is not there more difficulty in picking up the cable again ?—I do not know. Ihave never felt it. The only difficulty would arise in tliat case from the kinking. 531. (Mr. Saward.) You have picked up cable for the Atlantic Telegraph Company, both on the Valentia and the Newfoundland sides, have you not ?—Yes. 532. On the Valentia side the cable was laid very slack, was not it ?—Yees, very slack. 533. Was the cable that you picked up on that side drawn into kinks ?—It kinked in coming up, as cables are very apt to do, when they are just lifted from the bottom; we had only one kink. 534. The portion you did get up was not injured, and has since been sold and used, I believe ?—Al] the | cables, whether at Newfoundland or Valentia, that I have picked up of the Atlantic telegraph, where it laid over sand, have been perfect, as perfect as when made, with the exception of a little rust; wherever it has laid over rocks the outer casing has been bad. 535. On the Newfoundland side, I believe, you picked the cable up without difficulty in a depth of 170 fathoms ?— Yes, part of it. 536. (Chairman.) What is the greatest depth in which you have picked up cable ?—I think that is about the greatest depth. Ido not remember any greater. 537. Do you think it is possible to pick up a cable at a greater depth ?—It depends upon the slack entirely. If the cable is laid very slack you might get it up at 300 fathoms, not a heavy cable; but such a cable as this (deep sea No. 2 Gibraltar cable) might be got up in 300 fathoms. If it was near the end, you would get this up in 300 fathoms on a soft bottom. 538. If you did not know exactly where the cable wa3, should you be able to find it in 200 fathoms of water by grappling for it ?—If the bottom was soft you would. It requires two grapnels for getting up cables; with a soft bottom one should be made very sharp, with the arms very long, so that they will plough into the soft ground; such grapnels would not do with a hard bottom. When you get hold of the cable and raise it two fathoms from the bottom,—any person of experience can tell whether they have got hold of the cable,—it springs, and then with a heavy grapnel you will have no difficulty in lifting it. 539. At what depth do you think a cable would be safe from being picked up; would it be safe to lay a cable from Falmouth to Gibraltar in a depth of from 200 to 300 fathoms ?—If it is а heavy cable such as this (No. 2 shore-end) it would be perfectly safe in 300 fathoms, and this would be still safer. 540. Take that No. 1 deep sea, in what depth could you pick it up ?—I think from 250 to 300 fathoms, that might be lifted very easily if it will bear its own strain; I should say 300 fathoms. 541. Not more than 300 fathoms ?—No. 542. You think if that cable were laid in 300 fa- thoms it would be quite safe from being picked up? —Quite safe. It might be picked up at 300 futhoms. I should not like to attempt it, but you might lift it very much further. When you pick up а cable and it takes the grapnel, there is quito twice its own weight to lift. 543. In what depth would that cable be safe from being injured by attempts at picking it up ?—I should say 400 fathoms. 544. Do you mean that it would not be possible either to get hold of it or break it in that depth? 25 It would be impossible to tell whether you had got hold of it or not in 400 fathoms. 949. Do you think the shore-ends would be safe in less than that ?—I think those shore-ends would be safe in 100 fathoms. I am almost certain you would not be able to get that up at all. 946. Why not? would the weight be too great ?— If it were to get a hold of the ground, you could not spring it up, you could not get enough of the slack of it to come up. 947. What would happen ?—It would part; the cable would be sure to break, 948. In fact it would not be safe from being in- jured in 200 fathoms ?—No ; it would be quite pos- sible to get an anchor or something underneath it. 949. And if anything got underneath the cable it would break ?—Y'es, of course it would; but it would be apt to break any chain-cable or anything of that sort that got hold of it first. 550. (Mr. Saward.) Would not such an attempt as that presume very accurate knowledge of the course in which the cable was laid, and also a good deal of skill on the part of those who were attempting to in- jure it ?—Y es ; I am of opinion that in 200 fathoms this could never be got up, even if it was got hold of by a vessel's anchor. 551. (Chairman.) It would be just as injurious to break a cable below as to pull it up to the surface and then cut it, would not it ?—In order to break the cable underneath you must have something to break it with. You would have to put down 200 fathoms of chain-cable ; with this sized cable I broke the steamer’s windlass in lifting it even in ten fathoms. 552. You broke the windlass but not the cable ?— No, notthe cable ; we got the cable up right enough. I hooked it first with a grapnel, and then with the anchor. 993. Should you have any difficulty in meeting with the cable if you knew that it was laid at certain places ?—At 200 fathoms it would require a very long time ; in the first place you must grapple slowly, and if you grapple at 200 fathoms you would want 500 fathoms of line to keep out a proper line. Supposing this pen to be 200 fathoms, you would want twice its own length and a-half, that would be 500 fathoms, as you would want 20 fathoms to lie on the ground. If you grapple properly, a line would have no chance with a heavy cable, you must grapple with chain and you are never so sensitive with a chain as with a rope. 554. Should you consider the cable at all safe in 70 or 80 fathoms ?—This heavy cable (No. 1) in any- thing under 100 fathoms could be easily injured but it could not be got up if it was laid taut. 555. Is not it easier to get up a cable laid in soft ground than one laid in hard ground ?— It is easier to grapple it, but not easier to get it up ; it will come up easier off rocks if you can get hold of it, but on rocks it may be lying in such a way that you may grapple over and over a dozen times before you can get the grapnel to bite. I have often found it so on rocks. 556. Do you attach much importance to the quality of the soil at the bottom or the nature of the bottom ? Mud preserves the cables much better than sand; if it is hard white sand, it has this effect, the cables go half way through, and where it is lifted or where it is disturbed at all, all the pitch that you put on it is left in the sand, so that if from the action of the tide or any other cause it should be moved, or the bottom should alter its formation, the cable would become deteriorated directly; the harder the bottom is, from mud up to rock, the cable becomes more or less deteriorated. 557. Rock is tho worst, I suppose ?—Y s, but in mud the cable is preserved. 558. Have you lifted a large number of cables? Yes, I have had a great deal to do with them after they have been laid down for some time. 559. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think there is any special reason which you as a nautical man can speak of, why a cable should not be successfully laid and permanently worked in deep water ?—No, I do not see any reason whatever. 5 Capt. J. Keh 8 Dec. 1859. Capi. J. Kell. 8 Dec. 1859. . westward, it is impossible to know how far. 26 660. Is not it a question of good business arrange- ments, & well considered cable, and care in the lay- ing ?—One of the great things is, that a machine &hould be taken out in deep water, and tested both for deep and shallow water; you want machinery with sufficient power to hold in deep water, and sensitive enough not to cause the cable to be laid too tightly in shallow water. There are many parts in shallow water where you want to lay the cable particularly slack ; more so than in deep water. | . 661. Then if all the experience which has been gained is made proper use of, is there any real ob- atacle to the successful laying and permanent working, say of an Atlantic cable? Not any that I can see. 662. Do you consider that the failure of the Atlantic cable has arisen from too great haste ?— I do, and I objected to work being done in the night from the first. | 563. And too little consideration ?—I do attribute the failure to both causes. If there bad been 50 miles of cable made at first in a particular way, taken out into deep water, properly laid and tested, say from one point to another where you have deep water, and a cable of another construction laid in the same way, then experience would have been arrived at. 564. ( Chairman.) Between what places would you lay those experimental cables ?—I think something like the straits of Gibraltar ; I do not know thedepth. 565. That is only 400 fathoms ?—It should be some convenient distance of about 50 miles where there was plenty of depth. There are places to be found on the chart with a little trouble. I think from Madeira so:ne place might be found. : 566. I understood you to say that you would have a treat many soundings taken previously to laying a ca ole ?—Yes ; whenever the soundings were not very even, I should be inclined to think that there was a rocky bottom. 567. A depth of 600 fathoms would be safe, would it not ?—That is a very good depth if you can get an even bottom. s 568. Have you any knowledge of the south coast of Ireland, near Cape Clear and Valentia ?—Yes. 569. What sort of ground is there there ?—There is a shoal that lies out from Bantry Bay ; you can take the south side of that patch with soft mud and ooze all along at a distance of 30 miles from land. I think you will find the soundings to be from 50 fathoms to 100 fathoms in an easterly direction towards Scilly. 570. (Mr. Saward.) I believe you have expressed an objection to the Atlantic cable being taken to Valentia again ; will you explain on what grounds ? —Because the bottom is so very shelvy ; it is the same at the bottom there (I know from having taken up a cable) as it is on land ; the slate rocks lie up to the westward, one layer after another, and the cable while it comes over the sands all right, comes over the top of one of those ridges, and the whole of the outer covering is chafed off by the rocks. 571. (Chairman.) Have you lifted cable there often ?— Yes. These shoals run away out to the I know that they do. I had that information from a great many deep sea fishermen, who told me that they never liked to fish upon those rocks because when their lines get in they lose them. 572. (Mr. Saward.) Are not you of opinion that some where off the coast of Kinsale would be a good place for a cable to be laid ?—Pursuing a direct easterly course along the south coast of Ireland and then steering about north, a little way westward of Kin- sale, you would have red sand and the clay strata when vou get іп and no rocks at all, it is all stiff clay. There is a little bay to the westward of Kinsale you will see by the chart ; but at the Admiralty the other day they objected to that. | 673. (Chairman.) Going into Kinsale ?—Yes, they thought it could be too easily got at, and they asked me what place I would recommend, and I said the Skeligs, for this reason, that an enemy would have ` Madeira. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE the greatest difficulty in getting at it. Ten miles from the Skeligs lighthouse you have 90 fathoms of water mud, and there you could putthis big cable out of the way of an enemy. 9/4. Your proposal would be to take the cable for Gibraltar from near Valentia to the Skeligs and then lay itin deepish water all the way to Gibraltar ?— es. 575. Looking at those soundings, what should you say of the coast of Portugal (handing a chart to the witness), should you say that we had information enough ?—I have no idea. The Burlings that lie off there would induce you to suppose that there might be stones of a similar nature in the sea; where the rocks are jutting off the coast it is natural to suppose that there may be something of a similar nature in the sea. 9/6. Do you know anything of that coast? No- thing beyond navigating it several times. 577. Is there a strong tide ?—-There is a strong current, especially round Cape Finisterre. : 578. Is there much rise and fall of tide ?—That I do not know. I never have been in any port except Gibraltar on that coast. 579. (Mr. Saward.) Is not there a strong current from the west sweeping round towards the south and east ?—Yes ; it goes right up in the direction towards I have felt a strong south-west current set in from that coast. 580. ( Chairman.) Coming out of the Bay of Bis- cay ?—Yes, right round the coast of Cape Finisterre. I do not know anything of the soundings off that coast. 981. Have you ever taken any soundings any- where ?—Y es. 582. Have you ever taken soundings to ascertain the temperature of the bottom of the sea ?—Yes. 583. In what depths ?—I scarcely ever did it ex- cept for my own information in navigating ships. I have done it off the Cape of Good Поре ; never beyond 100 fathoms ; a 100-fathom line was what I generally used when practicable. 584. What temperature did you find there ? —I have given away and lent for the guidance of others my charts and journals containing my memoranda con- nected with this subject. When I have been coming from the westward of the Cape of Good Hope, and have been sounding for the temperature at certain sea- . Bons of the year, it is always the same within a few miles. 3 585. Does the temperature vary at different seasons of the year ?—Yes, the same as the Gulf stream. 986. Does it vary with the depth at all ?—No; I used to run as near one latitude as possible, — about 39° 30' I think it was,—that I used to run round the Cape of Good Hope. 587. Did you find the temperature of the sea vary with the latitude ?—No ; at the season when I arrived at the bank, having westerly winds, I could choose my own route in approaching the bank. I always ran down in one parallel as near as possible, I used to sound for the temperature of the water in that parallel and found it, at about the same dates, always the same. With respect to the strength of the currents that I have found in this track, I have set off the currents for different dates, and I found the current running stronger from the southward at one season than another; where the current set the strongest from the south, I had the coldest water. 588. In the same latitude you always found the same temperature at the same season ?—Always. You are aware that there is a north-west current running very strong down on the western bank the Cape of Good Hope, and I have sct it down Pu time to time in опе day's work so many miles, to find what drift she made in the 24 hours ; how much she had been sent by the current, and I think it was about 45 miles a day. | Kemp House, East India Road DEAR "m 7 m Nov. 29, 1859. T" N compliance with your instructions of Sept. 15th I proceeded to Newfoundland, and on my ыш at the SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEK. 97 company's station I lifted the cable as far towards the mouth of the harbour as was prudent, considering the state of the weather and the season. In doing this 1 found the external part of the cable, for a distance of about two miles from the beach, very much chafed and broken, showing clearly that it had laid over uneven stony ground. From thence to where I left the end there were several places in the same condition, but wherever it had laid ona muddy or soft bottom it was in a good state of preservation. A little below Stock Cove, a distance of about ten miles from the station, whilst we were lifting the cable it parted, and from its appearance I am of opinion that it had laid over a large piece of rock, as the external wires were quite rotten, and I hoped when I first saw the end that it was a fault, but on a close examination I could not come to a positive conclusion. | I then grappled the cable about half a mile beyond the broken end, and put on the same test as before, but was disappointed to find that the galvanometer did not indicate “у improvement. continued to lift the cable to the mouth of Bulls’ Arm without finding anything further; I then laid the cable to the nearest shore and built a hut, where Mr. Saunders remained for four days to make the necessary tests and carry out Mr. Varley's instructions. He will on his return furnish you with a full report, as he has in his possession all the papers connected with the testing, and I cannot agreed with a help saying that Mr. Saunders has been of great service to me in many respects whilst on this expedition. From my experience of Bay Bulls Arm, and from all the information I could gather in reference to it, I do not think that it is a suitable place to land any cable, and I believe that for nine or ten miles out beyond where the end of the cable is at this time anchored, the bottom is uneven and studded with rocks, and I should strongly recommend that any new cable be carried to New Perlican or somewhere in the immediate neighbourhood, as you might I believe aoe it on a soft bottom, and save at least 50 miles of cable. | With regard to the station at N ewfoundland, I have person to live in it and take care of it until next June, but should it be decided not to land any future cable there, I would recommend that the house be then removed, as the materials would be much more valuable to us than any sum we could get for the building where it now stands. From my diary, a copy of which I enclose for your information, you will have the details of my proceedings since I left London. I am, &c. | (Signed) JohN KELL. e Saward, Esq., ecretary, eds Telegraph Co., ondon. | Mr. WILLOUGHBY $мїтн examined. 989. ( Chairman). In what way are you connected with the Gutta-Percha Company ?—Foreman of the wire department. 590. Have you had considerable experience in the laying of submarine cables ?—I have been out with several but always as connected with the Gutta- Percha Works. | 591. Were your duties to attend to the electrical working of the cable ?—No ; I went on behalf of the Gutta-Percha Company. 592. Have you turned your attention very much to the manufacture of gutta-percha ?—Yes. | 993. Do you consider it the best material for insu- lating copper wires ?—I do. 994. Have you considered the character of india- rubber as an insulator ?—Yes. l | 595. What in your opinion are the comparative merits or demerits of the two classes of insulators ? —1 have had one mile of india-rubber covered wire and compared it with a mile of gutta-percha covered wire of the same size; and in trying my experiments with the india-rubber core it broke down after a day's testing. I think I had not more than one day. I divided the core into five lengths, and each length broke down. 996. (Mr. Saward.) Was the same battery power used in each case ?—Yes, | 597. What amount ?—504 pairs of plates, the or- dinary sand battery. | 598. Six-inch ?—Four by three. 999. (Chairman.) What size was the wire ?— 16-inch copper wire, covered to No. 4 gauge. 600. Was Silver's wire covered by themselves ава model specimen ?—Y es. 601. To what do you attribute its giving way ?—I still have the pieces, and I intend to trace out those faults. Messrs. Siemens are trying some experiments at our works. I see that they have half a mile of the rubber wire in the canal, which I tested the other day. It seems pretty good, but that is only one testing. 602. (Mr. Saward.) Have not you been in the service of the Gutta-Percha Company from nearly its commencement ?*— Tes; I crossed the Channel with the first experimental cable. 603. Can you say whether tho quality of the gutta- percha used now is as good as when it was first used for telegraphic purposes ?—I have every reason to believe that it is. 604. Gan you say whether the process of cleansing and preparing the gum so that it can be used for telegraphic purposes has been materially improved since the first arrangements of the company were made ?—I believe that it is being improved every day. 605. (Professor Wheatstone.) Is there much varia- bility in the composition of gutta-percha?—As in most other things, there are various qualities of it. 606. (Chairman.) Is not gutta-percha subject to a great deal of adulteration in the islands themselves, from which it is received ?—Not that I am aware of, as regards material suitable for wire. 607. Assuming that there are different qualities of gutta-percha, is it easier to put on a thin coat of good gutta-percha than a thick coat of bad gutta percha ? No. 608. Whatever the quality of the gutta-percha is can it be put on in a thin cont as easily as in a thick опе ?—A very inferior gutta-percha could not be worked in our machines in thin layers. Any engineer or gentleman who has had experience in telegraphy or of seeing covered wires can tell in a moment whether we have put any inferior article into a cable; that is to say if we used inferior gutta- percha it would look so different after being manu- factured a day or two that they could tell it in a moment. | 609. Perhaps you have seen that wire before (handing a specimen to the witness). It is covered with 20 coats of gutta-percha is it not? Ten of gutta-percha and ten of compound, 610. Could inferior gutta-percha be worked up in that?—No ; we can put an inferior quality of gutta- percha covering if necessary. 611. With the same thickness of coating ?—No, .612. What appearance would the gutta-percha of inferior quality have. Would it be more porous? I can hardly describe what it would be. I know there are many persons come to the Gutta-Percha Works who will take up a piece of wire and say, is this the best gutta-percha ?—It does not look like it. 613, (Mr. Saward.) Is not the best gutta-percha easily discerned by its smooth and shining appear- ance ?—No, that does not follow. It is a curious circumstance, if you are covering two wires at a time, both of them coming out of the same die, one will be perfectly smooth and the other rough, the same materials covering both. This paper contains the result of some experiments Mr. Clarke is trying at our works (handing in the same). 614. (Professor Wheatstone.) In the process of manufacture are you always certain of preserving the central position of the wire? - We are not certain; it will vary. 615. How is the centering affected by the process of manufacture ?—It will depend upon how the wire was covered, whether with two or three or only one coating. 616. Do you think that any of the failures of sub- marine telegraphs have arisen from the wire being out of the centre and approaching the external part ? —I cannot see how it is possible. e D 2 Capt. J. Kell. —— em 8 Dec. 1859. Mr. W. Smith. — Mr. W. Smith. 8 Dec. 1859. 28 617. (Mr. Saward.) It would hardly be possible if more than one coat of gutta-percha were put on; if there is only one coat of gutta-percha it might be possible, but if there are two or three coverings of gutta-percha it would be hardly possible, would it, for the wire to get out of the centre ?—I do not say that it is possible with one coating. The only possi- bility that I see with one coating is this, the wire passes through the machinery and you put on a large body at once ; in going down the tank it may not be sufficiently cold, and when it goes over the pulley the wire would be liable to come out of the centre, but then the gutta-percha would be flattened on the surface. 618. Sothat tho want of centering would be easily detected ?—Yes. 619. (Chairman.) In this wire you see that there is considerable eccentricity (handing a gutta-percha covercd wire to the witness) ?—That has been what is termed badly centred in the first covering ; the wire is double covered and out of the centre, that is tho fault of the workman. 620. Have you any test by which you can detect that ?—I am happy to say that I think we have got over that difficulty. 621. What test do you employ ?—Only by the improvements we have made in our machinery. 622. Are there any means by which the person for whom you are covering the wire can detect eccen- tricities ?——Yes, by cutting the ends of the coil. 623. Would the defect be the same throughout the соге ?—If the wire was out in one part it would be a hundred to one but you found it so through the coil. 624. You think that it cannot be eccentric in one place and not in another ?—It is possible, but the chances are greatly against it. 625. Is there any practical objection to testing each layer of gutta-percha as it is put on under pres- gure in a pressure tank ?—I have a great objection to testing gutta-percha cores under severe pressure. 626. For what reason ?—My objection is to a cer- tain extent founded upon the following experiment. I took a piece of wire and tested it with 504 pairs of plates and a very sensitive galvanometer, It was perfect. I then tested it with static electricity, and found it the same. I then placed it under pressure, and after remaining so for some time it still tested perfect with the 504 pairs, but not so well with the static. 627. Do you consider that water pressure does deteriorate gutta-percha ?— The above experiment in- duces me to believe it does with static electricity to a certain extent. 628. Then how can gutta-percha be a safe insulator under the pressure to which it will be subjected at a depth of 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms ?—Dry gutta-percha is & perfect insulator ; and when the cable is manu- factured it is covered with hemp saturated with an insulating fluid. 629. "That cannot prevent the water getting into it ?—I think so. I have seen some of the old Dover cable that has been down eight years, and the tar oozes out of the hemp when it is taken up. 630. (Mr. Saward.) Is there not another reason ; in the case you put you test it with 504 pairs of plates; is tbat a test to which it would ever be sub- jected in the working of the cable ?—That is more battery power than is ever used. 631. Is it not the case that the excessive force of the large battery power would find its way out of the cable under that pressure, whereas the normal work- ing power used in practice would not have anything like a similar effect ?—It is more liable to do so if it is kept under pressure for some time. 632. By keeping the core under pressure, and using it at the same time an enormous battery power, would not you be likely to bring about injurious consequences io the core; whereas the same core under the same pressure, worked by the ordinary battery power which would be used in sending mes- sages through the cable, would not have the same injurious effect produced upon it, Do you agree to MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 633. (Chairman.) Then you are of opinion that a great pressure will cause water to enter into the pores of the gutta-percha ?—Every experiment with static electricity would lead me to believe so to a minute degree. 634. Does not that tend to show that gutta-percha is not fitted for very deep sea telegraphy, unless you cover it with some impervious material ?—In all the instances of testing under pressure, I have never known the core to be defective from bad insulation when tested with a voltaic battery. 635. 'The pressure that is proposed to be put on the Gibraltar cable at the works, is nothing to be com- pared with the pressure it will be subjected to when it gets to the bottom of the Bay of Biscay. The pressure at the bottom of the Bay of Biscay is about 7,000 lbs. per square inch, whereas the pressure at the gutta-percha works, in Reid's tank, is 1,000 Ibs. per square inch ?— Yes. 636. (Mr. Saward.) In the case of & cable com- pleted and laid down, would not the pressure be distributed, not acting directly upon the gutta-percha, between the iron, the tube, in fact, in which it is en- closed, the hemp, and the gutta-percha ; whereas, in the experiments you are now making, the pressure is applied direct to the skin of the gutta-percha ?—Yes, and that is what I object to. 637. (Chairman.) Are not you aware that a cable covered with that wire cannot be laid in great depths? No, I am not aware of the fact. 638. It is not capable of supporting its own weight, therefore you must have resort either to steel wire or to some other covering. If there is any flaw in the hemp covering, or any place which is not perfectly saturated with tar, through which the water could get to the gutta-percha, then the effect which you dread would at once tuke place, would not it?—That is to say, if the gutta-percha is exposed to this enormous pressure. No, I do not say so. It is said abroad that gutta- percha is porous, and that it absorbs moisture after it has been a long time under pressure, I do not say that. Ifthere are any minute holes, my experiments led me to believe that the water had entered into those under pressure when we tested with static electricity. I found no difference with voltaic. I merely mention that circumstance. 639. (Mr. Saward.) In applying enormous pres- sure on the outside and enormous battery power to the inside, are you not creating two opposing forces which would have a tendency to act injuriously upon the substance which was under the influence of those forces whatever it might be ?—Yes; the water is trying to get in and the battery power is trying to get out ; they meet each other. 640. ‘Those opposing forces combining to injure the gutta-percha ?—Exactly. 641. (Chairman.) Will you look at this specimen (handing a piece of gutta-percha core to the witness). To what do you attribute those flaws ? These аге what we term air holes caused by the air getting into the percha. 642. Is there any means of preventing those air holes ?—We have to a certain extent got over them; but the best mode of getting over them is to have a very thin coating at a time, and then there is no room for the air to tell upon ; but when you put on a thick coating at once, the percha is liable to these air holes. 643. (Mr. Saward.) Would not another preserva- tive from that danger be to work your machinery at & slower pace ?—I think not; the speed depends upon the size of the wire; with a large wire we are obliged to go slow ; with a small one we cannot. 644. (Chairman.) Is there any means of detecting those air holes that you are aware of ?—By careful examination or pressure. 645. By exhausting the air, and pressure ?—Yes, I have no doubt that these have been found out in that way. 646 Those air holes were discovered by Mr. New- all ?—' That is under pressure. 617, He only discovered them after he had laid his SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. cable and he attributes his failure in part at least to those defects ?— These air holes only extend to the first covering ; that was one of the grounds why we commenced with the double covering. 648. Are those air holes in the outer coat ?—Yes, but not in the inner one. 649. Is there any security that there are not similar defects in the inner coat ?—lIt is fair to sup- pose if you have an air hole in a double covered wire in the first covering it is improbable that there will be another in the same place in the second covering. 650. (Mr. Saward.) And still less in a third? Still less in a third. 651. (Professor Wheatstone.) In some specimens of manufactured gutta-percha, I observe a deterioration of a particular kind in the gutta-percha close in con- tact with the copper. If you cut a piece of gutta- percha and split it up so as to expose the copper you find the copper surrounded by a grey powder. Do you know the cause of that ?—I do not think you will find that in submarine lines; that decay is generally noticed in gutta-percha used for subterranean lines. 652. (Chairman.) Does not gutta-percha undergo a certain amount of deterioration if it is exposed to air without any moisture ?—Yes. 653. Does it undergo a chemical or a mechanical change ?—I think it is chemical. 654. Does not it become brittle ?—Y'es. 655. Can it be worked up again for any useful purpose ?—Not as an insulator ; its property is de- stroyed as an insulator; but we find, in the compound that we are now using, that there is none of that decay going on between the copper and the gutta- rcha. 656. (Mr. Saward.) Are you familiar with the in- vention of Professor Hughes, of a compound to be applied between the gutta-percha and the coat of the cable?—-We have manufactured two miles for the Government experiments, 657. Have you formed any opinion as to its useful- ness ?——No, I should not like to hazard an opinion at present ; all I can say is that in testing for insulation it does not come up to one of many coats, as Mr. Clark's paper will show. 658. Is the special piece to which IIughes's com- pound is applied also covered with many coats ?—No, only double covered. 659. That would not be a fair comparison with Hughes’s unless his were covered many times with gutta-percha in the same way, would it ?—I think it is. The Professor in fact said that we might use an inferior article outside, because he was so positive it would be a better insulator, and I think the thicker you got the fluid the worse would become the insu- lation. 660. (Chairman.) Does laying on the gutta-percha in many coats materially increase the cost of the wire? here would be the additional labour. 661. What addition would that make to the cost ? hat I am not able to tell you. 662. (Mr. Saward.) Would it be considerable ?— There would be the same amount of gutta-percha ; there would be the labour ; the additional cost would be in the labour. 663. The additional cost would be veryconsiderable? —Y es. 664. (Chairman.) Do you think it would multiply the cost as much as 15 or 20 times ?—I think not. 665. (Mr. Saward.) 'That would multiply the labour portion you think fifteen times ?—The labour would be as ten to one compared with a single covering. 666. (Chairman.) Have you tried any other expe- riments besides those you have mentioned upon india- rubber ?—I have made a compound of india-rubber and gutta-percha, and covered a specimen of the Gibraltar core with the same. I have no doubt you have seen the specimen. It is that with the black covering outside. It is a great protection to the core. I can illustrate the result of experiments made with our compounds by these curves. I have also some curves showing the testings of the core for 20 the Red Sea cable. The copper strand was No. 11 gauge, covered with two coats of gutta-percha and two of compound. I had also a coil of same size double covered with gutta-percha only. "The testings wero taken from September to September, and this diagram shows the changes of temperature upon each testing (producing a diagram. Plate No. 1). 667. To what do you attribute this great difference? —To the increase of temperature: this shows the difference in September, depth of winter, height of summer, and then we fall to September again. 668. In the summer the gutta-percha is the worst ? —Yes; as the temperature rises it affects the gutta- percha as an insulator. 669. Chatterton's compound also deteriorates, but to a less degree ?— Yes. 670. Chatterton's compound is always better than the gutta-percha ?—Yes ; it is a better insulator, 671. What is it made of ?—It is made of percha, Stockholm tar, and resin. 672. IIas not resin an injurious effect upon gutta- percha ?—No; not that I am aware of. 673. Has creosote ?—Yes. 674. (Mr. Saward.) At what temperature does gutta-percha become plastic? At about 120°. 675. What degree of plasticity does it obtain then ; | would it fall by its own weight? No. 676. At what temperature would a piece of gutta- percha covered wire laid on a table or a stone fall down so as to get the wire out of the centre ?—I should say about 1309, I placed six yards of the Atlantie cable in water at 110°, and found that after immersion for some time the wires had left the centre, but the same length of core without the outer wires, when similarly treated, the conductor had not left the centre. 677. That would be due to the strain on the outside ofthe coil?—Yes. This will show the experiment I tried in the last three days with 1,000 yards of core covered with pure compound ( producing another diagram. Plate No. 2.) 678. (Chairman.) I think I gather from your evidence that you would prefer that a gutta-percha core should be covered with Chatterton's compound or some other compound instead of being placed in the water without any such covering ?—TI say of course it would improve the cable as one of the diagrams here will show. 679. I am referring to the capacity of the core for resisting water pressure -es; but I do not wish to be understood as saying that without the compound you could force water through the gutta-percha. 680. Will not it bo submitted to that pressure eventually ?—I think not. 681. Do not you admit that air holes are injurious to a core — Les; but they would not be so injurious as submitting a core toa pressure, which might by an extreme possibility force the water into those air holes. 682. When a cable is put down at a depth of. 1,500 to 2,000 fathoms, is it not necessarily exposed to great pressure ?—I think the outside covering takes that pressure to a certain extent. 683. Do you think that the water will not pene- trate the outer covering ?—I do not think it will get through the gutta-percha. 684. It comes to this, that you think it desirable that there should be an impervious outer covering beyond the gutta-percha ?—I think you cannot pro- tect your gutta-percha too much. 685. (Mr. Saward.) Have not you been present at nearly all the successes or failures in the Mediterra- nean ?—No; I was out at one success and one failure ; the last two I was not out with. 686. On what occasions were you present? - When the one from Spezzia to Corsica was laid successfully, and the first failure, the one that was attempted to be laid from Cape Spartivento to Bona. 687. Are those the only two cables you have been out with personally ?—I was with two in the Medi- terranean, the Dover, the Howth, and the Port Patrick. 688. You were not in the Black Sea?—No. 689. You are not able to tell us any more than D3 Mr. W. Smith 8 Dec. 1859. Mr. W. Smith. Renee rione 8 Dec. 1859. — ——— 30 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE Captain Kell has told us with regard to the failure of the Spartivento cable ?—No ; there was one remark of Captain Kell’s that I could not understand ; he said that he broke the windlass in heaving up the cable, but that the cable did not break on that occa- sion. I am speaking of when Mr. Brett was out when we had a “terrific run.” Captain Kell was heaving in on that cable and wore the windlass out. That cable broke. (Captain Kell.) No; it was ou board the “ Star.” 690. (Chairman to Captain Kell.) Is not one of those Mediterranean cables now lying in the East India Docks ?—Yes. | | 691. Which cable is that ?—The one that was in the * Result ;" it is a fac-simile of the one that is laid from Spezzia to Corsica. 692. What length of cable is there in the docks ? —There is 77 miles in the East India Docks. 693. Is it all in one piece — es. 694. (Mr. Saward.) Did you lift it *—No, I did not lift it ; it was a part that remained. We failed in laying the cable, and brought that back again. 695. (Professor Wheatstone.) Was it considered to be injured ?—No, not at all; it is as good as ever it was. 696. (Chairman to Mr. Smith.) Are you quite certain that gutta-percha cannot become deteriorated by exposure where the moisture cannot dry out of it, that is in continual use for submarine lines ?—I am. 697. Are not all the specimens that have been re- covered from submarine eables which have been laid for any length of time perfectly sound ?—I have seen a kink lately taken from the Dover cable, and the gutta-percha is as good as when first laid. 698. You consider that gutta-percha is safe when во laid ?—Y es. 699. (Mr. Saward.) What is the longest time you have known gutta-percha to have been submerged and afterwards taken up perfect 2—1 should say the Dover cable, laid in 1851. We have a piece of the core of that cable that has been immersed ever since that time ; it still tests perfect. 700. So far as the evideuce goes gutta-percha appears to be indestructible in water f— es. 701. (Professor Wheatstone.) Do fungi affect gutta-percha much ?—Mr. Highton says they do; I have only his authority; we have never tried any experiments. 702. You do not know under what circumstances it is affected by fungi ?—No, I do not. 703. (Chairman.) Do insects eat gutta-percha ?— I have never seen a specimen where such a thing had taken place. 704. That piece of core which is now before you was laid in the Mediterranean somewhere near Corfu, it was covered originally with hemp ; when it was taken up the hemp was all eaten away from it and insects appear to have eaten away the gutta percha where you sce the small holes. It was also said that shells were sticking to it at the time ?—We found barnacles attached to the experimental cable that was laid across the English channel. 705. But the cable was not eaten away ?—No, I have not seen anything of this kind before. 706. Have you considered at all a plan which Mr. Macintosh has suggested of vulcanizing gutta-percha ? —It is done by 97 per cent. of bi-sulphate of carbon and three per cent. of chloride of sulphur. 707. Does that improve the gutta-percha or de- teriorate it 7—It does not improve it for insulation; time would be the only test that you could rely upon for its deteriorating the gutta-percha at all. 708. Mr. Macintosh's idea, I believe, is to render gutta-percha more impervious to water, Have you heard that ?—No, I thought it was for heat. It is the fact that it will stand more heat as regards the outside casing, but the inside, the gutta-percha, would get quite as soft and the wires would fall. 709. Have any experiments on vulcanized gutta- percha been tried at the gutta-percha works /—We have one mile that has been passed through the solution, 710. Has any other system of vulcanizing gutta- percha been attempted ?—-Some years ago the gutta- percha company tried to vulcanize gutta-percha, but not for telegraphic purposes. 711. Have you any specimens of it left? - Tes, we have a block there now. I cannot say exactly why it was discontinued. 712. (Mr. Saward.) Have you had any experience as to the chemical destructibility of vulcanized india- rubber No, I have not. 713. Was not there an attempt, in the early days of gutta-percha, to use sulphur mixcd with gutta- percha ?—Y es. 714. Did not that fail entirely ?—Yes. 715. That was as early as 1848 or 1849 ?—About 1849. 716. Did not the gutta-percha become chemically destroyed, eaten into holes'?—'The sulphur affected the gutta-percha. In fact that gave rise to the invention of the fuse that is used for firing at long distances ; it is from the sulphur affecting the copper and forming sulphuret of copper that thefuses are made. 717. Can you give any other information which you think will be useful to the Board of Trade in their investigation ?—W'e are not standing still at the Gutta-Percha Works, we are improving every day. 718. (Chairman.) Is the supply of gutta-percha unlimited ?—I think so. 719. Has not the price increased ?—Y es. 120. Is that a sign of its being rarer or of the greater perfection of the manufacture ?—The greater perfection of the manufacture ; but still the price does rise in the market ; the material itself increases very much in price. 721, (Mr. Saward.) I suppose the native are be- coming aware of its uses? No doubt. 122. Will you describe the system you adopt at the Gutta-Percha Works for testing cables? — When we receive an order we cover the wire, and place it in the canal, and the electrician, or whoever may be ap- pointed, is supplied with 504 pairs of plates (ordinary sand battery), and a very sensitive galvanometer, one similar to the last that was made for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. I might remark that in this diagram the coil that shows 35 on the instrument we now use would not have shown anything on tho ordinary galvanometer which was used at the com- mencement of the works some years since. 723. (Professor Wheatstone.) Do you ever employ statical tests ?—I have merely for my own experi- ments. 724. What statical tests do you employ ?—I merely do it by watching the discharge in a Leyden Jar. 725. What instrument would you employ to measure the statical electricity ?—A pith bull in measuring the amount of insulation. 726. I suppose you also measure the amount of charge and discharge when the wire is charged by a voltaic battery ?—lI always took it in testing for my- self for my own information; but we have gentlemen come to the works who do not take the charge and discharge, merely the loss. 727. Merely taking the leakage?—The loss. There is one thing I should like to mention. Professor Thompson read a paper at the British Association this last year upon experiments that Mr. Jenkins had made at Birkenhead in comparing a coil of plain gutta- percha and acoil covered with compound between the layers, precisely the same as the Red Sea; he had a plain coil and one of two coatings of gutta-percha and two of compound. I found that those experi- ments were quite at variance with my own, and it rather annoyed me because I had gone somewhat deeply into it. 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We had orders from Mr. Newall to manufacture two coils of 16 cop- per wire, one covered with gutta-percha, and another of the same length and size was to be covered with what we term “special mixture," that was the ar- rangement with Mr. Newall and Company, and those two coils wére sent for them to test with regard to pressure. This “special mixture" was not equal to gutta-percha, but Mr. Jenkins has fallen into the error of taking the two coils, supposing that one was pure gutta-percha and the other was gutta-percha with compound in between. | 729. (Chairman.) From what you have heard and know of submarine cables that have been laid, do you attribute their failure to any causes which cannot be overcome ?—I think not. 730. Do you think that submarine cables can be iaid in any reasonable depth of water ?— Tes, I do not see why they should not. 731. By “reasonable depth” would you go as far as 2,000 or 3,000 fathoms ?—Yes, I should call that а reasonable depth for laying a light submarine cable. 732. (Mr. Saward.) You see nothing inherent in gutta-percha at all events that would render that hazardous? Not the least. 733. Either as to its being laid or as to its per- manency ?—As to its permanency, no, that I am posi- tive of. 734. You feel positive that there is nothing in gutta-percha to prevent a submarine cable being quite permanent ?—Y'es. 735. (Chairman.) If the cable is laid successfully ? —Then I believe it will last for ever. 736. Provided it is properly manufactured ?—Pro- viding the manufacturing is perfect. 737. (Mr. Saward.) Do you recollect the circum- stances attending the manufacture of the Atlantic cable ?—Y es. 738. Was not it almost hopeless to expect suc- cess from the hurry in which the cable was first made ?—I do not think that many anticipated success. 739. (Chairman.) From the necessarily little care that could be devoted to examining and testing it ?— Every care was given to the testing of the core at our works; but, generally speaking, there was too much hurry in the completion of the cable. 740. (Mr. Saward.) As & man of business, do you think it was possible that the business arrangements in such a case could be perfect ?-——Our arrangements were perfect. 741. (Chairman.) Do you think that the Gibraltar cable ought to be laid successfully ?—I think so. 142. Would you suggest any addition to the deep- sea portion from your knowledge of gutta-percha ?— I think the outside should have a covering of some- thing of this sort (a specimen of core covered with a compound of gutta-percha and india-rubber) ; it would be of great use, it would act as a cushion, and give power of resistance from any sharp punch. 743. (Mr. Saward.) It would act as a sort of buffer ?—Exactly. 750. Are they highly paid ?—Their wages sre higher than those employcd in the general work of the factory. 751. (Mr. Saward.) Are they paid the wages of skilled workmen ?—The pay ranges from 25s. a week. 752. (Chairman.) Is there any means of testing the joints before they leave the manufactory ?— The joints made at our works are tested by those who test the core ; but I think an apparatus with statical elec- tricity might be brought into use by the cable manu- facturers, for testing the joints made at their works. The present mode adopted by them, I believe, is to place the joint in water, and test immediately. 753. There would not be time for the water to penetrate ?—No. 754. Would you expose the joints to pressure ?—I am averse to pressure. I do not sce why they should not be allowed to soak in water for a long time. I do not care how long gutta-percha soaks in water. 755. Do you think if the joints were soaked for a long time in water, and there were any fault that the water would be absorbed through that fault ?—Y es. There is another thing, I would not object to pressure if you gave the gutta-percha time to dry after it came out of the pressure tank, before the tarred yarn is put on. . 756. You would recommend, before any cable is covered with & serving of tar, or has its final covering, that it should be thoroughly dried ?—Y es. 757. What length of time would you give to the drying ?—It would take some time to dry а coil of gutta-percha; but if the straps were taken off, and the wires spread out, it would dry more rapidly. 758. Would you hang it up in a warm room? If hung in & warm room, great care must be taken that the gutta-percha is not injured thereby. 759. Can you give any idea of the length of time that would elapse between its leaving the tank and becoming dry ?—I cannot say what time it would take. It would depend entirely on the means used. 760. Would it take a week ?—More than that. 761. A month ?—If left in the coil it would take months. Adjourned to To-morrow at Two o'clock. Friday, 9th December 1859. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. С. P. BIDDER. Mr. SAWARD. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON rmx THE CHAm. JAMES ATEINSON LoNnGRIDGE, Esq., examined. 162. (Chairman.) You are a civil engineer, I believe ?— Yes. 763. Have you devoted considerable attention to the subject of paying out submarine cables ?—Yes. 164. And also to the coustruction of cables ?—Y es ; to the question of their proper construction. 165. Do not you divide the cables into two descrip- tions, one for shallow water and another for deep-sea water ?—Yes. : 766. For shallow water, what class of cable do you prefer ?—I think the present shore ends are very suitable for the purpose. Б " 33 744. ( 'es should be laid without J. A. india - rub E ridge, Esq. vocate fq . — 745. CE 100 08 cable of that pe 1859, ә 5 ">it ?—The objection be made e с © = | or any ¢ 2 SA "e M SSS “you anticipate offer res E = TN Sg. S = gaur pardon ; (46. | aN д S come into and tar? — 4 | ^ Б 5 E due to and he “йыш Р 8 ! 2 SS S ост 5 but rubber кл шде 5 o Smut for the ЄЗ S " 5833282 i e 88 Ct 747. к centre $ o i 5 percha, чут 748. х | j Rio the m > A require qo? 749. that purpose? — We have men who do nothing elss-—ñłê0k1³ nä J. A. Longridge, Esq. 9 Dec. 1859. JINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE „II should say 200 or 300 zu would adopt another form of zen adopt another form of cable. rm would that be ?—Generally a ch lighter than the present usual form 1 without an outer covering of iron. I .& the whole of the metallic substance inside ле; I think the best place to put it is, as ysed by Mr. Allan, close in contact with the ver wire; but steel wires might also be put Jutside the insulation, and laid without any spiral, or the least possible spiral ; I should prefer them with- out any spiral at all. 770. Do you refer to the principle of Hall’s and Wells patent, of which there is a specimen before you ? No; I should take the present core, and lay the steel wires in the direction of its axis. I should use very small steel wires of the finest steel, and should pass them through rollers, so as to crush them slightly into the gutta-percha, and then over that I should put the outer covering which was to keep them in their place, to give general protection and buoyancy to the cable. 771. Would you anticipate any difficulty in coiling and uncoiling a cable of that sort? None whatever. 772. Would the wires on the inner side of the core, do you think, compress sufficiently to compensate for ihe diminution of length in the coiling ?—The size of the coils is so great that the difference between the inner and outer radius of any one wire would be im- perceptible with the thickness of wire that I should use. 773. They would yield sufficiently for that ?—Yes ; the slightest bulging outwards would yield sufficiently for that. 774. You would have no fear that the inner wires might be forced into the insulating covering? None whatever. 775. You have mentioned Mr. Allan’s cable; do you anticipate any inconveniences from the union of the steel and the copper ?—I am not an electrician ; but I have always understood that to have electrical action, you must have the presence of three bodies ; I am not aware that there is any electrical action be- twixt copper and steel, therefore I do not anticipate any such difficulty as that; but I fancy it is ono which might be submitted, not to opinion, but to experiment. 776. It has been urged that it is not so much the clectrical action, but the diminution of the conducting power of the cable ?—We know very well that the conducting power of steel is less than of copper. I have geen a core which Mr. Allan has made, and which he, in fact, proposed to subinit here, in which the conducting power is larger than that of the pro- posed Falmouth and Gibraltar core, and in which he has a very considerable degree of strength ; yet the inductive surface is no greater. The question of induction, of course, is much more one for au elec- trician than for me ; but I think there are some very simple facts about that which will remove a good deal of the difficulty which hitherto has been supposed to exist. It has always appeared to me that the cause of the retardation in these long cables is, that they have made their conductors a great deal too small. ‘The theory, at the time the Atlantic cable was made was that the smaller the conductor the less the retardation. I combated that theory myself at the Institution of Civil Engineers. I am bound to say that Mr. Alfred Varley agreed with me in that opinion, and I believe now that that theory of small conductors is entirely abandoned. It is quite contrary to all analogy and reason, whether we are conducting electricity, water, or anything else, that we should get it quicker and easier through a small pipe than a large one. I look at the passage of electricity as very much analogous to the passage of water through & pipe, and I believe, when the conductor was made very small, they were obliged to use electricity of such enormous intensity, that it actually charged the dialectric itself, Ido not believe that there is any such thing as an absolute dialectric, that is to say, a substance which will not receive electricity ; it is very difficult to charge it, but with the enormous intensity which they tried to force through these cables, I believe the dialectric itself became slightly charged, and that it was this which produced the retardation. Of course, these are simply opinions of my own, which are not worth much, because I am not an electrician. 777. In fact, you divide the retardation into two parts, as it were; one due to induction, and another to the residual charge within the lining of the gutta- ercha itself ?—Yes. 778. (Mr. Saward.) Will you be good enough to explain your reason for preferring the placing of the strength of the cable inside to an external envelope ? In the first place, the chief reason is, that by doing so you relieve the strain from the insulation alto- gether ; you throw the strain entirely upon the con- ductor and its accompanying wires ; the conductor itself, of course, being copper, is very extensible, and will not bear that strain; therefore the strain practi- cally comes entirely upon the wires which are placed round the conductor. In апу of those iron-covered cables, as soon as the strain comes on them it first comes on the outer shell, which, from the peculiar construc- tion, with the spiral lay, tends to extend independently of the extension due to the tension. Whenever you deal with a spiral body like that, you are quite certain that you will more or less elongate the spirals, and lengthen the outer covering. Take, for instance, this hemp-covered cable; the difference of length between one of these spirals and the length of the cable itself is 24 per cent. If these spirals were untwisted and laid straight, they would be 21 per cent. longer than the cable itself. I do not mean to say that putting them in a testing machine they would untwist to that extent, but I believe, when that cable comes to be laid down, the untwisting would go on for another reason, to which I will presently advert. In testing, it will not untwist to that extent, but will untwist to some extent; and whenever it untwists it elongates these spiral stinnds, and consequently throws the strain upon the gutta-percha and the copper inside. 779. (Chairman.) Why do you anticipate the cable wiil untwist ?—In the laying, simply for this reason. We have here a spiral body which is descending through the water ; as it descends through the water, the water acts, in fact, as a nut fitting a screw; itis a nut which offers only a minute resistance, it is true, but it does offer a resistance. When you take into account the enormous length of cable which is going through the water, to the extent of perhaps 40,000 or 50,000 feet, and that you are running that out ata velocity, frequently, of a foot and a half or two feet per second, you will find, if you calculate the effect of untwisting that cable, it is something very consider- able. Mr. Brooks calculated it for the old Atlantic cable, and it amounts to not less than about 102 grains per lineal foot, applied at the circumference of the cable. 780. Was that calculation in your paper? No; that is a matter which has only been calculated lately; 102 grains per lineal foot, corresponding to the velo- city of one foot per second. Now the effect increases as the square of velocity. Consequently, with two feet per second, it is equal to 408 grains per lineal foot of cable, which, in 2,000 fathoms of water, the cable paying out at an angle of 20 degrees, would amount to not less than 2,000 Ibs. applied at the cir- cumference of the cable, not to any one point, but all throughout. 181. From the friction ?—The passing through the water as a screw passes through a nut. 782. (Mr. Saward.) Would not that be equal on all sides ?—Of course; it acts as a power to untwist the outer coating. 783. ( Chairman.) But the cable is held at ono end, and descends vertically. Besides would not any tendency to untwist to which you allude, to some extent be counteracted by the tension and the weight of the cable itself — No; the cable is running out SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. freely at the top, and it is fixed at the bottom; at least, it soon becomes fixed at the bottom. 784. Still there is the tension upon it?—It is simply longitudinal tension; but the longitudinal tension cannot counteract 1t; whatever effect it has, increases the tendency to untwist. 785. (Mr. Saward.) There would not be the ten- sion, but an opposite quality at the bottom? No, it is running down, finding its way to the bottom. 786. Would you say there is a portion of it lying upon the bottom ?—At a certain distance, where it reaches the bottom (I do not pretend to say how far; I believe, very soon after it reaches the bottom) ; the eable by the friction against the bottom, is prevented from moving. Consequently it is the case of a cable fastened at the bottom, and untwisting all the way up to the top. Of course, as it is untwisting, —the tension of which Captain Galton spoke,—is tending also to lengthen it, and, instead of acting against it, it acts in the same direction. Now, when you consider the great length of cable which is pass- ing through the water, betwixt the bottom and the ship, as I have said, not less, perhaps, than 40,000 or 50,000 feet, and that there is a force of 102 to 500 or more grains per foot upon that, tending to twist it round, the effect must be very considerable. It is very evident to me that a cable does untwist; and, moreover, Ithink it has been observed, in laying the Atlantie cable, that it was constantly untwisting in a direction contrary to its strands. I have seen it stated in print by a person who was on board the expedition ; and I may also mention, in confirmation of that, that I fre- quently, in a part of the country where I used to live, had an opportunity of seeing wire ropes and other ropes on inclined planes, which were fastened at one end to a rope roll, and at the other, to the waggons. Any person going at the same speed as the waggons are travelling might see that that rope, whether wire or hemp, was constantly turn round. 181. (Mr. Saward.) Have you ever been down a deep coal pit suspended by an iron rope? 4A great many times, 188. Did you observe that you went round? Lou cannot because the cages go in slides. I should men- tion that that would not be nt all an analogous case, it is merely passing over а drum at the top of a long shaft. I was speaking of its passing over a series of pulleys at intervals of 20 feet. The action of those pulleys and the spiral lay causes that rotary motion. 789. Is not it the fact that in coiling a cable pro- perly a turn is put into the cable ?—One turn is created in each coil by the process of coiling. 190. Is not that taken out of it as it comes off, or should it not if it is properly coiled ?—I believe you could not take it out again unless you put a turn iu it, 791. You put a turn in it first when it goes in, as it is coiled in you put а turn into the cable ?— The coiling necessarily produces a turn as the cable goes out. 792. Is not that turn taken out of it as it comes round the cone out at the stern of the ship ?—No, certainly not ; the turn will be in it always, and that is one of the great causes of kinks. 193. Would not the effect that you speak of be greater or less according to the angle at which the cable fell from the stern of the ship ?—Of course because the length of the cable between the ship and the bottom is greater, it would be greater as the angle is smaller. 794. In the case of a cable having a superior power of floatation to the Atlantic cable, would not your ob- jection be very much modified ?—It would be greater provided it were made with the spiral lay, but I object to & spiral lay on the outside of the cable altogether ; cables with a smooth surface without spiral lay have no tendency whatever to that action. 795. Because it is, to a certain extent, homo- geneous, so far as the outside is concerned, at all events ?— Y es. 796. Is not the theory of laying cables so to lay them as to avoid any strain ?—It ought to be as far as possible. 33 797. You think that cables should be laid without strain ?—As much as possible. 798. In that case the objection to & cable of that description would not hold, would it ?—The objection would hold just the same. 799. But the evil consequences which you anticipate would not come into action ?—I beg your pardon ; the untwisting due to the spiral lay would come into action just the same; the extra lengthening due to tension, if there was no tension, would not exist, but the case of a cable being laid absolutely without tension is practically impossible. 800. ( Chairman.) To meet your objection it would simply be necessary to cover the cable outside with hemp or something of that sort, which would prevent the water from acting upon the spiral lay ?—It would, provided the cable were so covered. 801. If the cable were wrapped round with hemp for its whole length, that action could not take place ? —It would not take place. 802. (Mr. Saward.) Would not the process which you advocate involve considerable extra expense in the construction of the cable ?—I think not. I think it would be a great deal less expensive. I have no doubt of it. 803. ( Chairman.) Yf means were taken to get rid of the effect of the spiral lay in passing through the water which you anticipate, should you then have any objection to it ?—I should have the same objec- tion on account of the tension. The tendency of the tension is to untwist the spiral, and the more direct you get the strain upon the material which is to bear it, the better ; the only object of making ropes with a spiral lay is to keep the strands together. "The wire ropes which were originally made in Germany, and which lasted perhaps better than any other ropes which were made, were not made with a twist at all; they were simply bundles of wire fastened together longi- tudinally. 804. (Mr. Saward.) What was the objection to their continuance if they are discontinued ?—' They had other objections. There was the difficulty of keeping the ropes together, and the perfection to which they have got this rope machinery now renders it much more easy to make them ; they could not make them in those days, but no one would think of adopt- ing the spiral lay in the chain of a suspension bridge or in anything of that sort. Where there is a direct pull, you should always get your strain right direct through the axis of that which is to bear it. I can see no reason whatever for the adoption of the spiral lay excepting the convenience of putting it on. 805. (Chairman.) You do not think that a suffi- cient reason, upon the assumption that part of its defects can be guarded against ?— Certainly not, because that would not apply if you put the iron where I would have it put. 806. In the centre ?— Yes ; either within the in- sulation or just outside the insulation, within the outer covering. 807. In this specimen it is put just outside the insulation ?— Yes; but there is an intermediate sub- stance of hemp. 808. Merely to prevent the wire pressing against the insulation of gutta-percha ?—Yes, you cannot lay them longitudinally without you put something out- side to keep them in their position. 809. (Mr. Saward.) Would not a cable made longi- tudinally imbedded in a plastic surface, such as you have described, be liable to get bent about and injured in the machinery, and if it once took a form would it not be difficult to get it out of that form ?—I think not; I have had pieces of cable through my hands made in that way, which I have turned into circles of about 12 inches diameter without injuring them in the slightest degree. 810. Were those completely imbedded in some plastic material ?—In gutta-percha. 811. (Chairman.) I believe you have turned your attention to the question of machinery for paying-out cables ?—I have. 812. Are your views embodied in the letter which J. A. Longridge, Esq. 9 Dec. 1859. J. Longridge, Esq. 9 Dec. 1859. 34 you forwurded to me ?—That letter was intended more especially to bring to your attention some methods of paying-out which had been brought to my notice by my friend, Mr. Brooks; my views on paying out apparatus are not embodied there, but they amount to this, that it is absolutely essential, especially with cables where there is a considerable amount of tension, in paying out that you should have machinery which is not rotative. The cause, I am quite satisfied, of the failure of the Atlantic cable was the paying-out machinery. The construction of the cable itself was vicious, but the cause of the failure was the paying- out machinery. The second machinery was more perfect than the first, because it was much lighter, but with & cable of that construction or any iron covered cable in deep water, you must have heavy paying-out machinery or some means of balancing the tension. The tension, we all know now, aud every one admits, is due to the length of the cable equal to the depth of the water which you are pass- ing through; that has been proved mathematically, and there. is no doubt whatever about it, and that is diminished in the case of a cable paying out by the friction of the water. If the cable is paying- out at the same rate that the ship is moving, as it ought to do, the diminution of friction J. tind is very small indeed. It oniy amounts to a few pounds in 3,000 on the Atlantic cable. But if you let the cable run out faster than the ship is moving, then there is an increase of friction, which varies as the square of the increased velocity of paying out, and also according to a certain co-efficient of fric- tion, depending upon the outside suriace of the cable. It has been attempted to relieve the great tension in deep water by letting the cable run out in that way, but the amount of relief so obtained is so small even with a cable like the Atlantic that I think it is very unadvisable indeed to do it. Not only is there a great expense of extra cable, amounting to 30 or 40 per cent. frequently, but you have a greater length of cable to work through afterwards. To prevent that cable running away, you must have some paying-out apparatus which will balance the tension at the top, Now taking that tension at 30 cwt., as it was in the Atlantic cable, you will require very heavy rotative machinery, and if you use heavy rotative machinery (and to be strong it must be heavy) to take that up, then arises this other difficulty, that whenever by a sudden lurch of the ship, whether she heaves her stern up or yaws about, or “scends” for- ward, which she sometimes does, you have this heavy machinery to put into more rapid motion than it was in before ; consequently you have the inertia of the drums to overcome. I have gone carefully into that question, with regard to the last Atlantic machinery, and I am quite satisfied that at times strains came upon that cable from the inertia equal to 80 per cent. of the weight of the rotative machinery, that would be at least three tons. Now it has been said to me that it was not so, that if so the indicator would have shown it. That is a complete mistake. The indicator has exactly the same vice in its construction as the paying- out machinery; there is the inertia of the indicator; which comes into play just at the moment it should not. The inertia of the indicator tends to show a minimum tension when, in point of fact, the tension is the greatest ; the tension is at the greatest just at the time when the stern of the ship has got to the bottom and is beginning to rise again. There are diagrams here which will show that very distinctly, but that paper does not show the amount to which the action will take place; but I am quite sure from observa- tions I have made upon the velocity of vessels pitehing, that the inertia of that machinery would amount in some cases to three tons. 813. What anzle do vou assume that the cable is going out at *—I assume an angle of about 15 or 16 degrees. The strain varies as the sine of the angle. 814. (Mr. Saward.) Would not the relief from friction by floatatten be enormously greater with a cable like that than it would be in the Atlantic ?—]t would be greater considerably. I should be very MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE Y desirous indeed (perhaps it has been done) that ex- periments should be actually made with respect to the amount of friction upon cables. It is a most important element, particularly with heavy cables ; it is not of so much consequence with light cables, because the question of their submergence is very simple, but with heavy cables it is & most important element. I suggested to Sir Charles Bright and Mr. Cyrus Field when they went on their experi- mental trip, some experiments which would easily have determined it for the Atlantic cable, but they did not make those experiments. I suppose they had not the time, or did not think them of sufficient con- sequence. 815. (Chairman.) What were those experiments? — Having ascertained the depth of the water, letting the cable run out vertically, and keeping the ship stationary, to ascertain the final velocity it would take, and from that velocity there is a formula, by which you can calculate the co-efficient of resistance. It would have been very easily done. "There are other ways of doing it, by dragging a length of cable over the stern of a ship, for example, but that would not be so satisfactory as the other method. I have no doubt in my own mind that the friction increases somewhat as the cable descends. i 816. As you increase the pressure ?—As you in- crease in depth ; I think so, but that is not a point I am sure about; but then that same increase of friction, is at the same time producing that effect on the spiral lay which I think is so very objection- able. І may, perhaps, mention, with reference to the paying-out apparatus proposed by Mr. Brooks, the way in which the principle of it differs from what has been hitherto used. This is à model that I have had made. In the first place it is very well known that the normal pressure upon any curve is equal to the tension divided by the radius. The small drums that you must necessarily use on board ship produce а very severe normal strain indeed upon the cable, just when it leaves the drum, which rapidly decreases as it goes round. The first object of this cone is to have a uniform normal pressure throughout the whole paying-out apparatus, and consequently the friction being uniform, there is a uniform diminution of tension for each foot of the apparatus. "That curve which I have here shows the curve of equal pressure ; the cable is seen passing over one part, under the next, and so forth. "That, I dare say, would answer very well ; but this other plan, which is a different ap- plication of the same principle, is, I think, very much better. Curiously enough, a cone with straight sides has the same mathematical properties precisely as the curve. "This spiral crosses always at the same angle—in this model itis not made correctly, the man made a mistake—but the spiral should cross always at the same angle as it comes up ; in that case the normal pressure is exactly the same. 817. Is that cone intended to revolve ?—No ; it is substituting a sliding motion for a revolving motion ; in fact, having the friction absorbed by the sliding of the cable itself, instead of by the using of drums and brakes. We will suppose that we are in a depth of water which requires the tension represented by what you feel by that string; we increase the depth of water; we want to put on a heavier tension. Now we ean, by having this cone properly proportioned, make it suitable for any depth of water we like. Knowing what the depth of water is, we know at what point of the cone the cable should leave it. I should have the cone held in its place, not fixed ; it may be fixed, but it is & better plan to hold it by means of apparatus, so arranged that if the tension exceeds the amount at which it is held the cone is free to revolve, and the moment that takes place the tension decreases. This apparatus will then draw back the cone, and bring it up again exactly to the normal state, so that, in fact, it is perfectly self- acting, and. the tension never can exceed the amount at whieh you fix it. 818. (Mr. Saward.) In fact, it can be managed by hand ?—Yes, it can be managed by hand, but it would SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. be much better managed by a simple mechanism. You will see by this model, in case of a kink coming up from the hold, all you have to do is to let the drum run free, and tlie cable frees itself immediately. 819. (Chairman.) You must have a cone con- structed to suit the dimensions of each cable, I sup- pose ?— The angle of this cone depends upon the co-efficient of the friction of the cable. 820. That would require a cone for each cable ?— Yes ; the same effect takes place if the spiral is not suited, though not so perfectly. To make the thing act perfectlv, the spiral ought to be suited to the co- efficient of friction. These cones might be carried on board ship, and put in their places in five minutes. There is another plan which is on that paper, which consists of two endless belts. So long as the tension does not exceed a certain ainount, those belts revolve and the cable goes with it. If the tension of the cable exceeds that, it immediately slips through between those belts. Those belts are faced with steel, with a groove on each. By means of this arrangement, like what are called lazy tongs, you may put on any amount of pressure you choose. If the tension ex- ceeds that amount, supposing the ship gives a sudden lurch or pitch, the cable immediately slips through this groove. It is like holding it in a man’s hands ; when it pulls too hard it slips through, and I thiuk that apparatus is peculiarly valuable for picking up, because in picking up there is infinitely more danger than in laying down. . 821. (Mr. Saward.) Supposing a proper cable were made, either in the way you have indicated or in another way, so that it could be deposited at the bottom of the sea in a perfect state, do you see or know anything to prevent that cable from being per- manent, or that would militate against the certainty of its continuous action ?—My own opinion is that it would remain for ever in deep water; in shallow water it is subject to various causes of injury which might destroy it. 822. In shallow water it could be easily repaired ? —Yes, in shallow water it can be easily repaired, but once in deep water, and the deeper the water the better, the more safe the cable із. in my opinion; and I may say also that I feel the utmost confidence in being able to lay a light cable with the greatest possible ease. Almost every nautical man that I have talked to on the subject, has said, *If we had ouly just & very “light cable that could be paid out like paying “out a log line, there would be no difficulty at all * about it." 823. (Chairman.) You wonld not pay out too much slack ?—lIt is with the heavy cables that there is the tendency to draw out slack. With a light cable of a specific gravity of, say, 1°б, and a rough outer sur- face, you could not pay out so much slack, the friction во rapidly takes up the increase of velocity. 824. (.Mr. Saward.) You would at all events try to pay out sufficient slack to cover the contour of the bottom as nearly as it could be ascertained ?—I would pay it out with very little slack at the bottom. 825. Would you not make a careful examination with a view to ascertain the contour of the bottom ? I think it is very important to have proper soundings taken ; and another important point is to take proper means to ascertain the actual velocity of the ship. Without you do that you must be guided entirely by the tension of the cable. If you know your section and the velocity of your ship, you may go to work with the greatest possible confidence. 826. ( Chairman.) With respect to the effect of pay- ing out light cables as compared with heavy cables, are you aware that when the first Dover and Calais telegraph, which consisted of a single gutta-percha line, was tried, a certain length was paid out, and that when an equal amount of heavy cable was paid out they ran short ?—I am aware of that, and also that they put weights on the first Dover and Calais line to sink it. The most successful case of cable laying that ever was known, I believe, was the Varna and Bala- klava cable; that was quite a light cable without any outer covering, and it was paid out a distance of 300 35 miles with something like 21 per cent. of slack ; that cable remained perfectly good for twelve months, and only gave way at last, I believe, from not having been properly protected at the shore ends. With reference to testing the cable for insulation, I mean as far as the mechanical question is concerned, to see that there are no holes that the water can get through ; I observe in the specification for the Gibraltar cable, a copy of which I have here, it is said that the core shall be tested when it leaves the works, under pressure. In the first plaee I think not only should the core be tested, but the cable after it is complete should be tested ; I think that is absolutely essential. 827. In the same way ?—Yes. In the next place I think it is quite useless, if I may say so, to test it by a pressure of simply 1,000 lbs. per square inch when that cable is to be subjected to 7,000 Ibs. pres- sure. I think it is essential that cables should be tested both before coveriug and after covering at & pressure at least equal to the depth of water they will have to go under. 828. ( Chairman.) Are you not aware that there are great difficulties in testing large coils of cable ?— I think it would be very easy. 829. In what way would you test a cable ?—I should not test it in coils, but as the cable was made I should pass it through a two-inch gas pipe of a certain length, say 200 yards. I should fit it at each end with leather collars, and I would bring a pressure of four tons per square inch to bear. I would let that remain for so many hours, carefully examining the state of insula- tion, and when that had been done I would relieve that portion, and draw through another length. I would test every inch of cable in that way both before and after the covering was put on. 830. Would not testing the whole length of a cable take a long time ?—It would take a good while, but that is of no consequence whatever compared. with the security that you would get. 831. You would test each portion according to the depth of water at which it was to be laid *—At least to the depth at which it was to be laid. 832. (Mr. Suward.) You think that the testing could b» done with considerable fae lity ?—It would be done with the greatest possible facility with a smooth cable ; it would be more difficult to do it with a cable with spiral strands, becausè it would be difficult ta make it tight at the ends. Captain Galton, R.E. DEAR SIR, I RETURN the corrected proof of my evidence. I have, since I gave it, looked for and found the “Times” report of the proceedings on board the Agamemnon, and as there are two or three passages which show very strongly the evils of a heavy paying-out apparatus, I have copied them out in the hope that you will append this letter to and consider it as part of my evidence. „During the afternoon of Saturday (31st July 1853) the * wind again freshened up and a tremendous sea ran, which * made the Agamemnon pitch to such an extent that it * was thought impossible the cable could hold on through “the night." “Men were kept at the wheels of the * machine to prevent their stopping as the stem of the * ship rose and fell with the sea, for had they done so * the cable must undoubtedly have parted." (2.) On Sunday 1st August it is stated :—'* The two engi- * neers who had charge of the relieving wheels had to keep * watch and watch alternately every four hours, for on their * releasing the breaks every time the stem of the ship fell * into the trough of the sea, entirely depended the safety of * the cable." (3.) * During Sunday night and Monday morning the <“ weather continued as boisterous as ever, and it was only * by the most indefatigable exertions of the engineers upon * duty, that the wheels could be prevented from stopping * gltogether, as the vessel rose and fell with the sea, and * once or twice they did come completely toa stand still, in spite of all that could be done to keep them moving, * but fortunately they were again set in motion before the * stem of the ship was thrown up by the succeeding wave. * No strain could be placed upon the cable of course, and * though the dynamometer occasionally registered 1,700 lbs. * as the ship lifted, it was oftener below 1,000, and was “frequently nothing." Again Professor ‘Thomson of Glasgow, who was on hoard the 6 says in a €» and J, A. Longridge, Esq. 9 Dec. 1859. J. A. Longridge, Esq. 9 Dec. 1859. Mr. J, Macintosh. — 36 letter to the editor of the Civil Engineer and Architects’ Journal, dated 231d November 1859: —“ that, for a time, * the cable with every pitch of the ship, was to be seen * alternately hanging loose nearly vertical over the stem, * presenting the appearance of having been broken short, * and then immediately drawn up so as to look like a rigid * bar, or sometimes even flying up above the straight line, * so as to present a convexity upwards." These extracts will, I think, satisfy the members of the committee that the opinions I expressed respecting the effect of inertia and the erroneous indications of the dynamometer were, although arrived at from theoretical considerations, quite borne out by practical experience. With reference to Mr. Woolhouse's opinion based upon & mathematical investigation of the construction of the dynamometer, I give you an extract from his letter. | “ The greatest value of T (the tension at the ship) will, * in general, therefore occur near the bottom of a wave and * the least value near the top. It thus appears that the maximum tension really takes place near to where the * indicator tension is a minimum, and vice versá." If the committee willlook at the table given in by Mr. Woohouse on Friday last, they will at once see how in- MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE correct must be the action of the dynamometer, for whilst the depth of water varied from 1,550 to 2,424 fathoms, and the rate of paying out was at one time 48 per cent. in excess of the ship's rate, the indicated tension varied only 75 lbs. or about 3$ per cent. On looking over my evidence I find I have not expressed so distinctly as I ought to have done my opinion with reference to the specimen described in the specification of the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable as the deep sea cable No. 2. What I said respecting the “spiral lay” bears especially on this cable, even more so than on the Atlantic. I think the disposition of the steel wires is radically bad, and that as they are placed they do more harm than good. The cable will stretch and untwist during the process of submergence, the gutta-percha and the copper will he a and although the cable may not be broken, the insulation will very probably be so injured that the signals will become weaker and weaker, and eventually die away altogether, as they did in the Atlantic cable. I remain, dear Sir, Yours faithfully, Jas. A. LONGRIDGE. 16th December 1859. Mr. JoHN MACINTOSH examined. | 833. (Chairman.) You have paid considerable at- tention to the manufacture of india-rubber, I believe ? —Yes. 834. Do you prefer it as an insulator to gutta- percha ?—I do in some cases. 835. What are those cases ?—The advantage of india-rubber where it is cold vuleanized is, that if an incision be made by a piece of wire, or it is fractured at all, the aperture immediately closes up under any pressure, providing there is no stretch upon it. For instance, if you were simply twisting the india-rubber as it was formerly done round the wire under great tension, and an incision was made into it, that hole elongated ; but in putting it on as I put it on cables, nothing of that sort can take place. I put on, perhaps, six or seven coats simultaneously, under a pressure of, perhaps, four tons to an inch, by rollers, the same as iron is rolled with, so that every particle of it is sub- jected to pressure. It is put on in successive conts, perhaps there are ten rollers or six rollers ; the first roller puts on one coat, and the second another, and so on, till you get the required thickness ; but every inch is subjected to a pressure of two or three tons, so that there is no possibility of any air getting into it. The gutta-percha or india-rubber being in a warm plastic state while the several coatings are applied to the wire (without the use of water), the heat and great pressure render the iusulated cable perfectly homogeneous. 836. Your principle is to put on a number of suc- cessive coats? — Yes, a number of successive coats under great pressure. Then, after it is finished, I pass it through bi-sulphate of carbon and chloride of sulphur, so that it is vulcanized, and that prevents abrasion or heat injuring it; in that case it is tho. roughly impervious to moisture. | 837. Have you made any tests upon the subject ? — Yes, very practical tests. 838. To what pressure ?—Three and four tons; but both gutta-percha and india-rubber ought to be put on in a series of thin coats; and in the case of wires, I think putting them on under great pressure consolidates them, and renders the specific gravity of the mass heavier. ‘The next point is, to protect the insulating core from abrasion, and at the same time to prevent its stretching. The strands are all put on parallel, and imbedded in a cheap insulating material, so that the insulation commences from the outside. You may turn the cable or twist itany way you like, neither heat nor abrasion will have any effect. 839. That is for the outer covering ?—Yes. 840. Are those strands hemp or steel ?— They are hemp ; there is no steel ; each of those strands will lift 150 pounds ; I consider this cable (a specimen of hemp-covered cable) one of the worst I have ever geen ; first, if the cable is broken in any way you have two sharp points of steel, that iu ease of a kink, would penetrate into the gutta-percha and render the cable yvserviceable ; and in the next place, from exposing the hemp in such an immense mileage to the salt water, the contraction of it would be very serious indeed. 841. (Mr. Saward.) In what direction would the contraction be exerted It would contract the whole affair. 842. Would it not contract and assist to protect the core ?—No ; it would contract so that the incli- nation would be to kink as much as anything. 843. Are you aware that this hemp is laid round a steel wire ?—I am perfectly aware of that. 844. Would not the contraction be round the cir- cumference of the wire ?— Certainly, in all directions; but the effect of the contraction would be to kink it. If they were parallel there would be no inclination to kink. 845. (Mr. Bidder.) Have you made any experi- ments to show the extent to which that contraction would go on ?—No, not to any extent. 846. You think that there would be a considerable contraction of the hemp ?—I have no doubt that there would be a great deal of contraction ; besides there is no body in it. In this cable the hemp untwists itself. In the cable I am speaking of, the strands are laid parallel, they are absolutely imbedded in the water- proof material. 847. llave уоп exposed this cable of yours under pressure in water to any considerable extent, in order to see whether the hemp contracted at all ?—The water does not get through, because the whole mate- rial is rendered an insulator, being vulcanized; it is not vulcanized in the usual way by heat, it is done by cold. Now the strain upon the cable is entirely upon the longitudinal strands; in that case the whole of the strain is upon the gutta-percha core, or the con- tractor. If one of these steel wires breaks, what is the result ? "There are two sharp points that might spoil the core, whereas, if the outer covering of my cable is injured, at all events there is nothing else injured. 848. ( Chairman.) Has that cable been under pres. sure long enough to enable you to say that the water would not penetrate to the gutta-percha through this outer covering ?—1 do not think it would, because I prefer putting & skin of that collodion and asphalte, and it is as impervious as glass itself. Now, both india-rubber and gutta-percha are absorbents, but there is no absorption in that whatever. I have boiled it for weeks. 849. Does not the collodion get injured by being bent ?—Not the slightest, when it is properly pre- pared collodion. The collodion that is used for photography will crack. 850. On bending this a series of cracks appear. Will those disappear when it is unbent ?—You will find that it is not cracked. 851. At any rate there are a series of wrinkles ?— It may be that. 852. (Mr. Bidder. Have you subjected any of SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. these specimens practically to any very great pressure, and at the same time to extensile force, tending to draw them out longitudinally?—I have not tested them except by pressure. 853. Do not you think it would be desirable, before a definite opinion is expressed, that the wires should be exposed to that test. Lou must be well aware that in laying cables at any great depth, they ought to be calculated to meet extreme pressure ?—Yes, as a question of laying. 854. Apart from that, whatever may be the system of laying, they may be exposed occasionally to ex- tensile action, as well as compressile ?—That would depend a great deal upon the specific gravity of the cable. Iam talking of deep sea cables, where the specific gravity would be just that that it would make it sink, and in passing the abrupt portions of deep water, even if it did not find the bottom, it would matter very little ; but if you incorporate the wire with your outside covering, then it becomes a very serious thing. 855. Is it not & very grave question, in adjusting a cable, whether you should have a covering so strong as to resist any pressure, or at once resort to that which is solely dependent upon its internal structure ? —I take it that deep sea cables, when they once reach the bottom, remain there quiescent, and then it is a question of the absorption of the core. In paying out cables, if you make up your mind to subject your cables to a strain of three or four tons, or even one ton, I think it is very injurious, because the gutta- percha is put on by heat, and it is all set. If there are any slight imperfections in the sharp wires, by elongating the cable you disturb the whole affair. 856. Whether the cable adopted be heavy or light, vou must pay it out under circumstances in which it is exposed to a very small tension, at the same time it may be exposed to a considerable tension? — The apparatus that I proposed was a very simple thing, nothing more than having a strong canvas cylinder filled with hard wood balls, passing the cable through it, and having a case where you could compress air as you liked ; the cable, as it were, passed through so many human hands, those small balls revolved, aud the cable was always kept at a proper tempera- ture; then it passed from that into another longi- tudinal cylinder of canvas, those cylinders were kept in proper position by bridles, so as to accommo- date themselves to any heaving or pitching the ship might have ; kinks and all might pass through. But the experiments that I have tried clearly convince me that if a vessel is going along at the rate of six knots an hour, and a sea comes up at the rate of IO or 15 knots, and strikes her, she will rise sud- denly, and the inertia of the mass over which the cable passes cannot come up to the same speed; there is an extra strain put immediately upon that part of the cable passing over the pulley at the point of departure, and consequently the tendency is to flatten the core of gutta-percha, and bring the con- ductor nearer the surface, instead of having an eighth of an inch of insulation, it may not have a quarter of a sixteenth. I have found several instances of that, particularly where the hold is at 90° in the cable passing over the pulley. 857. (Chairman.) Have you found instances of that in cables that have been laid ?—In experimental cables, and even those that have been laid. 858. How were your experiments made ? — By taking the cable ovcr a common crane, and lifting a certain weight, and doing that with the temperature at about 80°, taking the temperature of the hold to be about 80°. 859. Are you aware when a cable leaves a ship going at the rate of 6 knots an hour, that the angle of that cable would be under 15°, and, of course, any transverse strain upon the cable very much depends upon the angle which is formed between the cable and the ship ?—I am speaking now of a wave strik- ing her under water, which alters that angle entirely, and the ship would raise up 20 feet in a few seconds. 860. Have you ever calculated or considered, in a 37 case where the cable leaves the vessel at an angle of 12° or 15° going at the rate of 6 knots an hour, what would be the effect of raising the stern of that vessel suddenly 20 feet. Would it have a great effect upon the angle at which the cable was leaving the vessel ? —It would have a great effect on the point of de- parture, the point of pressure; it is pressure I am speaking of now particularly. 861. Should you be surprised to hear that expe- rience has shown the contrary to be the fact, that a sudden rise of the stern of a ship has very little effect upon the cable, if any ?—How is it that you abso- lutely increase with the sea striking the ship upon the quarter, two tons in three or four seconds? Is that no effect ? 862. Increase two tons in what ?—In three or four seconds on the sudden rising of the ship in point of tension. Is it not the case that cables are snapped by the rising of the ship ? (Mr. Gisborne.) I never knew an instance. 863. (Chairman to Mr. Macintosh.) Will you name any that you know ?—I will tell you one that I feel in- terested in, that was in picking up a portion of the At- lantic cable; and I have no doubt Mr. Longridge could name many others. I arranged to pick up 360 miles of the Atlantic cable, in order to satisfy myself that the mode in which it was laid was bad, from the very fact of the conductor being so near the surface, and I en- gaged a vessel for the purpose. The captain told me that all was going on very well indeed, and as long as the water was smooth they were paying in beauti- fully; but the moment the ship got into a little jumble of sea, the stern rose up suddenly, and the result was that the cable snapped. On leavimg Valentia to crogs to Newfoundland, there is no doubt if the sea had been calm, and free from any abrupt undulation, that the machinery would have gone as perfectly as a cotton-mill. What was the result? After they got about 350 miles it began to blow, the ship rose, and snap went the cable. That was with the old ma- chinery. 864. (Mr. Saward.) You did not go out in that ship, I believe? No; but I ascertained that fact from Captain Rivers; it must be the natural consequence. 865. (Chairman.) That took place in picking up the cable ?—Yes. 866. Would not the cable then be vertical ?—Y es, in both cases it is the same; here is the fact, —why did we break our cables ? Mr. Gisborne says it has no effect whether the ship rises or not. I know there are men at the Institution of Civil Engineers who are of opinion, that if the vessel did not rise more than three or four feet the effect would be serious. I have known the log-line of a ship carried away by a sudden rise of the stern. It isthe friction quite apart from the weight of the cable; we have absolutely the friction of the whole mass. Here is the result, if we are at this angle, and we cannot overcome the inertia of the machinery, instead of being at that angle we straight- ened the cable, and there is the friction of the water before we can alter the position of the cable; that is the cause of its snapping, no doubt. I believe the principal injury was done to the Atlantic cable by the paying-out apparatus. 867. (Mr. Bidder.) You have not noticed that, besides the mere elevation in vessels, there is an abso- lute translation of the mass of a vesselto a very great extent ?—Yes. 868. Not only vertically, but horizontally ?—The vessel yawing. (Mr. Longridge.) There are certain mechanical questions which are so extremely simple to any person who understands them, that I think it is not fair to call upon Mr. Macintosh to substantiate his evidence upon that point by what he has actually experienced. This is just one of those questions. Ihave never laid a cable myself, consequently I have never seen a cable broken; but I know that those cables which are stated to have borne three or four tons’ strain have broken under what they were pleased to call a tension of 30 cwt., and the indicator has not shown more. But 30 cwt. cannot break a cable which will E 3 Mr. J. Macintosh, 9 Dec. 1859. Mr. J. Macintosh, 9 Dec. 1859. 88 bear four tons. The indicator, as I have explained already, is no guide whatever in these sudden jerks, because the indicator is subject to the same vice as the machinery, namely, the inertia ; and when the last indicator which they used for the Atlantic cable was applied just at the very moment when the greatest strain came upon the cable, when it had acquired the maximum downward velocity, and consequently tended to show a diminution of the tension instead of an increase, a thing subject to mathematical reasoning and perfectly evident, (I am sorry I did not bring with me a paper which was drawn up by Mr. Wool- house, an eminent mathematician). When the indi- cator shows the minimum tension, the tension is actually at the maximum, simply owing to the inertia of the indicator itself. It is quite easy to prove this. There is the formula in this book for it. When the cable is at 15?, which is just what Mr. Gisborne mentioned, and when & sudden rise takes place, such as I have frequently seen, without any such forward motion as Mr. Bidder has referred to, but when a sudden vertical rise takes place to the extent of 20 feet, in that case it may bring on a strain of 80 per cent. of the whole weight of the rotative ma- chinery, and it cannot do otherwise. The strain varies as the sine of the angle; it varies inversely as the square of the time of the oscillation. But even at 15? it will amount, under some cireumstances which I have witnessed, to 80 per cent. of the weight of ihe rotative machinery. Now in the case of the Atluntic cable, that rotative machinery was somewhere about 80 cwt.; 80 per cent. would be 64 cwt., or three tons and a quarter. I remember distinctly seeing myself, in some of the published accounts in the *'Times," upon which I cannot lay my hand just now, that the indicator, under certain circumstances, oscillated from 1,500 to 6,000 lbs. It was mentioned by a person who professed to have seen it. I have no reason to doubt the truth of the statement, but to make the oscillation vary to the extent of 6,000 lbs. it must have had a very much greater pressure, close to the breaking strain of the cable. ‘These are facts that I do not think it is fair to set aside, by asserting that a cable never broke from such a cause. Cables have boken, and we ought to call upon those who assert that this is not the cause to show what the cause is. (Mr. Gisborne.) I alluded to cables with which I had been connected, the paying-out machinery was of & very different description, and in no instance that I am aware of was there the slightest danger to the cable from the heaving of the ship. I will add that we had no very rough weather. (Mr. Longridge.) Aud no deep water perhaps. (Mr. Gisborne.) 1,000 fathoms. ! (Mr. Longridge.) 'That is not much. I have made these remarks because I feel that the chief cause of the failure of the Atlantic cable, and if not the failure, yet the injury to all deep sea cables, has been that very thing, the heavy paying-out apparatus required for heavy cables. 869. ( Chairman to Mr. Macintosh.) Do you wish to make any further statement to the committee The only further remark that I have to make is with reference to an experiment that I have tried on some very pure pieces of india-rubber and gutta-percha as regards their absorption of moisture. I have found under great pressure that both gutta-percha and india-rubber absorb water, though to the eye they appear to be perfectly dry. The means by which I tested them was, taking out the copper wire and putting a wire of potassium into the gutta-percha, and hermetically sealing the ends carefully, then sub- jecting them to pressure. The way I subjected them to pressure simply consisted in a large piece of india- rubber thoroughly vulcanized placed between two hemispheres full of water, and pieces put in of various thicknesses, and with a lever of some six or seven feet long I got the required pressure ; but I found in the Atlantic cable it took 23 or 24 weeks before the potassium became oxidized. 870. In every case, after à certain length of time, MINUTES OF VIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE you produced oxidation of the potassium ? Tes; it is not from any decomposing influence in the gutta- percha. 871. (Mr. Saward.) What pressure did you use ? — Three tons to the square inch. | 872. (Mr. Bidder.) How did you propose to re- medy that defect ?—By putting between the layers of gutta-percha or india-rubber a substance that does not absorb water, for instance, that black stuff, seal- ing wax does not absorb water, and collodion will not absorb water. 873. (Chairman.) Did you weigh the specimens to ascertain what quantity of water was absorbed ?— No, they were too small for that. 874. (Mr. Bidder.) Did you try experiments to ascertain how the cable would be affected by extreme pressure, if a cable were sunk 500 fathoms it would be exposed to a certain pressure per square inch, the pressure increasing with the depth ?—The whole of the samples that I have tried were subjected to three tons, they varied from one coat up to three or four coats. ; 875. (Mr. Saward.) When you speak of gutta- percha being affected after 23 weeks' pressure, was that a single or a double covered specimen ?—It was a bit of the Atlantic core with the wire taken out of it. 876. Did you take pains to ascertain that it was in fact a core which had had the copper in it ?—Yes, I untwisted the copper out of it, apparently it was as perfect a specimen of gutta-percha as I have ever laid eyes on. 877. (Chairman.) Were any of the specimens made with Chatterton's compound ?—No, there was no compound ; it was pure gutta-percha, 878. Aud pure india-rubber ?—Yes, they were not compounds. 879. (Mr. Saward.) You say that you drew the copper out of the Atlantic core; is it possible that your experiment might have been disturbed by any traces of the copper remaining in the gutta-percha, and affecting the potassium *—No, I do not think so. I had enveloped the potassium, which I had had for six or seven months, as well as phosphorus, in films of either india-rubber or gutta-percha, carefully getting all the atmospheric air out and hermetically sealing the whole, I found it would remain perfect. I have tried gutta-percha in which there was no wire, and I have found that it depended upon the purity and thick- ness of the gutta-percha as regards the time of decom- posing the potassium. 880. Have you tried the experiment with gutta- percha so pure and so thick that the potassium was not affected ?—No, I never went further than that. When I found that that was the result (indeed I knew that india-rubber and gutta-percha were both: absorb- ents of water), the next object I had in view was to find that out. It struck me that collodion with as- phalte, so as to get a skin to intervene between the various coats would thoroughly prevent the water getting through. If it got through at the first trial it would not get through at the second. Lac will not absorb water, at least collodion will not absorb it, and gutta-percha or india-rubber vulcanized with bi- chloride of sulphur and bi-sulphate of carbon are not so readily acted upon by water as they are when pure. Another experiment that I have tried is this: I have two or three machines for making these cables, and by subjecting the india-rubber to a very great pfessure at the time the series of coats are put on, there is no possibility of any air-hole or cavity remaining. indeed it constitutes one entire mass, i 881. (Mr. Bidder.) Have vou anv specimens ?—][ have furnished specimens. You can go through the , experiments very easily, because in putting the coats ou the wire, in the course of a week you will find that the water will not penetrate. 882. Have you any specimens of wire covered with collodion ?—1 have specimens that I have tried with collodion ; there is a lot of stuff sent up to the gutta- percha works now for the purpose of covering, I think there are two miles ordered. 883. (Mr. Saward.) And now in course of being SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. covered for experiment ?— Yes, but the object I think was, to put two or three thin coats of collodion on the the wire first, and to put the gutta-percha on after- wards. WILLIAM Henry WOODHOUSE, Esq., examined. 884. ( Chairman.) You are а civil engineer ?—Yes. 885. Have you had considerable experience in the superintendence of the coiling and the submersion of telegraphic cables ?— Yes. 886. What cables have you been principally con- cerned in laying ?—T wo or three Irish and English, and Irish and Scotch, in 1852 and 1853, and the Black Sea cable and the Atlantic cable. | 887. Were you concerned in the construction of the Black Sea cable ?— Not in the construction, but in coiling on board and laying of it. 888. Will you describe the process of laying the Black Sea cable ?—It was a very light cable, merely a copper wire covered with gutta-percha, except the shore ends, about 10 miles each. 889. What was the length of the Black Sea cable ? —Three hundred miles. 890. What length were the shore ends? About 10 miles at each shore, and about 25 miles besides that from Varna to Cape Kaliakra, that length is through a bay in which ships frequently anchor. 891. Were there any particulars about the laying of that cable which would be of importance to the subject of our inquiry? None, except that the Black Sea cable was the first cable laid with a cone and rings. Mr. Newall had invented that immediatery previous to its being laid, and that was the first time of its being attempted, and was most successful ; we had not the slightest difficulty, although it was such a light cable, and onlv bore a strain of two hundredweight. One day we had a beam wind rather heavy, yet we had not the least difficulty in laving it. 892. (Mr. Saward.) Was not that cable laid with a very small amount of slack ?—Yes, a very small per- centage. 893. (Chairman.) What was the per-centage of slack ?—I believe it was ten miles; І am speaking from memory. 894. What was the nature of the bottom ?—That we do not know, it was only 50 fathoms deep. 895. Have you been concerned in laying heavy cables as well as this light one ?—Only one or two short lengths in shallow water. 896. In similar depths or in greater depths to that in which the Black Sea cable was laid ?—150 fathoms between Port Patrick and Carricktergus ; I was with Mr. Newall upon that occasion. 897. Did you find great additional facility in lay- ing a light cable ?——Yes, we could lay it much faster. 898. Although it had no outer covering of any importance, was it injured in luying ? — No, it had no outer covering, nothing but the gutta-percha; it was laid without any wheels or paying-out machi- nery, or anything of the kind; there were merely boiler tubes over the centre of the coil and a boiler tube at the taffrail. 899. There was no revolving machinery? No ma- chinery of any kind. 900. It merely slid over, in fact ?—Exactly. 901. The Black Sea cable did not last very long in working order, I think?—It lasted till the war was over, I believe. 902. A year or two ?—Not so much as that; about six months. 903. To what do you attribute its failure? Breakage. 904. Broken by what ?—Either by anchorage, or probably purposely. 905. Did you see the ends that were broken ?—No, it has never been got up, I believe. 906. (Mr. Saward.) You do not know whether it was the shore piece that was broken or the gutta- percha portion that was broken ?—l do not; Mr. Liddell told me the last time he went out that he should try to recover it ; but I do not think the cause is known ; I do not know it, at any rate. 907. (Mr. Bidder.) The actual cause of the stop- puge was never ascertained, was it ?—I believe not. 908. ( Chairman.) Can you describe the Black Sea cable? Was it No. 16 copper wire ?—Yes. 909. (Professor Wheatstone.) Was the failure of the cable sudden or gradual ?—I believe it was sud- den ; I was in England when it failed ; Ihad returned. home. 910. (Chairman.) You were concerned with the Atlantic Company, I believe, were you not ?—Yes. 911. For how long ?*—From the first, during the coiling on board and the laying in 1857 and 1858. 912. (Wr. Bidder.) Were you at the first laying ? — Yes. 913. (Chairman.) Will you inform the committee what was the cause that led to the first accident to that cable ?— Without а doubt, the accident in 1857 was occasioned by screwing the brakes too tight. They were different brakes in 1857 to those used in 1858. They were screwed up, the strain was indi- cated by a lever and a Salter’s balance, and when they were unscrewed, the screw did not pull the brake back from the wheel, it left it jammed on the wheel till the wheel released itself. I was ill at the time; I had hurt my leg, nearly broken it, about six hours before, and I was in bed; there is not the slightest doubt that it was screwed up too tight; the machinery was stopped, but the ship wert some 50 yards before the cable broke. 914. What distance from land was that We had paid out 335 nautical miles of cable, and the ship had run 275 miles. 915. That was starting from Valentia ?—Yes. 916. Did you consider it prudent to start from Valentia ?—No; I considered it was suicidal. —— 917. Will you explain why ?—It would take twice as long tolay a cable across the Atlantic, if thelaying was commenced from one side instead of from the middle; consequently there would be twice the chance of bad weather, aud twice the chance of a gale. Sup- posing the cable to bc started from ove shore, where half the cable was laid, you would then have to make the splice; this would be very difficultin any weather, aud in bad weather it would be utterly impossible. I believe that in above half the days in the summer months the splice could not be made, consequently half the cable, or say 1,000 miles, would be lost. I speak from having tried many times, both in experi- ments and in actual splicing. 918. (Mr. Saward.) By “ difficulties,” do you mean increasing depth ?—No; I mean, suppose you are in water of 1,800 tathoms with a strain on the cable, and the wind blowing, that the cable never could hold the ship till the splice was made, which would take, perhaps, an hour and a half, or say, if made very quickly, an hour. І do not think the boats could be lowered and the end got on board the other ship, and the cable got off the machinery ; I think it would be utterly im- possible in bad weather, and in good weather it would be very doubtful indeed. If you start from the middle there is no strain on the cable, because you choose your day for splicing ; you can wait till it is fine wea- ther, as we waited two or three days in one instance; and if you have an accident, as we had twice, once alter having paid out only two miles, you save the cable, for in that case you have only lest two miles but if you start from one side and the cable breaks, you will lose half your cable—1,000 miles of cable. Being half the time in laying in starting from the middle, you have only the chance of a gale. 919. (Chairman.) Do you consider that the spe- cifie gravity of the cable had anything to do with the loss? Not in any way. Since I received your letter I have looked up the logs, and all the accounts and memoranda that I have, and I have prepared a state- ment showing the dynamometer strain and the brake strain, the dynamometer showing a strain in deep water of 1,800 Ibs. and the brake about 200; the difference I consider due to the friction of the ma- chinery. The following Table was delivered in : E 4 39. Mr. J. Macintosh. 9 Dec. 1859. W. H. Woodhouse, Esq. — MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 40 —y— — ———À — س‎ — 'ә10Ҷ8 uo popue[ se A qL јо pua ‘пе cc IV u воя Jo Avg ‘asnoyy udvizajo Jo рәлоцәпе ,, €1989IN ,, ure “CHL тү ‘asnoyy Adr -ә[ә], 82u aZe1oqous oq oj dn sn 30[td o; p180q uo auto «әш поло ү, lewis “YH JO mO utejde;) “urd og зу "Avg Киш, озш pasayua “wrd ogo ү ‘Arg ÁNUM, 0} әәпециә jo puri opeur “wre 0:8 11 Ho; 005 JO 13394 UI 342A 9A узчу ,'uouuus92y, oq) 03 8180918 yuas “urd OZ. Ol IV SWOJEJ 006 ЈО INVA Ш SUA ays vy} ,'uouuroureZ y, шолу в1в0818 poaiadas *urd 01°6 2 ioo WIOOI- PITA шолу рәәцәшшоә pue ‘poy шолу ano 3ur£vd. paysiny “ure 978 1V MII 9) JO INO uox) рив ‘pu? JoAo[ DY} тозу <әүгш 09 oqe ‘diys SIH pitoq uo 1100 uio01-p.r9 oq ur punoj STA 3[ngg ayy uoga “wd gfe 0} penunuoo qorqA ,“COUWIMBTY ,, oq; шолу 820915 Zuiatoooa pue Яш -раәѕ ut рәўдәўәр әтә Jo uoijv[nsurt 725j1odurt "ure 961 IV ‘aiqissod se Ajipaads se diqs ay? dojs 03 Алеввәдәп әд USTU у *juapI99v JO oso ut ‘sB ‘drys Apeays o) [tes {110d 0) әрез paopis -U09 jou sum 3T THA Адәл papoa 90311 Bunga? erede ,, ILL, SWOJ OOG ‘әш 609 mo pred o[quo. Jo yunowe [jo , "ploy ayy ш [too рәәцәш -ut02 puv 'rroo xoop-i24o[ mo ured poqsrug “wed ‘cog yy "SWOYIJ OOF sou OCF ‘no pred әттә Jo 3unotur [030 T, loo 32*p-1940[ pasusu -шоә pug “yep шеш uo [109 mo 80101 paysiay “urd zeg уу *a[qvo Jo so[ru ооё MO pred pey Kau} um ‘попшәше8у ,, шозу [tutis poAtooo1 ‘urd cg IV — —— “1109 дәр -шеш poououuuoo put joo ydap-aeds pousiug “wre OS’E зу 4 UOBIO‘),, 9U} Aq рәдәә}8 әләм әл Ap 18g om ayy ‘uoysey -38 [820] шолу Zuo1A әләм qorqa'sasseduioo uao SIY Aq P0123238 uospniI urgjde;) jeu) ‘sea sso| 39249 sr Jo osnvo [wdioutad oq, «`чоишәше3у ,, ou? p1e0q uo o|qeo Jo oed peq = ino urn? aarp Aq pasneo sea SN Nd sjeusis poj1odaa suva) -оә[ә uaqa “urd 6 lin Áp[ao[s A194 ‚влее! „ BY) mio mo pred ‘ouo3 Ájmunuoo mq әәјләй uomv[nsut рәјлодәл suv Ae PL , uouuroure2 y ,, oq) шолу s[euZis uud “cp · ту una aq 0j 2008} “SIP dq} 1240 9099 Jad fpc ло ‘ouy OOI'T ‘pavog uo 3148) "jux 288 'osnopp ydeadajay, оў 'sjoux 338 ‘Avg ишы, JO pus əy; оў aousjstp *urd xoo[5,0 1 38 әреш se ds ou], "SHUVKAY uso Jed ст 3noqv Jo sn[dıns e 3uroq 009 rele 000 = 888 009 - 910 11 "8010038171 SN t - =| *9 [еве 99 9 CFL | OFT | 090 FSI Ol C- Pel АРТ (695 191 91 £.UFI PST JOSI 441 FI L- TFI SPI [£89 РЭТ 21 9.4 ¹ 161 | EFS 061 |66 SF 901 68 1006 ISI "ғәр | *sa|rux su “spur e Boa am | no pred a8equaa| UTM 4 uni] 2489 -ed | dS 216.9 801 ÇOG. 028 8 : шуны q anoy |-до 44 1noq dad diug aad dug в.0145 | JO sf % pəəds| jo peeds | yo рәәйс 868 099 ‘SOU [STU "втш su ‘үш ‘Inoy дәй әтчвә - 90UU)sSIp 1940 JNO pred o[quo Jo 3unoury — 00130439840 Aq un oouvjstp [v30], 000'1 0? OOF 006191008 | 0061 01098 000'6 0} 0051 | 000‘ 91 002'1 00c'6 С) COs'L | 0066 0} 0c0'€ - - 008°1 | 20‘ 07 000% - - 008'l n оз 000° 0061 0} 008“ | 0©0“б 03 000° вч ut "вар ut ures 010238 әш | JojeurotueuÁ(T | 13784 Jo de mo pred oſquo jo Tua] 10,7, 003 ue ssa 1©8'1 O} бї! 98 050091 FEF‘ o 0€6'I 098.5 01 €49'I €/6'1 03 0cc'I - - 0664 '5шоцуну ur 129y1aduii чоп -9nsu] | | 'ouod Ann uhu "yoazzod в[е015 9,0012 -MA E TERRE —— p mn ß ̃ p “ ل‎ е "og OVIM 1070 M JO doq MBS IYI OST’ 1 8981 ш « 94899IN „ I9UIU2)S 'S'() OY} Jo qno pred sum ATUVO HdY3o313] OIINV'"IW ƏY DIUM ju IPY OY) MOUS ATAVY, “4 VR ds . - KY SUC f a dx * -[|xvsri| day - - mS á - = KJ 0£'4 4 - wy | ЄР ЄС | ZI ӨР |'uooN | p ny ы SMS o s MA OC © : st sos - | Kd O16 i - Uo | £6 6% | 41 6F | uoN | е gay eas Kavar = * | = - | KV 86°б1 d N ‘Pura | “Хрпорр FALESH (NZS 6b | ‘Uoon | с Any «= = - = a p" ка co'e 66 ‘PUTA чоц Hau fera | PASSER) ge sg | Toor | 1 dn pus fpnop 5 er de eom - | KILES “ = SP Жш -|- - | Nd CP'S " ESPA UBA = А ien nete sé S£ | со 16 | “Yoon | te íme s Bs E kx - | KV O' t os 90—08 8 | 10 DUE 6t t£ | oc Ig | ‘чоок | ое Ame ‘Aurel pue ңә - -1- ll. [mee] “ i “AS рша | "JusvT 25 се | 60 ос | ма oi | 66 Атр ^ о 4 0 | opm | - 8981 IPM | яу e PULL | „т SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF. 920. Do you consider that there was “vice” in the original machinery altogether ?—Except in screwing on the brakes I do not consider that there was ; it was a good machine. 921. The brakes were perfect ?—Yes, I consider the brake used in 1858 was perfect; having to trust to any one to use his own judgment must be bad. The principle of that brake was invented by Mr. Appold, and it would be impossible to put an extra strain without there came a sudden jerk. 922. Do you think that the dynamometer used on either or both ocensions gave true indications of the strain from time to time ?—I believe it was obliged to doit; it was impossible it should be otherwise. After passing the wheel which was on the top of the cable, there was only the friction of two wheels ; therefore it must be true. 923. In the case of a cable hanging to the ship, over the stern of the ship, with a lift of the stern, say 20 feet clear, would you then consider that these dynamometers, or either of them, gave a true indica- tion of that sudden lurch ?—I should consider that the dynamometer would give a true indication, but I think the brake would not. I think the inertia of such a vast body of metal would affect the brake, but the dynamometer would show it. 924. What was the inertia of the dynamometer itself? —I have not a drawing of the machinery; I think about 40 or 50 lbs. 925. (Mr. Bidder.) Were you present at the coiling of the cable ?—I had the superintendence of the coiling on board the Niagara” from first to last, not on board the ** Agamemnon." 926. Was the cable tested as a whole under water ? — was never tested in any way under water after it came to Keyham ; I had nothing to do with the rope before in any way. 927. Were you present at the experimental trip which preceded the last trip ?—Yes. 928. Did not the cable, on that occasion, break under a variety of circumstances ?—It did. 929. Was it the fact that the cable generally broke when it was nearly up and down It broke generally when we were hauling it on board, consequently ‘it would be when it was up and down, when there was no way upon the ship. There were two other in- stances of its breaking. 930. I am only speaking of information which came through the “ Times ;" I wish to know how far that is correct information. It was said that upon that experimental trip the fracture took place when the vessel was at rest generally ?—It did. 931. Was not there an experimental trip, or rather an attempt made which failed in the first instance, of laying a cable before starting from Valentia ?—There was an experiment made in going round from Cork to Valentia. 932. Where the cable again broke ?—Yes. 933. Was that when the vessel was going at speed ? —It was broken purposely. We tried how much it would bear to see what liberty we could take with it ; we were getting near Valentia, and we must have given over the experiment, and as the cable was worthless, the brakes were put on, to see what liberties we might take. 934—5. (Chairman.) Was not the first experiment to which Mr. Bidder alluded in the Bay of Biscay ?— Yes, in 1858. 936. (Mr. Saward.) You went into 1,600 fathoms, I believe ?—Yes ; and more than the depth of the Atlantic. 937. The ships were there together ?—Yes ; the experiments were made together as to splicing and hauling on board. 938. Is it not the fact that on that occasion the cable was hauled in from a great depth ?—Y es, 2,500 fathoms. 939. Was there a weight at the end of the cable ? It was hauled up with the splice at the end of it. 940. What was the weight of that splice ?—-Three- quarters of a hundredweight. 41 941. Was not the cable hauled in without break- age '—Yes. 942. (Chairman.) Was it hauled up from the bottom ?—The splice came up to the level of the water without breakage, but we did not get the ball attached to the splice on board that weighed 2 cwt. 943. (Mr. Bidder.) What was the state of the weather ?—Y ou would call it a fresh sea; not by any means calm, nor was it rough. 944. (Chairman.) Was the electrical condition of the cable injured by raising it ?—I had nothing to do with the electrical department from the beginning to the end ; I believe it was injured by raising it. 945. (Mr. Saward.) In paying out the cable on the first occasion and subsequently, have you often watched it descend from the stern of the ship often ? —Of course; it was my duty. 946. Have you observed any tendency in the spiral to unlay ?—Yes. | 947. Do you agree that it would unlay to a dan- gerous extent in deep water so as to expose it ?—I do not think it would ; when both ends of a cable are fast, it cannot unlay for any distance ; what may be unlaid in one place must be laid up in another. 948. If the spiral unlaid in one direction, would not it be in the course of laying tighter in another direc- tion further down ; I mean, did it unlay, or did it lay the twist tighter ?——It was unlaying. 949. Are you familiar with Mr. Allen's cable ?— With the principles of it. 950. Is not the principle of that cable that the strength should be in the centre? In any modification of it the strength would still be underneath the ex- ternal covering and bedded in some plastic substance. Would you consider a cable so constructed as suitable for laying in deep water, or as suitably constructed as & spiral cable ?—No, I think not. 951. Will you be good enough to explain why ?— I think if it lay over a sharp ridge of rock it must be inevitably cut through ; it is a mere matter of time. 952. Supposing there were longitudinal layers of tolerably thick iron or steel wire inside laid all round, and then covered with the plastic substance, would you consider that objectionable ?—It would be better than the other ; but I do not see the advantage of it. I do not see why there is any advantage over the old cable, insulating the copper wire and protecting the insulator. 953. Would it be more or less expensive, in your judgment ?—1 should say more expensive. 954. Without corresponding advantages ?—I do not see any advantages to be derived from it. 955. (Chairman.) Is the decrease of specific gravity any advantage or not ?—As you will see from the table I have handed in, we never had a ton of strain on the iron wire ; I do not think it 18 material. 956. (Mr. Bidder.) Ceteris paribus, would not you prefer a light cable to a heavy one ?—If it were as strong, I should certainly. 957. Being as strong and as good an insulator, should not you prefer a light cable ?—Yes, with one exception ; if you had a very strong current indeed at right angles, I think a very light cable which would only just sink, and sink very slowly indeed, would be a disadvantage. 958. Why ?—I think it would wash out by the lateral current; the ship going one way and the current going the other. 959. Do not the ship and the current go together ? —No, you keep your ship up by steam power. 960. If the ship and the current of the ocean are: all going together, you may throw out more cable. I should like you to explain, if you can, why that should throw more strain upon the cable ?—We will take the case of the Thames at Waterloo bridge. Supposing you started from one side, and rowed a boat to the other side of the bridge, and parallel to it, towing a light cable, the stream would wash the cable down the river; it would not remain parallel to the bridge. 961. (Chairman.) Xou have stated Ha you had W. H. Woodhouse, Esq. 9 Dec. 1859. e 9 Dec. 1859. — a 42 great facility in the laying of the Varna. and Balaclava cable, which was a light cable ?—Yes, a very light cable indeed. 962. Should you have found the same difficulties in laying the cable across the Atlantic if it had been as light as that which you experienced with a heavier cable ?—I do not think there would have been any great difficulty in laying a very light cable across the Atlantic, but I should not advise anybody to lay as light a cable as the Black Sea cable. . 963. For what reason ?—Because so small a strain will break it. If it is once safe at the bottom perhaps it may rest, but if it is lying on a rock in 200 fathoms water, where there is a current, I think it will be most liable to be injured. ‚ 964. Then it is a question of strength and protec- tion ?—Y es, and liability to injury. 965. (Mr. Bidder.) As a mere question of laying you would rather lay a light cable than a heavy one ? —I would. 966. (Mr. Saward.) Reverting to Mr. Allan’s cable, if specific gravity be an object, could it not be obtained in the one case as readily as in the other by enveloping it in a lighter covering ?—I should say it could. 967. (Chairman.) Were not you in the “ Niagara” when the cable was successfully laid ?—Yes. 968. There were one or two failures attending it ? — Yes. 969. Will you describe the cause of those failures shortly ?——The first time we sailed in 1858 on the 1Cth of June. We met with a gale in going out, of which probably you have all heard. We spliced on the 26th of June, and when 2 miles 40 fathoms had been paid out from the Niagara, the cable ran off the wheels from being slack. We had a little brake to make it run tight on the large wheel. It was not put on in the hurry of starting, in fact it was an oversight, the cable jumped off the wheel and broke, and we lost 2 miles 40 fathoms. 970. Did you attribute that to the apparatus ?—То an oversight. We commenced again at 5.30, and at 10 minutes past one on the 27th, the next day, the signals ceased, and the electricians reported that the cable had parted at а considerable distance. We supposed it to have been on board the “Agamemnon,” and those on board the “ Agamemnon” supposed the “ Niagara” had broken it. We lost on that occa- sion 42 miles. At 7 p.m. the splice was again made. When 142 miles of cable had been paid out, the elec- tricians reported that the cable had parted at or near the * Agamemnon," the wind was fresh. The cable anchored the ship ] hour 45 minutes in 1 ,650 fathoms of water. 971. On both these occasions the cable parted when the ship was proceeding at some speed ?—On the first occasion the electricians reported that the cable was parted, but we never ascertained where. 972. It was not parted ? Not near either of the ships. Ithink it parted at the splice ; but at any rate the electricians thought that it was broken on board the “Agamemnon,” and the others thought that it was broken on board the “ Niagara.” 973. (Mr. Bidder.) You never ascertained the cause ?—No; it was the most unsatisfactory failure that we had. 974. (Mr. Saward.) That was on the second at- tempt ? — Yes. 975. Then came the loss of the 140 miles, when it broke at the stern of the “Agamemnon.” It was after that occasion that you stoppered it to the stern of the * Niagara,” and anchored for the time you have mentioned ?—Y es. 976. (Mr. Bidder.) What happened then ?—It parted close to the stern of the ship. 977. (Chairman.) Was it then vertical? No, it was a fresh wind ; it was merely anchoring the ship, and the ship hung on to the cable till it parted. 978. (Mr. Bidder.) The ship had no kind ‘of way on her ?—No, her sails were down, and all was per. fectly still. | MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 979. What prevented the cable being up and down ? —The wind. 980. On the hull ?— Merely on the hull. 981. Did you observe the angle of the cable ?—No, it was a very dark night. 982. Whether the cable was going up and down you cannot tell ?—I know it was not up and down, we could see it going out, but we did not take the le. 983. ( Chairman.) On that occasion it parted near the stern of the Agamemnon ?—It had parted close to the stern of the Agamemnon. 984. What were the circumstances attending that parting ?—I do not know; Sir Charles Bright and Mr. Canning told us that they had not much strain, but I think there must be some mistake somewhere; eome wheel must have been jammed, I think. 985. What was the next proceeding ?—Then we went back to Cork, and went back, and the effort was successful. 986. No failure occurred ?—No, not in any way. 987. (Mr. Bidder.) On the next laying of the cable, the last time, you kept the vessel going, I think, at & pretty good speed all the way, generally speaking ?— Generally speaking, we did. The average speed of the first day was only 3 miles 870 fathoms, but that occurred in this way : Captain Hudson determined to steer himself, and his compasses were wrong from local attraction. The patent log showed 106 miles run, and the miles run by observation were only 89, showing that we had steered a very bad course. 988. You may not have made in the direct course above three miles, but the vessel must have been going four and a half miles per hour ?—Precisely ; 3 miles 870 fathoms is the speed on the 89 miles, but the actual speed of the vessel was much greater. The next day the average speed was 5 miles 710 fathoms. 989. By log ?—By observation. 990. What does the log give?— 35 miles 733 fathoms. 991. (Mr. Saward.) Do you attribute the mis- fortunes of the Atlantic Telegraph Company to any extent to the pledge given by the original promoters that an attempt should be made to lay the cable in 1857, and the consequent hurry with which everything was done f—In the first instance I have not the slightest doubt of it; I do not mean to say that we should have joined in the middle if we had laid the cable so far, but we had no chance from the NO we were hurried. 992. Everything was necessarily deficient in experi- ment and previous observation ?—Yes ; so unfit were we to start that the machines were literally being put together as we were going round from Cork Harbour to Valentia Bay. 993. ( Chairman.) You mean the paying-out appa- ratus ?—Yes, they never were worked until we got round to Valentia Bay. In 1857, on the first attempt there was so much anxiety on the part of the directors to get us away that we were not at all in a fit con- dition to start. 994. ( Mr. Bidder.) When the cable broke, was it from imperfection or rather want of application of the machinery, or had the cable got jammed and jumped off the wheels ; how long after was it that it broke instantaneously, or did any time elapse ?—Very soon afterwards ; I was in bed at the time, but from what I heard away from it, at a guess I should say that it broke in half a minute. 995. The vessel keeping going? - We could not Stop her way before the cable broke. 996. (Chairman.) At what angle was the cable paid out on the occasion of the successful laying ?— From 12? to 15? with the horizon. 997. (Mr. Bidder.) You kept very little pressure on the brake, of course ?—You will see the brake strain and the dynamometer in the table which I have given in. 998. ( Mr. „ What is the breaking strain of the Atlantic cable — About 3 tons 15 cwt. is said to be the breaking strain, but on the occasion of its anchoring the ship for one hour and 46 minutes it bore SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. four tons, &ccording to the dynamometer, before it broke. | "PN B Б 999. (Chairman.) You have mentioned in the course of your evidence the lay being one part in an opposite direction to the other; do you attribute any inconvenience to that ?—Not if you get 50 miles or 100 miles away from one another ; at first undoubt- edly it is a great disadvantage. 1000. Do you attribute one fracture to that cause? I cannot say that it did occur on that account, I cannot understand how otherwise. 1001. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider that the experience gained by the repeated attempts to lay the Atlantic cable will, if a cable is properly made and once laid, result in permanent success ?—] have very little doubt of it. 1002. You are not aware of any inherent difficulties that are not easily surmountable ?— None. . 1003. Should you anticipate that a proper cable properly .deposited at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean in deep water would be a permanent institu- tion ?— Certainly, as far as the mechanical part of it goes, I should say so ; I know nothing of the electri- cal part. | 1004. ( Chairman.) Did you remark whether the pitching of the vessel had a very great effect upon the cable during the paying out ?—Almost imperceptible. . 1005. To what cause do you attribute that? From the angle at which it was paid out. 1006. You think if the cable is kept at an angle of from 10° to 15° over the stern of the vessel, that the pitch of that vessel will not endanger the breaking of the cable ?—I think not. 1007. Is not the danger to the cable very much measured by the angle at which it leaves the vesscl ? —Certainly; if it is nearly up and down the danger would be very much greater, and. I think then the pitching of the vessel might break it. 1008. Have you found in picking up the cable, where the cable is up and down, that any sudden change in the position of the vessel was apt to break it? —Certainly. | 1009. But not when the cable is out at an angle ? NO. N 1010. (Mr. Bidder.) The lighter the cable the less the angle, and the less the danger ?— Certainly, in paying out; but in picking up, a light cable would be up and down. 1011. Had you any very heavy weather? We had а very heavy swell one day. 1012. Was that a ground swell ?—There was some wind with it. 1013. ( Chairman.) Did the vessel go up 20 feet ?— No, not so much, I think. 1014. (Mr. Saward.) You were out in the “Niagara” at the time that the heavy gale occurred to the * Agamemnon "?—Y es. | 1018. Did you observe what the greatest roll of the Niagara was during that time ?—Yes, she rolled at an angle of 45°. Ido not know what the pitching WAS. 1016. About how much was it ?—Nothing, in com- parison. | 1017. (Chairman.) 'The cable had been coiled before the successful laying at Keyham ?—Yes. 1018. Were you concerned in the coiling ?—No; I had hurt my leg, it had been very nearly broken, and I was laid up for six weeks. 1019. Was the cable injured in coiling and uncoil- ing ?—I am afraid it was injured. 1020. (Mr. Bidder.) Was it injured in strength ?— By kinking in a great many places. . 1021. (Chairman.) How many times was the cable coiled and uncoiled that went on board the “ Niagara" ? —]t was coiled, of course, in the warehouse after being made; it was then coiled into the tender at Liverpool, to be taken to the * Niagara,” which was lying in the river; it was then coiled on board the “Niagara,” and from that it was uncoiled in Keyham, and coiled again on board the “ Niagara." 1022. Would that frequent coiling and uncoiling be 48 likely to be injurious to the cable ?—Yes. It was carefully examined; I had two men the whole time, night and day, while it was being coiled on board, examining it for bad places; and wherever the bad places occurred they were cut out; a great many places were cut out. 1023. Did not that increase the number of joints very much ?—Yes. ; | 1024. Of course you could only detect those injuries which were very apparent ?—Of course. 1025. (.Mr. Saward.) Do not you think that & mi- nute injury unobserved, and impossible to have been observed, may have gone over and caused a difficulty; for example, an interior injury to the gutta-percha ? —Certainly, that is very possible indeed; for instance, a nail; it was covered with a wood roof, and a single nail would have injured the insulation or destroyed it. | 1026. (Chairman.) With regard to the simple question of laying, as you have laid & cable without machinery and with machinery, would you. prefer the strength of the cable and its specific gravity to be such as to require the use of machinery, or that you were able to do without it ?—I would rather have to use machinery decidedly. "T" 1027. Do you think, as a question of laying, if you ean keep a regular strain upon the cable by machinery, it is safer than allowing it to run out free ?—In running out the Black Sea cable we had the greatest difficulty with these tubes; the gutta- percha cut through the boiler tubes, almost as deep as the cable, till it got through continually, and we had to keep shifting it all the way. It was a very rude way of running it over, and I would rather have run it over by machinery, having some control over it, than run it absolutely loose in that way. We had no indication of what cable we were paying out. 1028. Supposing you have a cable, the breaking . strain of which is a ton, would you sooner pay out that cable loose by itself or run it over with machinery, upon which you could bring a strain of five hundred- weight ?—1 should not like to pay out a cable, the breaking strain of which is a ton, without machinery ; it would simply be another experiment, and I think a very dangerous one. 1029. As a question of safety simply, irrespective of the per-centage of slack ?—I think that the ma- chinery might be made sufficiently light. | 1030. Do you think the inertia of the machinery even with so light a cable, would be an important element in its destruction? Certainly not; a machine could be made to suit the cable. 1031. In all cases you think it better to adapt the machinery to the strength of the cable than to let the cable run out loose ?—Y es. 1032. Do not you admit that, as you increase the specific gravity, and consequently the strain of your cable, you must increase the weight of your paying- out machinery ?—No doubt. 1033. You require & heavier rotative apparatus with a heavy cable like the Atlantic, than you would with one of half its specific gravity ?—No doubt. 1034. Will not the inertia of that apparatus in- crease as you increase the weight ?—It will. 1035. Therefore it is a mere question of degree to what extent you would carry the opinion which you have expressed ?—It is. 1036. If it were necessary to have paying-out ap- paratus so heavy that the inertia brought a serious strain on the cable, you would rather not use that machine, I suppose — But I think that is impossible. 1037. Have you ever made any calculations? The machinery that we used for paying this cable out, which only bore a strain of from three tons 15 cwt. to four tons, was quite strong and heavy enough to pay out a cable five tons to a mile, in fact to lay the shore ends. 1038. (Mr. Bidder.) 'Therefore you would lighten it ?—Y es, if I had only that cable to lay out. The machines were strong enough to lay out the shore ends of the Atlantic cable also. | E F 2 9 Dec. 1859. W. H. Woodhouse, sq. 9 Dec. 1859. Mr. J. Chatterton. . 44 1039. (Chairman.) You think it an objection to have inertia in paying-out apparatus if you can avoid it ?— Les. 1040. You have mentioned that the indicator never exhibited above a certain strain ?—Yes. 1041. Supposing that the indicator were descend- ing in a given direction, and a sudden change in motion took place, is not the tendency of the weight to keep on its downward motion, whereas the ten- dency of the indicator is to indicate a decreased strain, and not an increased strain ?—Y'es. 1042. Consequently, at the very time when the greatest tension is on the cable the indicator is indi- cating a less strain ?— Possibly. 1043. "Therefore the error in the indicator is exactly in the opposite direction to the strain of the cable ?— You are perfectly correct in theory, but not in prac- tice. I think if it went down with a jerk at any speed, I will not say that it would be perfectly cor- rect; but a body of 5,000 tons, such as the * Nia- gara," cannot go with jerks like a fishing smack ; it must go easily, and return very easily. Ido not think that you are right in practice. 1044, (Mr. Bidder.) I gather from you that your view seems to be that you would only use the paying- out apparatus for the purpose of registering what you were doing, making it but little applicable for the purpose of controlling the cable ?—It is necessary to know what strain is on the cable, and without a pay- ing-out apparatus, let the cable be ever so light, you do not know the strain ; it is also necessary to know what relative pace the ship and the cable are going MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE in the water; it is of no use to know the speed of the ship without you have the speed of the cable also. To attempt to lay a cable across the Atlantic without any paying-out apparatus would, in my opinion, be a very dangerous experiment. | 1045. I gather from what you have said, that your mind seems to incline to the idea that the value of paying-out apparatus is rather more for registering how much cable has gone out than for any other purpose ?—"That is one of the advantages; but I Bay, another is that it is necessary to see what strain you have on; there might be some particular circum- Btances that made that very important. 1046. If the cable runs loose you would have no strain at all ?—It never can run absolutely loose, when you have the rings and cone to deal with, at any rate; the friction of the rings and cone, and the pulleys over the coil, is more in practice than would be supposed in theory. 1047. They are constant, are they not ?—No, they are not constant, they Vary very materially; the friction of the rings, and I think Mr. Gisborne will bear me out in that, speaking merely from practice, varies very much. I have seen cases after а gale of wind when the rings, but for the guys, would have been pulled out of place by the cable; that is a strain which would be indicated by machinery, but if the cable is running loose you would break it without knowing the reason. 1048. (Chairman.) Do you consider properly de- signed paying-out apparatus a source of danger or of safety to a cable ?—'That depends entirely on the description of cable. Mr. JOHN CHATTERTON examined. 1049. ( Chairman.) You are the manager of the gutta-percha works, I believe ?—I am the manager of the engineering department. 1050. Will you be so good as to describe to the com- mittee the process which the gutta-percha undergoes before it is placed in a core ?—4As far as I can con- sistently with the interests of the Gutta-percha Com- pany. The imported blocks as they come into the establishment are selected for their different purposes and stored away. 1051. Is it the fact that no adulteration of gutta- percha takes place either before it comes to England or after its arrival ? — I do not know that. Some iron shot and stones are found in the blocks. Any matters mixed with gutta-percha by the natives would be separated by the cleansing process we adopt. 1052. It comes to your establishment in a rough state? — Ves; after the gutta-percha is selected and stored away in vaults properly apportioned for the different sorts, the blocks are cut up into small par- ticles, and undergo a thorough cleansing process, and from that cleansing process the gutta-percha goes into the boiling tanks; it then assumes a sort of plastic state, and in that state it is subjected to what we may describe as the combing process, which also has a tendency to cleanse it still further, and before it is masticated, as we term it, or kneaded, it is passed through very fine gauze. After it has undergone a certain time of kneading, it is ready then in a plastic state to be moulded into anything, or put into the wire machines to be put on the wires. 1053. Is it more advantageous to put gutta-percha on the wires in а thin coat than in а thick coat ?——In 2 thin coat certainly. 1054. For what reason ?—In the system that we adopt in our machines a certain quantity of air does unquestionably pass into the machines, and in putting the gutta-percha on in thin coatings, the gutta-percha being in a plastic state, has not strength to contain the air ; any air hole must exhibit itself on the sur- face after it has passed through the die, and as every coating is looked over very carefully, these air holes or imperfections are repaired. 1055. Is gutta-percha more dense when it is put on in a thin coat than it is in a thick coat ?—It is subjected to rather more pressure. I cannot tell exactly what it is. 1056. Do you know at all what pressure the gutta- percha is subjected to in passing through the dies ?— No, I cannot describe it. The power that we apply is very great; the hole is very small through which it is forced. 1057. Do not the number of coats which are put upon the wire add very materially to the expense? They do. 1058. Which is the greater cost, the cost of labour or the cost of the material ?—The cost of the material is very great; and then with regard to every addi- tional process to which the wire is subjected, that is to say, putting six coats on to a certain sized wire, the expense would be very considerably more than putting on the same weight of material in three. 1059. Can you state what the expense would be of a wire of this description (handing to the witness a specimen of 20 coated wire) ?—It would be very ex- pensive, but I am not prepared to say at what price such a wire could be supplied at in quantity. Of course, an estimate can be formed if required. 1060. Would it multiply the cost by some 15 times? Not so much as that, because if we do not put so much gutta-percha on at one operation, the wire goes rather faster through the machine ; so that it is not quite so expensive as you may imagine. 1061. Have you prepared or patented a compound ? —I am very glad to take this opportunity of ex- plaining exactly the part I have taken with respect to the compound. By some means it is known as Chatterton’s compound. In fact I invented the plan of putting on any suitable compound, but the merit of the mixture we use really and truly belongs to Mr. Willoughby Smith, who was examined here yes- terday. We wanted a compound which we could put on at the same time with the different coats of gutta- percha; he tried several mixtures, and produced the compound we now use as the most perfect. 1062. What are the advantages which you assume that compound possesses, or some of them ?—I think I can only explain the advantages by telling you that the perfect or rather the improved insulation we get by the application of this compound is very remark- SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. sble; although I cannot answer you electrical questions, I do see that in testing wire having the compound introduced between the coats of gutta- percha, the insulation is véry superior to anything we have been able to produce without the compound. 1063. As much as 50 per cent. ?— Yes, I think fully that ; I think Mr. Smith produced before you some tables which show the daily tests. 1064. It is a better insulator, and does it suffer less from temperature than gutta-percha ?—I think not; it becomes plastic at & less temperature than gutta- percha. 1065. In the diagrams that were exhibited to the committee by Mr. Willoughby Smith, the compound did not seem to be so much affected by change of tem- perature as the gutta-percha ?—No. 1066. Have you made any experiments upon the ‘permeability of gutta-percha by water ?—Not under pressure ; merely by long continued immersion. 1067. What results have you found ?—We find that there is not the slightest variation in either sound gutta-percha wire or sound compound ; they do not vary at all by immersion as to time, but they do as to temperature. 1068. Have you made experiments upon gutta- percha in water subject to pressure ?—I have not; I have never seen any tested under pressure. 1069. Is not it the fact that the price of gutta- percha has risen very much ?—Very much indeed. 1070. Is that owing to the increase of price upon importation, or to the extra processes which it is sub- ject to ?— To the price of the raw material. 1071. Do you attribute it to any diminution in the supply ?—I think the difficulty of getting gutta- percha inereases every year. 1072. Do you think that precautions have not been taken to increase the supply by planting trees ?—I think there was a large sum of money sent out some vears ago to try to induce the natives to renew the plantation, but it failed for some reason or other. 'There was some prejudice existing, and the object was not obtained. 1073. Does not gutta-percha principally come from Borneo ?— Singapore is the principal place from which it comes. 1074. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider, since the increased price of gutta-percha, that any deterioration in the quality has taken place, comparing the gutta- percha used in 1851 with the gutta-percha imported at the present day and used ?—I think now that we get equally good gutta-percha as ever, but there is & great quantity ofinferior material comes over, in con- sequence of the great price (because it is used for many other purposes besides covering wires); and a good deal has appeared in the London market, which otherwise would hardly have been worth the cost of transit. 1075. (Chairman.) Do you believe that gutta- percha in submarine cables can deteriorate at all ?— I think not ; and I have every reason to believe so, inasmuch as I have never seen any symptoms of decay exhibited in the gutta-percha cores that have been submerged. 1076. Do you consider that the cable which has been taken up from the Dover and Calais line, which was laid down in 1851, is as good as when it was laid ?—I think it is; I do not know how long this specimen has been out of the water, but it is in a beautiful state now. 1077. It is as good as it was when it was laid? —Fully as good. , 1078. You have had experience іп the manu- facture and the laying of cables? — I have had nothing to do with the laying of cables ; I have not been out with any one of them. 1079. You have had considerable experience in the manufacture ?— Yes ; I have been interested in insu- lated wires for some years. In 1851 I took out & patent for covering gutta-percha wires with lead ; so that I have had a good deal of experience in gutta- percha wires. 45 1080. Have you considered the question of covering the wires with india-rubber ?—Not exclusively with india-rubber. I have tried several experiments in making a compound or mixture of india-rubber with gutta-percha. 1081. Do you consider that that forms a good in- sulating covering ?—It is very useful in its way, but I should not adopt it for insulating wires ; it is not so good as gutta-percha, but it forms an excellent pro- tection to insulated wires as an outer covering. 1082. You consider that pure gutta-percha is the best insulator ?— Yes, with the assistance or the ac- cession of coats, as it were, of the compound pre- viously mentioned. 1083. Do you know the results which were afforded of a small test which has been made upon that wire with the numerous coats ?—Yes ; I have been given to understand that it is perfect. 1084. More perfect than any other ?—It is the most perfect that has yet been produced. 1085. Have you tried Professor Hughes's com- pound ?—We have made two miles of it; I believe one mile is sent away to-day for the Government experiments. 1086. Do you think that that process has any ade vantages ?—I have not been able to discover them at present. Certainly the insulation is very good ; and the process of mechanical repairing is very curious, but I do not understand in what case it would be likely to be available practically. 1087. Do you think it would be better to take great care in covering a wire with numerous coats of gutta- percha ?—Yes, with these layers alternately of com- pound and gutta-percha I think we get very perfect insulation, and moreover we get the wire equally coated all round. 1088. So as to prevent eccentricity ?—Y es. 1089. Will you look at that specimen (handing the same to the witness). These are air-holes, are they not ?—Yes. 1090. To what do you attribute them ?—In this case air must have passed through the machine into the gutta-percha, and not been noticed; very care- lessly examined. 1091. Ought these air-holes to have been observed by the person who examined the wire? — I think that these air-holes ought to have been detected, though the wire may have been subjected to pressure, which has developed them more than they were when examined. 1092. Is the best mode of guarding against air- holes to put on numerous thin layers ?— It is the best mode, there can be no question. From the experiments we have tried lately, we have got very beautiful results from the thin coverings, carried out to their fullest extent. At Mr. Gisborne’s re- quest, we are putting them on to а core the size of the Gibraltar, twelve coats instead of six, to see if they will improve the insulation, though with six coats it is wonderfully good. 1093. Have you considered at all Mr. Macintosh's process of vulcanizing gutta-percha ?—Ihave. With respect to air-holes, we have never found from the reports we have had, and I admit we have had complaints of air-holes existing; they have been ac- companied with this declaration, that in no instance have they found the insulation impaired by them. 1094. Have you not had a complaint from Messrs. Newall of those air-holes, and was not some wire returned to you in consequence of them, because it was badly insulated ?—No, not through the air-holes. 1095. (Mr. Saward.) Would not the chances be very much indeed against these air-holes being oppo- site to each other down to the conductor ?—Yes, the air-holes in the first coating or the second coating, if they were allowed to pass examination, in all probability would be burst by the process of putting on the subsequent coating. 1096. ( Chairman.) Or driven up the wire ?—No, they could not be driven ; the air would net run at F 3 Mr. J. Chatterton, 9 Dec. 1859. | Mr. J. Chatterton. 9 Dec. 1859. 46 all. If you were to cut a wire, you would not find air holes exist in any but the outer covering. 1097. Taking the case of the Gibraltar core: it is tested under pressure in a vacuum after the outer covering is put on; suppose there were air-holes in the inner covering, would they be detected by that pressure ?—I think not. | | | 1098. Have you any objection to testing cables in water ?—Not the least in the world. | 1099. Do you consider that testing cables under pressure in water forces the water into the gutta- percha ?—If gutta-percha really and truly be porous, no doubt, under pressure, the water would be more likely to go into it. | | 1100. If gutta-percha is porous, is it not merely applying artificially the pressure to which it would be subjected when it gets to the bottom of the sea ?— Yes, it would be so. | 1101. If gutta-percha is porous, and is subjected to great pressure at the bottom of the sea, will it become a non-insulating material ?—Yes, to the ex- tent of the water that is forced into it by the pressure of the depth. У 1102. If it is permeable, will it answer рег- manently for deep sea cables ?—No ; if the water permeated gutta-percha sufficiently to interfere with the insulation, of course it would be very much deteriorated in working. 1103. (Mr. Saward.) Wave you ever known a case in which these air-holes existed all through the coat- ings in the same place ?—Never. My belief is, that in the process of putting on the thin coatings of gutta-percha, the last coating would burst or break any air holes that had escaped inspection in the previous covering. | ` 1104. (Chairman.) And fill up the space ?—Yes. I say that with confidence, inasmuch as when I ex- amine the wire I never find air-holes except in the outer covering. lthink we have got pretty nearl to perfection in our present method. ^ 1105. You have not yet succeeded in preventing any air passing in with the gutta-percha ?—We have not; but as in rolling a very thin sheet you cannot find any symptoms of air, so in passing the gutta- percha through a small orifice you are less likely to bave it. 1106. Have you considered the question of vulcan- izing gutta-percha ? — I have seen some specimens exhibited by Mr. Macintosh. | 1107. Do you think favourably of them ?—I have no reason to speak either one way or the other. If the vulcanizing have no decaying action upon the gutta- percha, it is possible it may be advantageous. 1108. It is a matter of experiment which you have not had an opportunity of trying ?—Just so. 1109. Is there any great difficulty in applying Mr. Macintosh's plan to the outer covering of gutta- percha ?—In Mr. Macintosh’s cold process of vul- Canization, one material that he uses is a solvent of gutta-percha. 1110. What is that material ?—Bi-sulphate of car- bon. Bi-sulphate of carbon being a solvent, the wire will have to pass quickly through it, and it will re- quire a certain length of time for the evaporation to take place, to harden it before it can be coiled up ain. 1111. (Mr. Saward.) From your evidence I gather that you do not altogether coincide with the idea that gutta-percha is permeable by water under pressure ? II do not; that is to say to an extent that would be detrimental to the efficient working of the cable otherwise perfect. I have heard that experiments were tried upon the Atlantic core, I think Mr. White- house said something like three tons to an inch, with- out the slightest effect. "That was only for & short time. . = | 1112. (Chairman.) The Gutta-percha Company as a rule do not take part of the risk of laying the cables, do they ?—They do not. 1118. And as a rule they deal for ready money ?— They deal for ready money. | * A MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE - 1114. Therefore there is no advantage in the Government or a private company dealing with the Gutta-percha Company through a contractor ?—There is not. 1115. Are not the Gutta-percha Company ready to manufacture core for a company or a government, and give them the testing of that core, and deliver it to them in perfect order ?—Yes. . | 1116. (Mr. Saward.) I believe that was the way in which the Atlantic core was purchased ?—The Atlantic core was purchased at a price on a special contract. | ` 17. By the company, not through a contractor ? — Y es. 1118. (Chairman.) It was handed by the Gutta- percha Company to the contractor for the Atlantic Company ? — Exactly, after Mr. Whitehouse had tested the wire he gave us a certificate for payment, . and our instructions were to send it away from our own works, partly to Messrs. Newall and Company at Birkenhead, and partly to Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Company, at Greenwich. 1119. (Mr. Saward.) The company's risk, with regard to it, commenced, I believe, immediately after the date of Mr. Whitehouse's signature to the test ?— It was considered the property of the Atlantic Tele- graph Company from the date of Mr. Whitehouse's test. 1120. (Chairman.) What are the tests to which gutta-percha covered wire is subjected ?—It is put into water in a finished state from the works, and allowed to remain a certain time before the electrical test is applied to it. A very delicate instrument is now used, and a very strong battery. | | 1121. Do these instruments test eccentricities ?— Merely the loss of insulation. | 1122. Do you consider the tests at present applied perfect, or might they be improved ?—From what I know of submarine cables I do not know of any testing better than we adopt. 1123. Has not there been а great improvement in testing within the last few years ?—Yes, the detecting instrument is more delicate, and the battery power much greater. If we were now to test by the old in- struments our cores would all be precisely alike. - 1124. You can now detect defects which were be- fore passed over in consequence of the inefficiency of the instruments ?—Yes. 1125. There are certain defects which even now ү cannot detect, such as eccentricities or air-holes ? — Y es. 1126. Would not these air-holes be injurious if a cable was subjected to great pressure ?—I believe not, and from reports that we have received there are no instances of loss of insulation from these air-holes. 1127. You have stated that the pressure which is put on the wire by putting on a third coat, as it were, would detect an air-hole in the second coat, or would burst it ?—Yes, and also I should tell you that the wire is carefully examined; we are bestowing more inspection probably upon the wires we are now making than we have been accustomed to do; we have been obliged to do so from the improved methods of testing; we have endeavoured to keep pace with the instru- s by improving our manufacture in every possible shape. 1128. The more delicate the tests are which are used in testing the wire, the more careful of course must be your manufacture ?——Yes, our wire is now very carefully examined in the first and second coat- ings. 1129. Therefore it would be very desirable that extra tests for eccentricities or air-holes should be devised if possible, for the security of the person who orders the cable? — Les. 1130. (Mr. Saward.) Have you seen some speci- mens of the Atlantic cable in which the conductor is nearly outside of the gutta-percha ?—I have. 1131. Have you formed any opinion as to the cause ?—I do not think it is possible for the defects to exist to the extent you describe, unless the wire > SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. had been subjected to heat sufficiently to render the gutta-percha plastic after it had left our works. 1132. (Chairman.) What heat would that be ?— About 100? or 110? would render it sufficiently plastic under a strain for the copper wire to become eccentric. 1133. Did you manufacture the Dardanelles cable ? —Yes. 1134. Was that as carefully manufactured and as carefully tested as the core that you manufactured for the Red Sea Company, or that you are now manu- facturing for the Gibraltar cable ?—Yes, I suppose you mean the last one, some 300 miles odd. 1135. I mean the Dardanelles core about which there have been a great many complaints made to your firm by the contractors who laid it; was that core subjected to the same examination and the same care as you now bestow upon the cores you are manu- facturing ?—I do not think it was subjected to quite so much inspection as now. 1136. (Mr. Saward.) That is the wire, is it not? (handing the same to the witness.)—Y s. There is not very much the matter with this; that is 14 strand doubly covered. 1137. I understood you to say that it was not as carefully supervised as cables usually are ?—It had quite as much supervision as at that time was bestowed upon any wire, but we are trying to get nearer perfection. It was subjected to precisely the same electrical test, 504 pairs of plates, with the same delicate galvanometer. 1138. (Chairman.) Do you know of any causes of the deterioration of gutta-percha when it does dete- riorate?—I do not, but there are cases of decay which I have seen that have evidently arisen from local in- fluence, that is to say, in underground wires ; I have seen wires taken up that have been buried for some years, in which the main portion has been perfectly good, as good as the day it was put in the ground, and there have been perhaps a few yards upon which something has acted, and seven or eight wires, as the case may be, totally decayed. 1139. Wherever it is exposed to air and dried rapidly it deteriorates, does not it ?—Yes. 1140. Does it undergo a chemical change or merely a mechanical ehange, do you think ?—It is no mecha- nical change ; it is by some chemical action. 1141. Can it be restored again by being worked up to its original state ?—It is not so good; there is a sort of resin or a resinous feel at any rate upon the surface of wire that has been long exposed to the air and that would render it unavailable for insulating wire again. 1142. (Mr. Saward.) You have not seen any cases of deterioration in wire that has been submerged ?— Not one single case. 1143. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have you observcd an alteration in gutta-percha which has been in con- tact with copper wire when all the external parts have been perfectly intact? An oxide of copper is found upon the copper, and that is very evident in most of the wires that have been covered for any length of time, and whether that has been checked or the action altogether stopped by the introduction of the compound between the copper wire and the gutta- percha, I do not know. Up to the present time I have not seen anything like it. 1144. (Mr. Saward.) Might not that arise from the dampness in the copper at the time it was used, and the subsequent use of the battery powcr exciting oxidation ? A similar oxide is formed, if you have impaired insulation, and keep the current on. 1145. (Professor Wheatstone.) To what degree is gutta-percha affected by fungi ?—That I do not know; whether the evidence of decay that I have ex- 47 plained to you has been occasioned by them or not, I do not know. 1146. (Chairman.) Do you know whether any marine insects eat gutta-percha ?—I have heard they do, and I have seen samples of wire that have been marked, but not to any great depth, as if an insect had tasted it, and did not like it. There is a sort of uniform depth in all the specimens I have seen, only skin-deep in the gutta-percha. 1147. As far as you know, gutta-percha is an in- destructible material when it is in contact with moisture ?—Yes ; perfectly protected from the action of the air, I believe it to be iudestructible. I have some specimens of wire that have been covered with lead and hermetically sealed, which do not exhibit the slightest symptom of alteration either in the colour or any other respect. 1148. Do you think that the salts in sea water are injurious to gutta-percha ?—I think not. 1149. Is tar injurious or perservative to gutta- percha ?—]I believe that wood tar is a very excellent preservative. So satisfied are we that tar has that property that we are coating our underground wires with it, that is to say, the wires are first insulated perfectly, and then they are laid together in a sort of rope or strand, and put into a tube of gutta-percha surrounded by Stockholm or wood tar. 1150. Are you referring to the wires of the London District Telegraph Company ?—Yes. In specimens of the old Dover and Calais cable we find the wires surrounded with the tarred hemp fully as mellow and as good as the day they were put there ; and from that circumstance we believe that wood tar is cer- tainly not injurious to gutta-percha. 1151. Creosote is injurious to gutta-percha, is not it ?—Creosote I believe to be a solvent. 1152. Is coal tar injurious ?— Coal tar, I believe, is injurious unless it be subjected to some purification. What is called gas tar has an injurious effect upon gutta-percha. 1153. Are you not aware that Professor Hughes's compound has some description of tar obtained from lignite or coal or shale ?—It is from coal. I have it from Professor Hughes himself that it is from coal. 1154. Do you think that would be injurious to gutta-percha eventually? — We have not had it ana- lyzed, and therefore I am unable to give an opinion. 1155. Does Professor Hughes’s compound contain naphtha ?—I really do not know. From what I have heard from Professor Hughes it does not. 1156. Is resin injurious to gutta-percha ?—Resin is not injurious in the way it is used by us ; itis one of the elements of the compound. 1157. Are any of the gums—gum-dammar, or any of them, injurious ?—I think not ; I do not know that they are. 1158. Is not your compound composed of resin, india-rubber, and gutta-percha ?—Gutta-percha is the principal ingredient in the compound, with sufficient wood-tar and resin to render it the proper consistency, to be applied at the same time as the coat of gutta- percha is put on. 1159. How is the compound put on ?—By passing the wire through a vessel containing it fitted with proper gauges immediately before the die that puts on the gutta-percha. 1160. Does it dry rapidly ?—No, it hardens as it becomes cold. 1161. It is not hard when the gutta-percha is put over it ?—No, it is in а semi-fluid state. 1162. It does not get rubbed off in the process? No, it cannot by the arrangement of the machinery be disturbed. Adjourned to To-morrow at One o'clock. Е 4 Mr. J. Chatterton. 9 Dec. 1859. Sir C. T. Bright. 10 Dec. 1859. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE Saturday, 10th December 1859. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. G. P. BIDDER. Mr. SAWARD. Mr. LATIMER CLARK. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. Sir CHARLES TILSTON BRIGHT examined. 1162. (Chairman.) I believe you are a civil en- gineer, whose attention has been very largely devoted to telegraphic science ?—Yes, since 1847. 1163. Are you engineer to some of the telegraphic companies ?—I am engineer of the British and Irish Magnetic Telegraph Company, and have been since 1852. lam consulting engineer to other companies. 1164. You have been also connected for some time with the working of submarine cables ?—I have. 1165. You have assisted in laying several sub- marine cables ?—Yes. 1166. What was the first that you laid ?—The first cable I was connected with was that of the Magnetic Telegraph Company from Scotland to Ireland, between Portpatrick to Donaghadee ; it was laid by contract. 1167. What depth is that laid in ?—The greatest depth is about. 150 fathoms. 1168. Is it now in working order?—Yes. 1169. In what year was it laid ?—It was laid in May 1853. Another cable of similar character was laid in June 1854, between Portpatrick and Whitehead. 1170. Has any difficulty ever been experienced with that cable ?— None whatever. 1171. Has it ever cost anything for repairs ? Nothing whatever. 1172. I believe you were one of the early projec- tors of the Atlantic telegraph undertaking ?—I was. 1173. And you were subsequently engineer-in-chief to the company?—I was. 1174. When you first became engineer, had tho contracts for the manufacture of the cable been en- tered into?—Yes ; they were entered into by the provisional committee of the company. 1175. Had you any control over the specifications? Not over the specifications. 1176. (Mr. Saward.) Was not that done before the recular board was formed ?—Yes. 1177. (Chairman.) To what contractors was the manufacture of the Atlantic cable let? There were three contracts; one with the Gutta Percha Com- pany for the supply of the соге; another with Messrs, R. S. Newall and Company, of Birkenhead, for tho manufacture of half of the external covering ; and the third contract with Messrs. Glass, Elliott, and Company, of Greenwich, for the other half of the external covering. 1178. Was the separation of those contracts your act, or that of the board ?—It was done before I had any connexion with them as engineer. I was nota member of the provisional committee myself. 1179. Do you consider that arrangement & good one ?—l consider it exceedingly objectionable. 1180. On what grounds ?—Because of the diffi- culty of testing the working of the two cables together. The one cable being made at Birkenhead, and the other at Greenwich, of course it was impos- sible to test them with any advantage unless there had been a wire of & similar character laid between Birkenhead and Greenwich. 1181. Do vou object to the separation of the con- tract for making the core from the contract for making the outer covering ?—No, I do not object to that. 1182. You think that the perfect condition of the core could be ascertained before it is given to the contractor for the outer covering ?— Les, if the company employ proper officers. 1183. Was that core very carefully examined during its manufacture ?—I believe it was; the com- pany had an electrician who was specially appointed for that purpose. 1184. Your business lay more with the manufac- ture of the outer covering ?—With the mechanical construction of the cable and its laving ; the altera- tions of the ships for carrying the cable, and the machinery for paying it out. 1185. Had you the superintendence of the manu- facture of the outer covering ?—Yes. 1186. Had the form of the outer covering been de- termined upon before you joined the company ?—It was determined by a sub-committee formed from the provisional committee of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, consisting of Mr. Brett, Mr. Cyrus Field, and Mr. Tupper. | 1187. А good deal has been said of tho lay of the separate portions of the cable being in different di- rections ; do vou attach any importance to that cir- cumstance ?—No ; I attach little or no importance to that circumstance, but of course if it had been under my control, I should have made them uniform. 1188. (Mr. Saward.) Will you explain how it came to pass that there were different lays 2—1 be- lieve the cause of that was from the specimens made up for tenders by one contractor being made up by hand in the opposite direction to the run of his ma- chines, and being sent out with the specification to the other contractors, when Messrs. Newall re- ceived the specimen which had been made up by hand, they supposed that the lay of the cable was to be in that direction. 1189. (Chairman.) By whom were those speci- mens made ?—I believe by Messrs. Glass and Elliott. 1190. (Mr. Saward.) At that time were not Messrs. Glass and Elliott acting on the belief that they would have the entire contract ?—Yes, it was so understood. Messrs. Glass and Elliott had assisted the promoters of the company very much in making up different specimens for experiments during 1856, and a portion of 1855. 1191. (Chairman.) Do you consider that the At- lantic cable was in a perfect state as to the form of manufacture and insulation, in the first expedition which failed in 1857 ?—As to its mechanical con- struction, it was in a perfect condition, and I pre- sume, from the reports of the electrician of the company, that it would be considered in an electrical state of perfection. 1192. It has been stated by previous witnesses that the summer of 1857 was one of extraordinary heat, and that the cables suffered from that cause ; do you think that that was probable ?—Y'es. Some portions of the cable, the upper flakes of two coils, were injured from that, but the cable was very carefully tested by the electricians, and the defective portion of the core, namely, the upper portion of the coils, was removed. 1193. Was it tested in water ?—It was not tested in water ; the size of the outer strands of which the cable was composed prevented that, without not only a probability, but the almost certainty of injury to the cable from rust. 1194. (Mr. Saward.) I believe at that time the necessity of testing cables in water had not been re- cognized so much as it is now ?—No. 1195. Is not the belief of the necessity for testing ы water the result of a good deal of experience? =æ Yes. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 1196. (Chairman.) You sailed, I believe, with the whole of the expeditions which were concerned either in the laying of the cable or in experiments previously to the laying ?—Yes, I had charge of the whole. 1197. Will you give the committee a history of the experimental expeditions ?,—The first expedition con- sisted of the * Agamemnon” and * Niagara" as cable ships. The * Agamemnon" sailed from Sheerness to Queenstown, and tried some few experiments with the running of the machinery on the voyage. The * Niagara" sailed from Birkenhead, and the machinery was also run to some extent on the voyage to Queens- town, and after that the ships went round to Valentia and the laying of the cable commenced. 1198. What class of experiments was performed on the preliminary voyage ?—The experiments were not of & satisfactory character, in consequence of the shallowness of the water, and consisted in laying some portions of defective cable, ——cable which had been injured while in the tanks,—and hauling portions of them back again. I should say that it had been the intention of the company, upon my recommendation, to try these experiments in deep water ; but the late- ness of the season at which the ships were obtained from the Government made it necessary to try those experiments in shoal water, when the directors determined upon starting from the Irish coast, instead of from mid-oceau. 1199. Was the break machinery in perfect order before the “Agamemnon” left Sheerness?—There were some slight fittings to be put to it, for guards of lamps, and so forth ; but the machinery was finished, as far a3 all its working parts were concerned. 1200. It was in perfect working order ?—It was in perfect working order, but we had not been able, frem the shortness of the time, to get much experi- enee of its working. It had been intended to start, originally, from the centre of the ocean, aud it had been intended, also, that the experiments which we tried should have been all made in deep water, instead of shoal water. 1201. What was the occasion of the change of in- tention from beginning in deep water, to going from Valentia ?—I believe it arose from suggestions made by nautical men in the first place, and by the electri- cians of the company in the second place, as to there being objec'ions in regard to starting from the middle. I myself was opposed, as well as the engineers who were under me, to the alteration. 1202. Will you give an account of the first voynge? —In the first voyage we started, I think, on the 5th of August, 1857, from Valentia, and we proceeded in paying out the cable, everything working very satis- factorily, till we had paid out about 380 miles, and about 3 o'clock in the morning the machine, which had been running exceeding well up to that time, was badly manipulated by the men in charge, and the cable broke off short. 1203. (Mr. Clarke.) It has been stated that the break machinery sometimes actually stopped and started again, and sometimes required assistance to make it turn round during the expedition, is that correct ?—Not on that expedition. I will explain what you are referring to afterwards. The cable got off the sheaves during the first paying-out expedition, and we stopped the ship as quickly as possible, and put the cable again on the machine and commenced pay- ing out again. à 1204. (Mr. Saward.) I believe that form of ma- "n Cea ST AP ^ ; "m A, brake pulley. | B, B, break chocks. | C, hand wheel, | 49 chinery is not what you would now recommend, after the experience you have had?— No; there is no doubt it can be improved. It was considerably im- proved. 1205. (Chairman.) Did you return immediately after that failure ?—We returned immediately to Ply- mouth. А 1206. Did you make any further experiments? We tried a few experiments in respect to making the joint in the middle, with the view of determining, to some extent, whether it was prudent to start from the middle, or otherwise ; and then we returned to Ply- mouth. 1207. In what depth of water were those experi- ments made ?—In about 1,800 fathoms. 1208. Did you finatly decide upon the class of joint that you would usc at that time ?—Yes. 1209. Will you describe that joint ?—It consisted of two wooden boards, covered over with boiler plate, in which the cable was laid, and & weight attached below to keep the joint from turning over, througl the difference of the lay of the cable. 1210. Was that done because you anticipated any difficulty from the difference of the lay of the cable? No serious difficulty. The objection that I made to starting from the shore instead of starting from the centre, was the possibility of not being able to make the joiut, owing to the state of the weather or other cireumstances when we got out to the centre. Of course starting from the centre, both the ships could go out and wait there for a few days, and, if necessary, until perfectly calm, or sufficiently calm weather for making a joint; whilein the other case, if the weather was bad, or if the ships were separated by rough weather, or by a fog, the whole of the cable then laid might be lost. 1211. After that expedition you returned to Ply- mouth. What took place with the cable then ?—The cable was then uncoiled from each ship into tanks prepared for the cable at Keyham. 1212. Were those tanks filled with water ?—They were made so as to be filled with water in case the electricians of the company desired to test the cable under water, but that was not afterwards done. 1213. Will you give an account of the experiments which were made before the next expedition? — On the return of the first expedition we began to consider what improvements could be made in the paying-out ma- chinery ; and I determined upon the alterations which appeared to me to be necessary, consisting of some alterations in the form of the sheaves, of having a travelling pulley to act as a dynamometer, and some other alterations. A committee was then formed by the company, consisting of some practical engineers, experienced in the construction of marine engines ; the question was referred to that committee, and the machinery was altered pretty much in the way that was suggested; and a machine was put up made upon the altered principle, which machine was constructed at the works of Messrs. Easton and Amos. 1214. What were the defects of the first machinery? — had better explain briefly what was the form of the first machine. The first machine consisted of four single sheaves geared together ; upon a central shaft, connected with the sheaves by a pinion, was a pair of brakes, and those brakes had attached to them what is known as Tredgold’s dynamometer. 1215. (Mr. Bidder.) A lever dynamometer ?—Yes, I could explain it by a sketch in a moment. D, Salter’s balance. G Sir C. T. Bright. 10 Dec. 1859, Su C. T. Bright. 10 Dec. 1859. 50. 71216. (Chairman.) Were you satisfied with the action of that dynamometer ?—Not altogether. "1217. Was the alteration that you suggested solely for the purpose of obtaining a better dynamometer, or for the purpose of diminishing the inertia ?—For both purposes ; for diminishing the inertia and obtaining a mére correct indication of the strain upon the cable. 1218. (Mr. Saward.) In the second machine the wheels were not pinioned together, were they? No; they were made so that they could be geared together for raising the cable when necessary. machinery consisted of a pair of sheaves with four grooves in them, very similar to the arrangement used on inclined planes, and the dynamometer consisted of a vertical travelling pulley weighted so as to indicate the strain upon the cable. The new machine was constructed at the works of Messrs. Easton and Amos, aud such experiments as could be tried on land were tried there by running the machine with the cable мо >п it, driving it by another machine. 1219. ( Chairman.) So as to get a tension upon the cable ?—So as to get tension upon the cable, and to test the breaks with the dynamometer. 1220. Do you consider that machinery as perfect as any that could be devised ?—I think that machine if made lighter would be a very excellent machine for paying out submarine cables. | 1221. (Mr. Saward.) You would probably adapt the machine and its weight to the kind of cable you were paying out ?—Y es. 1222. ( Mr. Bidder.) What was the weight of the running parts of that machine ?—1 cannot give you the exact weights, the strain required to set it iu motion was not more than 24 ewt. | 1223. (Chairman.) Will you describe the experi- ments that were made before the laying of the cable in 1858 ?—-We started in May 1858, from Plymouth, and proceeded to about 350 miles to the west of Ushant, and there soundings were taken by Captain Dayman in the “Gorgon,” and a bottom of 2,400 fathoms was got; we then commenced making a joint between the two ships with some of the old cable that had been injured, and we paid out a few miles of it from each ship. 1224. Do you remember how many miles? Altogether we paid out about 12 miles from one ship and 15 miles from the other, in several different sections, trying experiments in buoying, in raising, and in paying out as far as we could upon such a very small scale. Lh A j 1225. The cable was not in a sound condition when it was first immersed, therefore I presume you could not make any electrical tests ?—We could not make any electrical tests, but we did work through the whole of the cable in both ships for some time, when the cable was lying at the bottom. 1226. Did you raise much of that cable from the bottom ?—Not very much; we raised upwards of three miles in one case fer experiments. 1227. Did you observe any peculiarity about the cable which had beey at the bottom ?—It was a good deal twisted. 1228. Was the lay of the cable injured at all ?— The lay of the cable was injured in some places. 1229. Was it so much injured as to increase, very materially, the extension of the cable ?—Not very materially. 1230. Was it sufficient, do you think, to have caused an injury to the core ‘—No; we examined the соге, and the core was not injured. We had no means of testing electrically, because. as I said before, this enable: had been rejected on account of its imperfect insulation. 1231. Was the core affected in any particular manner ?—I cut off a considerable part, and I did not notice that it had been injured in any way me- chanically. 1232. There was no evidence of its having been penetrated with water ?—No, none whatever; the hemp serving was a good deal squeezed, but not to the extent of injuring the gutta-percha below it. 1233. Was the tar squeezed out.of the hemp serving The second MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE at all ?—A good deal would come out under any cir- cumstances in the strain of paying it out. 1234. Was it so much squeczed out as materially to diminish the diameter of the соге ?—Not mate- rially. 1235. And not sufficiently to interfere with the ex- tension of the cable ?—No. ` 1236. What was the final result of those experi- ments ?—W'e returned to Plymouth, and made some slight alterations in the machinery. 1237. To get rid of the inertia still left by the pre- vious alterations ?—No; not with that view. We found no difficulty with respect to the inertia of the machinery then. 1238. Was the weather rough ?—The weather was favourable ; the alterations principally consisted in changing a small feeding wheel which we had on board one ship of cast iron, for a lighter wheel of wrought iron, and putting scrapers to remove the tar which hardened in the sheaves to a greater extent than had been expected, and putting some additional pulleys for guiding the cable from the hold to the machine. 1239. When you say that the weather was favour- able, do you mean that it was perfectly culm?—Thcre was а swell on, but it was such weather that you could work in boats. 1240. At what angle was the cable paid out on that occasion ?—From about 11? to 15°. 1241. At what speed were the ships proceeding ? —We went up to six knots an hour in one experi- ment. 1242. In paying out the cable did you perceive any twisting of the cable ?—Yes. 1243. To what do you attribute that? —Partly to the turn coming out from the hold from the coil, and partly, to a certain extent, from the strain. 1244. (Mr. Clark.) In what direction? twisting or untwisting ?—Untwisting. 1245. (Chairman.) Do you attribute any of that untwisting to the friction, upon the strands of the cable, of the water as it passed through the water ?— Slightly, perhaps, but very little, on account of the great tension of the cable during the process of pay- ing out. I do not attribute the effect of untwisting to the friction of the water. 1246. (Mr. Clark.) Are you certain that it was untwisting that took place ?—Yes. 1247. (Mr. Saward.) When the cable is coiled on board the ships with the intention of subsequently uncoiling it again in paying out, is not a turn put into the cable *— Yes. 1248. When the cable makes its egress into the water, is not that turn taken out ?—Yes. 1249. Would that, in your judgment, have a tend- ancy to decrease or do away with any injury that might be supposed to arise from the apparent un- twisting motion that you have observed ?—I do not think it would act to obviate it, but I think that the evil of which you speak is very much exaggerated. 1250. You do not think it would ever untwist so as to lay the core bare ?— Certainly not. 1251. (Mr. Bidder.) Was the cable that you laid covered with steel? — With iron. 1252. Then had it hemp outside ?—No, the hemp was inside ; it was a piece of the ordinary Atlantic cable, of which you have, no doubt, seen a good many specimens. 1253. Do you think that the alteration was from the weight of the water, or from the pressure of going out ?—I think the very slight ‘alteration in the form of the core, which was so slight as to be scarcely gauged, would be the effect of pressure from the strain of paying out, and not from the pressure of the water. I think it would have recovered its form again by the elasticity of the gutta-percha. | 1254. (Chairman.) You think it might have taken a permanent compression from strain in paying-out, but not & permanent compression from the pressure of the ocean ?—No. 1255. Was theouter covering quité tight round the Was it SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH: COMMITTEE. core when it was brought up, or loose ?—Quite tight; in some cases it was twisted, but we were lifting up, the loose end in that case. 1256. What caused the fracture of the cable in picking it up ?—In picking it up an experiment was tried from both ships at once, with the object of each ship lifting up a certain portion to see if we could get up the joint again. The cable parted from the * Niagara” after raising about three-quarters of a mile, probably from some defect in the cable. 1257. The cable would be vertical when it was picked up, I presume ¢—Almost vertical; and we recovered from the * Agamemnon" the joint and the splice, and a portion of the “ Niagara's" cable with it. 1258. Was the joint perfectly good ?—The weight was broken off the joint. 1259. The joint itself was not therefore perfect when you brought it up ?—The joint, as far as regards the cable, was perfect, but the splice had the weight broken off from it. 1260. Was there any tendency to kinks either in paying out or afterwards ? Not in paying out at all; the portion of the cable at the end nearest to the joint was а good deal kinked ; no doubt it had been lying slack upon the bottom, and successive coils had been put upon it. We could not, of course, pay out ex- actly the amount to reach the bottom, nor could we tell with so great a length of cable exactly when we reached the bottom. 1261. (Mr. Saward.) Did not you make an allow- ance for that in making the Joint, by paying out ten miles when you were permanently laying the cable ? — Yes, by paying out an additional amount of slack. 1262. So that it would lie iu coils ?.—I do not think it would lie in coils at that spot in the expedition. 1263. (Mr. Clark.) Does the act of paying out us a general rule give the cable a tendency to kink ?—1 should say not necessarily. 1264. You have not picked up enough to tell ?— If paid out very slack it might lay in coils, which would kink in hauling in. 1265. (Mr. Saward.) Were not 53 miles picked up of the first cable ?——Yes. | 1266. And some of it in water of 200 fathoms, was not it ?—150 fathoms was the deepest. 1267. Was that kinked when it came up ?—I be- lieve not ; the whole that was recovered had only a very few kinks in it. 1268. I believe the cable that was brought home was electrically perfect, and was subsequently sold as such, was it not ?—It was tested and found good. I know nothing about the sale of it. 1269. ( Chairman.) Will you describe the various events which took place between the last start in 1858 with the Atlantie cable till the final submersion of the cable ?—On the last voyage we had very bad weather indeed, and a great deal of the cable was very much disturbed, owing to the excessive motion of the ship. We started paying out, and after two starts returned to Queenstown, and recoiled a portion of the cable there. 1270. Then you made a fresh start ?— es. . 1271. Before making the fresh start, did you make any more experiments ?—No. 1272. Were you satisfied with the experiments which you had previously made ?—We were satisfied with the experiments; we lost some cable upon that voyage. I have no doubt it was occasioned by the cable being injured ; it was the last turn in a coil, and the flooring had been a good deal unsettled. ‚ 1273. At what date did you proceed to the success- ful laying of the cable ?—At the end of July in last year; we started from the centre on the 29th of July. 1274. Had you to wait for calm weather?—No, we had very calm weather directly we got there, and we proeeeded with paying out the cable until we landed the end of it on the 5th of August at Valentia, and the end of the Niagara's" portion of the cable was landed in Trinity Bay on.the same morning.. The weather became very bad the night after starting, and continued so until near the Irish coast. 1275. Were any defects of insulation observed during the paying out ?—We had several cases of entire cessation of the signals, but I attribute that to the electrical apparatus being out of order, or. not being properly manipulated. "When the cable was laid the electrician reported that the working of the cable was as satisfactory as at Keyham, and therefore I conclude that the reports of cessation ‘during the passage on several occasions were from some defects of the instruments either on board tbe * Agamemnon," or on board the ** Niagara." 1276. Did you observe any mechanical defects in the paying out! —I think the machine should be made a little lighter another time; in ordinary weather the machine would answer the purpose as perfectly. On as any machine could possibly be made to do. board the Niagara" they had no difficulty whatever with the machine; on board the “Agamemnon " we had exceedingly bad weather, the ship rolled and pitched very heavily during the paying out, and we had on some occasions, rather as a matter of precaution than necessity, to keep the wheels moving, to keep men by the wheels in order to move them quickly round whenever they had a tendency to go slower. 1277. (Mr. Clark.) Did the paying-out machine ever stop entirely ?—It stopped for a moment twice. . 1278. (Chairman.) What was the depth of water then ?—In deep water on one occasion, for a moment, when the ship was pitching excessively, and once in shoal water when changing from one coil to another, when the ship w was nearly stopped, and a good deal of slack out. 1279. When the vessel pitched, were the men obliged to watch the motion, and to cause the machine to pay out more rapidly as the vessel rose?— The men watched the machine, and an engineer was stationed also at the dynamometer, attached to which was a hand-wheel: by which the whole of the weights could be released, if necessary, from the brake; the two things were done simultaneously ; the ship pitched so much that the cable varied in its angle from about 11° at sometimes to so nearly a vertical position at others, as to appear to be in danger from the screw. 1280. When the vessel pitched was a very heavy strain brought upon the cable ?—The difference of strain was about 7 or 8 cwt. 1281. Was that effect shown by the dynamometer ? — Yes. 1282. (Mr. Bidder.) What was the speed ?—Nearly five knots regularly. On one occasion the wind blew hard aft, and we were running at more than six knots. 1283. (Chairman.) Do you think the dynamometer was affected by inertia, so as to prevent your ascer- taining the full amount of the strain ?—I think the dynamometer showed very nearly the true amount of strain that we had upon the cable. 1284. (Mr. Saward.) You do not think that the pitching and subsequent upheaving of the stern would affect to any appreciable extent the records of the dynamometer ?—To a very small extent no doubt, but not to any appreciable extent. The pitching of a large ship of the length of 250 feet like the ** Agamemnon " in the long waves of the Atlantic is slow and gradual. 1285. It would be by a gradual motion, and on that account would be shown upon the dynamometer ?— Yes. 1286. If it were a short ship, with a quick pitching motion, the inertia of the dynamometer would prevent a true record, would it not ?—It might do so to some extent ; toa great extent no doubt ; but still the mo- tion of the vessel is not so quick, except in the Channel, as to bring any very sudden strain upon the cable. 1287. (Mr. Bidder.) Had you the wind generally in your favour in coming back, or was it adverse? We had the wind partially with us, and for some portion of the time dead against: us, so strong that we feared we on not have coals enough. to ge home. jx Si А b ed gt - G2 51. Sir C. T. Bright. — ͥ — 10 Dec. 1859. — — Sir C. T. Bright. 10 Dec. 1859. 52 1288. Had you much head sea ?—Until the last two days of the laying, the weather was exceedingly bad, so much so, that it was difficult to stand upon the deck. 1289. Was that from a head sea, or an after sea ? —Partly from a head sea and partly from an after sea, at different times. 1290. Did you find any difference in the dyna- mometer when you were going head to sea, to when the sea was following you ?—None that we observed. 1291. The pitch would be more rapid when you were meeting the sea than when you were running off it, would it not ?—There are other things, such as the different weight of the ship at different times, which might affect those results. 1292. Do you mean by the discharge of the cable ? From the consumption of coals and unloading the cable. 1293. Do you think if cables are laid to any great extent in deep water it is desirable that a vessel should be specially constructed ?—I think it most important that a vessel should be specially con- structed. 1294. In that case would you recommend the cable being paid out over the stern or through the bottom ? —I should recommend its being paid out over the stern even then, from the many inconveniences con- nected with paying out from the bottom. 1295. You mean practical inconveniences in the operation ?—Y es. 1296. Otherwise, of course the pitching, and all that sort of thing, would be very much moderated if the cable were paid out through the bottom ?—No doubt of it ; but the difficulty of attaching buoys and many other things occur to a man who has been engaged in such work. I think it is most important for any large undertaking of the sort that a ship should be specially constructed, and I should prefer a paddle- wheel steamer to a screw. 1297. In your expedition in 1857 had you tested the cable shortly before the fracture took place ?— Yes. 1298. Was the test quite satisfactory ?—I believe 80 ; but the electrical operations of the company were altogether under separate charge. The cable was working exceedingly well before the fracture. 1299. Who was at the wheel at the time of the fracture ?—A mechanic from Manchester. І had been there myself before, watching its operations, and causing it to be eased when the strain was excessive from the pitching of the ship. I left the machine myself for a moment, and heard it slow, and called to the man to ease the wheel ; it immediately stopped, and the cable broke; the break wheel was found set tight upon examination. 1300. (Chairman.) You said that the cable worked Successfully after it was laid ; for how long did it work ?—Until the early part of September. 1301. Is it your opinion that the cause which led to the final silence of the cable arose from anything which happened during or after the paying out ?— Certainly not from anything that happened during the paying out, for the cable was paid out with very little strain or pressure whatever. My own opinion of the cause of the silence of the cable is, that it was not properly tested, electrically, before we started, and that currents of too powerful a character were used after the cable was laid. I should state that my con- nexion with the cable ceased altogether upon the ends being brought on shore, so that I cannot give any very reliable information as to the nature of the currents employed. I was asked by the directors to go to Valencia after the stoppage in September, to advise them as to the position of the fault, and when there, was much surprised to see the force of the currents said to have been used when the cable was working. 1302. Can you give any opinion as to whether the pressure of the deep water would have affected the cable if it was otherwise perfect ?—I think not; I MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE think that & properly constructed cable would not be liable to much injury from pressure. 1303. What grounds have you for that opinion? We have a good deal of evidence on the subject ; we might take the working of the Cagliari and Algiers cable. It is true that there were three wires defec- tive when the cable was laid, but one wire was in working order when the cable was laid, and has con- tinued to be so ever since. Then again we might take the cable from Spezzia to Corsica ; although the depth there is not so great, still there has been a pressure of about one hundred atmospheres since 1854, and all the wires have always worked well. 1304. What is the depth ?—About 550 fathoms. 1305. (Mr. Bidder.) What is the depth in the other instance you mentioned ?—Upwards of 1,600 fathoms. 1306. (Mr. Saward.) You are familiar as a matter of history with what has been done in the laying of the Mediterranean cables? Not of my own know- ledge, from what I have been informed and have read. 1307. Do you consider that a great many of the failures that have recently taken place in submarine cables have arisen from the mode in which the con- tracts have been let ?—I think so in the case of the Algerian cable, but I could not give an opinion upon the other cables. 1308. Should you think it a vicious principle to make a bargain with a contractor to lay a cable that shall work for a week or a fortnight for so much money and at the same time allow the contractor to be the sole, or almost the sole judge as to the descrip- tion of cable to be used ?—I should most certainly think it very objectionable. 1309. You are familiar with the plan proposed by Mr. Allen for submarine cables, are you not ?—I am. 1310. The principle of that is to place the strength in some central portion of the cable, is it not ? —Yes. 1311. A modification of that principle also has been suggested, which consists of laying steel or iron wires round the core in a longitudinal direction, and passing the cable so constructed through plastic material, so as to present a smooth surface on the outside to avoid any spiral lay in any portion of the cable ; should you approve of that principle ?—No, I should not. 1312. Will you be good enough to state your ob- jections to it ?— There would be objections in coiling it, and paying out it would also be so rigid that there would be a liability of the strain coming upon the wires separately unless they were all laid in exactly the same manner. 1313. If a core of that description took a form from pressure or otherwise would it not be difficult to recover it ?— Yes, that is one of the objections which I speak of in coiling. 1314. That would be a great objection in its paying out, would it not ?—Yes. 1315. Would there be any corresponding increase of strength or capability of bearing strain in such x cable that would compensate for that defect ?— 0. 1316. With regard to the Atlantic cable and its failures; would you not attribute them in some considerable degree to the hurry with which every- thing was done consequent upon the determination to lay the cable іп 1857 ?—Yes ; no doubt there should have been further experiments tried before adopting the form of cable, and more experiments also should have been tried before determining upon the form of the paying out machine. 1317. I believe you are familiar with electrical questions as well as with those of telegraphic engineering ?—Yes. 1318. I believe you made some experiments upon the question of induction some years ago, did not you ?—Yes, in 1854, and since. 1319. And the effect of it in retarding communi- cation by electric telegraph in circuits ?—Yes, my SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. experiments were principally upon subterranean wires.* 1320. Will you state what your opinion is as to the cause of retardation, and the best means of over- coming it ?—'The cause of retardation no doubt is, that you charge the outside of your insulator at the same time that you are charging the conductor, and the effect of that is to lessen the rate at which you can dispatch separate signals one after the other through the conductor. The simplest mode of obviating it no doubt is by increasing the thickness of the insulating material. 1321. Concurrently with an increase in the con- ductor ?—Concurrently with an increase, to some extent, of the conductor. 1322. At all events, you think that that is a difficulty that can be very much overcome in a new cable ?— Yes. 1323. Have you any doubt as to the permanence of the deep sea cables, if they are perfectly constructed, and perfectly laid ?—Upon a soft bottom I have no doubt of them, provided they are worked with proper currents. 1324. Do you agree with what a former witness has suggested, that it would be very desirable to have one or more further sets of soundings across the At- lantic, before laying another cable ?—I think it is very important that closer soundings should be taken, 53 especially at some points at certain distances from the preceding soundings. 1325. In between the soundings already known? In the neighbourhood of and between the soundings already known. 1326. (Mr. Bidder.) Do you hold that opinion from а feeling that there are great changes in the configuration of the depths of the ocean ?—I think in the depth of the soundings made by the ** Cyclops," where there is very considerable change between two soundings 8 miles apart, that portion of the bottom for one should be sounded very carefully again. 1327. (Mr. Saward.) Independently of that, it would be very desirable, and a great advantage, would it not, to have as correct a contour of the bottom as possible ?—No doubt. 1328. (Chairman.) With reference to the fracture of the cable, which took place at different times, did the cable break on any occasion, except when it was nearly in a vertical position from the stern of the vessel, either on an experimental trip, or on any other occasion ?—Yes ; it broke when it was at an angle of about 12 to 15 degrees, on the first expedition in 1857. 1329. Without any defect in the machinery ?— Through defect in the machinery. 1330. Through its becoming jammed ?—Through its becoming jammed by inefficient manipulation. * Extract from E. B. & C. T. Bright’s Patent of 1852 for Improvements in Telegraphic Communications, &c. :— * With reference to our seventh improvement, we claim the means of ascertaining the point of any fault in tne conducting wire or wires from a distant station without the necessity of proceeding to or near to the faultv spot. -The manner in which our seventh improvément may best be carried into etTect is as follows:—It is well known that in the ordinary mode of testing for a fault, those testing have gradually to examine down to the very spot before ascertaining the point of defect, which is found very tedious and slow, and in underground wires very expensive and at the same time dangerous to the wires; this we propose to obviate by the use of apparatus, so contrived as to indicate, when applied at a dis- tant station (even if a hundred miles or more removed), the position of such fault, showing the number of miles it is distant from the station at which examination is made. Figure 1 is a plan of such a detector. A is a detector, with degrees and pointer for indicating the same. B, a series of coils for resistance, with terminals for connection, б, b, ö, b, b, so that the coils may be brought successively into action when re- uired. Asitis well known that electricity sclects the shortest route, should there be an earth or other contact on the line, by connecting one pole of a galvanic battery to A, and B to earth, and also placing an ordinary galvanometer in connexion with the line wire aud to the same pol» of the battery, the other pole of the battery being placed to earth, then, by interposing such a number of the resistance coils B as will make the two Indicating needles or pointers coincide in their variation from zero, the distance of the fault can be determined from the amount of wire in coil for resistance thus interposed, the amounts being marked at the terminals, Figure 2 shows diagrams of the con- nections for testing. C, ordinary galvanometer; A, B, detector with resistance coils; D, battery; E, line wire in faulty state. Also Figure 3, A, B, detector, as before ; D, battery; E, line wire. In this latter instance the ordinary galvanometer is not Fig. 1. G 3 Sir C. T. Bright. 10 Dec. 1859. Sir C. T. Bright. 10 Dec. 1859, J. W. Brett. 54 1331. Upon the occasion when the cable broke, without any defect in the machinery, was it at an angle, or nearly vertical ?—It broke upon one occasion in the experimental trip, when we were paying out for experiment, at an angle of about 15 degrees ; but that was through the cable being defective. It was a piece of cable that was rejected on account of rust, and we took it out for experimental purposes only. 1332. You consider that it was in consequence of a flaw in the outer covering ?—Yes, in consequence of & flaw in the cable, which had been rejected. 1333. (Mr. Bidder.) Have you had any instances of the cable breaking when perfect, or when the machinery was operating properly, except when it was nearly vertical? None, under such circumstances, either when vertical or paying out at various angles. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN. BEFORE THE 1334. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider the Atlantic cable too heavy for its work ?—I consider that it would be desirable to get greater strength ; but I do not think that you would gain by making the cable very much lighter. | : 1335. Do you approve of that form of construction (No. 2, deep sea Gibraltar cable)? - This is very much the same form of cable that І recommended to Her Majesty's Government for this work in May and June last. I should have the outer wires a little larger gauge; but with that exception I should approve entirely of it. I have made three. reports upon the subject to the Treasury, by request from Sir Stafford Northcote. (Sce Appendix No. 3.) Е 1336. It would be a stronger cable than the Atlan- tic cable, and yet lighter in weight, would it not ?— Yes, stronger and specifically lighter. E „ JOHN W. Brett, Esq., examined. 1337. (Chairman.) You have been long connected with the subject and scieuce of telegraphy ?—I have been a great deal connected with the establishment of gubmarine telegraphs, certainly from the first. 1338. You were the original projector, I think, of the submarine telegraph between Dover and Calais ? I was in conjunction with a younger brother. The first project, so far as Iam aware, was brought forward by us for the submarine telegraph. 1339. You have also been connected with several telegraphs in the Mediterranean ?—With some ; with the line between Spezzia or Piedmont, and Corsica, and Sardinia, and the coast of Algiers, and also with certain lines which are not yet carried out, but which I suppose will not enter into the present discussion, from Ragusa to Alexandria. 1340. All the submarine cables with which you have been connected have been heavy cables, have they not ?—Yes. 1341. Containing more than one wire ?—In some instances, six ; I have brought sections of the cables laid down in the Mediterranean. 'This is the form of the two cables that I laid down in 1854 (producing the same, of six wires). 1342. What weight would those be? About nine tons to the nautical mile, or about eight to the statute mile. | 1343. Ia what depth was that laid ?—I can only give you the depths of the first section, inasmuch as of the first line laid between Spezzia and Genoa, no soundings have ever been taken across the route, therefore we ventured on it at unknown depths. 1344. Do you know now what the depths are ?— The vessel that preceded us made some casual sound- ings. I have not my memoranda with me, but I think from 500 to 700 fathoms was about the deepest that we had upon that occasion. 1345. The next cable was between Corsica and Sardinia for a short distance of 12 miles ?—Yes ; I really did not think it necessary to sound on that occasion. 1346. I believe there was no very great depth ?— I imagine not, I do not recollect that we did sound. 1347. Do you recollect what quantity of slack you paid out in each of the two cases you have mentioned ? I have not the figures with me, it was comparatively very small, certainly. In that short distance very little slack, we ran out in a strong tide; I think 12 miles were laid in something under three hours. Mr. Canning happened to be a volunteer at the time of the laying, and he can give you valuable evidence upon the subject. We laid at the rate of from five to six miles an hour nearly. 1348. The next cable was from Cagliari to Galita towards Bona ?—Yes. 1349. It was in greater depth, I think, than the other ?—Yes ; in that we passed over 1,600 fathoms. 1350. Was not the cable laid in that case a heavy cable? — We first essayed it with a heavy cable, and gave it up. We found we should not be able to reach land. 1351. The cable broke, did it not, on that occasion ? —It did not break from an accident, but it broke in this way: we hung on for the night, we passed the cable through the hawsehole, where it came to a posi- tively up and down strain, and it broke from being subjected through the night to tension over this per- pendicular strain from the hawsehole in that depth. 1352. What depth were you then in ?— That I can- not give from memory ; but not in the greatest depth, it was & large depth. D 4 1353. Was it after you had passed the greatest depth ?—Not in that case; but it broke, I must tell you, while we were lying by to determine whether we should cut it during the night or not, or what plan we should adopt in the morning; and with the idea that we should positively be obliged to cut it to save the remnant of cable on board, about 84 miles, which was of considerable value, knowing that it was impos- sible to reach land with it from the great slack that had been paid out in consequence of the inefficiency of the vessels, and the want of power to conduct it. The French Government had only supplied us with a small passage boat. 1354. Was that cable laid from a steamer ?—It was laid from a sailing vessel towed by a steamer that could not make 5 knots an hour. It was a little coasting steamer called the “Tartar” that had been in the habit of coasting from one part of Algeria to another. | 1355. Then you do not attribute the fracture on that occasion to the depth of water ?— Not at all; entirely to the fact of our laying through the night with it at the stern ; not caring, I might say, to pro- tect it, knowing that we should have to cut it in the morning, there being in fact no other alternative. 1356. (Mr. Bidder.) Was it cut through or was it fractured ?—It broke short off, almost just at the point where it had this very great strain. 1357. (Chairman.) What was the class of cable that you used in your next attempt ?—A very small one, à very poor cable ; this is a section of it (pro- ducing the same). It was a starved cable (because the funds were running very short), both with regard to gutta-percha and iron. It was anything but what it ought to have been, but as we were obliged to cut the coat according to the cloth this is a specimen of it. 1358. How manv wires has that cable ?—Three. 1359. What is the weight per mile ?—I think it would be somewhere approaching 3 to 4 tons. I can- not give the exact weight, but the result of that cable is very satisfactory. 1360. In what condition was it when it was first laid, electrically speaking? Perfect. 1361. What condition is it in now ?—It has been gathered up ; it failed for want of length. 1362. Will you give an account of the failure of the second cable ?—'This cable was the cable that we were told it would be impossible to lay on account of the great depths ; it was the first time that such depths as 1,600 fathoms had been attempted. `5 SUBMARINE. TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 1363. Had not the other cable been then laid ?— . We do not oelieve that we arrived at those depths. with the heavier one ; I question if we did. With this one we know that we passed them ; we passed all the great depths with perfect safety in the night, at a time when we had a very inconvenient vessel, and had to shift from the upper to the lower hold, and re- move all the planking in the very midst of the great depths ; we passed them with perfect safety, and ar- rived within 10 miles of the land. (The witness ex- plained the chart to the Committee.) From some reason or other we either drifted out of our course or got out of our course to the west, and at daylight in the early break of the morning, I saw the French vessel decorated with flags and masts at the stern. I had been up all night at the machine, guiding the men and encouraging them in paying out, knowing the risk that we were running, for it was to solve the problem of passing great depths, which were thought impracticable. We passed them, as I say, with a perfect state of the cable, knowing that we were then getting into 600 or 700 fathoms, all our diffi- culties were overcome, and, according to the reckon- ing of the French captain, we were safe, and should land our cable with some miles to spare. They deco- rated their vessel as a triumph, and they were drinking champagne. Our captain was a coasting captain who never had been out of the British Channel, for we had taken the Dutchman” steamer, the best we could get at the time. He had given us warning in the night that he thought we were drifting very much out of our course. This I communicated to Monsieur De La Marche, the officer appointed by the French government, and he, replied, “ We know what we are * doing." I thought very probably they did. Ву the next morning our captain said, ** Certainly, sir, we * have been out of our course in the night; ask the ** French captain what his bearings are, to give us the “ latitude and longitude.” He did so, and it was found to be wrong, and to agree rather with the opinion of our captain that we were ten degrees out of the course. In giving us the figures he gave what he thought the exact position in which we ought to have been. I then begged our captain to give his figures; he did &o, and I told him to get me a large board, and I chalked them up, I think about two feet long, so that there might be no mistake about it. I saw, on the part of the French officers, something like con- sternation ; they retired to the cabin, and went through the calculation. When they returned they said, “ We find that we are wrong and you are right." That morning Monsieur De La Marche offered to guarantee that we should arrive with ten miles to spare at Galita. І now addressed him and said, * I am no seaman. I am only here to lay my cable * and follow the route you have marked out." I told my man Kell, a very valuable man who assisted in the Atlantic cable, and who went out with me as purser at first, to go down directly and take the exact quantity of cable on board ; he did so, and it turned out that we had something like eleven statute miles. I asked the captain of the Dutchman, what distance we were from land ? he said we were from 11 to 12 nautical miles. I then addressed Monsieur De La Marche, and said that it was impossible to reach land atadistance of 11 nautical miles with 11 statute miles. I would leave the rest of the roate to him, as I had . not been to rest for 30 or 40 hours, or away from the deck ; I would go down to the cabin, and they could do their best to arrive at the land ; it was impossible for me to give them а route. I went down to the cabin when we had 11 miles. On coming up at four o'clock I found instead of making for the land we were going direct eastwatd. I then asked our captain what was the object of going away from the island, and he said there had been a consultation, and they were trying to reach the line of soundings, knowing that if they reached our line of soundings, that we should have shallow water, whereas to the westward they knew there were great depths. He added, * [ think it is right; if we get to the live of sound- .* ing it; it is the last 11 miles. 55 * ings we ean buoy the cable." When our cable was nearly exhausted, and we were within the last mile, I then told Kell to take the cable, pass it round the vessel and fasten it with ropes, so that there should not be any great.strain upon it, and to hold on, and to signal to the French captain to give us the exact depths. He came on board. I said, * What depths * are wein"? * 400 fathoms." Isaid, * Are we in 400 * fathoms, if so, we are safe." He said, “I think so; * but we have not a very good line." I said, “I think * you had better go off to Bona to get some help." He said, What help will do?“ I said, “If you could * get a lightship to buoy the end of the cable, we might save it till we can send to England for more; or get some very large buoys that would protect * the end of the cable. But I should like you to sound round here to sce if you can find a lesser depth; we have still a mile, and if we can get to anything * like 200 or 300 fathoms, I think we are safe for * stopping the cable or buoying it." He said, “ No, * I will send our line. I had better be off to Algiers at once, the only place where what you require can “ be procured.” I said, “How long shall you be gone ?” He said, “Five or six days." The question then, of course, became hopeless; we did the best we could to hold on for five or six days; we took the end of the cable, passed it round the vessel, and stopped it, so that no strain could come upon it. We sent, among many other messages by the cable, one to London to Messrs. Glass and Elliott, to immediately put in hand from 30 to 50 miles of cable, and send it out to us as rapidly as possible. That message was received. We held on for five days and nights in a perfect state of the cable; the two last days there was a very violent strain, and a very heavy sea, the vessel pitching and rolling, but yet not breaking the cable. Most of the young clerks, who were Italians, were sick, aud I was alone on the deck watching the instruments, when I saw a message coming. I got up one of the young clerks, as it came in Italian. It was а message from Messrs. Glass and Elliott on the fifth morning, saying that several miles of cable were in progress, and would be rapidly sent out to us. Within a few minutes afterwards the vessel gave one of the sudden plunges which had been repeated through the night, and the cable broke. I imme diately said, The cable is gone; it is broken at the * bottom." "The strain of the cable was still so great on the vessel that she lay as if she had been riding at anchor, showing that there was a great length overboard. We put on all the power we could, and we finally got up the end of the cable, proving that it had gone at a depth of 400 fathcms by friction on a rocky bottom. 1364. (Mr. Bidder.) At what speed had you been going through the night when the vessel passed over the deep water ?—4At different speeds; but I should think not above three to four knots an hour. 1365. At what angle was the cable ?—We did not take the accurate angle. It went out sometimes taut ; indeed, all the latter part we paid out as taut as we could. | 1366. (Chairman.) Was the angle about 15° ?— Yes ; indeed when I found that we were in this state, I said to the men, ** Now, there is still hope of lessen- Do not give an * inch to the water, if you go almost to breaking * strain. We may reach so near land as to make a * safe job of it," and the 11 miles was almost all paid out, I may say, at nearly breaking point. 1367. When it broke, it was more nearly at an angle of 45? ?—I suppose it would have been. І did not take the exact angles. The satisfactory point which always occurred to me was this, it was a bad cable. I thoroughly admit that it was not such a cable as, with fuuds sufficient, I should have made, but it was a very strong cable. We hung on by it for five days and five nights, and we passed at tho first experiment the greatest depths, almost equal to .those of the Atlantic, and we were in & perfect elec- trical state down to the last hour. a4 J. W. Brett, Esq. 10 Dec. 1859. J. W. Brett, Esq. 10 Dec. 1859. receive it. 56 1368. You then commenced a new cable for that line, I believe ?—I entered into a contract with Messrs. Newall upon this basis: that they should make, at their own risk, such a cable as they would undertake to lay at their own risk. I left the form of cable to tnem. І only stipulated for a three wire cable, but they, wishing to adopt a cable of their own, or one that had been recommended, and that they had faith in, (on the opinion of Mr. Siemens, I believe, ) preferred to give a four wire cable to a three wire cable, and it was a four wire cable. 1369. Did the specification upon which that cable was made, provide for a certain amount of business to be done through it ?—No ; I do not think the question at that time was even mooted with regard to cables. 1370. The specification did not provide that it should be in working order for a certain length of time after it was laid ?—' That was not the practice of Messrs. Newall ; if they delivered up a cable, as in the case of the Ostend cable, they expected me to take it within five minutes after the electrical state had been proved. We were ready also to take this cable from them, and a very able man, who has long served us, and been with us from the first, a gentle- man of the name of France, was sent to Bona to reccive the cable immediately if he approved of the electrical condition. 1371. What was the weight of that cable ?—It would be, I should think, something over three tons ver mile. 1372. It contained four wires ?—Y es. 1373. What was the condition in which those wires were respectively immediately after being laid ?— Messrs, Liddel refused to allow the electrician I had sent to test it, unless he would not adopt anything but a test by a positive current, as he had usually been testing by both currents, he would not test it. He came back, and Mr. Siemens, who was on board, did test it, and Messrs. Newall declared it perfect, which Mr. France dissented from, and refused to The tests, therefore, were taken by the French government employés, and those were known to my agent there, who, by consent of Mr. Gordon, of Newall and Company, was sent expressly by their request and approbation from England to test it. 'They refused to allow my agent to test unless he would test it by the plan pointed out by Mr. Siemens, therefore we can only give the test of the French government. 1374. What was the test ?—One wire was perfect, the second was imperfect, but would send & current, and the other two were totally iraperfect. 1375. Do you know the present condition of the wire that was perfect ?—It is very much in the same position. 1376. The one which was then perfect is now per- fect ?— Yes. 1377. Has it suffered any deterioration since ?— None whatever; the second is also workable, but not to any practicable extent, you can send a message through it. 1378. (Mr. Saward.) That cable has not been officially accepted by you ?—It has never been ac- cepted ; Messrs. Newall maintain that it was perfect, we have said that it was not; it has led to a lawsuit, which is lying over more by consent of Messrs. Newall than by our consent, that is not yet decided. 1379. (Chairman.) That cable has been used by the French Government, I believe ?—They have used the one wire from the beginning, constantly. 1380. (Mr. Saward.) Is there any reason that you know, or have you heard any reason for supposing that the injury to the two wires which are bad, has been caused by the pressure of weight of the sea ?—I have no doubt, in my own mind, of what it is caused by. 1381. What is it caused by ?—It is caused by the want of a sufficient serving and of gutta-percha, and with a strain that came upon the cable in laying it down. 1382. In fact, to imperfection in the design and manufacture of the cable ? — Yes; I told Messrs. Gordon and Newall when 1 went to Birkenhead to MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE see the cable, that there was not enough gutta-percha to protect the cable. Mr. Gordon replied that he had had an opinion which he would not submit to any other opinion in the world, that was the opinion of Mr. Siemens. I said, “ Well, I am very anxious that you “ should succeed, my opinion is that you have ‘not “ enough gutta-percha,” 1383. You considered it altogether an imperfectly constructed cable ?—It is not а cable that I should ever have manufactured. 1384. Yet the one wire has continued under that pressure as perfect, at least, as when it was laid down ?—0One wire has been as perfect. 1385. (Chairman.) Were you present at the laying of that cable? — No; it was laid by Messrs. Newall entirely on their own account. 1386. The general result of laying the last cable is that it was what is called a heavy cable ?——A'com- „ heavy cable; T should not call it a heavy cable. 1387. It was laid in deep water, but not very successfully ?—Not successfully as to insulation. 1388. Out of four wires one wire alone is perfect ? —One wire alone. 1389. You attribute that defect to the injury it received in laying, and not to any subsequent injury from the depth of water in which it is laid ?-— Decidedly ; the testing proved it. The same mistake was made in the length, and there were two voyages to complete it. I cautioned Mr. Newall that he had not length enough. I knew from this first trial of deep water how much more slack there wouli be required than was ever accounted for ; and when I was at Birkenhead I begged him to delay even a fortnight that I might get permission from the French Government for him to take a greater length. I told him “It is a point I am anxious about, not on my “ own account, but on yours. Any failure as regards “ the French Government and England will be * serious to you." He said, * We know that we * have enough, that is, if the distance is 125 nautical “ miles as you state.” I said, “I stated 124; ‘ still I tell you that you have not enough." That was my conversation with Mr. Gordon at Bir- kenhead. In coming back, I met Mr. Newall, and I made an excuse for returning. I said, * Mr. Newall “ I discover, much to Mr. Gordon's annoyance, that “ you have not enough cable for this deep water." He said, “ Who says so ?" I said, “I say so, I assure * you that you have not enough." He said, * We * know that we have enough.’ “ Well," I said, * the “< risk is yours, I am anxious for your success.” On arriving at the place for the shipping of the cable, J again urged it. I said,“ I will write to the French “ Government and get you a fortnight, but let me beg “ of you to put any cable that you have on board, for * you will surely fail for length. He said, Why do “you think so?” I said, From my experience “ the last time.” I then went to Liverpool to my hotel, and thinking it should not rest on conversation, I wrote them a formal letter of caution, begging them to have more cable. I believe it had this good eftect —though they would not have more cable, they did put on board the vessel some 12 or 15 miles of gutta-percha wire, and it turned out as I feared it would, they fell 12 miles short of land. This one gutta-percha wire enabled them to join up one wire and complete the communication, and at a late time in the same year they were able to carry out the 12 miles. It is possible the defect may have been in the joining of that 12 miles, that might have been joined at a time when there was a storm, when it would be difficult to join a wire at sea, and the fault of the two wires might be there. 1390. (Mr. Bidder.) Did not they naturally try it ? —If they took the pains to lift and re-examine it, they would ascertain it. 1391. (Chairman.) In what depth would it be? That is not a great depth. Idoubt whether they ever have lifted it. 1392. (Mr. Bidder.) You have stated that you gave е SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. them the exact length of 124 nautical miles. You said that it came out that they had not provided enough ; how much had they provided ?—I cannot state precisely ; my impression is that they had only something like seven to ten per cent. surplus. 1393. ( Chairman.) Was their contract to be paid in a lump sum, ог in detail ?—In a lump sum, 50,000/. 1394. (Mr. Bidder.) How much were they short ? 12 miles. I do not know whether I made а memo- randum at the time ; but I felt convinced that it was not enough. 1395. (Chairman.) Had you anything to do with the Mediterranean extension line ?*—No ; that has been entirely carried out by Messrs. Newall, except that the cable was shown to me and the same reasons were given by them, that they undertook the risk, and were satisficd with the kind of cable. 1396. (Mr. Saward.) They dictated the kind of cable to be used on that occasion ?— They presented that, as the one they were willing to take the risk of in preference to any other. 1397. (Chairman.) Did you approve of that cable? — did not, further than as a director accepting it as the one Messrs. Newall preferred to risk. 1398. Has that cable subsequently failed ?—Yes. 1899. What was the cause of failure ? — The first of my conjectures is, that it might have been on the Adventure bank, where it is supposed to have been interrupted by the disturbing of the bank from volcanic action. Ido not know whether it is so with regard to the Corfu line ; we are ignorant of the fault, but my conjecture has been, there is no foundation for other than that it is a leakage which has developed itself. 1400. We have been informed that it was supposed {о be an accident from lightning ?—I do not think there is any evidence of that. 1401. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think it was starved as regards the gutta-percha ?—I consider that both of those cables were such as nobody should venture to lay, especially in deep water. 1402. ( Chairman.) Ате you aware whether the leak- age is in deep water or in shallow water? — The leakage of the Corfu cable is believed to be in deep water. 1403. In what depth ?—Somewhere about 400 fathoms, not in very great depth. 1404. If the leakage were due to the pressure of the water would it not be more likely to have taken place in the deep water ?—From pressure certainly if there is a fault. 1405. Not from water penetrating into the gutta- percha ?—No ; I have no fear of that and never had. I do not think there is anything to prove it; but if there is a fault in the gutta-percha, certainly the water would penetrate. 1406. (Mr. Saward.) Should you consider it a good system to allow the contractor to dictate the kind of cable that is to be made ?--I think it a most injurious system. I do not know why a contractor should assume to dictate the form of cable, which de- pends a good deal upon experience and scientific principles. 1407. Is it not a very costly practice to allow a contractor to decide the form of cable, who at the same time guarantees the working of it for a forinight or some small time ?—When a contractor guarantees you are inclined to yield very much, because you are naturally disposed to think that he will adopt the best thing for his own safety. Ido not doubt that Messrs. Newall felt very great confidence in their own cable. 1408. Would not a contractor be tempted to adopt a cable that was the best to lay? — es; and I have no doubt that Messrs. Newall had great confidence in their cable. 1409. Their concern would not be so much as to its permanence ?—No ; they recommended, at the origin of the Atlantic Telegraph scheme, a similar cable to the Malta and Corfu as a preferable cable to all the others. 1410. (Chairman.) Do you recollect the weight of the Malta and Corfu cable ?—21 cwt. The heavy cables which were laid by me early in 1854 have never required an outlay of a shilling to the present 57 time, nor have they ever failed in any single instance ; now they are quite perfect. 1411. That is to say, the one from Spezzia to Cor- sica, and the second from Corsica to Sardinia ?—Yes ; they have never required anything for repair. AI the alarms that have been given with regard to their failure have always proved to have been failures in the land lines, and never, in any oue instance, in tho submarine. Jam sanguine that they will go on for 20 years in the same way. 1412. (Mr. Saward.) You are a director of the Submarine Company ?—Yes. 1413. IIas not the Dover and Calais cable, which was laid in 1851, been recently taken up to be exa- mined ?— Yes, 1414. Did you find the iron corroded to any in- jurious extent ?—In some parts the iron is very much corroded, where it has come in contact with the lime and the chalk rock. 1415. So as to affect its strength very materially ? In time it would. 1416. In what state was the gutta-percha ?—It is perfeet. Mr. Canning will give the details, which are interesting and very satisfactory as to future sub- marine cables, showing the importance of what I have ever believed is the great point, namely, perfect manufacture. The Gutta-percha Company, to whom we owe an immense deal, have, with great ability and unlimited means, brought gutta-percha to a perfection which we might still have been without, as far as gutta-percha is concerned. Ido not think, if gutta— percha had never been found, that we should have been without good submarine cables, but in the first cable laid down by me from Dover to Calais, we have had faults increasing to the total cessation of the cur- rent by one wire, and it has, of course, been totally useless ; in this way— because we have had it ex- amined, and we have found that it failed from a fault in the original manufacture ; when perhaps the eyes of the engineer might have been turned away, some mischief or some bad management had crept in. In one case, the gutta-percha had been cut through, and a bit of common tape had been wound round it. There was another fault, of almost a similar kind, proving that in time the wire had been absolutely destroyed by corrosion and oxidation, from the water having penetrated at those places. After those have been eut out, the cable is as perfect, I am told, as it ever was. 1417. (Chairman.) The water having penetrated to the copper wire, was that wire still capable of transmitting signals ?—It had ceased altogether. 1418. After it was entirely corroded ? — It was entirely a mass of green oxide ; the wire had perished, as you will see from the specimen. 1419. (Mr. Saward.) 'The Dover and Calais cable is now perfectly repaired ?—Y es; and the four wires which were laid in 1851 are as perfect, I believe, ac- cording to the tests, as they were the very first day. 1420. (Professor Wheatstone.) Паз the failure of that injured wire been gradual or sudden ?—It has been gradual. 1421. (Chairman.) Was it perfectly clear that the water had penetrated to the wire, or was the failure from any other internal cause ?—Y ou will find it per- fectly clear, when you see the specimen, that the water had penetrated, from the state of oxide on the copper. These instances I think afford evidence that after seven or eight years the only fault that we have suf- fered from has been a fault in the original manufac- ture, and not in any deierioration of the material; for instance, there is @ very curious specimen in the Ostend wire. I found that in the Ostend wire, which Ihave been examining, when there was a want of conti- nuity, the gutta-percha presented only a deep indenta- tion as if a piece had been chipped out with the nail, almost down to the wire. There was oxide on the wire, although at first I was doubtful about it; but on taking the wire out and holding it to the light, I found that you could see through the gutta-percha ; it did not appear to me that the water had much penetrated. Theretore that is another instance, and a IU curious J. W. Brett, Esq. 10 Dec. 1859. J. W. Brett, Esq. 10 Dec. 1859. S. Canning. 58 one, of the continuity ceasing from & hole in the gutta-percha. 1422. You mean that the current must have es- caped through the gutta-percha ?—Y es. 1423. What thickness of gutta-perchais there between the wire and the water at the point where the piece had been removed?— It is completely through. I took out the wire from the other side and could see through it. 1424. Had the water penetrated to the wire ?—I thought it had, but the serving had protected it from the water, not as in the case of the Dover and Calais cable, where you can see that the water has evidently corroded the wire. 1425. If there had been air and not water, air being & non-conductor, would it not have acted as an insulator ?—I cannot say that, but it is evident there was formed an earth by the escape of the current at that point, although I question if water had pene- trated. I am only giving evidence upon my own conjecture, without questioning Mr. Canning at all upon it, or having any information from him; he took out this very piece, and he will be able to give you some interesting facts about it. 1426. Do you believe gutta-percha to be the best insulator for submarine cables ?—I believe it to be one of the best, to a certain extent,—in the way it is at present used; still there are things to be done to render submarine cables perfect. 1427. (Mr. Saward.) Hus not the Submarine Com- pany several other cables besides the Ostend and Boulogne ?—W e have now 21 wires across tlie Channel. 1428. Dover to Calais ?—Four wires. 1429. Folkestone to Boulogne ?—8Six wires. 1430. Dover to Ostend ?—Six wires, and Weyborne to Embden two wires. 1431. Weyborne to Heligoland, three wires, and thence on to Denmark — Three wires; in all 21. 1432. (Chairman.) Are the annual expenses of the maintenance of those cables great? Our annual ex- peuses of course will increase with the number of cables, but for the seven years I think they have not exceeded 5,000/. as a sum total. 1433. For the whole time For the seven years. 1434. (Mr. Bidder.) That applies to the Ostend and Dover line — es. 1435. (Chairman.) 'To what are those expenses attributable ?—Principally to damages received from anchorage ; we suffer a great deal from anchorage. 1436. If a cable is out of the reach of anchors, do you think that it will suffer ?——My impression is that a cable out of anchorage, even where the iron wire has been comparatively destroyed, will be safe. The first impression which I formed upon that point is borne out by experience; I asked Mr. Andrews,—and Mr. Canning will confirm the fact, whether it is correct or not,—whether in taking up a cable he did not find a crust formed upon the oxide of iron by the lime and sand at the bottom ; I am told that in most cases he did. Of course naturally the spring of the cable in raising it would break the crust and throw it off. Ihave specimens where the iron has been allowed to lic for a length of time, it becomes gradually encrusted. I believe that will be the case in still water at great depths. 1437. The Dover and Calais cable has suffered from the nature of the bottom ?—Yes, where it crossed n rock and had the sweep of the tide or current, it was very much corroded, but where it was embedded in sand and covered, it was found scarcely affected. 1438. The general conclusion to which you have arrived is that if a cable is made thoroughly well in the first instance it will last for avery long time with- out any need of repair, provided it 1s not injured by anchors ?—My impression is that a cable can be so thoroughly well made as to last 50 years, if laid down in quiet water, without further expense. I am sanguine MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE now that no expense will be required for these two Mediterranean cables that have been laid down, for 20 years, unless from anchorage in the shallower parts or some disturbance. 1439. Are you satisfied with the form of the Atlan- tic cable No, not so. I believe it too flexible. 1440. You assisted to some extent in determining upon the form ?—I was one of three or four who de- cided upon it, but it was not the cable that I wished to select ; it was selected as the second best rather to meet the convenience of the time, because the cable that I selected was from a specimen made at Messrs. Glass and Elliott's, which would bear an extraordinary strain. 1441. What was that cable ?—A steel wire. 1442. Similar to the strands of the Atlantic ?—No, single wires ; if I recollect rightly it bore a strain of something like 20 tons. I am speaking from memory, but I believe that cable would have nearly anchored the Niagara” in the depths of the Atlantic; that is to say in everything but a storm there would have been no fear of breakage, but fortunately we had not to complain of that in the cable that was laid. 1443. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider that the early proceedings of the Atlantic Company were a great deal too hurried to insure success ?——Yes ; the question was settled upon the lighter cable between myself, Mr. Cyrus Field, and Mr. Statham, in going down to Liverpool, when we wanted to get the list of subscriptions ; the whole question between myself aud Mr. Cyrus Field, who had the go-ahead character of an American,—and to some extent I think that was very valuable in the first starting of the thing, —wus, whether it should be 1857 or 1858 ; I wanted 1858, and the other cable to be adopted. It could not be made uuder two years ; Mr. Field said it must be 1857, aud as.a matter of policy in getting the subscriptions together, he was right. But the question had been if we had had 1858 and could have laid the other cable, whether it would not have been safely at work now and for many years to come. 1444. As it was, you pledged yourselves to the sub- scribers of the capital that an attempt should be made in 1857 ?——W did, and with the experience we have had, I think the cable adopted in 1857 was the very best we could have adopted for that year. 1445. From all you have seen trom constant appli- cation to the business of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, should you consider that the troubles of the company arose not from anything inherent in the nature of deep sea cable, but in all probability from imperceptible injuries, which the cable received during the repeated coilings and uncoilings ?—As far as my impression goes, I believe that neglect in the electrical department is the thing to which our great misfortunes in the Atlautic telegraph are due. 1446. Do you mean before the cable was laid or after ?—Before the cable was laid; it is a point upon which I think so much depends, namely, ап assur- ance of the perfect manufacture in every inch of the cable from the time of its starting till it is laid down. 1447. You think the tests from time to time were not sufficiently careful or continuous ?—] do not think that they were with a work of the length of the Atlantic cable ; and experience proves to us now that the neglect of one workman might spoil the labour and science of the most able men in one inch of it being overlooked. 1448. From the information which has been ac- quired by the Board, should you say that after the cable was laid that information tends to show that it was further injured by the application of very great battery power — That is the conviction upon my own mind, and I believe it is the general conviction. 1449. Is it not borne out by evidence which has been brought from time to time before the Board ?— I think clearly it is. Mr. SAMUEL CANNING examined. 1450. ( Chairman.) You are a civil engineer ?—Yes. 1451. You have been engaged for many years in the construction and laying of telegraphic cables, have you not ?—Yes, 1452. Will you state the several cables that you have laid successfully ?—— The Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island. | 1453. In what depth is that cable ?—Between 150 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE and 200 fathoms. ‘The Prince Edward’s Island and New Brunswick cable a short length, and the Wey- borne and Embden. 1454. In what depths ?—In shoal water for 25 to 30 fathoms. | 1455. What length is that cable ?—Upwards of 200 miles ; the Lowestoft and Holland, the Boulogne and Folkestone, the Weyborne and Heligoland and Denmark, the Sweden and Gotland, and the Atlantic. 1456. Have you been connected with all those. lines which were made by Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Company ?—Yes. 1457. You are connected with them, I believe? Les. 1458. How many of those cables, which you have mentioned, are now in successful working ?—4All of them, except the Atlantic. | 1459. Are you aware what has been the cost of the repairs of those lines since they have been laid down? —Very trifling indeed, only in one or two instances, one at the shore end of the Newfoundland line and also at Embden, crossing the river Ems. 1460. In both cases close to the shore ?—Yes. І believe there were some repairs made to the Holland cable, an anchor broke it, but it was repaired very shortly afterwards. | 1461. What is'the weight of the Newfoundland and Cape Breton cable? From 38 cwt. to two tons a mile, 1462. How many wires are there in it? — One wire. 1463. Have all those cables single wires ?—No, they have various numbers of conductors ; in the Boulogne and Folkestone there are six, in the Embden there are two, in the Danish there are three, in the Holland there are four, in the Sweden there is one. 1464. What is the general character of the outer covering of all those cables ?—All solid iron wires. 1465. The, principles of construction, I believe, adopted by Messrs. Glass and Elliot is that of 4 heavy cable, or what is usually termed a heavy cable? Les, for shoal water. р" 1466. What is the greatest depth in which any one of those cables has been laid ?—' The Newfoundland is the greatest depth, between 150 and 200 fathoms. 1467. You have recently, I believe, examined the Dover and Calais cable, with a view to repairing it? —Yes. 1468. Can you give us an account of the condition in which you found it, both as to the outer covering and the insulated wires ?—In many places the outside wires appear to be very bad indeed, and eaten away, 59 but to a very small extent in others ; it is very much rusted, and in fact so much so that there is a very small portion of wire holding or remaining. Next as regards the serving, where the cable is loose and the iron wires appear to have been untwisted or unlaid, so that the water can wash freely through the iron wires and to the serving, the yarn is rotten. 1469. The pitch has been washed away ?—Yes ; you may pull the yarn off very easily ; in other instances, where it is surrounded by the wire, it is as good as ever it was, it smells quite fresh of the tar, and the gutta-percha is in a perfect state of preservation. 1470. (Mr. Saward.) In all instances ?—Yes, 1471. i s the gutta-percha in con- tact with water in any of the cases that you have seen ?—In some instances we have cut out parts which have been caused by kinks or under-running in repairing, where the gutta-percha has been exposed, and it is quite as sound as it was on the day on which it went down. In the Dover and Calais cable there is a peculiarity in the gutta-percha, which, I suppose, is owing to its having been the first one that was made, as they had not then got into such & good way of covering as they have now; we find that the two coverings separate, and do not adhere ; but in the Ostend cable, we do not find that the case. 1472. (Mr. Saward.) That you discover only when you cut it ?—Just so. | 1473. (Chairman.) From the experience you have gained, would you consider а hemp serving to be a sufficient protection for a cable if you wished to pro- tect it in deep water ?—No, I should not. 1474. You would consider that it would decay after a short time, however well saturated it might be with tar, or anything else ?—I think it would, from what I have seen of the Dover and Calais cable. 1475. I believe you were concerned in 1855 and 1856 in experiments intended to indicate the kind of cable that would be suitable for submersion across the Atlantic ?—Y'es. 1476. Will you give us an account of those expe- riments ?—I have not the particulars with me; I can furnish you with them. . 1477. Where were they made ?—All the specimens were made at Messrs. Glass and Elliot's, and the tests at Messrs. Brown and Lenox’s. 1478. (Mr. Saward.) Is not the table in existence showing the nature of those specimens and the break- ing strain ?—Yes. The same was delivered in, and is as follows : FA s? |g | 3g S | 33 2 332 š E |A | ağ 8. | $ EE BÉ | A3 | pates as 2 be ZB Breaking | oo E iz E . > of ae with yarn, | Gauge of Strands of solid ы $ X. 38 Бай SE д _Ё TE breaking 52 ang ire, wire. 59 = 2 in tons. $8 $ =e F сы вітаіп 325 | wet 85| ©з | $8 45 | $ | BS) SE | EEB) twee 5-8ths = 11 Solid, Horsfall’s • | 18 — 40.2.92 18 1 - | 49 2088864 6˙4 toi &Sths | 1t yn. 207/ Н.Н. | Strand, charcoal „| 18 — == — — — — — — — £Sths 2 „ 207 / Strand, Horsfall’s - | 18 == 32.3.3 11 1 ys 60121212 901 6:7 tol SSths 3 „ 10% | Solid, Horsfall’s -| 18 | — | 48.0.7 18 + 1а | S|: 71 T5 t0 1 5-Bths — 16*/ Strands, Wright’s pat.| 12 — 36.1.94 44 1 vs | 60 119448 376 | 2'5 tol 5-8ths == 113 с $ 12 ~ 28. 8. 25 2 1 — | 78 |°067896 | 66/28 | 3'1 tol 56а — " Я 15 = 24.0.7 2 H — | 65% [043200 | 57°75 | 2°07 tol ^ wr 440 (1.3.0) } 8 Solid, charcoal ~ | 18 19.1. 20 24.1.6 4А 4 — | 558 127884 35% 366 0 1 38ths vn. 21/ Н.Н. | Strand, charcoal • | 18 |12.1.20| 23.1.8 4 tf | — | 59 [-108864] 40k 88 00 1 3-80 1.3.0 196/ j » 15 — 23.1.8 4 4 | — 661 124650 — 3°89 to 1 (3.0.14) | but not fair. | $-8ths |? 5 threads | kä — . Д А 610 15 ie PWE] n " 18 18.0.17 4 i 59% |-077400 | 51°62 | 4°44 to 1 7-16ths — 17*/ Strand, Wright's - 9 — 20.1.25 4 i н 751 071334 56°00] 3'9 tol 7-16ths - 18*/ Wi » 1 == 18.0.25 x s — | 79% |*062238 | — Rot fair break 7190 — 10*/ » a . 11 e 13 ‚8 . 0 1 H — 68 е 045705 елә ve not fair. $-8ths =- 19*/ T " 9 am 12.3.18 1. 1 = 67% (037398 = " not fair. | Leths — 20°/ " » 9 — 12.2.28 2 * — | 69% 025074 | 77:00 | 3°17tol Tin — 384 $ a 9 | — | 14114 2 — -o50022 | 49°10 | 3°47 01 3-8ths | 5thread yn.| 19¢/ W.H. | Strand, charcoal «| 14 — 26.2.22 ei H æ | 67$ 135780 — 4°90 to 1 *-8ths 10 „ j 997 точ! „ " 18 — 22.3. 15 4} 3 bare 1 661 [077616 — 3°69 tol $-8ths breui. 110 stout Strand, Wrights 8 | = | 21.1.8 le 4 н H | 90% 07682 — 3:76 to 1 O. $-8ths == 20 Б No. 12 Steel, Wright's -| 13 — 8.0.0 1 ł stout | — | 664) — — Not fair break 3-Sths om 18*/ to No. Strand, Wright's - 8 — 14.3.8 2 $ stout == 744 — = 5 8 gauge. К $-8ths N ا‎ ia 22° ҮН. Strand, charcoal „| 18 e | 21.8.19 broke 5 & | 69% 045286 — 8:72 to1 Mr. S. Canning. 10 Dec. 1859. Mr. S. Canning. 10 Dec. 1859. 60 1479. (Chairman.) Those experiments were solely directed to discovering the cable of the greatest strength, I suppose ?— They wanted to get the greatest strength with the least weight. 1480. Were any experiments made upon hempen cables ?—4 combination of hemp and wire. 1481. Not hemp alone ?—No. 1482. Were they submitted to the action of water? No, they were not. | 1483. Will you state the reason which influenced Messrs. Glass and Elliot, with the concurrence of the projectors, in the adoption of the form of cable sub- sequently used by the Atlantie Telegraph Company ? —]t was the cable which bore the greatest strain with the least weight, or the ratio of the breaking strain to the weight was the greater in that cable. 1484. Out of water ?—Yes. 1485. (Mr. Saward.) Did you try any cables con- structed of stecl wire ?—Yes, but they were thrown on one side on account of our not being able to get a supply of steel sufficient to make the cable in the time specified. 1486. Otherwise you would have preferred a steel cable ?—Certainly. 1487. (Chairman.) You were engaged by the At- lantie Telegraph Company in 1857 and 1858, were you not ?—] was. 1488. Were you occupied in managiug the coiling of the cable, and its subsequent carrying out ?—Yes. 1489. In what ship were you?— The “ Aga- memnon." 1490. With Sir Charles Bright ?—Yes, I was in the * Niagara" the first year, and commenced. with that ship; the second year I was in the “ Aga- memnon,” with Sir Charles Bright. 1491. Was a portion of that cable made by Messrs. Glass and Elliot ?—Yes. 1492. (Mr. Saward.) You commenced from the Irish shore on the first occasion, and that was the reason of your being present on board the ** Niagara?" —Y es. 1493. (Chairman.) Will you give us your opinion generally upon the question of the early failure and the subsequent stoppage of the current passing through the Atlantie cable since it was laid ?—I think, of course, in the first instance, that it was made too rapidly ; there was not sufficient time given to make the cable in a proper and efficient manner. I think that has been proved by the joints in the copper wire and gutta-percha, from the specimens which we have cut out of the cable since. 1494. Do you mean the joints of the gutta-percha ? —Yes, the joints of the gutta-percha and the copper wire; in some instances the copper wire is close to the outside, and there is only a thin film of gutta- percha over it. Mr. Saward has seen the specimens ; and in other instances the copper wire has been found to be close upon the outside of the joint, to have come out from the centre ; whether it was done in the covering I do not know. 1495. In what lengths was it made ?—~It was sent down to our works on drums; about three miles, 1496. (Mr. Saward.) I believe none of those de- fective joints of which you have spoken were dis- covered in the cables manufactured by Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Company ?—I have not heard of any. 1497. (Chairman.) Were the joints made by the Gutta-percha Company's people or by the contractor's people ?—' That we do not know, being cut out of the cable afterwards. 1498. I mean generally were the joints made by Messrs. Glass and Elliot's men, or by men from the Gutta-percha works ?—By men from the Gutta- percha works. I do not anticipate that there was any failure of the Atlantic cable from the process of laying. I do not think that was а cause, so far as I could judge from what came under my own know- ledge, in our own ship. 1499. You think the cause of the failure is due to imperfect manufacture ?—I think it was from the im- perfect manufacture, and from what I hear I do not speak positively—from extraordinary battery power MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE being used afterwards in finding out those very small faults. 1500. Have you any c’ servations to offer to the Committee upon the paying out of the cable or the break machinery ?—As far as we saw it ourselves on board the * Agamemnon,” it acted very well cer- tainly ; we should now make some alterations, or we should not use the same apparatus again. 1501. You have had a considerable experience in the paying out of enbles ?—Y es, I have laid down all that I have enumerated. 1502. (Mr. Saward.) I believe all the carly cables that were laid were laid down simply with a drum and lever, were they not ?—Yes, they were. In the Corsican line, which Mr. Brett has been describing to you, there were two drums and levers. Of course our system now is much better, and our system of coiling is better; we go at greater speed; in the Corsican cable we were five days in going 70 odd miles. We used to anchor at night, and hold on by the cable, and proceed the next day by daylight. 1503. (Chairman.) Did you find any inconvenience from kinks in the former mode of laying cables ?— Yes, in the earlier cables. 1504. (Mr. Bidder.) And defective coiling ?—Yes. 1505. (Chairman.) In fact, in the earlier cables a stronger class of cable was necessary, in consequence of the mode of laying ?— Yes, they were very stiff cables indeed, and of course not so easily handled. 1506. Do you prefer a cable to be heavy for paying out, or light ?— 1 like a heavy cable. 1507. (Mr. Bidder.) Not for the mere operation of paying out, but you like it when it is laid, because it is more durable, I suppose? To some extent I like a stiff cable for paying out ; a light cable is likely to overrun itself in paying out, and very liable to fly into kinks ; as it uncoils itself on the surface it will form a letter S, and there is a fear of its overrunning, which with a stiffer cable would not occur. 1508. (Chairman.) A flexible light cable, you think, would be an objectionable one to pay out ?— Yes, I would sooner have a stiffer cable. The Boulogne and Folkestone, which is the heaviest cable that has been laid at all, weighing 10 tons to the mile, we had not the slightest difficulty at all with. I never saw a cable run out better. 1509. (Mr. Bidder.) I think in the Holland cable you threw out very little slack ?—We did not lose inuch, and in the Folkestone and Boulogne we lost less. 1510. (Chairman.) Whether the bottom is soft or not, do you prefer laying a cable very taut ?—I do. 1511. In any case, whatever the nature of the bottom is Not at least, if you go amongst rocks. 1512. (Mr. Bidder.) You prefer a cable being taut if the water is very deep, because you would not have a heavy strain on the cable where the water is deep ? No, so that it would not overrun. 1513. So far as your experience goes, up to 2,000 fathoms what should you call a fair allowance of slack, so as to prevent your not having a strain of cable ?—From 20 to 25 per cent. 1514. ( Chairman.) For deep sea cables ?— Les. 1515. (Mr. Bidder.) In the narrow channels, for example, in the Holland cable you had not five per ceut., had you ?—-No. 1516. The depth was 30 fathoms ?—30 to 35. 1517. (Mr. Saward.) You know the principle which Mr. Allan recommends for the construction of cables, do not you, with the strength in the centre ? —I have seen a specimen. 1518. A modification of that has been suggested, that steel wires should surround the core, laid in the direction of its axis, and that the cable should then be passed through some plastic substance, so as to become smooth on the outside; is that the cable which you would recommend ?—No, it is not. 1519. Will you be good enough to state your objec- tions to it ?—I do not see how you are to coil that cable well to begin with, and in paying out, I think it would be objectionable ; it would not come out of the coil properly. ү 1520. If it took a bend it would be permanent? es. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 1521. If a wire broke in the inner circumference, would it not have a tendency directly to push itself into the core ?—It would do so. 1522. (Chairman.) In paying out a cable, have you observed a twisting of the cable *— Yes. 1523. In what direction does it twist ?—It turned, in the Atlantic, to the right hand. 1524. Each section was laid differently ?—Y os. 1525. (Mr. Bidder.) Did the cable untwist, or twist up tighter ?—It was turning in the direction of tho lay. | 1326 To what do you attribute the twist ?—I do not think there is any twist, except what was given to it in the coiling. I have seen other cables laid, and there is always a certain amount of turn put in the coiling, which goes out in paying out. I have picked up some cables, but I have never seen a cable opened at all from untwisting. 1527. Do you think that the kinks which have been observed, or are supposed to exist in a cable at a great depth, are attributable to twisting or un- twisting, or are they attributable to the fact, that the cable was paid out more rapidly than the vessel was going, and therefore was deposited in coils?— That is my opinion. 1528. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think the dynamo- meter used on the last occasion of laying the Atlantic telegraph gave a true indication of the strain upon the cable from time to time ?—I do not say that it gave an actually true indication, but it gave it approximately. 1529. In the case of the pitching and upheaving of the vessel at the stern, do you consider that you would have an indication on the dynamometer of a less strain, while the fact was, that it was a greater strain than existed. previously to the pitching ?—No, it indi- cated more. 1530. It was approximately correct, even in that case ?—Approximately, I believe it was. 1531. (Mr. Bidder.) In the Dover and Calais cable is there a large proportion of cable exposed to tho water that is not bedded in the sand, and therefore subject to corrosion ?—Yes, it comes so up in places ; for some distance from the shore, the cable is quite enerusted with the shells of marine insects; in fact, it is more a diameter of two inches than one inch, it is so covered ; in those instances the cable is not so rusted as where it is exposed to the action of the water. 1532. (Chairman.) Is any part of the bottom rocky over which it passes ?—There is chalk rock near the South Foreland. 1533. There it is completely exposed ?—Yes. 1534. And there it is that the cable is injured by the action of the water to the greatest degree ?—Yes, it is more eaten away by rust ; but still where the cable is not on the rock itself, and there is no parti- cular friction to wear it away, it looks very well indeed. 1535. In some parts it is corroded and the wires are partly gone ?—Almost eaten through; I have geen them drawn almost to a point. 1536. Is that on the chalk ?—I do not know the bottom ; we could not get soundings, the bottom varies so much ; it comes up for a few fathoms covered with shell and looks very well, and then for a distance we find it eaten away again. 1537. In no place is it so much gone that you can- not pick it up? No; I have relaid nearly the whole of it again which has been picked up; I have taken it on shore, repaired it, and relaid it, and the cable works very well now. 1538. (Mr. Saward.) It has been suggested that after the cable is completely manufactured, as it comes out it would be desirable to apply water pressure to it, and test it under that pressure equal to about four tons to the square inch ; do you think that is practicable, and if so, would it be desirable ?—I do not think it practicable. 1539. It has been suggested that it might be done in long gas pipes, and in that way pressure might be put upon it ?—It may; but it would take a very long time to make a cable of any length in that way. 1540. You do not think that that could be practi- cally carried into effect ? — No, I do not think it could. 1541. Do you attach any importance to the sup- posed pressure of the water in the deep sea upon a properly manufactured cable ?—I do not think it would do it any injury. 1542. You do not believe in the permeability of gutta-percha by water ?— No, I do not. 1543. (Chairman.) Have you any record of the electrical testing of any of those cables which have been laid, during the laying and after the laying ?— Nothing, only the ordinary tests. 1544. Showing the condition in which the cables were immediately after they were laid ?—Yes, but they are very imperfect records; I can only give you the mere result. 1545. Have you any reports upon the subject ?— No; while we are laying cables we do not take so many notes. 1516. In the case of the Red Sea cable there is & very interesting report from Mr. Siemens ? —We could only give you the tests every quarter of an hour, or ten minutes. 1547. Did you observe any loss of insulation during the laying of the cable in any of the cases ?—In the Holland cable. 1548. Which was subsequently recovered ?—Yes. 1549. To what do you attribute that ?—It was a nail driven in. 1550. In the cables you have laid, in the Mediter- ranean for instance, have you observed a loss of insulation at the time that the cable first passed into the water ?—I was not officially connected with the cables in the Mediterranean. I was there as a vo- lunteer. 1551. Were you with the experimental expedition, which was made in the Bay of Biscay previously to the laying of the Atlantic cable ?—I was. 1552. Is there anything that took place which bears upon the subject of our inquiry ?—I think it proved what we could do with a cable of the description of the Atlantic cable in great depths. | 1553. In fact, was it a satisfactory proof ?— Very satisfactory I think to those who were then present and knew the particulars, for in that depth of water, 2,000 fathoms, we lowered the bight of the cable to half its depth, and hauled it up again per— fectly well. We wanted to prove whether we could in that great depth haul a cable on board and repair it, supposing a fault had been paid over the ship, апа that was successfully accomplished. 1554. Should you prefer a cable of that description, (No. 2, deep sea, Gibraltar,) to the Atlantic cable for laying. The specific gravity is very much lighter than that of the Atlantic, and it will bear its weight in 5,000 fathoms ?—1 am not an advocate for so much hemp. 1555. Because you have observed that the hemp perishes /— es. 1556. That is Mr. Gisborne's proposal for the second deep-sea Gibraltar cable for the deep water across the Bay of Biscay ?—I am of opinion now that there is too much hemp about this, and I should prefer a larger wire. 1557. What is the injury that you anticipated would arise from the presence of too much hemp ?—I do not think the cable would bear a flattening pres- sure coming upon it, it would get out of its cylindrical form. 1558. In the process of coiling ?—Yes, in the pro- cess of coiling, and also in paying out. Supposing we had any great vertical strain over the drums, it would flatten this cable much sooner than it would a more solid cable. These cables have never been tested yet in coiling. I do not anticipate that there would be any difficulty arising from that, but still it may open. 1559. Could not some small specimens be subjected H 3 61. Mr. S. Canning. 10 Dec. 1859. Mr. S. Canning. 10 Dec. 1859. ua fr. T. Allan. [eis 4 Dec. 1859, 62 to tests previously ?—Yes, by making some lengths of it. | 1560. What length would be sufficient for testing it properly ?—I should say a few hundred fathoms. 1561. That ought to be submitted to the same pres- sure that it would receive in the coil ?—Y es, and also to be run off quickly to see how it pays out, because there are some cables that will not lie in the coil so quiet as others, they begin to rise up. The great secret is to keep your cable quite still till it is wanted. 1562. Might not mechanical arrangements be made to keep down the several portions if they have & ten- dency to rise up before they are wanted ?—I think it would be far better to adopt a cable which will not rise. 1563. You would prefer a cable which will re- main quiet from its own formation ?—Yes, I should try to obviate all those difficulties in the form of the cable. I should not like to trust to any mechanical contrivance to obviate them. 1564. Do you prefer the spiral lay to a cable made like that specimen of Messrs. Wells and Hall's ?—I prefer the spiral lay most decidedly. | 1565. Would not the result of that lay be that it would assume the spiral form ?— Yes, it would; in coiling it you never could keep the same surface uppermost. | 1566. It would be a rope with a long spiral 7— Yes; when you came to uncoil and pay it out you never could keep the same side always uppermost. - 1567. Therefore there is no reason why you should not make the covering spiral in the first instance? No. 1568. Have you turned your attention to the ques- tion of the insulation of cables No ; we have had a great many things presented to us of course, but we have never tried any, not practically. 1569. Do you think experiments could be mado upon them to lead to a satisfactory result — The only way that you can do it is to put the material under pressure and for a lengthened period. uu 1570, That is assuming that the question which you wish to determine is whether they are permeable by water ?—Yes, and also what effect the water would have upon them ; we know that gutta-percha will last under water well for eight years, 1571. And you know that india-rubber will resist water perfectly well ?—Yes. | 1572. You think it may be a question how far those compounds may last ?—I think that is to bo proved. ! 1573. Are you aware whether the compound called Chatterton's compound is durable under water ?— No, I am not, because I have not seen any that has been tested. The cables in which it has been used have not been under water sufficiently long, I think, to give any evidence of what their durability may be. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 1574. Have any of Glass and Elliot’s cables been made with Chatterton's compound, alternating with gutta-percha ?—Y es. 1575. Then you considered it would be & good thing, or you would not have used it ?—Of course, we considered it to be a good thing from experiments that had been made by electricians who reported favourably upon it to us. ! 1576. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have you any objection to the employment of india-rubber as an insulator ?—I am speaking of the mechanical part of paying out, or in the making of the cable, I have not turned my attention so much to electrica! matters as I have to the engineering. But as regards heat affecting gutta-percha, there was a question which arose about a part of the Atlantic cable being laid in the tanks at Greenwich exposed to the sun. After that I made some tests by putting it in water, and heating it up to various temperatures, and attaching a weight to it, I found that up to 125°, with a pressure of about 75 lbs, to the square inch, the copper wire remained in the centre, just the same as when it had been drawn in a straight line from the machine at the gutta-percha works. The upper flakes, as it laid on the coil, were damaged. J chalked all the upper part of the top flake which had been exposed to the sun, and on cutting the cable in various places, I found the copper wire to be some- times close to the outside of the gutta-percha on the bottom of the flakes, sometimes on the top of it, sometimes on the inside and sometimes on the outside of the turn in the flake. Therefore I do not think it was the action of the sun in the tanks at Greenwich which caused the copper wire to leave the centre. 1577. Do you imagine it to have been a defect in the original manufacture —1 think it was the effect of running it too quickly over the drums after it had been covered, because I could not reconcile in my own mind how it was that it must have repelled the Copper in some instances, and in other instances havo attracted it to the outside of the gutta-percha, 1578. When you are saturating hemp with tar, at what temperature do you do it ?——We boil it; it is put on gratings and drained, and allowed to remain there for some hours ; when put on the cable it is cold. 1579. (Chairman.) This is a specimen of Mr. Latimer Clark’s process ?— Yes ; this has been melted and the gutta-percha passed through it in tanks. 1580. Has it injured the gutta-percha ?—Yes, 1581. Is there no means of applying this process without injuring the gutta-percha ?— es; it must be put on at a certain temperature of course, for tho piteh to be in a sufficiently liquid state, but it can be put on at that temperature so as not to hurt the gutta- percha. F Adjourned to Wednesday next at Three o'clock. Wednesday, 14th December 1859. PRESENT ; Captain DOUGLAS GALTON, Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. | SAWARD, Captain DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. Mr. THOMAS ALLAN examined, [.Note.—The following letter has since been re- ceived from Mr. Allan. To Captain Galton, R. E., Chairman of the Electrie Telegraph Cable Commission. | | 1, Adelphi Terrace, ; Jan. 2, 1860. On the 14th ultimo I attended, at your request, the Electric Telegraph Cable Commission at the Doard of Trade. SIR Considering circumstances, and the peculiar posi- tion in which I stand relatively to the matter in discussion, as the originator and promoter of two important undertakings long since constituted as Joint stock companies, (viz., the Great Indian Sub- marine, and the Great Ocean Telegraph Company,) for the purpose of carrying out direct telegraphic communication from Falmouth vid Gibraltar and Malta to India, and from Falmouth to Halifax (N.S.) SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. direct ; as also being the patentee of the only means suitable for efficiently and economically carrying out ocean telegraphy,—I was much surprised, in such a branch of science, to find myself under the examina- tion of the secretary of the late Atlantic Telegraph Company, as also that of a Mr. Siemens, who, I find since, forms no part of the Government Commission. As many of the questions put to me on that occasion were in no ways such as to elucidate the subject, I must, in justice to myself, the Government, and the public, request that this and the following statement as to my systems of ocean telegraphy be annexed to my evidence on that question. I am, Sir, Your most obedient, THomas ALLAN. ALLAN’S SYSTEM of OCEAN TELEGRAPHY. The principal feature in this system of telegraphy, besides the production of electricity most effective for working extra distances of submerged wire, is a deep- sea rope or conductor, combining the maximum of conducting power and strength with the minimum of bulk, weight, and specific gravity, thereby rendering its safe submergence in ocean depths a simple me- chanical operation. The mechanical principle in the construction of these ropes is the reverse of those hitherto used, the peculiarity being that the whole metallic strength is placed in the centre of the insulating medium,—thus forming an inextensible core, and so preserving the insulation from injury by tension, in place of the self- destructive spiral wire casing as heretofore. In a cable constructed on these principles, suitable for the distance between England and America, the core or conductor is composed of a solid copper wire, surrounded with steel wires, in itself capable of bearing a strain of 21 cwt. without yielding. The weight of the cable is 8 to 10 cwt. to the mile, and under 2 cwt. in sea water; its weight, therefore, could not in any degree injure its electrical qualities, as the core or conductor alone is capable of bearing upwards of 10 miles of the cable, hanging vertically from the ship, before the insulating and conducting medium could in any degree be injured by tension. The conducting power is threefold greater than that of the late Atlantic cable, whilst the insulating medium is much thicker, and prepared so as to with- stand heat and pressure. | From its lightness and portability, upwards of 3,000 miles can be conveyed in one vessel ; and the paying- out gear being dispensed with, it can be veered out at the rate of 8 or 10 miles an hour with facility. From the very great increase in tho conducting power and insulation relatively, besides dispensing with the iron envelope hitherto used, a very much higher rate of signalling can be attained. Under this system, it is caleulated there will be comparatively an economy of 40 per cent. on the first cost of construction, besides 50 per cent. on the working. 1582. ( Chairman.) You are a civil engineer, I be- lieve? —I believe so. | 1583. You have devoted considerable attention to the science of telegraphy, I think ?—Yes. 1584. And have taken out several patents? Various patents. 1585. And I believe recently you have devoted your attention to the construction of submarine cables? —It is very long since I turned my attention espe- cially to submarine cables. 1586. Will you describe to the committee the sys- tem of telegraphic cables for submerging in deep seas which you consider to be best adapted to the purpose? En the first place I may explain that the experience I had in laying the line between Holyhead and Dub- lin, which gave way the next morning, first drew my attention to the mechanical philosophy of the cone struction of submarine cables. 63 1587. In what year was that laid ?—In 1852. It was quite clear to me as а mechanical question, from the strength and weight being placed outside in a spiral form, it admitted of a great amount of stretching, and that stretching upon the copper thread or con- ductor and gutta-percha was very apt to destroy the working condition of the rope; and looking to what we might have in future to do, I turned my attention to remedying this defect ; in the first patent I took out on the subject of submarine cables I reversed this mechanical construction of the rope by, putting the strength in the interior in place of the exterior. 1588. That was in 1853, I think ?—Yes; they were both in 1853; that was in the early part of 1853; that rope admitted of no stretching as com- pared with the principle of the rope that was adopted as the first type of submarine cables. The Dover and Calais cable upon a great strain would stretch consi- derably betore it broke ; my cable would rather break before it stretched, if I may so use the expression ; of course metal will stretch. 1589. Do you make a difference between cables for shallow water, and cables for deep water ? — Cer- tainly. 1590. What difference do you make ?—The cables in shallow water, more especially in tideways, ought to һе very strongly mailed indeed (there are a variety of ways of doing it), in the first place to make them heavy, to make them stationary, and so to speak to protect them from friction ; when you come into a little greater depth, you can submit to have less of that power which is required to resist the friction of stones or anything that may occur at the bottom. When you come into deep water you require a rope of ns light a specific gravity as will in its own nature sink, it must not be too light; and in that way take the strain off itself. 1591. In any case, if I understand you, you would put the strength in the centre, but for shallow water you would put an outer covering of hard metal ?—It would be useless to put all the strength in the interior in the shore ends,—quite the contrary, because you want your insulating material, whatever it may be, to be protected from being cut and damaged. 1592. For shore ends or for shallow water you do not olject to the construction which has been adopted in the Dover cable ?—I would have a modification of that. I would not follow that exactly. 1593. What modification would you suggest ?—I should prefer something that I have seen of Mr. Walker's. I should prefer for the shore ends to have a complete spiral at right angles to the conductor, and then make the longitudinal spiral wires over that ; that forms a tube and prevents the exterior wires erushing in, or even themselves elongating, and you would have then exteriorly the same effect as the first patent I took out, in which the iron wires were interior. My first patent was for & cable to carry three wires. A strand, as you are aware, is made up of seven circles. In that case I took four iron wires, No. 1°в or No. 2’s, and three gutta-perchas ; so that the three iron wires that went spirally over the centre one could not stretch on account of being placed on a metal core, and therefore the three conducting wires in the intervening spaces could not be either stretched or crushed. 1594. What was the central core ?—lIron. Three gutta-percha and four iron wires made into & thick strand. 1595. What would be the thickness of the central core ?—In that case, instead of taking four No. 1 iron wires, I took three No. 1’s, and one No. 2 for the centre. You do not probably at first see the object of that, but it was to throw the gutta-perchas in from the circum- ference, so that anything coming across it touched only the iron wire, and did not come upon the exposed gutta-perchas, — 1596. The iron wires being larger in diameter than the gutta-percha wires? — Les; it did not make an exact circle from that reason, and there might have been also other small wires laid over the ag Mr. T. Allan. 14 Dec. 1859. Mr. T. Allan. ,4 Dec. 1859. Eee, eee 64 so as to sheath them entirely; it was a very good rope in its mechanical construction. When studying a proper cable for long ocean telegraphy, in fact for making а line of communication to America, that rope, like others, had to be thrown entirely aside on account of the weight. I made up my mind that if I could not get a rope reduced to the weight of 10 or 12 ewt. per inile, so that the whole distance could be carried in one ship, it would bo useless to attempt it. In my further researches into that subject, I hit upon the plan of using a metallie core made of copper and iron, or copper and steel. 1597. Then the metallic core which you suggest is not only with the view of reducing the specific gra- vity of the cable, but also with the view of reducing the whole weight of the cable, in the air as well as in the water ?—I came at it bit by bit, as we usually do in our researches for anything. І saw Mr. Goodyear's hard rubber, and it occurred to me, if I took hardened rubber in place of gutta-percha, I then could dispense with the iron wires outside. On considering the me- chanical construction of the previous rope, it occurred to me at once to take an iron wire-rope for the centre. I set to work and got a picce made with common iron wire-rope as thick as my little finger nearly, then I found with this hard rnbber it was impossible to have it practically carried out as an insulator to any great length. Ihad a piece made, when I found I could get the thing down to about 12 ewt. per mile ; but I found also I had got a rope so light in specific gravity, that I should be able to dispense with a very great obstacle in my mind; that is, the friction breaks used in paying out cables. Then it occurred to me, that having a rope of light specific gravity, it did not re- quire so much strength, and that I could dispense with some of the strength. I mixed it with copper, so as to get the conductibility of the one, and a sufficient amount of iron added to it for the purpose of strength. I was not searching, in the first instance, for a rope of light specific gravity at all, but that came about by my experiments, 1598. What advantage do you anticipate from avoiding the breaks which are used for the heavier eables?—Submergence without damage; because the breaks are the very things that destroy all the cables, combined with the weight of the cables. 1599. In what way ?—In the checking and stretch- ing that the cable gets ; of course there are improve- ments in breaks. If you had witnessed the experience that I had between Holyhead and Dublin, you would have been rather amused. 1600. Do you mean the inertia ?—Y'es, and a variety of obstacles, —the ropes going through, and not being able to run freely. 1601. Has not that plan been improved since, and that difficulty removed ?—I believe it has. But it is no benefit to have a break at all; all you have to do is to let the thing run out like the log-line of a ship, and run away from it; you may balance your speed to the sinking power of your cable, so that you do not require a break at all ; properly speaking, your cable should be such that you require no break, but, to use the proper words, * pay and go." I am talking of the deep water process. 1602. A cable of what specific gravity do you con- sider best for paying out ?—I may say that I have not exactly gone through the calculation for that purpose, but 1:50 I think would do very well; but it would depend upon the speed that you chose to go at. If you are otherwise well provided, and there is no fear of anything entangling, or anything of that kind, you may go away at the rate of nine or ten miles an hour, and then the rope might be heavier. 1603. Should you anticipate, from the junction of steel and copper in your core, any electrical diffi- culties ?—None. 1604. What proportionate size do you give to the copper and to the steel comparatively ?—If you are going for large conductors the proportions of the steel to the copper is small ; that is simply because if you have a very small conductor of copper, No. 16, and MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE you want to keep the same proportion of steel to that as you would upon a No. 10, you must go down to very fine wires; that is not only expensive but trouble- some ; the proportion of steel to copper would be less as you increased the size of your conductor. 1605. Assuming the copper and the steel were equal in area or size, what would be the effect upon the velocity of the current of electricity ?— There would be no difference in the velocity ; there would be a difference in the conductibility of steel and copper, as there is in the various kinds of copper. 1606. Have you calculated what the result would be as compared with a conductor entirely of copper ? —Yes ; those specimens are made equivalents of each other in conductibility. 1607. (Professor Wheatstone.) When yousay there is no difference in the velocity of electricity in iron and copper wire, upon what experiments do you base your opinion ?—I have made no special experiments of my own, but the general experiments upon velocities go to show that the highest velocity has been attained on iron telegraph conductors. 1608. (Mr. Saward.) Would not the facilities of conduction involve increased velocity ?—That is a question of quantity ; the resistance of a small con- ductor will retard the quantity that you may have to send ; for instance, in making an electro-magnet, that is a very important point, but with regard to tele- graphie conductors, it is quite a different question. 1609. Would not increased insulation compensate for it ?—'The increased insulation will compensate for the drawbacks that may arise from induction, a matter that should not be there if you know how to make your conductors, 1610. With regard to the cable laid from Holy- head to Dublin in 1852, was not that & very small cable, something about that size (Red Sea, No. 2) ?— It was less; I might say it was an experimental pioneer cable ; I did not see it till I got to Holy- head. 1611. You are aware, of course, that two cables have been successfully laid across the Irish Channel ? — Yes, 1612. And are still in working order ?—I do not know that they are-in working order. 1618. What was the cause of the failure of the cable to which you refer. Was it & ship's anchor that broke it ?——No ; the next morning it would not work, and it was evident from the instruments that the copper wire was broken; that there was non-con- tinuity ; the insulation was perfectly good up to that point; the puzzle was in those days to know where- abouts it could possibly be. 1614. In putting the strength of the cable into the centre, should not you fear difficulties in paying it out? None whatever, quite the contrary 1615. In case, for instance, a cable upon that prin- ciple got a bend, would not there be a difficulty in getting it straight? None whatever; you must know that there being no spiral wires outside, there is not the same tendency to twist that there is in an iron encased cable, and to get into kinks. There is a good thick piece (producing a specimen) that has been twisted about all manner of ways. 1616. Supposing this cable were to be laid across the Atlantic, would it fulfil one of the conditions which you seem to consider of importance, namely, being contained in one ship ?—Yes. 1617. The 3,000 miles ?—You would require 2,000 odd miles. It is about 9 cwt. to the mile. 1618. I mean as to stowage ?—You must get a big ship. 1619. Are you aware of the quantity of room that was occupied by the 1,100 miles which the Agamem- non took out ?—No ; it is very easily calculated. 1620. This is a larger cable than the Atlantic cable, and according to the stowage occupied by that cable, the Agamemnon would not have taken it? - Tou must get a bigger ship, that is all. J rather suspect that the difficulty upon the former occasion was not its bulk, but its weight, and its weight being very SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. unequally disposed of; at least Captain Preedy told me that the coil that was on deck was an awful to-do, and they would have been very glad to have pitched it overboard. 1621. With regard to its being useless to pay a cable out except from one ship, is not experience against it, seeing that the Atlantic cable was laid in the opposite way ?—You may take two ships if you like, but I prefer one, that is all. 1622. (Chairman.) In combining iron or steel with copper, as а conductor, do you not expect a retarda- tion in working through such a cable ?—No. 1623. Then you consider that the speed of working through it depends simply on the power of the section of the conductor to transmit electricity. For instance, if you have a copper wire of one-sixteenth of an inch section, and you have an iron or steel wire of one- sixteenth of an inch section,—the copper wire you are aware conducts electricity, perhaps four times better than the iron or steel wire,—do you consider that that iron wire or steel wire of four times the section would transmit messages with the same ra- pidity if it were covered with the same thickuess as the copper wire, if you had the same conductivity ; that is to say, the section of the conductor increased in like proportion ?—No, under those conditions you would increase the inductive surface. You would render yourself liable to more induction. 1624. Would you not in that case find greater diffi- culty in speaking through it 7—1 dare say you would, if constructed in the proportions you propose. 1625. Would not that equally apply to a combina- tion of the two materials ? — No; if you form a conductor of steel and copper, because a very small portion of the core comparatively is steel; and if the inductive surface of these combined is no more than the inductive surface of a strand of copper wires, the conductibility being the same, you ure perfectly equal. 1626. In combining the two, would not the charge be proportionate to the surface of your conductor ? —Yes; but why should you charge your conductor at all. 1627. Do you think that you can work through a submarine conductor without charging it ?—Yes ; without charging it to give any deteriorating effect. 1628. In retardation ?—Charge is not retardation. The charge is the consequence of retardation or re- sistance—induction is the effect of retardation. 1629. The charge is a separate thing, is it not ?— By having too small a wire you create a resistance, and you consequently charge the wire. 1630. Is not this resistance the charge, the quan- tity of electricity required to produce that effect ?— Yes; but you do not need to use the quantity of electricity to charge the wire. You should not have the wire in such a condition that it can be charged at all. 1631. Can you explain to the committee how you would avoid it ?—Make your conductor large enough. It is all a relative quantity. You must tell me what I am to send through the conductor before I tell you what the conductor should be. 1632. Assuming a certain amount to be sent through, the same as you would send through the Gibraltar cable? Lou require a certain quantity and intensity to make your magnet or relay, whatever it may be. There are a variety of these things ; some require more power than others. You therefore re- quire the conductor differently proportioned according to the circumstances in each case. 1633. In speaking of these causes, you assume that the same effect is to be produced by each ?— Very well; if you are going to work two different relays and have two equal conductors, one will charge when the other will not; because you require to put a greater amount of electricity into motion to work the one relay than you do to work the other ; one instrument will work through a conductor when another will not work at all,—then you require more electricity, and in so doing you create resistance, aud 65 you charge the conductor,—charge and induction are Mr. T. Allan. much the same thing. 1634. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have you made any direct experiments on the charging and dischargiug of wires, and on the effect of induction on wires? —I have not had an opportunity of making those experiments upon long wires that many others have had. 1635. It is only your opinion that you give, and not the result of experiments ?—No ; it is not on my opinion only. 1636. (Chairman.) Am I to understand you to say, that as you increase the size of your conductor you would also have to increase the thickness of the in- sulating material ?—No, I did not say that. 1637. Assuming that & copper wire of a certain size were covered with an insulating material of a certain thickness, and I wanted to send a certain number of words per minute from here to America, what effect would be produced upon that by adding a certain number of steel wires to a central core, in order to obtain strength ?—You would get better conductibility. 1638. Then you consider that you need not increase the size of the insulating material outside ?—] do not see that the insulating material, taking a wire of this sort, may not be calculated to suit the diflerent circumstances. 1639. You do not admit that the amount of charge is proportionate to the amount of surface of your conductor ?—I do not admit that the amount of charge is, but I admit that the inductive surface is greater in the one than in the other,—in the case you mention; but as to charging, that is another question altogether from the surface. If it is a larger conductor, it will require a larger amount of electricity to charge it; but you may not re- quire that amount of electricity to be sent through your conductor, therefore it will not charge it. The object is to make your conductor so that it shall deliver easily what you have to send, and what you wil have to send will not cause charge or induc- tion ; the thicker insulation is one thing that counter- acts induction to a certain extent, supposing it to be there, but it should never be there. 1640. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have any cables upon your principles of construction been laid down ? — No. ' 1641. Not even for short lengths? No. There would be no object in trying it for a short distance, —. for instance, between Dover and Culais would not be a place at all suitable for it; it is not intended for that; there you must have a very heavy cable ; across the Mediterranean would be a better test 1642. (Chairman.) From France to Algeria? Yes. 1643. What is the specific gravity of thix cable ?— That is about 1:50; I do not know exactly. The hemp coating is rather rough upon it ; but to answer Mr. Saward's question, the outer covering, the skin, may otherwise be made. In the samples that I shall send in to you there will be three different kinds; in this other specimen the exterior coat is a mixture of gutta-percha and another material, which renders it tough like leather, and is sufficient, I think, for all the friction that it is likely to get. 1644. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think that would stand the upward pitch of a ship in a heavy sea ?—Yes; . there is no upward pitch with a rope of light specific gravity, because, being almost a horizontal line, you obviate it by that. 1645. Would not there be a large quantity of that cable in a state of floatation, so to speak, at one time ?—Yes, semi-floatation at one time. 1646. Would not there be a large surface to be acted upon by the currents ?—So much the better, I think. 1647. Would it not be likely to carry it away, so as to induce a strain?—It will draw it out of the ship, that is all; there is nothing holding on to the other end. I 14 Dec. 1859. — — 66 1648. You propose to do away with breaks or any retarding force ?—I do not need them. You required them absolutely in laying the Atlantic cable. The success of its laying was very much owing to reducing the strain and sailing faster. 1649. Would not you pay out a great quantity of slack ?—I do not think you would need to do that; if you go too slow compared with the specific gravity of your cable, you will pay out too much. I think the speed and specific gravity are possible to be made relative quantities. Instead of the table handed in, showing the differ- ence between the system of deep sea cables I propose and that hitherto in use, I have selected for compari- son the cable as specified by the Board of Trade for a line to Gibraltar. On my principle, which is a solid copper wire en- cased in steel, I am able to obtain a conductor equal to that as specified by the Board of Trade for Gib- raltar, with no more inductive surface, and therefore with the requirement of no greater amount of insula- tion, and forming a cable relatively threefold stronger. Further, it is perfectly inextensible, and the steel alone can bear a strain of 24 cwt., or 7,000 fathoms of itself in water. It does not weigh more in ship than 9 cwt. per mile; in sea 3cwt. ; specific gravity 1°50 ; cost per mile, 1301. In the case of the cable as specified by the Board of Trade, with the same amount of conducting power and insulation, the deep sea part weighs over 2 tons per mile, and loses very little of its weight in water, and cannot be made for less than 200/. per mile, which is exclusive of the great expense in shipping and great risk in submerging. (Witness.) The great advantage of having the strength in the middle, like the bone in one's arm, is to prevent the conductor being attenuated, or the insulation stretched ; if it is stretched, it is apt to become porous; in fact, the object is to try to con- serve what you have already made good, so as to prevent its being injured during the process of sub- mergence, which is the time when the accidents occur. An iron covered cable may be perfectly good when made, and would do if we could just take it to the bottom and lay it down ; but, unfortunately, the un- twisting of the wires, the kinking, and stretching very much deteriorate the electrical conditions of the cable during submergence ; that is the reason I select an inextensible core, and can adopt & solid copper wire in place of a strand of wires. 1650. (Chairman.) You put a solid wire inside be- cause there is no extension ?—Yes ; take the largest sizes in all these specimens, the conductibility is equal; when you come down to a smaller gauge you have more steel and more strength, proportionately to the copper, than you have in a larger one; therefore, I do get so far into the mistake of having a little more inductive surface. But again, as compared with that, you give yourself ample conductibility; it is the same current that you are passing, and you do not have the mal-effects from that induction. | 1651. (Mr. Saward.) As regards expense, how will your cables compare with other cables ?— These are about 30 to 40 per cent. less than the Atlantic cable. I think, in the Atlantic cable about one-half of the cost was for the exterior wire coating. The great object of an inextensible core is the conservation of the vitality or working integrity of the rope ; that is, the conductibility and the insulation. Having once got them perfect, it helps you to prevent injury. 1652. What &mount of strain should you expect that cable would bear ?—4A bout four times what the Atlantic does relatively. 1653. ( Chairman.) In what depth would you com- mence to lay conductors like that ?—I would begin at 100 fathoms ; you do not need any outward covering beyond that, 1654. You would not be afraid of any movement of the water operating ?——No ; I am not afraid of any movement; at 100 fathoms I believe the water is as quiet as it is at the bottom of a well. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 1655. What insulator do you consider the best ?— J have not turned my attention to insulation; I have left that to others. Ihave taken generally gutta- pereha as my unit. Ihave made my specimens of rope with gutta-percha, and covered them either with that material or with hemp; if I were going to do any great work I should certainly investigate the question of insulation much more closely than it has been done, but I believe that this committee which has been appointed by the Government is going into that subject, and it will save us all a world of trouble. It is a very important point ; the great point is to get it perfect and cheap. 1656. Have you turned your attention to paying- out apparatus for cables?—If you have a rope of light specific gravity, and you pay it out at a speed equiva- lent to its specifie gravity, you do not require any paying-out apparatus at all; at least you do not re- quire any friction break drums, you ought to have paying-out machinery in the real acceptation of the word; it ought to be paid out by men’s hands, or something as a substitute for them; you do not require the friction break drums to stop it or arrest it, or anything of that kind. When there was a gale of wind you might require something to give you a sort of control over it, either to hold on to a certain extent, or to throw it out. I think one of the great points is to dispense with this, I will not say clumsy affair, but I think it is a thing de trop. 1657. Have you seen Mr. Longridge’s model?—No, I recognize it ; I have had it explained to me. 1658. Do you consider the principles which Mr. Longridge advocates sound?—W ell, I think they аге; only I still say to him that I scarcely think it is necessary. 1659. Would not you be afraid of paying out a large proportion of slack ?—You must put on your steam and go a little faster. 1660. There would be a limit to the speed at which you go, would not there ?—I do not know ; you can go nine or ten miles an hour, what you have to do is to pay and go. | 1661. (Mr. Suward.) It has been suggested as a modifieation of your plan that iron or steel wires might be laid longitudinally across the second coating of gutta-percha, and the third coating put on over that, so as to produce greater streugth in the inner portion of the cable; would you concur with that view? —Do you mean to insulate the copper first, and put the steel wires outside ? 1662. Covering them so as to make an external surface ?—I should think that very bad indeed. In the first place you would be more apt to create induc- tion by putting the metal between your copper and the water, whatever may be the exterior ; and the wires, if they were put straight, would be sure to be cutting through. 1663. The cable would also be much heavier ?— It would be heavier. I do not think it is at all a good mechanical arrangement ; I use steel in the place of iron, because I ean get the same strength in less bulk, though it is more expensive ; it becomes more economical in the end, because you require less gutta-percha, and you have less surface. 1664. (Chairman.) Is there any other statement which you wish to make ?—The form of cable I pro- pose is a great saving of material, it is more economi- ealthan the usual form of rope; conductibility and insulation being equal, there is a saving of about 30 or 40 per cent. in the cost ; it is light enough to carry extreme lengths in one ship; it is light in specific gravity, and it requires no friction break drums in in the operation of paying it out. The electrical question depends upon apparatus to be used and other things. The problem we have to solve is how we can construct and lay a cable without its injuring itself during the process of submergence. We can make cables perfect, but after we have got them made per- fect, we destroy them in attempting to get them to the bottom; the consequecne is, that the working SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. integrity frequently gives way afterwards from the injurv that they have sustained during the process of submergence. We had had several in- stances of that, but if we could get the cable to the bottom of the sea in the same condition that it was in 67 when we started it, it would lie there without any chance of injury at all, as quiet as at the bottom of a well. I am not against iron covered cables for shallow waters, thero they are necessary ; but for deep sea purposes they are self-destruciive. , Mr. LEONARD WRAY examined. ° 1665. (Chairman.) Have you turned your atten- tion to the best substances for insulating telegraphic cables ?—I have. 1666. Will you give the committee an account of the substances which you consider best adapted to the purpose ?—Perhaps you will allow me in the first place to tell you how I came to turn my attention to this subject. I am not an electrician ; but when in America I heard that the Atlantic cable that was made was supposed to be capable of sendiug only five words a minute, I revolved that in my mind, aud thinkiug that there must be something very wrong, I jumped to the conclusion that the insulution must be at fault. I said, “Either the cable is erroneously * constructed, or the insulating material must be bad, * consequently we ought to have a better material." When I returned to England, I turned my attention to that subject; I waited upon Mr. Saward, and talked the matter over with him amongst others. The result was, that after trying a great number of things all in the same direction, I produced this material (producing samples). There are several combinations included in my patent, but after I had satisfied my own mind, I took the advice of Mr. Saward and others, and those gentlemen said the best way is to get the opinion of some electrician in whom the publie had confidence,—I think that was the expression, Mr. Saward,—and it was likewise the advice I re- ceived from many others. I therefore took specimens to Mr. C. F. Varley, a gentleman indicated to me by these advisers. Being a perfect stranger to him, I said, “ Mr. Varley, this is a material that I have in- * vented as an insulator; I come to you as a stranger, * and hope you will not take it as a liberty, itf I * put this in your hands to test." I left it with him for two or three months that he might have full time to test it; he then wrote to tell me that he found it so remarkable that he should like to see me on the subject ; subsequently I furnished him with further specimens, and after I had given him ample time (I am talking of as far back now as August and September 1858), I said, ** Well, now, what do you * think of the specimens that I have sent you; would * you give me your opinion?“ He said,“ Well, in a * day or two I will write and let you know what I * have found them to be," and he wrote me the fol- lowing letter, dated April 4th, 1859 :— * DEAR SIR, * April 4, 1859. I HAVE tested the samples marked 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, against Chatterton's g.-p. wire and Atlantic strand. The results are extraordinary. No. ] tests very well, but the piece I have is so short, viz., 6 inches, that I can only say I think it equals specimen No. 4. No. 3, the softest specimen, is the least good of all of yours, but it is 700 or 1,000 times as good an insulator as Chatterton's line. No. 4 is twice as good as No. 5, and three times or four times as good as No. 3. No. 2 almost equals No. 4. In a word, Nos. 1, 2, and 4 are very much better than No. 5, and this better than No. 3. The worst being 700 or 1,000 times as good as Chatter- ton's wire, which is better than Atlantic strand. I am, dear sir, Yours very truly. L. Wray, Esq. C. F. VARLEY. 1667. (Mr. Saward.) That means better as to in- sulation ?—Yes ; in fact he tells me that he has not found a limit to some of the specimens which I have given him. Iam able to hand you the three speci- mens, 1, 2, and 4, mentioned in that letter (producing the same). 1668. ( Chairman.) Have you tested this material with a view to discover whether it is permeable by water ?— Yes, it has been in water a considerable time. |! 1669. Under pressure ?—I have not tested it under pressure. I have every reason to suppose that it would be just as impermeable as gutta-percha. | 1670. (Professor Wheatstone.) What is the compo- sition of your best specimens ?—That requires ex- planation. I have found that the best insulator is not the one which, perhaps, a large company would like to accept for a cable, because we have so many qualities to provide for; we want tenacity, we want hardness, and we want exceeding strength. Some of these specimens which test so remarkably, (even 6,000 times better than gutta-percha), are not strong enough; if they are twisted backwards and forwards for a con- siderable time, they will break ; but you may twist this as much as you like, and you will never break it, though you may break the copper wire. Here is a wire that has been made ever since April last, and you will observe there is perfect adhesion between the copper wire and the material ; the copper does not act on the material in any way whatever. 1671. (Mr. Saward.) Have you obtained opinions as to the chemical destructibility of your material? Yes, it will not be destroyed, it is perfectly safe under all ordinary conditions. 1672. (Chairman.) Has it been tested by exposure to the atmosphere for any length of time? — es, all these specimens have been exposed to the atmosphere, to water, and to other tests. 1673.. (Professor Wheatstone.) Is it cheaper or dearer than gutta-percha ?—It is cheaper. : 1674. (Mr. Saward.) Can it be put on by a die?— Yes, some of these specimens were put on by dies; that larger specimen which the chairman has in his hand was put on by our new die machine; it was merely to try the machine. 1675. ( Chairman.) In a single coat, or two ? Two coats. 1676. (Professor Wheatstone.) Can you get perfect centering with this material, this specimen is very im- perfect ?—Yes, that piece was done by hand machinery and rollers. We did not use water to cool any of these specimens as they came from the machine. 1677. (Chairman.) Wasit done at the gutta-percha works ?—No, at the old Caoutchouc Company's works at Tottenham, by the firm of William Warne and Co. 1678. Is it made under a patent ?—Yes. 1679. Of what is it composed ?— There are several combinations ; there are three classes of substances, the gum-elastics. 1680. What do you mean by the gum-elastics ?— India-rubber, gutta-percha, and so forth ; shellac or other resinous substances ; and siliceous matters, and aluminous ; those specimens (the cubes) were made of the material that happened to be at hand; that is, flour of glass, instead of powdered flint. I prefer powdered flint. 1681. (Mr. Saward.) Are those substances com- bined by heat?—Yes; by means of large steam- heated iron rollers. 1682. (Chairman.) Is it a chemical compound ?— I do not think it is chemically combined ; there are very few substances that are chemically combined; persons may suppose such combinations to be, when they are not. We have had tests of electrical eur- rents going through our specimens for months, and we do not see the least alteration in them in any way whatever. This specimen has a little gutta-percha іп it; but it is a singular fact, that the more gutta- percha we put in, so does our insulation decrease ; we found that out as we were going on with our experiments. 12 Mr. T. Allan. 14 Dec. 1859. Mr. L. Wray. Roma Mr. L. Wray. e Pu cub ED 14 Dec. 1859. 68 1683. What are the proportions of the several materials that you use ?—That certainly depends upon circumstances ; we have so many different uses for it. 1684. What proportion would you use for a sub- marine cable This particular piece (holding up a sample) is а combination that combines so many good qualities; it still insulates, I believe, infinitely better thau gutta-percha, so that we can afford the loss of in- sulation which results from the gutta-percha we have put into it; the gutta-percha makes it lose its insu- lating properties to a certain extent, but we consider that combination sufficiently good for all purposes of insulation, 1685. Is your compound made in layers of the different materials No, that appearance in the speci- men arises from the cutting-machine. 1686. What proportion has that specimen of the diflerent materials ?—I do not like to give the exact proportions ; these are the only little things that we can keep to ourselves; there are so many dishonest people trying to cut the ground from under one that they will add a pinch of one thing or a pinch of another to our combinations, and then they say that is not your material, and they appropriate your inven- tion. 1687. In fact, you prefer to keep your proportions a secret ?—I have given good workable proportions in the patent. 1688. What proportions have you given in the patent ?—I think I stated two or two and a half of india-rubber, one and a half of shellac, and one of powdered flint or powdered glass ; but those that I have stated in my patent really form a most excellent material ; still we vary the combination. 1689. How were you led to the discovery of this material ?—I thought we wanted a better insulator ; when I commenced I was thinking of soluble or malleable glass, — Mr. Saward may remember this ;— but I found that that was an impossibility. I ulti- mately hit upon this combination. 1690. It was endeavouring to discover a soluble glass that you mixed these other materials with powdered glass ?—No. I thought we could get malleable glass of some kind, but I found we could not; then I said we must have a mixture of india- rubber, shellae, and silica ; I knew that those things were the best insulators in the world; you cannot have a better insulator than shellac. India-rubber is also a capital insulator, and the combination is so extraordinary that I prefer it to india-rubber, or every- thine else. Nothing has the least chance with it. 1691. (Mr. Saward.) Are your prices published yet for comparison with those of the gutta-percha company ?—No, they are not. We have two 50- horse power engines, —са them two 100-horse power engines, now erected, the flv-wheel up, and all the other machinery rapidly progressing. 1692. (Chairman.) As I understand, you do not intend practically to give such a good combination with respect to insulating power as that which you submitted to Mr. Varley on account of the advan- tages which a less perfect insulator possesses in a mechanical point of view ?—Precisely. Immediately we begin to use gutta-percha the insulation goes down ; inexact proportion to the quantity used so does the insulating power decrease. We sacrifice that for the greater hardness it gives and the greater toughness. We lose in insulation, and we lose in temperature ; it will not stand in so high a tem- perature with gutta-percha, as without. 1693. (Mr. Saward.) At what temperature would that material. become plastic ?—Much higher than gutta-percha; I am not prepared to tell you. There are a series of experiments going on at the works to prove that, but it is much higher. I may state to the committee that I have prepared pieces bent in this manner (showing the manner), and pieces of gutta- percha of equal diameter under exactly similar cir- cumstances, and immersed them in boiling water. In the gutta-percha the wire has come completely ihrough, but mine has not altered its shape in any MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE way. In another case we tied them together and suspended them in a kettle of water, and boiled the water for five minutes. "The gutta-percha completely boiled out of all shape, but mine has not been injured in the least. It also insulates up to 150°, and even higher. Perhaps I may be permitted to make a sug- gestion quite apart from the question of insulation. I am sure that the committee wishes to arrive at everything that is useful with regard to electric cables. I would suggest that the committee make very careful tests of aluminum and its compounds for conduct- ing ; the tests that have been yet made, show that it is a most excellent conductor of electricity, and its tenacity is very great. 1694. It shows that it is equal to copper in its conducting power, and equal nearly to iron in its tenacity ?— Yes, so it is said, but I think that it is a question that should be very carefully investigated. 1695. Is it not very much a question of price ?— That is a question that can be very easily solved. I do not know if you are acquainted with the recent processes that have been brought forward. I have been in communication with chemists on the subject, and I believe that it can be supplied very cheaply. We must bear in mind that it is five times lighter than copper, and that is & very great thing. 1696. It would be useless as an external covering, would it not ?—It could not be employed as an external covering, because it is destroyed by salt water. 1697. (Mr. Saward.) Is not aluminum destruc- tible If it is exposed to salt water, and so in reality is copper; nevertheless I think we shall find our con- ductor for electric cables in an alloy of aluminum. 1698. ( Chairman.) An alloy with what ?—Copper or silver ; a little silver, I think you will find, will improve it very much. 1699. Is your material uniform in the mass, that is to вау, are the ingredients so intimately mixed that if you cover a mile or ten miles of wire you enn always depend upon having the same mixture ?—Pertectly ; nothing could be more satisfactory to the committee than to cut off portions here and there, and submit them to the highest chemical authority in the kingdom. The mixing is very carefully done on a large scale. I do not thiuk there can be the least doubt of it; if you were to see the process of mixing, you would be of that opinion. 1700. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have you any ob- jections to the employment of india-rubber as an insulator, and if you have, what are they? In the first place, india-rubber brought in contact with copper is decomposed ; and in the second place, india-rubber, even where it has & material next to the copper to protect it from the copper, does not insulate in any degree like this compound which I am now laying before the committee, for I have tested it. I have tested the most carefully made specimens of india- rubber (with cotton or what not between) ihat have heen supplied to me ; and I find that they do not bear the slightest comparison with this material of mine ; they are better than gutta-percha, but no com- parison with this. India-rubber, again, is a softer material. I do not wish to speak against any other material, all I wish is to lay before the committee the facta connected with my own. 1701. (Chairman.) What will be the price of this material as compared with gutta-percha ?— It will certainly be less than gutta-percha ; I should not like to say how much less :—and we have works to carry it on to any extent. 1702. (Mr. Saward.) Materially less ?—I presume so. We must allow ourselves a margin, inasmuch as these materials will go up as the demand for them increases ; for instance, shellac is now 140s. per ewt., and in my experience, but very recently, the same quality of shellac could have been bought for 75s. 1703. ( Chairman.) Do you think there will be a sufficient supply of shellac if there is a great demand for your material ?—Yes, a great quantity of shellac comes from that part of India where the disturbances SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, have been : along the Gogra and those other districts that have been devnstated by war, an immense quan- tity is produced, and I presume that the war must have interfered with the supply. 1704. You think the inerease of the price of shellac is attributable somewhat to the war ?—I think so, and to increased demand, those two causes combined. The position that I have taken up, in respect to my material, is to supply every one and any one. It is not locked up in the hands of any one particular company, or set of men, and I am in opposition to no one. 1705. If, for example, we wish to put an extra coat on a portion of the Gibraltar cable, would there be any difficulty in laying it on the gutta-percha ?—No, I have already ordered the dies for it. I understood that such a thing was possible, and I have ordered the dies to be made, so that I shall be in a position to give some of it in the course of a few days, as a sample. 1706. Will not there be an objection, inasmuch as your material must be worked at a higher temperature than gutta-percha ?—No, it passes only through the dies, it is a momentary process ; it is not like passing through a cylinder; before it can be affected it is out again. 1707. Your material is not contained in a cylinder through which the core passes ?—No, the contact is momentary; Ihave taken the opinion of those gentle- men connected with me who have dealt with india- rubber for a great number of years, and they join in opinion that it will not affect gutta-percha in the least. The day before yesterday I took to the works & piece of Gibraltar core, and I said, * In passing * through the dies, do you think the higher tem- * perature will affect it?“ I was told, “ Oh dear по, * not at all. Iu fact we are convinced that it will * not do anything of the kind." I said, *I shall want “ some dies made then,” and they are having the dies made now. 1708. You never would have to stop, so as to allow the core to remain in this heated place ?—No ; it would be continuous. The higher temperature at which our material works is one of the greatest ad- 69 vantages it possesses. material, but there is & bornness, this specimen passed from the machine at once over the drum, yet you see it has not lost its centre. With gutta-percha we could not have done it; it would have been a perfect impossibility ; but the committee can try pieces at any time in boiling water ; and they will also find that it does not lose its insulating power, even up to 150°. 1709. At what temperature would you propose to put it upon the Gibraltar core ?— I should like to ask the gentlemen who are preparing me a table of all these little matters; I haven't them at present with me. 1710. You have persons assisting in your experi- ments ?—Yes, at Messrs. W. Warne and Со. ; it is a very large establishment, there are 300 people work- ing there; it is now a waterproofing establishment, but in taking up a thing of this kind largely they would probably do away with the waterproofing branch of their business, and throw a large force upon the insulating material. 1711. If there is a demand for it ?—Y es ; and if not, they have their business still going on. We may call it & stubborn great advantage in its stub- 1712. Have you made any experiments for the pur- pose of showing the inductive capacity of this ma- terial ?— There have been experiments made by Mr. Varley, aud he tells me that he entertains very good hope of it, but the experiments are not in à state that they could be mentioned at present, they have not arrived at any very conclusive results ; he says he believes that the induction will be lessened, My own idea always was that by producing a thoroughly good insulator, in long distances you could use a much smaller core, that is a smaller conductor ; for I imagined that the reason why a very large core cf copper was required was that it required a larger amount of electricity to compensate, for the great leakage ; that was the crude idea that I formed, and this was how I was led on to attempt the dis- covery of a very perfect insulntor; I do not pretend to be an electrician at all. Adjourned till To-morrow at One o'clock. — '''-————9À—— — Thursday, 15th December 1859. PRESENT ; Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. SAWARD. Mr. VARLEY. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. WILDMAN WHITEHOUSE, Esq., examined. 1713. (Chairman.) What is your profession ? — I am a member of the College of Surgeons, but not now practising ; lately I have devoted myself to eleetro-telegraphy, and that must be called my profes- sion. 1714. I believe you have given great attention to electrical questions, and especially to deep-sea tele- graphy for some years ?—Y es, I have. 1715. Since when ?—For the last eight or nine years. 1716. I believe you made experiments with Mr. Brett ?—I did. One of the Mediterranean cables, for which Mr. Brett was the contractor, was the first one that I experimented upon. The object of my ex- periments was to determine as many points as I could connected with deep-sea telegraphy ; the laws of retardation, and induction, and the most suitable form of instruments to be used ; in fact, I spent almost night and day for three years, working constantly, in trying to determine all the points that I could. 1717. What was the longest of the cables that you experimented upon previous to 1856 ?— 160 miles was the length of the cable, as well as I remember, containing six wires. 1718. Was that cable coiled ?— Yes, it was coiled in a tank at Messrs. Glass and Elliott's works, at Greenwich. 1719. What were the general results of those ex- periments ?—It is difficult to give them in a few words. The first object was to ascertain, as nearly ag I could, the law governing the retardation of the current at different distances, in order that I might discover the limits, if any, beyond which deep sea telegraphy would cease to be practically attainable. 1720. (Mr. Varley.) I think you said that the cables were 160 miles in length upon which you ex- perimented ; did not you experiment upon a greater length than that ?—Ata later period I did, but not at that time. 1721. Was each wire 160 miles in length ?—166 miles, I think, was the exact length. й 1722. (Chairman.) Did you join the wires to- I3 for it is not influenced by heat so much : Mr. L. Wray. 14 Dec. 1859. "V. Whitehouse, Es. 15 Dec. 1859. W.Whitehouse, | Es. 15 Dec. 1859. — 70 gether ? — Yes, I joined them together. The whole cable was 166 miles in length, and it contained six insulated conductors. 1723. Therefore you got six times that length? Yes. 1724. What was the nature of your experiments ? —The first was with regard to the velocity of the electric current under varying circumstances, trying the length of time that it occupied in travelling the 166 miles, then comparing it with the time required for two lengths of 166 miles, and three, four, five, and six lengths. 1725. Were the results satisfactory ?—They were remarkable, certainly, and their invariable uniformity under like conditions was in the highest degree satis- factory. I experimented upon different forms of cur- rent, and upon different modes of using the same form. I mean the voltaic current as continuously employed by interruptions or repetitions of similar currents, or otherwise, alternately, a positive and a negative. Then I tried the magneto-electric current from the in- duction process, and from permanent magnets also. My object was to work out, as far as I could practi- cally, the best form of instrument for use in submarine lines, the best form of current and the best mode of using it. 1726. What result did you come to?—I found that the voltaic current was at first very difficult to use with advantage in so long a length, rapidly. I found that its rate of transmission was slower than the magneto-electric current ; I found if used in repetition instead of alternating, that the charge of one current was blended with the charge of the next current, and that it came out almost as a continuous discharge at the other end of the whole length of the cable. I had, in some of the experiments, a seconds pendulum beating, giving the contact every second at one end of the circuit, which gave the voltaic current punctually as the pendulum beat ; at the end of the whole distance, through the six wires joined up in a single length, it came out as a continuous discharge, without interruption. ‘There was no variation in the current perceptible on the galvanometer receiving it, so that І then tried reversing, making the pendulum reverse the current at each beat one second positive and one second negative ; I could then get distinct signals through the whole distance from that end, the negative current discharged the remains of the preceding positive current, and left the wire com- paratively empty and ready for another current, so that you got a small portion of each current ; a consi- derable portion of the current was consumed in dis- charging the preceding one; but a portion passed through the cable and was perceptible as a signal through the whole distance. 1727. Did you employ weak currents or strong currents ?—The widest range which I had at my dis- оза]. 1728. (Мт. Varley.) Can you state the limits that you started from ?—] started from a single pair, the size of a sixpence, and I recorded signals through 1,000 miles with that distinctly, beating seconds alter- nately. I think the highest number of cells I had was 360, of the ordinary zinc and copper plates. 1729. What sized plates ?—I used four-inch, the usual size. 1730. How were they charged ?— They were charged with acid ; it was the ordinary sand battery, such as is used at the gutta-percha works. 1731. (Chairman.) You also tried, you say, the magneto-electro currents ?—Yes ; I tried the voltaic current, beginning with the very weakest I could send. It required an exceedingly sensitive instrument and very perfect adjustment to show anything from a single pair. Then I gradually increased the num- ber of pairs till I got to 360. I tried as far asI could to get at the ratio of the velocities of those different powers. 1732. With what general result was that experi- ment attended ? Of which current was the velocity the greater 7— Up to а certain point there seemed to MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE be a question whether a sufficient amount of current arrived to actuate the instrument. It was rather a matter of the arrival of a portion of the current than the arrival of the maximum current, because beyond that no increase in amount or intensity appeared to augment the velocity at all. With about 18 or 20 cells I always found the slips recorded as high a ve- locity as with 360 cells ; below this the observations were extremely critical and liable to instrumental error. 1733. You required a more delicate instrument ?— I required a more delicate instrument. Although I could adjust the instrument to receive a signal from a single cell through 1,000 miles, yet I could not de- pend upon its accuracy to a minute fraction of a second for measurement of time. 1734. (Mr. Saward.) Were those signals received by relay ?—Entirely. I have records of hundreds. 1735. (Chairman.) Will you be good enough to communicate those records ?—Yes. In order to ensure accuracy I made the current on leaving the battery before entering the cable pass through a relay to make its mark, and on leaving the cable and entering the earth it passed through another relay, and made its mark; these marks were made by two styles on the same slip of paper. 1736. Was that in order to measure the speed of its travelling ?—Yes, the recording mark was the electro- chemical decomposition. 1737. (Mr. Varley.) You have not stated the size of the wire nor what form the insulating material was ?—l[t was an ordinary sixteen gauge wire, double covered with gutta-percha of the usual thickness. 1738. ( Chairman.) Were the wires joined together at the ends ?—I had the command of the whole of the twelve ends ; I could either make them go in circuit in the same direction or alternate them in opposite directions ; I could test the effect of those different arrangements one against the other. 1739. (Mr. Varley.) What was about the speed that you obtained with the six times 166 miles in one continuous circuit with the battery power? -A re- tardation of about 24 seconds. 1740. What was the relative speed of the different battery power used compared with the magneto current? — The magneto currents was usually from 24 to 3 times as rapid as the voltaic. 1741. If I understood you rightly you stated that you found, after you got up to 20 cells, that increasing the number of cells did not alter the speed of the current? Not perceptably. 1742. Did it accelerate it at all? — The 20 cells were sufficient to make the distant relay respond readily with moderately careful adjustment, and it required no subsequent adjustment at all. The ex- periments were perfectly satisfactory, and the velocity seemed to be the same from 20 cells to 360 ; it is true that I was working then with the sand battery, which has so much resistance ; although you multiply the cells you do not increase the current in the same ratio. 1743. I should have anticipated with 300 cells you ought to have noticed a retardation of the speed ?— J did not in any instance observe an increased re- tardation as the result of increased battery force. The slips are all marked with the memoranda taken at the time, showing exactly what was used. 1744. Do you think increasing the surface is objec- tionable ?—I do not; but I think there may be a limit beyond which if you increase it you fail to attain any proportionate results. 1745. Supposing you increase the surface to an infinity of plates whose surface is a mile square; do you think you would do any harm by decreasing your speed if you had proper insulation ?—I do not under- stand the meaning of the question. 1746. Supposing you increase the surface infinitely great, merely keeping the same number for tension, do you think you would cause retardation or weaken- ing of the signals through the cable ?—I do not think so ; the general results of my experiments have gone SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITEE. | 71 iu the opposite direction; whenever I have used in- duction coils with a larger secondary wire than before I have got a more rapid current in every instance, when I have not sacrificed the adequate amount of intensity. You must have a certain amount of in- tensity to overcome the resistance of the circuit, and if you go beyond that amount of intensity you retard your current ; in the first few miles you get a more rapid current, and in the last part of a long line it exhausts itself much more rapidly, the retardation being under those circumstances nearly as the square of the distance. 1747. You are alluding now to small-sized plates ? —In this instance I was speaking rather of the in- duction coil current, because I could not vary the size of the plates adequately in the voltaic battery ; but I was able to avail myself of coil currents of various characters, depending upon the sectional area and length of the secondary wire employed in the coil. 1748. In the sand batteries, not when you use the resistance battery ?— The results were very re- markable, when I came to use the induction coil current, the secondary wire of which was 40 gauge, the early part of the journey was very rapidly tra- velled, while the latter part was even at a slower rate than the sand battery. Iam speaking of the rate of retardation of induction coil currents; I was going to say of different sectional areas, but having been generated in a secondary wire of a different size, I found that the current generated in a 40 gauge wire travelled very rapidly the early part of its journey, the first 100 or 150 miles, but after it had travelled 1,000 or 1,200 miles, it charged the wire even more slowly than the ordinary voltaic current that I had been using, whereas a current generated in a wire of larger gauge, 28 gauge for the secondary wire for instance, would traverse the cable with equal rapidity for a much greater distance, and did not get exhausted so quickly ; in fact, I have found it capable of charging à much greater amount of surface. I was, therefore, led to have the secondary wire for the At- lantic coils unusually large, as you probably know. 1749. What was the size of the wires in those secondary coils ?—18 gauge in the secondary. 1750. And in the primary ?— The primary wire upon each pair of coils consisted of forty-eight 14 gauge wires, arranged in parallel circuits as one large wire. 1751. Of what length ?—About 100 yards each. 1752. (Chairman.) I believe you subsequently ex- perimented upon the gutta-percha covered subter- ranean wires of the Magnetic Company ?—I did; we had but very few experiments upon them, and they were not very satisfactory ones. When the wires of a company are in constant use commercially, and the stations are at a distance from each other, it is difficult to get a satisfactory experiment ; you cannot be certain, not being at both ends, that the arrange- ments at the other end are what you wish. Some- times an earth wire is left in imperfect connexion with the circuit, which defeats your object entirely. 1753. You formed a circuit of nearly 2,000 miles, did not you ?—Yes. | 1754. Did you arrive at similar results generally with those in the other case ?—We were not able so carefully to test the velocity. We had a galvanometer put in at each junction, so that we could trace the progress of the wave from end to end ; we were able then by a relay put in circuit at our end, to record through the whole length of the 2,000 miles. 1755. Do you consider that such a circuit repre- sents faithfully a submarine circuit ?—Not rigidly; it represents the nearest approach that we could get toit. Wires buried in the earth are subject to induc- tion of the same character as those submerged in the ocean, though not to the same degree ; it was very difficult without comparison to tell exactly how much less the inductive influence would be felt in those wires. | i 1756. Were those experiments mado with battery power, or magneto-electric currents ?— Magnetic electricity derived from induction coils. 1757. (Mr. Saward.) Generated by Smce’s bat- teries ?——Yes ; and also one of Groves’. 1758. (Chairman.) What were the induction coils ? —They were induction coils of my own; the pecu- liarity of them consisted in the secondary wire being placed next to the iron instead of outside, and the primary over that, as I had found by actual experi- ment that that arrangement will give you a much greater quantity of electricity with less intensity, and that is what I wished to get. 1759. (Mr. Varley.) With regard to under-ground wires you stated that you thought when they were joined up at the distant end you were not sure that your request had always been complied with, and that you had the wires joined up as you desired them ?-— It may have been so ; indeed I know by testing that the wires had been joined up as desired, but as I was not on the spot to see that every arrangement was perfect, and that the conditions were carefully main- tained during the experiment, it would have been more satisfactory to me had it been repeated with greater care. 1760. Would not your galvanometer show whether they were right or not ?—Yes, to a certain extent; but I could not be sure whether something had not hap- pened during our experiment at the other end diminishing our circuit. 1761. The earth would be a total one or a known wire in the office unless the office was extremely slovenly, or a wire being connected with one of the terminals or else the insulation, the testing box, whatever they used at the other end must have been imperfect ?—There are other things that might have occurred, there might have been some imperfect in- sulation between the wires that I know nothing about, it might never have been detected in the ordinary working of their instruments ; it would require ex- treme care and repeated testings to ascertain it, but for such an experiment as this, one ought to have been at both ends; I ought to have gone to the other end to have tested everything there first. 1762. Have you reason to suppose that any such fault existed ?—I was not perfectly satisfied with the result, it was too brilliantly successful in point of speed; in truth the experiment was hastily made, it lasted a very short time, and I felt the necessity of repeating it again and again before we relied upon the result; so far as a mere preliminary experiment goes, it was satisfactory. | | 1763. Can you give any idea of the speed of tran mission of the current through that line of 2,000 miles ; I mean the length of time each current took ; the speed of transmitting words ?—I cannot tell you the speed of transmitting words; the induction coils were made to reverse the current alternately ; the relay at the distant end was made to reverse the contact, it was merely enough to work a Morse in- strument, so that every reversal of current gave us & dot. 1764. (Mr. Saward.) What was the form of sige nals used on that occasion ?——Mere dots. 1765. How did you get your time ?—It was counted by the minute ; you could make so many dots in & minute. We got a large number of dots in a minute. i (Mr. Varley.) Did you try different lengths ? —Yes. 1767. Will you be good enough to give us those results ?—We had only two evenings to try the ex- periments on those wires, and on neither evening had we all the time I could have wished. It was very late before we could get possession of the wires. 1768. You did not transmit any words through the length of 2,000 miles ?—No ; we did not attempt it ; we had not arranged any code for transmitting. We used simply a reversing the key to work the induction coils. l 1769. Were the induction coils that you used upon that occasion similar in construction (I do not mean I 4 W. Whitehouse, Esq. . 15 Dec. 1859. 72 W. Whitehouse, as to the size of the wire) to those subsequently used Esq. — — 15 Dec. 1859. for working the Atlantic cable, or were they simple Rhumhorff coils ?—They were similar in construc- tion to those used for the Atlantic, but smaller in size, and with solid iron bars instead of cylinders. 1770. Were those solid bars joined together in & continuous iron loop rope ?—Y' es, at each end. 7171. (Mr. Saward.) How many waves of elec- tricity did you succeed in getting through per minute ? —We got two, and two and a half a second ; but I was not quite certain whether, during the whole of that experiment, the last 400 mile loop of the circuit was perfect. I do not think it was. I think there was during the most apparently successful part of the experiment from some cause, lateral contact, pro- ducing short circuit between the ends of that loop. 1772. (Mr. Varley.) 'That was two and a half reversals, which if converted into dots, would have been one and a quarter dots ?—If converted into dots in your usual way. If you require a positive and a negative to make a dot, it would have been a dot and a quarter; but on that occasion we made every reversal print a dot. 1773. Did you attempt dots and dashes ?—In truth the instrument would not give dashes ; it was merely to record the number of currents. It would not have been able to give dashes; it was not so arranged. 1774. Did you at a subsequent period try ex- periments over shorter lengths of subterreanean or submarine wires ?—I tried every length I could get of submarine wires down to four or five miles, as the Atlantic cable was made from time to time. 1775. Were not some experiments tried between Dublin and London with regard to printing ?—I spoke on another occasion direct from London to Dublin. 1776. Did you transmit dots, letters, or words ?— It was a dial instrument, and every reversal of the current threw it one step forward ; we did not try to signal words. I had only about ten minutes or a quarter of an hour, when the time came to put the instrument in circuit. 1777. You merely sent reversals through ? —We sent alternately currents received upon a relay to ac- tuate a step-by-step dial instrument. The total length of circuit was 660 miles, all subterranean or submarine. 1778. At what speed did you get your reversals through it ?—I can hardly tell you ; I have no accu- rate account. I am quite sure that we got them through аз quickly as one in a second; that was the longest length of subterranean or submarine wire at that time laid down. 1779. Do not you think there would be a great deal of difference, between the simple transmission of ‘reversals at equal periods, and the transmission of signals, requiring unequal times; for instance, such as would be required for the transmission of dots, dashes, and spaces in the ordinary Morse Alphabet ?— There is the greatest difference the moment you begin to make your signals irregular, either in duration of time or strength of current; you introduce another element; you get your wire discharging itself un- equally, and you are very apt indeed to lose & part of the signal; it requires very careful adjustment, and you are obliged to compensate, as it were, for the difference that time has introduced ; you send into the wire, currents equal in amount; you send a second current, and if you give them an unequal time to dis- charge themselves, you are obliged to introduce some System of compensation, in order that the currents may arrive at the other end in equal strength, without interfering with one another. 1780. Do you think the simple reversal of currents, and the formation of dots at the distant end would give any clue, as to the speed of transmission that may be expected through a line of 2000 miles, similar to the one you experimented upon ?—Yes, practically the very best clue you can get, but you must make proper allowance. I marked that carefully as to what allowance we had to make, and I found where I could get through a certain number of dots, I could not get through more than a certain number of the usual MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE concerted signals at varying intervals. Having found the number of equalreversals I could get through in equal time, I could deduce from that, in what time I could work off the alphabet; there was about 12 per cent. difference ; for instance, if I could get through 100 equal signals at equal times, I must reduce the speed of the instrument to 88, when I came to work the alphabet. I do not think there was a greater difference than that ; but it was when the currents were compensated in the way I speak of, which requires extremely careful arrangement. In the Atlantic instruments there was arranged a system of compensation, which would take off from any given signal just so much as would allow for the lapse of time. 1781. (Chairman.) Did you find the results at which you arrived in your experiments upon those subterranean and submarine wires corroborated by the experiments which you subsequently made upon the Atlantic cable ?— Most perfectly; we got 120 signals through from Newfoundland by these induc- tion coils in a minute. 1782. Were those signals or words ?— Simply re- versals ; we never got words through at that rate; those were the quickest signals that we ever had. 1783. Those were merely reversals ?— Les; that was their way of calling us; on some occasions we could see that they were trying their instruments, and it gave us the opportunity of adjusting ours, when they came to send words they did not attempt to send them as fast as that ; I always explained to the clerks that it required a lower speed, and they knew exactly how much slower to work. | 1784. (Mr. Varley.) When you say that you had 120 reversals a minute, do you mean 60 positive and 60 negative ?—Yes, the highest speed of words we ever got actually was two words and three quarters per minute. I have an exact record of it, I think it is 41 words in fifteen minutes, it was a message oc- cupying 15 minutes, which came through at the rate of two words and three quarters a minute, with spaces between the letters, and double spaces between the words. 1785. The usual allowance of spaces ?—Yes. 1786. Do you think that speed could be maintained throughout the day without interruption ? — They .could have worked faster than that— the currents came faster than that—with ease, for the instruments when they got 120 reversals in a minute could have sent four words easily by our arrangement with the antecedent compensation that I introduced. The mode adopted was, the induction coils gave us at every reversal of the primary current, of course, an equal amount of secondary current ; but when they were to makeadash, this, occupying time, required that there should be the compensation. I had so ar- ranged that the key to the instrument making the dash produced the compensation exactly to the amount that was required ; we could arrange or adjust it so that there should be either more or less compensation. I could see on the mirror galvanometer distinctly on one occasion that they had overdone their compen- sation in Newfoundland, and I sent them word. 1787. Was the over compensation by putting resis- tance into the circuit or cutting out some wire ?—No, cutting out or neutralizing too much of the current. The truth is, if you send equal currents into an empty wire, or & wire which is charged with the pre- vious current, they will travel at different speeds; the new current which is to charge the wire will, if it go into an empty wire, tell its tale more quickly, it would tread upon the heels of the previous signal in working too quickly, and wipe out a part of the previous signal. To prevent that, I had to send in a small fraction of the current preceding, and I had to make antecedent compensation in that way, because I found that they travelled at different velocities. These facts came out very curiously in some experi- ments I was making at Keyham, and they were borne out when the line was laid across the Atlantic. _ Currents of equal strength from the same apparatus SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. will travel at different speeds, in accordance with the antecedent state of the wire, so that the mere varying lapse of time alters the rate of travelling of different signals. 1788. Suppose the wire be charged with positive electricity, and you are sending a positive signal after that, will that increase or decrease the speed ?—I never did that; the construction of these instruments was such that it must always be a negative current to go next. 1789. Would the signal go quicker when the wire was empty or when it was partly negative ?—Quicker when empty. In fact, it was to retard the current and prevent it taking off the end of the dash, that I designed the antecedent compensation on purpose to remedy it, and put it into its place again. 1790. Do you think that system of compensation could be depended upon for that purpose Les, most perfectly; and when once arranged, it is the casiest thing in the world. It is a mere piece of mechanical clock work, which acts automically the instant you put down the key, and releases itself at the proper time. 1791. (Chairman.) It is entirely self-acting ?— Entirely, without that arrangement our limitation of speed is much greater. 1792. (Mr. Saward.) Is it attached to the working key ?— Yes ; it is in fact a part of the key; the dif- ference between simple reversals and working signals is much greater than 12 per cent. unless you ean com- pensate in that way. With great accuracy of com- pensation you make the working speed nearly approach to the most rapid reversals, so that when we got 120 reversals through in a ininute, we could have signalled words at high speed if very accurately compensated in that way ; but without such compensation there would have been a reduction of speed to the extent of probably upwards of 40 per cent. required to signal words. | 1793. (Mr. Varley.) Did you allow two currents for a dash ?—The same time as two currents ; we send a positive, and allow a lapse of time for what would have been the next negative. 1794. It was occupying the interval of three cur- rents with one positive and one negative ? — Yes. 1795. Did I understand you rightly to say when you were sending a succession of dota, take the letter V, which is composed of three dots and a dash, that the wire is empty after making the first dot ?—No, because the blank and space following that dot has been produced by a current. 1796. It is a longer blauk than usual, as if you were beginning a new word ?—We will assume that all the currents are short circuited for four or five seconds before commencing a despatch. If then the first signal required were a dot, it is necessary that in this empty state of the wire it should be compen- sated antecedently, else it would be converted into a dash by marking too soon. 1797. On producing your first dot you send in a current which produces its mark, and then you send in after that dot a short portion of the opposite cur- rent ?—An equal amount exactly, in order to terminate the dot at the proper time. 1798. An equal amount, and a little morc, do not you ?—We send in the alternate currents as they come from the induction coils to make the dots; when you ` come to the difference of time between the dot and the dash, you must compensate for them. 1799. You do not compensate for the spaces ?— We compensate for them by the key exactly as we do for the dash, while the dots produce them- selves ; you have two keys at work; each key is held with the mechanism exactly the right length of time ; you could not put it down before the proper time, at the time when the change took place the key was released ; you could only raise it again at the proper time ; there was the same mechanism for the dash key, and the blank key. If you printed the end of a word, you kept the blank key-down during two inter- vals, the letter-space being one interval; the word- 78 Space two intervals which would have occupied the W. Whitehouse, time of four currents; it is an extremely simple arrangement. 1800. In that way you got two and three-quarter words in a minute ?—Yes, and we could have easily sent a good deal more ; there was plenty of strength in the signals. | 1801. With the battery what was the speed through that cable? — I am almost afraid to say; we had six, eight, and ten seconds for contaet with Daniell's battery, before they could receive the shortest signal. 1802. What Daniell's battery was that? We began with 480 pairs, and then I reduced them, arranging them for quantity, so that we worked from 25 to 50 cells, but never more. 1803. With 50 cells of what surface ? — 'These batteries of Professor Thompson's were about 12 by 9, or something of that sort. 1804. Did you get the dots through in nine seconds? —It required 20 seconds to make a single dot, 10 seconds positive current to indicate the dot and 10 seconds negative current to discharge the wire. 1805. For a dash could you work through it ?—It was worked; the Queen's letter went through with the Daniell battery ; we did not send a single message from this side with the induction battery; whereas every message from the other side was sent by the induction coils except these four words, “ Daniell’s now in circuit." Those were the only words that came from Newfoundland, except by my own induc- tion coils and apparatus. 1806. Have you any idea of the speed of a message through, with 50 pairs of Daniell's battery, the number of words in a given space of time ?—I doubt if at any time they exceeded the speed of one word in a minute ; there were many stoppages in it, and many parts required repeating ; they read off by half a de- gree of deflection upon their horizontal galvanometer. 1807. (Mr. Saward.) On the Newfoundland side? —On our side they were almost all read upon Thomp- son's mirror galvanometer. Some were received both by relay and by galvanometer, some came by relay alone; for the greater part of the time afterwards I kept Thompson's in circuit, and threw the relay out of circuit, simply because the other was more con- venient and less liable to derangement in its actiou from the terrestrial currents. I was extreinely pleased with it, and I priuted some messages with my own hand from Thompson’s gnlvanometer ; some of them were recorded by relay with perfect accuracy ; there were several recorded by relay and by Thompson's galvanometer on the same slip, so that there can be a strict comparison, and the relay in one or two instances is quite moreaccurate than the printing from Thompson's instrument. (Several original message slips handed in illustrating these points.) 1808. ( Chairman.) Can you give any idea approxi- mately, of the velocity of the messages received from Daniell’s battery ?—It was with very great difficulty that we could get anything through, as the signals from this end did not produce a deflection at New- foundland of more than half a degree; all that was sent from this side we were obliged to work very slowly ; if they had worked from that side with a Daniell's battery to us, we should have a fair com- parison ; it was not fair to compare the working from the lame side of the cable with the working from the perfect side; we did not get anything like half a word a minute through to them at the best time during my stay at Valentia. 1809. (Mr. Varley.) Do you think a word might have been got through in four minutes with Daniell's battery with such a cable as that if it were perfect ? —Yes ; a word in four minutes could have been easily got if the cable had not been injured. It ought to be done unquestionably. 1810. With regard to the cable at Keyham, did you try any experiments with Daniell’s battery there before it went into the sea ?— Yes, The Daniell's K Esq. — — 15 Dec. 1859. ————— 74 W. Whitehouse, battery was fitted up and used on board the “ Aga- Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. memnon.” | 1811. Did you record any speeds there ?—I tried the velocity. I did not try to record words. 1812. What was the difference of speed that was notieed by the induction coil in the whole Atlantic cable at Keyham, and with Daniell's battery ?— Daniel's battery occupied considerably more than double the time of the induction coil; it never was less than five seconds to get a signal adequately. 1813. And the other ?—A second and three quar- ters. I tried it with extreme care ; I made a great many experiments, taking various lengths. I took the very first movement produced by the Daniell battery on a large sensitive galvanometer. 1814. It was about as one to three ?—Y es. 1815. (Chairman.) Was it the experiment which you made upon the Magnetic Company's wires which induced you to believe that a telegraph could be suc- cessfully laid across the Atlantic ‘—Yes. It was those experiments which conclusively satisfied me by confirming the results of all my previous researches. I can hardly say that I felt satisfied of it beforehand, because that was the first opportunity I had of ex- perimenting on a large scale with wires actually laid down. І relied greatly upon the results obtained in working from London to Dublin 660 miles in a single length, not having the ends brought back again. It is far more satisfactory to work through an actual space than a virtual space, by the wires being brought back again. 1816. What results did you find in these experi- ments ?—Though I was only ten minutes at work, I got signals through rapidly and stronger than I ex- pected. I had sent my assistant to work the instru- ments at Dublin, and he received my signals at Dublin while I received his in London. 1817. You were one of the early promoters of the Atlantie Telegraph, I believe ?—Yes, in conjunction with Sir Charles Bright and Mr. Cyrus Field. 1818. You were concerned in designing the Atlan- tic Telegraph cable, I believe ?—I was very little con- cerned in designing it ; I must disown a good deal of that; Ihad nothing to do with the designing the outside iron wire at all; I sent the committee a specimen of cable which I thought would have answered the pur- pose better. 1819. (Mr. Saward.) Did not you approve of, the electrical conditions of the cable ?—I am responsible for it up to a certain point, but before I gave an opinion at all as to what would be the best kind of insulated conductor, I said, *I want three months for experi- “ment, I do not think that such an important subject “ought to be decided off-hand. I do not say that I “withhold my opinion, but," I said, I do not think it * would be fair to ask my opinion suddenly, in that * way." 1820. Did not you think that a small conductor oitered the best chance of overcoming retardation ?— That is saying rather too much; a large conductor of the size supposed necessary to fulfil the theoretical requirements of the case was deemed impossible of manufacture, and I was asked pointedly this ques- tion, * Do you think it can be done with a conductor * of the usual size?” I said, ** Yes, I am certain it * js possible." "The result has proved that I was correct, but I did not select the size of the con- ductor ; it was rather selected on coramercial grounds. 1821. You would have preferred a sinaller conduc- tor ?—Larger, but not nearly up to the supposed theoretieal requirements, for I had satisfied myself that the law which regulates the size of conductors in over-ground circuits was utterly untenable in rigid application to submarine wires, as proposed by me ; and I still think so from experiments I have recently made, by which I can show the effect of surface in- duction alone in almost annihilating the current as compared with the effect of resistance on the same current. 1822. What were those experiments that you have made recently ?—5ome important ones: taking the MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE magneto-electro currents that I purpose to work with, testing their force through a certain amount of resist- ance with Weber's Dynamometer, or an instrument made on that principle, I got 20? of deflection with a certain amount of force, the needle generating the current revolving at а certain speed. Then, without altering the resistance at all, I increased the surface by induction plates and I lose nineteen-twentieths of the whole current by the mere effect of the surface. 1823. Can you explain how you increase the sur- face ?—By plates of tinfoil insulated by gutta-percha, representing a surface equal to about five miles of the Atlantic cable. of the Atlantic cable you can show the absorption of nineteen-twentieths of the entire current which was I found that in a surface of five miles previously traversing through a resistance equal to about 120 miles of the Atlantie cable, showing that the surface is of immense value in consuming the current. This effect is observable only when the currents are alternately in opposite directions. 1824. Will you describe the apparatus you adopted for those experiments?—It is very simple. A magnetic needle is made to revolve rapidly within a helix. The needle and helix are therefore the generator of currents, which are equal in force and of opposite polarities alternately, positive and negative: although the cur- rents are in opposite directions, yet the deflection pro- duced upon the dynamometer is always in the same direction. With the revolution kept up at a certain speed you command uniformly a certain deflection; maintaining that speed you know that you have got an equal amount of current that will stand for any length of time, like a constant battery. I find that with a given deflection, if you apply to any part of the circuit these induction plates, the induction be- tween the two surfaces is so great as to withdraw from the dynamometer nineteen-twentieths of the whole current, which remains upon the surface of those plates, and is there consumed by the next current, each current in succession consuming its pre- decessor to the extent I have mentioned. 1825. (Mr. Varley.) What was the nature of the apparatus ?—А needle and helix; a needle about 3 iuches in length, and a helix just large enough to take it round with a 36 gauge wire. 1826. What was the length ofthe electric generator? —Very small indeed ; it is about half a mile of 40 gauge wire. 1827. That would be equal to how much of the cable tested *—I hope I have explained myself cor- rectly as to the principle of this apparatus. Perhaps the diagrams which I now present will aid my de- scription. They represent the two modes in which 1 arranged the circuit. There are two ways in which I tried the experiments, and in both the result came out accurately. The first was passing the current before it came to the dynamometer, through a series of induction plates; it passed through one set of plates on one side of the helix, and another set on the other. It had, therefore, to pass through a condenser, so called, before it got to the dynamometer. In that way, nineteen-twentieths of the current were con- sumed. It was more remarkable afterwards, in the arrangement represented by the second diagram, when I took the circuit from this generating helix direct to a dynamometer, and arranged the wire so that you could only throw it into the condenser as a sort of cul de sac outside the circuit. When I did so it still went in the same large proportion into the condenser, although the condenser was not a part of the circuit, and only, so to speak, attached. 1828. How did you apply the dynamometer ? every current passing round the dynamometer in only one direction No; the peculiarity of Weber's dyna- mometer is that though the currents be passed in opposite directions, yet they produced a deflexion in the same direction. Of course, you change the po- larity of both parts at once ; therefore, the deflexion remained in the same direction. The remarkable thing to my mind wasethat though there was perfect continuity in the circuit, from the generator through SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, СЭ the dynamometer, yet the current preferred to go into the condenser to the extent of nineteen-twentieths, just as if the condenser had been made an actual part of the circuit. Thus it became evident that surface induction takes precedence of conduction, and exerts a far greater influence on the results than has generally been supposed. 1829. You said that the tinfoil represented 5 miles of the Atlantic cable ?—Taking the mean of the in- ternal and external surfaces. ‘There were two sheets of the thinnest gutta-percha between the sheet of tinfoil, so that there is more inductive force ; but the surface charged is only that. 1830. It would be something like thirty yards square, would it not, to be a mile of surface ?—The outer surface is a square inch to the running inch of the cable, as near as possible; 144 inches in length give you a square foot as nearly as possible. 1831. You do not think that increasing the size of the conducting wire will materially increase the speed of the transmission of signals ?—I am quite sure that beyond certain limits, which I cannot yet define, the opposite will be the case, unless the quantity of electricity employed be increased in at least an equal ratio. 1832. A statement was made in a printed publica- tion, shortly after the Atlantie Telegraph was esta- blished, to the effect that when the size of the: conductor was increased, the speed would actually be diminished ?—I think I can tell you exactly how that statement arose. Having the cable with six con- ducting wires in it, I was able to use the whole of the six conductors as six parallel conductors, in- creasing the area six-fold, and yet increasing its inductive surface at the same time six-fold. I was conscious that it was not like increasing the sectional area of a single wire six-fold, but increasing its surface only in the proper proportion ; yet the results were so remarkable that I could not but be struck by them. р 1833. ( Chairman.) That produced the retardation? —In every instance, when I used two wires instead of one, the retardation was greater; when I used four it was further increased ; and when I used six it was greater still. It is true that allowance must be made for the increase of surface being greater here than the fair proportion due to mere increase of sectional area would be; but the obvious increase of retardation was such that it at once arrested my attention. I had expected, as others did, aud as some still do confidently, that by increasing the scc- tional area I should have got a higher speed ; at all events, if it had not resulted in increased speed, I expected that by increasing the conducting power I should have got my signals heavier and stronger. I got them weaker and slower, in opposition to all one would have noticed in overground wires. I got literally less current, and, of course, because more remained on the surface. 1834. From that experiment you think that in- creasing the size of the wire would not materially increase the speed ?—-I do not know from what sized wire you propose to start as a minimum, nor am I prepared to say how far you ought to go in that direction ; there are certain limits which would put a stop to it. 1835. Supposing the Atlantic cable was made with a conductor a foot in diameter ?—First, I believe it to be practically impossible to insulate a submarine conductor of such magnitude ; and secondly, if made, I believe that such a cable would consume, by its enormous surface for induction, any amount of current which could be thrown into it from an ordinary battery during rapid signalling. Clearly it would convey а continuous current with a facility strictly proportional to its sectional curve and conductivity, but for rapid signalling I think it would prove a failure. 1836. For theoretical consideration do you think you would increase the speed materially by such an increase of the conductor ?—I think you would have to increase your battery power to a fearful extent, in order to allow for the great loss produced by surface induction. 1837. In intensity ?—Chiefly, but not solely in quantity; unless you did that you would have an absolute loss of working speed. 1838. You have stated that you had requested to be allowed to make certain experiments before you should be asked to pronounce upon the core of the Atlantic telegraph ; will you explain the circumstances which prevented those experiments being: tried ?— Chiefly the lapse of time ; I was then speaking to Mr. Cyrus Field, who was the most active man in the enterprize, and he had so much steam that he could not wait so long as three months, he said, * Pooh, nonsense, why the whole thing will be stopped, the scheme will be put back a twelve- month, cannot you say now that you know that * will do;" I said, “But I cannot at all tell you * that that is the best ; I think that we are bound * to find out what is the best before we go into it." It was then determined that if I took the three months it would lose the year; he then pressed me ubout it and he said, *We hope that you are not “ going to stop the ship in this way,” I had pretty nearly determined that I would not give an opinion, but he extorted the opinion that I was quite willing to say * that it could be done with that," but I was deter- mined to withhold anything like an official opinion till I had made the experiments ; I had got the permission of two companies who had under-ground wires of different sizes running between the same towns to ex- periment during the night, and I could have seen the different ratio of retardation upon those two lengths of wire in similar circumstances, when I should be better qualified to give an opinion. 1839. Did you test the core of the Atlantic tele- €& graph ?—Yes, the whole of it. 1840. When it was completed? During its progress, as it was made in portions. 1841. (Mr. Varley.) It was not tested under water at all, I believe ?—The core was always tested under water. 1842. After it was covered with iron ?—No, there was no opportunity afforded of testing the cable after it was made under water. | 1843. (Chairman.) Did you test it at Messrs. Glass and Elliotts works and at Messrs. Newall's ?——Yes, constantly at both places. 1844. In your opinion at the date when it was rrst completed and coiled on board the Agamemnon in 1857 the cable was electrically perfect at that time ?—I should hardly like to say that it was electrically perfect; I believe it was as perfect as we could get it, under the pressure of the then existing circum- stances. 1845. Was it electrically perfect when it left the gutta-percha works ?—Quite so, although there were variations noticed under our extreme tests, yet it was as perfect as could be made, and far more perfect than any that had been previously made. 1846. (Mr. Varley.) You think that the Atlantic cable underwent some deterioration in the course of manufacture ?—No question about it. 1847. (Chairman.) Inthe manufacture of the outer covering ?— Yes, chiefly from exposure to heat after it was made ; but other sources of injury existed. I will point out one that it was almost impossible to avoid ; during the process of manufacture we found a break of continuity—a most serious thing; after it had been covered and spun into cable, and the cable was coiled in a tank : we thought this was impossible, and we had done our best to render it impossible by using a strand of seven wires, instead of one solid wire ; but on examination we found that there had been a false soldered joint made, not one made in the usual way. 1848. Was that in the copper ?—Yes ; and it was cemented over. It had been most carclessly done. 1849. (Mr. Saward.) Did you trace the defect to the person who made it ? —I showed it to the Gutta- percha Company immediately, and for their sakes I K 2 W. Whitehorse, Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. — —— 76 W. Whitehouse, said no more about it. They made the most searching 15 Dec. 1859. inquiry, adopted the most rigorous precautions, and made it impossible that anything of the sort should take place again. 1850. (Chairman.) What control had they over it — The core was covered in short lengths, and put together with extreme care ; but, in spite of all their watchfulness, this occurred, and the copper wire was soldered by some careless person. 1851. (Mr. Saward.) Do you imagine that that joint was made at the gutta-percha works *—1It was a false joint; a thing made to save trouble after the first covering with gutta-percha, and the lazy rascal just patched it together before it went through the second covering, there was no real joint made. The gutta-percha went over it, and then it went through a second covering, and it was not discovered till it gave out in this way in the tank. I said, ** If any careless * rascal has done that once, he may have done it again; * what are we to do?” There was a length of se- veral hundred miles lying at the gutta-percha works already completed when I detected this flaw. I said, “ I have no confidence in that, unless it is tested?“ They said, * How is it to be tested ?” It was evident that it was no use testing it by the ordinary test for continuity, and I desired it to be tested with a strain, so as to draw these ends asunder. I said, “ We must * put the whole of this under just strain enough to * detect if there is a breach of continuity." 1852. (Chairman.) Was it done ?—Y es. 1853. (Mr. Saward.) What was the strain put upon it ?—I tried a great many experiments to deter- mine how much strain would show these bad joints without producing the least permanent stretch ; of course we could not produce any permanent stretch without injury. I tried to determine by the friction- brake, or some arrangement of that sort, how much strain could be put on to detect any break of con- tinuity that occurred. 1854. Did you detect any other flaws ?—Yes, we had a second. 1855. (Mr. Varley.) Do you remember how much strain you put upon it ?—It was estimated at about 40 pounds. Yet, although you know how many pounds weight you put upon the friction-brake, but you can- not always tell what strain that gives; there is a source of accident you could not determine, and could not avoid. During the process of winding under strain (it could not be wound by hand, it was wound by steam) there was a large drum and a swift, from which the core was to run, when the drum began to be filled with the core, the circumference was small, and the wind- ing took place slowly, and the core came easily off the swift; but as the drum filled, and its circumference got larger, each revolution then took off nearly three times as much from the swift as it would before ; as you came to the small part of the swift, the velocity of rotation increased rapidly, and the speed of the swift was about as much as four times what it was at the be- ginning, so that the friction varied; we had to stop sometimes hecause the swift would be overrun, and there would be jerks, and the inertia then would give the core a stretch, so that it was subjected to a trial that really I should be very sorry to subject a cable to again. 1856. (Mr. Saward.) You think that subsequent experience would lead to very great improvement in respect to the core ?—Yes, I do. 1857. (Chairman.) You detected most of these defects, did not you ?—Yes. In some instances, how- ever, we could not ascertain when the stretching of the eopper wire had taken place, and the contracting power of the gutta-percha was put upon it ; as it could not retract suddenly, it would retract gradually. I have ascertained since, that gutta-percha is to a certain degree plastic, even at a low temperature, and that is, toiny mind, one of the most serious matters connected with the cable; at the same time, if any such point had escaped, it would ultimately force its way through. I have learned that you cannot be careful enough in winding or rewinding, or handling insulated conduc- MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE tors. If you get the copper conductor stretched be- yond what the outside will admit, you are certain to have it find its way, sooner or later, to the outside. The other source of injury to which the cable was exposed, after it left the gutta-percha works, was the heat at Greenwich; the hottest day that we have had for 11 years occurred, while that cable was left exposed to the sun during the whole of a Sunday. 1858. Not placed in tanks ?—In dry tanks; if it had been sheltered properly the heat would not have affected it ; but the gutta-percha was seen on that day oozing out in drops between the iron wires which it was covered with. I have given the sources of acci- dent before it was covered, but this, which was the most serious of all, occurred afterwards. 1859. From the heat to which it was exposed before it was put on board ship in the first instance ? — Yes ; it was actually in process of being coiled on board the Agamemnon when this inquiry from heat occurred. yes 1860. (Mr. Varley.) At Birkenhead was not it put under water ?—Neither at Greenwich nor at Birken- head was it submerged. In fact the cable was supposed at that time to be so tender that they almost thought it ought to be shut up in a glass case to keep it from rusting ; the wire was so thin that there was a great anxiety to keep it from damp or water; the least rust, even half an inch of rust on the cable, it was believed, would have necessarily caused it to have parted at that spot, so that it was most carefully : protected from wet. 1861. (Chairman.) Did you accompany the first expedition for laying the cable ?—No ; I was at one end, at Valentia, keeping up the communication. I did not go out in either the Niagara or the Agamemnon. 1862. You tested the cable after it returned from its unsuccessful voyage in 1857, did not you ?—Yes ; I should like to deal alittle further with the injury at Greenwich, which is, perhaps, the most serious matter of the whole ; if it had been tested under water after that the injury would have been detected, I feel certain. It was an intensely hot day ; the hottest, Mr. Glasier at the Observatory told me, we had had for 11 years; they had sent for me early in the day to say that there was something they could not under- stand about the cable. I found on examining the whole of the upper layer that in parts the gutta- percha was, so to speak, exuding or sweating out in large drops, the size of a pea; it was gutta-percha evidently, softened by heat, and blackened with the tar. 1863. Was not there a serving of hemp outside ? —Yes; but the gutta-percha had forced its way through the hemp and between the iron wires; it was visible upon the outside. I was in the greatest con- sternation at this, because they were actually paying it on board the Agamemnon; they had paid some two to three miles before they noticed this and sent for me ; some had gone on board the Agamemnon that had been burnt or exposed to the sun in this way. Of course it was all most rigidly examined, and 1 took many pieces out, in order to see whether the internal structure was affected. Of course, if the gutta-percha had found its way to the outer surface, it was minus below. I did not know to what extent the injury had gone, whether the gutta-percha had come fron the surface of the core merely, or whether, in fact, the entire core had become plastic inside ; and I cut a great many pieces to examine it ; every piece that I examined showed that the conductor remained cen- tral ; therefore I said, these drops are, so to speak, a film that has been drawn from the outer side of the gutta-percha ; the inner part next to the wire has not been rendered fluid. I.thought that the thermal conducting power of the iron had drawn these drops equally from every part of the surface ; all the worst pieces that I could find I cut out ; in every one the conductor remained central, so that my mind was satisfied that although injury had occurred, it was not so bad as it might have been. I could not see any- where at that time that the cable was so seriously SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. injured as to stop the expedition, because all that was burnt in this way I cut out, and all that was the least suspicious, as far as I could ; and I set aside between 40 and 50 miles on that occasion ; wherever I could I examined it, and I found the conductor remaining central ; that reassured me, however. Since the return of the last expedition and the failure of the cable, I have found other parts of the cable, where the gutta-percha had become plastic, and the conductor, instead of remaining central, had fallen down or been forced laterally through the gutta- percha, and the conductor was in contact with the tarred yarn (specimen handed in). 1863 a. (Mr. Varley.) Do you mean after the cable was put on board ?—The injury was evidently in part at least due to the repeated handling in, being put on board and taken out twice. 1864. (Mr. Saward.) Was not there any precaution against the effects of heat ?—4A shed had been ordered, but it was not built ; the estimates were, I believe, prepared : the only doubt was whether there should be something like a tent hired or a shed built over it. I know the directors had intended a shed to be made, but it was not done. "Then there was extreme ditli- culty in this respect. In those coils of the cable that were exposed to the sun it was not merely the upper layer that was exposed, but the outside of every layer was exposed to be burnt ; and if I had cut out every bit upon which the sun's rays had fallen, we should have had the cable cut up into two mile lengths all through because no flake contained more than two miles, or two miles and a half—so that if I had cut out of the cable completely those pieces that the sun’s rays could have touched, namely, the whole of the top layer, and the outside and the inside of each layer, that would have ruined it. 1865. (Mr. Varley.) Did not you notice any great increase of the escape of the current where the wires had got to the outside at any place ?—I never did till after the return of the expedition trace it to the outside directly ; the gutta-percha itself impregnated the tarred yarn, so that not being tested under water, we did not notice the escape ; you know how difficult it is to get accurate testing when the gutta-percha is exposed to heat. In high temperatures the gutta- percha will, instead of being an insulator, become a conductor. This was being done in July and August, and it was impossible to tell how much was attri- butable to mere temperature, and how much resulted from that sort of accident ; I do not believe any kind of research could have told you how much was due to temperature. 1866. (Mr. Saward.) Reverting to Captain Gal- ton's question, if I understand your feeling upon tlie subject, you had some misgivings as to tlie perfection of the cable before it went to sea the first time? Distinctly, but it was impossible at that time that they could be set at rest, in consequence of the tem- perature ; that is a very important point ; it had been ascertained a year or two before that in. hot weather cables could not be manufactured without a large apparent defect in the insulation. On one occasion at Messrs. Glass and Elliots they thought that some defect had oceurred and that the cable had * gone bad ;" they flooded it with cold water, and instead of showing that it was worse it got better ; the ex- pression was that it was all right again; the lower temperature improved the insulation directly. A similar appearance showed itself at Mr. Newall's works during the manufacture of the Atlantic cable and was reported by me to the directors; he had а steam boiler and an engine in fact where the cable was stored ; it was a most difficult thing to detect whether any deterioration in the insulation had taken place, because the temperature was uniformly high ; they were working, I believe, at times night and day with the steam boiler as well as the engine in the same room that the cable was stored ; a large allow- ance evidently was to be made for the temperature, but no one knew or could determine how much; and it was impossible to say whether, in a given length, 11 the loss of current arose from an absolute fault in the cable, or from the temperature alone; nothing but plunging it into water could have shown that accurately. 1867. (Chairman.) You were not able to do that with the Atlantic cable No; at Messrs. Glass and Elliotts it was equally difficult ; it varied a good deal, and in one short length of cable the effect of temperature was something remarkable ; it showed as much as 64° loss by the detector during the day; and it sometimes went down 21? at night. The cable that had been heated during the day cooled itself at night ; therefore, I saw the utmost effect of the temperature ; that piece, about 6 miles in all, only showed 24? of defect at night. 1868. On board ship was the condition improved? —Little, if indeed at all improved. It had been coiled on board by gas light, a temporary gas-main having been laid from the factory to the ship. There were 30 or 40 men in the hold, working night and day, and all this was going on in July. ‘There was believed to be some heating in the cable also ; at all events the hold was insufferably hot, and it was im- possible, unless it had been flooded, to tell whether the defect arose from defective insulation, or was merely the result of temperature. 1869. 'The temperature in the hold never became improved ?—Not to my knowledge. 1870. In fact on board ship you could not even tell that the cable was electrically perfect ?—I could not. I never could assure myself of its perfection. There was this question of temperature which nobody had worked out perfectly, and which I had not an oppor- tunity of putting to the test there. Nothing but submergence could have ascertained it; it was like the cable some years ago in Glass and Elliott's tank, which during a hot day they said was bad, and the moment it was flooded they found it was perfect. 1871. (Professor Wheatstone.) If you refer to Mr. Glass's evidence, you will see that he says the effect of heat was to make the wire get out of the centre? —Of course it would in a greater or less degree arise in the manner which I have described, if it made the gutta-percha plastic enough. But it would injure the insulation even if the wire remained in the centre. Feeling this difficulty with regard to the effect of temperature on insulation, I made some time previously experiments at the gutta-percha works very carefully indeed. I took two miles of a coil of the very best insulated core they had, which at an uverage temperature was the most perfect we could sclect. I plunged it into a large tank, to which we gradually added warm water, and brought it up to 100°, and that coil of insulated core which was quite perfect at an average temperature, was utterly bad at 100°. We cooled it again, and it regained its perfection. It was as good a core as ever was made ; it was not warmed enough to injure it permanently ; but warmth is quite enough during its continuance to destroy the insulation. 1872. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think that warmth would destroy the centricity of the wire ?—If the con- ductor had not been stretched, I do not think it would injure it seriously ; it has no natural tendency to get out of the centre. 1873. (Chairman.) You had no opportunity, I believe, before the first expedition sailed, of testing the electrical condition of the cable ?—I never had an opportunity of testiug the finished. cable under water at all, till after its final submersion. 1874. When it was coiled at Keyham ; after it returned from its first voyage did you test it ?—I had spoken strongly of the necessity of its being tested uuder water, and some large tanks were built on purpose; at least, they were supposed to be built on purpose, caulked, and pitched, with the idea of making them water-tight; but when the cable was put into the tank it would not hold six inches, of water; the tank being of wood and built on the ground, when it came to have these 2000 tons weight upon it, it gave inevery direction ; the joists and Low were 3 W. Whitehouse, Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. — . — — 78 W. Whitehouse, strained and the planks gaped, so that you could pui Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. your fingers in between them. 1878. It was quite impossible to have tested it under water then ?— Yes, quite; the tank ought to have been dug out in the earth. 1876. When the cold weather came, did you test the cable ?—I was constantly working through it. 1877. Was its insulation more perfect than when it first arrived ?—It was much more perfect ; the cold weather did, as I anticipated, improve its condition materially. 1878. When it was placed on board the ships for the second expedition was it imperfect ?—Do not let me give a false idea ; it was, as far as I could ascer- tain, absolutely free from “faults”; yet the cable ought to have been tested under water, end nothing but such testing as that would have satisfied me that it was absolutely perfect. I beg to hand in a specimen as part of a length which when tested dry showed no defect, nor indeed until after prolonged immersion in water. 1879. (Mr. Saward.) The directors were not aware at that time of the necessity for that testing, were they ?—I think so, else why had they spent 3,000/. in building tanks for that purpose. 1880. They were not made aware of it, were they ? — They had been made aware of it long before, but my opinions had been overruled or forgotten, I suppose. 1881. ‘The directors were not made aware that the cable was in an imperfect state, or assumed to be in an imperfect state ?—'The directors knew that I had wished to test it under water. "This would have removed any doubts or suspicions which had been entertained. 1882. Those suspicions were not communicated to the directors or to myself, were they ?—I must suy that it would have been very invidious and a very thankless office to throw out suspicion, and shake confidence in the cable when I had no direct evidence that it was imperfect, and when my wishes as to testing under water had been entirely frustrated. We could work through it, and though we knew that there was a great loss upon it, in spite of all that it was as perfect probably as any cable that had ever been made. 1883. (Chairman.) What class of tests did you use at Keyham ?—The usual modes of testing ; we were also working through it constantly with our experi- mental iustruments that were to work through the Atlantic ; my chief occupation was preparing these instruments and testing them in every way. 1884. Sometimes it was worked with induction coils and sometimes it was worked with Daniell's battery, was not it? — Professor Thompson worked with Daniel's battery; all the other signals were worked with the induction coils. 1885. (Mr. Varley.) Did you not test the cable before the last expedition ?—Yes, very frequently. 1886. Did not you notice anything to indicate that there were faults much nearer to one end than to the other ?—There were, I am confident, no “ faults ” which could be detected without submersion. There were some parts that I was uneasy about, but I could not prove anything about them. 1887. When I saw the tests that had been made at Valentia, there were some distinct tests of a piece of 1,000 miles, a piece of 500 miles, and a piece of 200 miles, and the whole cable of 2,500 miles, and those tests all pointed to a fault existing about 500 or 600 miles from опе end of the cable? —I know there were some parts not so perfect as others ; we could only find that there was a general imperfection spread over a considerable part ; there was not at that time, I am quite confident, anything like one definite *fault." I always said that a length of 200 miles, one particular coil, was about our worst length; we tested it in various ways, and every part tested equally ; the length in question was divided into four parts, which were each tested from each end ; these were again subdivided and similarly tested with great care, no one part showed more loss than another. It was MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE ‘tHE evident, therefore, that that length was as a whole less perfect than the rest, and it was arranged that it should be the last to come out of the ship in paying out, so as probably not to be used at all. The great loss of cable on the occasion of the first expedition caused this length to be almost entirely payed out ; about 20 miles only being brought home in the Agamemnon. 1888. (Chairman.) You tested the cable imme- diately after it had been submerged, did not you ?— ] did. 1889. In what state was it then ?—It was most difficult to test ; they left their current on at the Newfoundland side for many hours, and during that time we could not test it. 1890. What was the reason for leaving the current on ?—To assure us that it was all right. They were not at that time ready either to send or to receive from us. 1891. (Mr. Saward.) Was that done for some hours or for some days?—I cannot say at this moment. 1892. Would it be for & few hours or a day or two ?—It was almost constantly on with occasional reversals and ship signals till the fourth day. We got a strong deflection by voltaic currents from them until the fourth day, when they began to send currents from the induction coils. 1893. (Chairman.) When the currents first came were they strong ?—Yes ; it was impossible till the reversal came to say that they were not earth cur- rents; when the reversals came then we knew they were keeping up the ship signals; keeping up the current for ten minutes and then at a particular time reversing. When they did not send us the ship signals they sent us this constant current while they were unshipping the instruments and getting them into order. 1894. At first the currents were very good and very strong ?—Yes. 1895. How long was it before they began to show symptoms of weakness ?—As soon as they began to send these coil currents, on the fourth day, we put a relay in circuit, the relay spoke out loud and there did not seem to be any defect at all. 1896. When was the induction coil put into cir- cuit ?—As soon as they took off their battery, and ceased to send the ship signals, they began to send the coil signals. 1897. How long did they send strong currents from the coil signals ?—For several hours they did that; they simply sent us alternate currents, and now and then attempting a letter. They had not at that time got their apparatus in proper order ; they had taken out the experimental one with the coils, and they just kept us alive as it were, counting these signals. The signals were very strong ; they made the relay speak out loud, so that you could hear it across the room. 1898. For how many days did that continue? When we began to find that the relay required adjust- ment constantly, owing to the variation of the terres- trial currents, then we got Thompson’s instrument also ' into circuit, —as far as I can remember two or three days, and we still got signals on the relay sufficient to print perfectly for us to read from ; but we were per- plexed in not being able to speak to them. 1899. Could not they receive any messages from you ?—They did not for several days afterwards. 1900. How many days ?—I have notes of the first day when we established perfect inter-communication with them. 1901. What day was that ?—They continued saying to us we do not receive your signals, we cannot read them, send slower, which showed us evidently that they were not receiving properly from us, and we could not communicate with them ; they then desired us, if we understood them, to send a battery current for five minutes ; of course, as soon as they had stopped, we sent a battery current for five minutes and then a reversal; they could make no mistake, and we opened а communication in that way. I then, from compari- SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. son of the results at both ends of the line, felt certain that there was a fault at our end, aud that therefore we could not work our induction coils with advantage, and I determined to use the lowest intensity we could work with. I arranged for the signals to be worked with 25 cells ; we did work with as many as 50, but never more than 50 by my desire. | 1902. What size of induction coils did you use ?— Five feet. 1903. Do you consider that the strong currents sent from the induction coils produced any bad effect upon the cable ?—Háad the cable been sound, it would have been impossible for the coils to produce any injury; but where injury already exists, there any powerful current will augment the mischief. I do not think that they had previously produced any bad effect, or it would have been manifested at Keyham. The same coils had been used there. 1904. (Mr. Saward.) Would not there be a dif- ference between testing the cable at Keyham and in the water, on account of its being submerged ?—Of course, both in consequence of the penetration of the water under pressure of depth, and also more espe- cially from the fearful strain which the cable had undergone in the process of submersion. 1905. (Chairman.) What was the exact construc- tion of the induction coils ?—Iron cylinders very carefully insulated with gutta-percha, upon which the secondary wire was wound insulated, and over this the primary wire. The induction coils were laid parallel and connected eud to end; the distance of their striking was less than a quarter of an inch. I never got them to strike at a quarter of an inch. 1906. What was the size of the wires ?—Eighteen gauge for the secondary wires, and 48 parallel wires of 14 gauge for the primary; it was a large circuit. 1907. (Vr. Varley.) If I remember rightly, when I saw those coils they gave a spark about a quarter of an inch in the air, and that spark lasted for a consi- derable portion of a second ?—It did, it formed an electric arc. 1908. Do you think that applying such a power as 400 cells of Daniell’s battery would be likely to injure the cable ?— I do; I do not hesitate to say that in my opinion it would injure it far more than a spark from an induction coil; the battery would give you an almost unlimited amount of current in consequence of the duration of the contact. I mean, ns long as you continue the contact, so long you would have tension; with the induction coil current it is limited in amount; its very existence is momentary and cannot be main- tained. 1909. What is the difference during the time the eleetricity is flowing out of the secondary wire ; is the tension capable of giving a spark through the air at a quarter of an inch, and that flying from a battery of equal tension ?—It becomes a mere question of duration and amount. I believe that a far higher tension can be produced in the cable by such a battery than by any single shock or spark from an induction coil. 1910. Do you mean that its tension immediately falls so very much ?—Instantly ; because in relation to the surface to be charged and the conductor to convey the current, the amount of electricity evolved at a single spark is almost insignificant when com- pared with that from a Daniell’s battery. 1911. I have been informed that those who had the misfortune to touch the cable at the time when the eurrent was discharged from the induction coil received so severe a shock that they have been almost ready to faint from it; is that correct ?—Most certainly they would suffer for their carelessness if they touched the conductor or any bare wire; but certainly not if they handled it discreetly by the gutta-percha. If there were a defective place, of course you would get a great deal. We used to get it from the battery at times ; the secondary current, in some way, in spite of good insulation, used to find its way into the battery. ; 79 1912. You said you thought that there was more W. Whitehouse, danger arising from Daniell's battery of 400 cells ; are you aware whether Daniell’s battery of 400 cells will not give a spark that will jump through a greater distance than the 200th of an inch in the air ?—I am perfectly aware that you cannot get the voltaic cur- rent to take the initiative in striking, as a coil does; but under the conditions which we are considering, I believe that you can excite and sustain a much greater electric tension throughout the whole cable by the battery of 400 cells than by a coil. 1913. (Professor Wheatstone.) The face of your induction coil must have been enormously greater than that of a battery of 400 elements ?—Such a battery after contact once made will give you an are with greater tension effects than the coil, and with far greater striking distance. 1914. With Rhumkorffs coil, a spark is much greater than that produced by a continuous current from a battery ?—The spark is longer, but I believe the real power exerted is far less. 1915. (Chairman.) If some slight injury had been produced by the use of the induction coils, would the subsequent use of Daniell’s battery have increased it ? —Suppose a slight injury existed, any strong current would injure it. That was my reason for reducing the use of the Daniell's battery to 50 cells as. the maximum. The Queen's message was sent across by 25 cells at my desire. I set aside the use of the induc- tion coils upon the same principle which induced me to limit the number of Daniell’s battery to 25 pairs. 1916. To what do you attribute the failure of the cable ?—I think the combination of causes I have mentioned, with the subsequent straining and stretch- ing during paying out, is quite sufficient to account for its failure. The risk incurred of stretching the con- ductor is one upon which you can hardly lay too much stress in the frequent winding and unwinding, coiling and uncoiling, in the way I have mentioned. 1917. You mean stretching the conductor by which the copper would have a tendency to be pushed out- side the gutta-percha ?— Yes. The result of this commonly manifests itself by a sudden starting out of the conductor, but it may show itself only after a lapse of time. 1918. Had not the cable remained comparatively perfect for several days until the use of the induction coils ?—No. I do not think you can interpret it in that way. I am quite willing, if it is so, to let it be so. The first time I was able to test after sub- mersion, I found considerable loss upon the cable at the Irish end, and said, * We will go very cautiously to * work about this; we will reduce our intensity ; * we shall probably not be able to signal at all with * these induction coils ; we will use Daniell’s battery, * at the lowest power." 1919. (Mr. Varley.) If you thought the Daniell’s battery more liable to injure the cable than the induc- tion coil, why did not you reduce the power of the induction coil ?—I had not the means of reducing the length of the secondary circuit in the coils, nor could I increase the quantity or duration of their current ; whereas I could reduce and re-arrange the Daniell as I thought necessary. 1920. (Mr. Saward.) Was not the other side using induction coils ?—Entirely, and from the first until Professor Thompson sent out and had the Daniell's put on. 1921. They had no other, had they ?—Every mes- sage came by the induction coil except the four words I have mentioned, without any injury to the cable at that end during the time they were used. The first careful testing made at Newfoundland after the use of the 480 Daniell's cells showed that injury had commenced at that end also. 1922. (Mr. Varley.) You have stated that an in- duction eurrent would be more likely to produce injury at Keyham than under water ?—No ; I think you must have misunderstood me. I said that the immersion under water would not increase its liability to injury from the use of the coils at I А that the Esq. — 15 Dec. 1859. 80 W. Whitehouse, iron would produce induction more than the water, Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. and the iron was equal, at Keyham, as when it was submerged. 1923. The power of the induction coil would be wholly unable to jump through such a thickness of gutta-percha ; it appears to me that it arises from the passage of the current, rather through any moisture that may be in the fault, and not from its power of perforating the gutta-percha ? No; I quite feel with you, and therefore if any fault exist, it is desirable, in order to avoid increasing it, to work with the lowest power you can signal with. I did not put any limit to that; that was the principle I adopted, and suspecting a fault to exist as they did not receive our sig als, I at once disused the induction coil, and reduced the battery power in that way. 1924. You do not suppose that there is any dif- ference between an induction coil or a battery with respect to the electric tension ?—I regard an induc- tion coil somewhat in the light of a unit jar, by which you can throw in a definite amount to the larger jar (the cable), and which being alternately of opposite polarities can never accumulate therein. Whereas a prolonged contact with a powerful battery may sur- charge it even to overflowing. I think it cannot excite in the whole wire anything like the amount of tension that the continued action of the Daniell battery would. 1925. In the case of a dot made with an induction coil, that dot would last for a shorter period than the complete discharge of that coil. You say it lasted for a second, and then made the dot ?—The duration of the secondary current depended upon the revolutions of the commutate which made the primary contacts ; therefore, if working the induction coil at the rate of 120 currents in a minute, it could only be of half a second's duration, because it would be cut short. 1926. Therefore, when you are making a contact for the dot with the induction coil, you have the current on the whole of the duration of the dot ?— Yes, you have half a second contact. 1927. In making a dash you have ouly half a second contact, instead of the longer contact you would have if you had used Daniell’s battery ?— True; half a second’s contact and a pause of a second, during which no current was sent into the wire. We could not make a signal in less than five seconds with Daniell's battery. І think that the lapse of time and the con- tinued contact of the battery charges the whole cable much more highly than a single blow of the induction coil ; at all eventa, this is proved by actual experi- ment; that the very Daniell battery we were using would increase the size of any aperture made by the induction coils fourfold. Where the induction current had produced a certain amount of injury, in a faulty bit of cable purposely subjected to this trial, then the Daniell battery was immediately after applied, and the injury was found to be increased fourfold; that was the result of the experiment. 1928. (Professor Wheatstone.) If you had not em- ployed your induction shocks previously, do you think the Daniell battery would have been sufficient to have produced the effect itself ?—I do; we had made а hole in the gutta-percha on purpose ; in fact, we had pricked it; then, when the induction coil had been put on and a number of currents had passed, and it had done its worst, we put on the Daniell battery and increased it four-fold. 1929. Would putting on the Daniell battery origi- nally have produced the same effect ?—Neither the induction current nor the Daniell would produce the aperture; but when once made, cither alone was sufficient to enlarge it. We made the aperture on purpose, and the current of the Daniell battery without the coils produced this effect three or four times. 1930. (Mr. Varley.) I have noticed this effect in testing gutta-percha under water, passing the current from a battery of excessive tension, the passage of the current softens the gutta-percha and it falls away ; that is the way in which a powerful current will rapidly in- MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE crease the aperture. I want to understand why, as a general impression seems to exist abroad that an induc- tion current would not produce this effect, the induction current lasting for half a second, a current of much higher tension should not produce the same effect as Daniell’s battery lasting the same time ?—JI believe the difference to be due to the incomparably greater heating power of the Daniell. There is also a possibility of its lasting an indefinite length of time ; it is a matter of time as much as anything. 1931. 700 cells were certain to injure a wet surface ? —A80 cells in series were used by Professor Thomp- son's orders upon the Atlantic cable. 1932. Was not that used after the cable failed ?—It was intended to be used when his instruments were ordered before-hand. 1933. I think you have stated that it required five sceonds to get a signal through from Daniell’s battery, five seconds positive and five seconds negative ?—It required at Keyham five seconds before I got a move- ment on the galvanometer, if you charged it, the cable, with either current, it took five seconds before the first deflection was produced by the reversal. 1934, Therefore you could not get dots in less than five seconds ?—There was five seconds retardation, and it required considerably more than that to make a dot and its space. 1935. I asked that question with a view to ascertain the speed obtained by Daniell’s battery ?—Much de- pends upon circumstances, and it is difficult to answer that question; we have no accurate data to proceed upon. It would not be doing justice to the battery current to estimate it, except in the way of comparison of the velo- city with regard to the working speed attainable in either way, inasmuch as it would require special in- struments to do full justice to it, and these we did not possess. 1936. Have you absolute proof of that fact ?—In a variety of instances I have tried it, and always found five seconds at Keyham ; of course, in the Atlantic cable when laid down we could not take signals in that way, as you could not be at both ends at once ; but I have proof that we received 120 currents in a minute from the induction coil; and at that rate, with proper antecedent compensation, we could have sent words at the rate of 100 currents & minute, I am certain of it. I am taking merely the two operations. 1937. Did you try any experiments with the At- lantic cable to see the speed at different lengths ?— Yes, and they corresponded very nearly with those I had made out before at Messrs. Glass and Elliott's, they are as nearly identical as possible. The retar- dation is very nearly in the simple ratio as the distance, not as the square of the distance, and the working speed bears a strict relation to the amount of retarda- tion. 1938. Can you give theresult of those experiments ? —They corresponded so closely with my previous ex- perience, that I did not think it necessary to multiply minute observations and records. I was satisfied with the information derived from the previous experiments. I had made hundreds of other experiments on shorter lengths, on the lengths that Messrs. Glass and Elliott made the year betore. 1939. (Chairman.) I believe you made some ex- periments upon Messrs. Silver’s mode of insulation ? — Yes, I have. 1940. What is your opinion of their mode of insu- lation ?—At first it seemed to be quite perfect, but the specimens which I have had from them have not stood the test of time. From some cause the rubber was softened and became tarry. 1941. Next the wire ?— Yes, apparently beginning at the wire. 1942. (Mr. Varley.) Have you found its insulating powers decrease in consequence ?—It is so altered in its consistence that there is danger of the wires coming through completely. 1943. (Mr. Saward.) Have you tested Messrs. Silver's plan by keeping the current on continuously for a long time. I have been given to understand that . SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. acurrent kept on continuously for alengthened period through wires insulated by their method injures the india-rubber?—I have not made any experiments of that sort. I know if any injury has begun, you are, so to speak, forcing it ; by keeping it constantly charged in that way you ean increase the injury to any amount. 1944. I am not speuking of an intense current or of a weak current, but a current of electricity constantly on ?—I have not tried that, I have tried india-rubber under very considerable pressure for a certain length of time. I think for above a week I kept up the pressure of very nearly a thousand atmospheres upon 4 ten feet length of Messrs. Silver's wire, and it seemed to stand it perfectly. Maintained a pressure of never less than 12,000 Ibs. to the square inch. 1945. ( Chairman.) What thickness was the india- rubber -A 16 gauge wire double covered to gauge 4 inch. 1946. (Mr. Varley.) Did you attempt in any of those experiments to put windows in the apparatus to gee what was going on inside ?—I should have blown the windows out. 1947. That is 3,000 or 4,000 lbs. upon the square inch ?—I know these would have burst. I did not expect to see anything, therefore it did not occur to me to put windows. I have made some other experi- ments with india-rubber, which have surprised ine very much ; I have noticed. that india-rubber on con- tinued immersion in water undergoes a change in its external appearance. I find that india-rubber absorbs water to a very large extent ; I have specimens of native that have absorbed from 12 to 16 per cent. I have other specimens of cold vulcanized iudia- rubber that have been in water 12 weeks, and one spe- cimen has absorbed 124 per cent. of water in that time, but then it was an exceedingly fine film, so that I should have the maximum of absorption saturation in the shortest possible time. 1948. (Mr. Saward.) Was that by mere immer- sion ?——By mere immersion I found that the other larger and thicker sheets absorbed just as much but more slowly in proportion to their thickness ; the greater the surface you have, of course the more rapidly it will absorb. 1949, ( Chairman.) Do you find when it was sub- mitted to pressure that it would imbibe much water ? —I did not try that. I believe the effect to be pro- duced by a chemical rather than a mechanical force. It seems to become hydrated. 1950. (Professor W heatstone.) How did you deter- mine the quantity of absorption ?—By having every piece carefully weighed. 1951. Are you quite sure that the water went through the inner substance of the india-rubber and was not merely adhering to the surface '— First of all I weighed the india-rubber after having dipped it in water for five or ten minutes, and dried it on a soft ‘Turkish towel and then on blotting paper. I got the whole of the surface perfectly dried, and then I weighed it again; this was the standard weight to which I subsequently referred each piece. I then immersed it, and day after day I dried it in exactly the same way and weighed it, noting the increase. 1952. (Chairman.) Have you experimented upon gutta-percha in the same manner ?—Yes, and it does not absorb anything ; I cannot get 250 square inches to absorb a single grain of water: it may be porous, but it is not absorbent; india-rubber is not porous, but is absorbent. 1953. (Professor Wheatstone.) Do you find the in- sulating power of india-rubber affected by this absorption of water ?—That will require a considerable tine to be tried. The insulating power is not ap- parently lessened until the hydration has penetrated completely through the entire substance of the rubber. It does then appear to be a less perfect insulator, but I am not at present prepared to say to what extent. 1954. (Mr. Saward.) Would any insulating medium which can be worked in such a way as not to be 81 passed through tanks of water have that advantage? —Most probably. 1955. (Professor Wheatstone.) What do you con- sider to be the best insulating material ?—Vulcanite, though heretofore there have been difficulties in the practical use of it for wires. I cannot get it to absorb water; the ordinary cold cured vulcanized rubber does absorb water, but I have not found any- thing equal to vulcanite for insulation. 1956. (Mr. Saward.) Are you at all familiar with the article made under Mr. Wray’s patent ?—It is a compound of rubber. 1957. It is a compound of rubber and shellac ?— I have some now under examination by hydraulic pressure and otherwise, and am not yet prepared to ofler an opinion upon it. 1958. (Mr. Varley.) Have you any idea as to the ratio of vuleanite as an insulator when compared with gutta-percha ?—I believe it to be equal to pure and perfectly dry gutta-percha or glass. 1959. (Mr. Saward.) What are the component paris of. vuleanite ?—India-rubber is the basis ; then there is some sulphur compound ; they may vary it. By stopping the baking process early you get the soft vulcanized indis-rubber, and by baking it further you have what is called the hard rubber or vulcanite. 1960. Do not you think that the sulphur would be an objection ?— lts action upon the copper can be avoided entirely by tinning the copper wire. 1961. (.Mr. Varley.) Do not you think the sulphur would ultimately be taken up by the sea-water, and there would be a dauger of leaving the compound porous. In the atmosphere you would have the smell of sulphur very strong ?—Not from the vulcanite. You may have a perfectly polished surface. I have had some for years, aud there is not the slightest appearance of sulphur in the form of bloom upon it, as there is upon the soft vulcanized rubber generally. 1962. My reason for asking the question is because I have used 4 vulcanite éomb for some timo, and after the varnished surface scemed to be worn off the smell from it was very strong ?—I am not aware that it is ever varnished. The constant contact with animal oils or grease may, I think, possibly have pro- duced the effect you mention. I have had vulcanite on purpose to examine carefully into it, and I never saw the least bloom upon the surface. 1963. (Professor Wheatstone.) Is vulcanite flexi- ble enough for coiling ?—It is very resilient ; it is not so flexible as vulcanized rubber. I have seen one specimen of wire beautifully covered, which, I think, is quite as flexible as it need be. 1964. (Chairman.) Who covered it? Mr. Hooper. 1965. (Mr. Varley.) Would it get into. a kink without danger of breaking ?—I think you might snap it possibly by sudden violence. 1966. (Mr. Saward.) Would not it be a bad material to pay out ?—I do not think it would be difficult to pay out safely ; it is just a question that can be determined practically ; it is so good an insu- lator that it is worth while to try. 1967. Do you know anything of its expense ?—I do not. I think the objection to the action of sulphur upon the wire can easily be got over by tinning the wire or coating it with zine. I have seen recently another specimen in which vuleanized soft rubber had been actually made adherent to the metal as perfectly as if it were incorporated with it. You cannot detach it. Mr. Hooper showed me some taps the other day that he used years ago for his ordinary hydraulic beds, and the material had incorporated itself perfectly with the metal. 1968. (.Mr. Saward.) What is your opinion as to the external form of a cable for an Atlantic telegraph? —Distinetly that there ought to be hemp in it; it should be of light specific gravity ; it should neither streteh nor shrink, and should be flexible. 1969. Would a cable of this description meet your view (No. 9), that has steel inside ; would you con- sider that a suitable cable for the Atlantic ?—Yes ; L W. Whitehouse, Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. W. Whitehouse, ' Esq. 15 Dec. 1859. Professor D. E. Hughes. 82 it would bea very good one ; it approaches very nearly the specimen I sent for the Atlantic before it was decided upon. I sent in one with iron wires coated with hemp spun into a strand. 1970. Your ground of objection to the old At- lantic cable was on account of its want of buoyancy ? MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE —Chiefly on account of its specific gravity ; you may add any unlimited amount of iron, but you do not increase its strength, because you load it exacily in the same proportion ; for the Atlantic I should prefer a little more hemp than that. І do not know what specific gravity that is. ` Professor Davip EDWARD HUGHES examined. 1971. (Chairman.) You have had considerable experience in telegraphy ?—Yes ; I have made a great many experiments since I have been in this country upon different submarine cables, more with а view of trying to increase the rapidity of speed through them than with any other object. 1972. Has not the subject of insulation occupied your miud ?—It has; independently of the speed of transmission, the question of insulation has occupied my mind a great deal, because I noticed the faults nearly in all cables. 1973. Have you made experiments upon the question of increasing the speed of electric currents ?— Y es. 1974. Will you give the Committee a description of those experiments The first of them was to increase the speed by reducing the number of signals necessary to produce the letters. I took what was received as so many waves a minute, and then converted them into a greater number of signals. 1975. That is to вау, you formed a sort of vocabulary or new alphabet ?—Yes; that was my object at first, and afterwards I tried to increase the number of signals themselves. I have made experiments through ditferent cables, through the Atlantic, through the Tasmanian, through the Red Sea, through the Den- mark, and different others. 1976. Were those experiments made before the cables were submerged ?— Yes, none after. Those experiments give very different results, and some of those results seem to fully bear out the opinion that a large conductor is far superior as regards speed than a small one. 1977. You do not agree with Mr. Whitehouse in the opinion that he has given upon that subject ?—I do not at all. 1978. Have you found that increasing the size of the conductor has largely increased the inductive etflect ? — No; but I find in practice that I get more speed through a larger conductor than I do through a small one; through the’ same length in fact there is a very great diflerence when we change the observing instruinent, or with different size conductors. 1979. What is the law of that increase of speed which you have discovered ?— can give you the results and the number of speeds that I got through ditlerent lengths of cable; for instance, with the Atlantic cable, of a length of 2,500 miles, I could only get 20 waves or 40 currents in a minute, the size of that conductor was a 14 wire. With the Tasmanian cable, of a length of 240 miles, I could get 150 waves a minute, the size of that wire was 16, it was one solid wire. With the Red Sea cable, of a length of 1,700 knots, nearly 2,000 miles, I could get 30 waves, the size of the wire was No. 11; through 1,000 miles of the same cable I could get 50, and through 500 miles I could get 120in a minute. Through the Den- mark cable, with a No. 16 wire, 300 miles in length, I could get 110 waves ; but in the Atlantic cable I used the induction coil apparatus to get this high speed, with the Red Sea cable I used Daniell’s bat- tery. These were practical results counted in the trausmission of messages; counting mere reversals, I could receive one-third more ; the 20 waves through the Atlantic was arrived at only by using a sensitive relay, whilst the Red Sea was worked same distance easily without relay. 1980. Did you tind the same difference between the speed obtained from the induction coils and from Daniel's battery which Mr. Whitchouse has described? —ldid. I made some experiments whilst I was at Keyham to determine the speed and I found, as he states, that the currents were faster and were according to the experiments which I tried four times faster ; but the battery which he had was not suitable for the experiments, the battery that I used wus a sand bat- tery and not a quantity battery, it did not seem fully to charge the wire. І tried the same experiment on the Red Sea cable, and I found no difference, because I had a battery whose quantity was sufficient. 1981. What was the battery that you tried upon the Red Sea cable ?—Daniell's and a sand battery. 1982. (Professor Wheatstone.) Of how many ele- ments did the battery consist *—I tried several; І worked with 75, 50, 25, aud lower still. 1983. Did you find the speed vary with your battery power? —No, it would depend upon the delicacy of the instrument. I found that I got no more rapidity of speed with the 75 battery than with ten. provided my instrument was delicate enough to work with a current that would come with ten. 1984. In your experiments did you employ the same instrument — Yes, I have used other instru- ments, but they all give the same result. 1985. (Mr. Saward.) In those experiments did you consider the ratio between induction on the ex- ternal circumference and conduction through the cubical content of the copper? No. 1986. Have you considered what the ratio would be in proportiou as you increase your copper between induction on the external circumference and conduc- tion, of course if you increase the size of your copper you increase the induction as well as the conduction ? —Yes. 1987. I am anxious to know in what ratios, re- spectively, those were increased ?—I am not pre- pared to answer that fully ; but I have been making experiments with the view of trying to determine some law that would follow that out; I find that the induction is in exact proportion to the resistance of the conduetor ; therefore, if for instance we have a force of ten, we shall have a proportionate induc- tion, provided the dialectric remains the same under all circumstances ; if we reduce the resistance, we shall reduce the induction, provided we do not increase the size of the conductor ;. if you increase the size of the conductor, you would in a certain degree reduce the induction, provided the same force was used, so that with alarge conductor you will get an increased speed and really less induction, though you have more surface. I think that it is borne out by experience. I think the retardation in cables is not due so much to what we might term induction, as to charge and discharge. 1988. (Chairman.) Do you mean the residual charge ?—Y es, the charge which is absorbed in the gutta-percha. We will say the gutta-percha will rob the current of ten, so that when you put in a reverse current, it will have to be reversed before the other current can be of effect at the other end. 1989. With different sorts of insulators from gutta-percha you will get a different residual charge ? Me get a certain result from every one. I believe myself that there is no limit to the speed in cables ; it is only a question how fast we can neutralize the charge and discharge of the dialectric ; our speed in cables will always be in proportion to the delicacy of the instruments ; ап instrument which only requires five of current will record twice as fast as that which requires ten. 1990. (Mr. Varley.) Supposing you have two apparatuses made exactly alike, but the one requires twice the power to work it compared to the other, and you put on with this second instrument twice the power; if you were sending signals, do you say SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTER. that the speed of transmission then would be reduced to one-half or not; that is to say, with twice the battery power with an instrument of ouly half the sensibility, the same distance, and the same everything else ?—I believe it would be nearly the same, if I understand vou rightly. 1991. You said a short time ago that you believed speed to be independent of the battery power used; that is to say, whether you used 75 cells, 50 cells, or 25 cells, you invariably got the same speed ?—You would, provided you had an instrument proportioned in delicacy to the amount received. 1992. You have not stated what apparatus you used ?—I always used the same to get these results, viz, my printing telegraph, which has an electro- magnet of great rapidity of action, and exceedingly sensitive to small currents, I had other results with different electro-magnets ; with some magnets I got 50 curreuts—other magnets only gave 20— proving at once that it required more to charge it. I believe it will be fully borne out, the first instant you put a current through the cable, instantly, you might say, that there is a current at the other end; the only reason why we do not see u small quantity of charge is because we have no instruments of suflicient delicacy to work it. We have instruments at work which require a certain amount of charge, the current keeps getting gradually from l to its maximum, say 100. A magnet requiring as its smallest amount 50 to move it, you will receive the first instant 1, and the next instant progressively from 1 up to 50; at 50 the magnet moves long after the first portion of the current has arrived. 1993. ( Chairman.) You mean that the velocity of the current depends upon the delicacy of your instru- ments ?— Yes, to perceive small currents. 1994. You think the current is instantaneous ?— I believe so, the most minute portion is, because if a great part is robbed at first by induction it keeps getting stronger and stronger, still there will be a small, it may be an infinitesimal portion arrive the first instant at the other end. 1995. Have you made experiments to prove that ? —Yes, I have made experiments ; I kept increasing the speed, and the current was not lost ; you may send rapid reversals ; if you send rapid reversals, we will say twice a minute, you may get perhaps 60 degrees as the result of each rcversal at the other end, if you halve that and send them in half the time you did before, namely, twice as fast, you may get only half the result; the faster you send them the less result you will get at the other end of the circuit. 1996. (Mr. Varley.) Have you found that as you increased your speed so your deflection decreased in the sume proportion; if you increased your speed from a reversal of once per second to a reversal of two per second then your deflection at the other end varied from 60 degrees to about 30 degrees ; do not you find them respond in a corresponding degree ?—I am not prepared to state just now the exact scale. 1997. Lou are aware of Professor Thompson's experiments, that a current is found to arrive in a line which would describe a curve ; from your state- ment your experiments seem to make it appear that it does not arrive in a curved line but in a straight line ?—1 believe it to be practically a straight line. 1998. The current goes on continually progressing in a straight line ?—Yes, from infinitely nothing up to the degree you wish to get at. 1999. There is a certain period at which it will arrive at its maximum, and that is the end of it ?— Yes; practically. 2000. You are aware that that does not apply with Professor ‘Thompson ?—TI believe so. 3001. He states, upon the result of his experience, that it will take an eternity of time to charge a cable, and consequently it will take an eternity of time before you cau approach to the maximum curve at the distant end ? —I believe that the charge of the cable is in proportion to the resistance of the wire. 2002. You believe that in a given period the cable 83 will arrive at its maximum charge ?—Ycs. according to the resistunce of the wire, to prove that, if we have а galvanometer at the other end, the first instant we touch the battery we see nothing, the next instaut the needle will commence moving from 2 to 6 up to 60, and will never go any more ; it will stay there as long as we have the same current. You do not see any cufve in the movement of the needle, the needle goes gradually up. 2003. You say that it will work continually vp, and then must come to & dead stop ; have you found it to do so ?— Yes, it does. 2004. You have stated that in the Atlantic cable, 2,500 miles, you got 20 waves per minute, was that 20 positive and 20 negative ?—Y es. 2005. Mr. Whitehouse has stated that he got 120 a minute ?—-Yes, I heard him state so; he stated во to me, that he had got that number, and I asked him to show it to me, but the most he could get was 20. 2006. (Chairman.) Was that after the cable was submerged ?—No, before, at Keyham. I think Mr. Whitehouse was speaking of the time it was sub- merged. I never saw it, but I was two or three months at Keyham. — . 2007. (Mr. Varley.) In the Atlantic cable vou say that you got 150 waves a minute. Was thet plus and minus or 150 positive and 150 negative? 300 currents. 2008. With the Red Sea cable you only got 30 waves, that was 2,000 miles, though its conductor was very much larger, do you attribute the low speed to the fact that you used the battery current instead of the induction current ?—Yes ; but I worked this distance easily without relay, which could not be done with the same magnet on the Atlantic, either with coils or battery. 2009. And with the Red Sea cable I understood you to say the induction coil did not increase the speed in any degree ?—It did not. I did not have on so large a quantity as we had on the Atlantic. I had small coils. 2010. What was the size of the secondary wire ?— It was very thin, 28. 2011. You do not think it was to any peculiarity of the construction of the Red Sea cable that caused this difference of speed between it and the Atlantic, a difference as one to four, in the Red Sea cable you got no difference whether you used the induction coil or the battery current ?—' The only reason I say so is because the small experiments I tried would not permit any large induction coil to be used, as I could in the Atlantic cable. I may not have used the proper batteries to try the relative speed. 2012. Are you of opinion with suitable batteries that the speed of the Atlantic cable would have been the same with the battery as with the induction coil current ?—I am of that opinion. 2013. (Mr. Saward.) In constructing those in- duction coils that were used on the Atlantic cable, do you agree with the plan of coiling the primary wire round the iron core ?—I think that can only be deter- mined by experiments. Mr. Whitehouse thinks that to be the best. I have not gone into actual experi- ments totry which is the best. Ido not agree with Mr. Whitehouse that the induction coils could not injure the cable at all. I have worked the coils for some time and they would, as he said, give a spark through a quarter of an inch of air, for a short time, say a second. Now he states that the shortness of the time would prevent its injuring the cable. I do not think so, for this reason, we will take the static electricity, though it lasts only an instant, we may burst the cable with the smallest spark, with the battery of 500 cells the quantity cannot in the slightest degree damage the cable, the question of time has nothing whatever to do with its bursting the cable. 2014. ( Mr. Varley.) Have you known any occasions on which telegraphic wires had been struck by light- ning, and what effect it has had on the gutta-percha wires, which are connected with aerial wires, have you seen any specimens No, I have n 12 Professor D. £. Hauhes. 15 Dec. 1859. Professor N. E. Hughes. 15 Dec. 1859. 84 2015. There is a specimen (handing a specimen of wire to the witness, burst in a series of holes at in- tervals, at about an inch and a half ) ?—Mr. Clark and myself made some experiments with static clectricity upon all the gutta-percha cables that had been made, and we found that they could all be burst with a momentary spark ; we found that they could be burst easily with one spark from the Leyden jar which was charged. 2016. (Chairman.) Is it your opinion that the use of induction coils did injure the Atlantic cable? Yes ; I have found on testing some wet gutta-percha, that it is a worse insulator than the atmosphere; therefore if it is really a worse insulator than the atmosphere under certain conditions, if a spark will go through a quarter of an inch of the atmosphere, it would also go through a quarter of an inch of gutta- percha, this would be reduced by the resistance of the wire ; but if at the other end you disconnected the wire from the earth, and at the same time were sending in currents from this end, then the resistance of the wire would have been infinite. A current will go through gutta-percha if it had sufficient power, which [ believe it had. 2017. Do you consider that a Danicll battery would increase an injury which the induction coils had made ?—-I believe it would, if the injury was near at hand. 2018. Even with a small number of elements ?— No ; it depends altogether upon the number of elements and the resistance introduced. 2019. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think 500 elements would have injured the cable ?—I do not think that 500 clements would have injured the cable. 2020. (Mr. Varley.) I do not believe that 500 elements had been used before the cable had ceased to speak. Isaid as а last resource you cannot make the cable any worse than it is; if we can oxidize it suffi- ciently we may as well do so ?—I believe that was the fact. It is very objectionable to use inductive currents ; what we want is quantity, to fully charge the conductor, and it will not have the effect of destroying the insulation. If my experimenta are correct we shall work just as fast with a large quantity as with high intensity (provided we use instruments sufficiently delicate for the purpose). In the case of the Red Sea cable I got as high a speed with 25 as I did with 75. 2021. (Mr. Saward.) Were those records made on your patented printing instrument ?—Yes. 2022. You have given a good dcal of time wiih a view to adapt that instrument to submarine cables, have you not ?—I have devoted all tke time that is essential. 2023. Do you consider that you have succeeded ?— Ithink so. "The great difficulty which I had with the instrument, which I employed for a sort of rcgistry, was to make every wave produce a letter ; we can only do that by a perfectly synchronous motion, as Professor Wheatstone knows. I have a mechanical arrangement, but the great difficulty on submarine wires is the unequal charge and duration, because in & synchronous motion you must have unequal duration between each letter. In the Morse signals we have three unequal ; we have a dot, then a line and a space, you might say, perhaps, four, countiug the space between words; it is a question of time. 2024. Do you think that each wave will make a letter with your printing apparatus ?—Each wave will print a letter, in fact I have it arranged so that each half wave does, every current printsa letter. 2025. (Mr. Varley.) Suppose you were working by the system generally adopted every positive current produces a mark, but the negative current produces a space. By your arrangement I understand vou re- verse your apparatus after having given a positive current, so that the negative arriving shall pass aside through your apparatus in the opposite direction, and produce the like signal, so that if you could record a letter for every alternate wave and every positive wave you would have twice the speed ?—I have not MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE merely that, but I have speed by the reduction of the number of signals. On the Morse, it would take ten currents for each letter on the average, or the time of it. 2026. For one letter? Les, ten currents; the Morse system would require 25 waves or 50 currents for each word, whilst my system requires but 7. Now, I take one wave on the printing instrument to each letter, one half current, we will say, is necessary to print a letter ; but there is the question of time between each signal, and that loss of time is on the average equal to one half the signal, so that really one and one half current is the time required for each letter. 2027. With your system you have a wheel rotating round, and you have to wait until each letter comes rouud, therefore you require intervals varying from one to three. If you go from Y to X, your wheel must rotate from Y til] it comes to X ?.—Yes, 25 intervals; but from A to B is not the unit of time in my instru- ment. If I took A to B, than I should have 28 dif- ferent intervals of time, the number of time signals in use would be 14. You can print, on the average, from this revolving type-wheel two letters to one re- volution of the type-wheel on the average, taking a newspaper down, that is the average and counting the alphabet. If you were to arrange to print each suc- cessive letter then it would require 14 units of time ; but if you arrange your instrument so that the shortest period of time you can print is from A to A, it would make one complete revolution before it can print one letter at all. You have one revolution to represent the unit of time which is shortest, therefore you have another letter come during another unit, so that you take the half of that and you will have a unit and a half of time. 2028. Can you rely upon the waves coming with such precision and regularity and set your apparatus with such delicacy that you can rely upon the deflec- tion of the wave, so as to use the fourteenth part of a wave for your power in working through such a cable as the Atlantic ?——Yes, perfectly. 2029. IInve you tried any experiments from which you have reason to hope that you will get to such refine ment ?—I have upon the Atlantic and many other cables ; it depended upon the accuracy of the instru- ment in sending the waves, because they always recorded them just as upon an air line; the unequal character of sending different waves, would change the time of their arriving; that was the greatest difiiculty. If I always sent the letter IL, it would always print the letter II. if I stopped one revolution, instead of printing Н. it would print G., though I touched the same key; the reason is because the wires become charged ; the next wave came faster before it came round to II.; that is the great difti- culty, and for which I had to compensate, it is the charge and discharge of the wire, it takes a certain time to charge, and a certain time to discharge ; if that is unequal, and I do not compensate for the time, it will of course become a different time according to the difference of the time allowed ; but I have a mode of compensation which always keeps the wire in the sume state, so that every letter has the same amount to evercome exactly, no matter what the time is, the speed of each one is exactly the same, no matter what the distance is, because the act of charge on the wire is exaetly the same, the only difference caused by the difference of time is because it is charged or discharged higher ; if you keep the wire charged to a certain degree, the wave will alwavs travel in equal times cor- responding to the amount of charge. 2030. Supposing vou get one wave through per second, how fast might vou let your wheel rotate to work it accurately -The wheel would revolve once a second. 2031. Therefore to get any particular letter you would have to rely upon the 28th part of a wave ?— Yes ; I should have, as the smallest amount, one cur- rent ; any addition to this in length would determine the letter intended, SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 2032. And you think you can do that with cer- tainty ?—Yes. 2033. (Professor Wheatstone.) If you send a wave, say the 300th part of a second in duration, from one end of the wire, are you certain that it "would be exactly of the same duration at the other end of the wire ?—Provided there was no charge or discharge; it always depends upon that condition ; if there was no induction and no charge, for instance, if it was an air line, you would get accurately the sume; as they are sent in they must go out, because you can divide a current into hundredths, aud divide those parts into hundredths , and thousandths each; that will be as accurate as before, provided you have some- thing which will register them. 2034. (Chairman.) Can you depend upon a sub- marine line like the Atlantic being always in uniform condition ?—I believe the Atlantic cable can be just as perfect in its condition as any other line. 2035. (Mr. Varley.) Have you done actual work with your apparatus through any submarine lines ?— No ; I have not had an opportuuity. 2036. Is not there a difference in a submarine line after it has been laid as to the regularity of its work- ing: There is the question of equality of temperature, earth currents, and all those things. 2037. The variation of batteries requiring very great sensitiveness in the apparatus ?—Y es. 2038. Taking all those sources of irregularity into consideration, which so embarrass telegraphy at present, do you still think that you can work to the 28th part of а wave ?—Yes. Those causes of irre- gularity at the same moment compensate themselves in the way I use them. I would much rather show you than tell you. 2039. (Mr. Saward.) I believe you obtained that result partially by not working up to the full strength of the current received ?--I did not. 2040. You can eut off a portion. of a current ?—I think I can. explain how the compensation is done. In a ziven case of charge and discharge it takes a certain time to charge up to а given state, “and it takes n certain time to dischar ge; that would represent a given current. If you ‘have instruments by which you can record every portion of the synchronous motion, if you regulate the proportion you put in in proportion to the disehar ge of the cable, you can see that the compensation will be ex сасу the в same, and in every case the cable would be in the same state, yith variation of time between the signals. 2041. (Mr. Varley.) That is, assuming that the intervals between the letters are the same No, not at all. 2042. If there be a longer interval between the letter, during that interval part of the eleetricity will have exc: aped ?-—Yes ; if not compensated for; it is a mere question of time aud mechanical arrangement. 2013. (Chairman.) Have you also turned your attention to the insulation of cables ?—Yes. 2044. Have you adopted a peculiar mode of insula- tion ?—Y es. 2045. Can you describe it ?— First the wire is coated with gutta-percha, or any other insulating medium ; then there is a coating outside of semi-fluid, between that and the outside, that is to restore any mechanical 1 injury that might occur, either in making the cable or auy injury that might occur afterwards. It we eut through the cable at any place, or make a mechanical injury down to the wire, we find that we shall have total loss of insulation as long as the knife B there. This coat of semi-fluid fills up the injury s soon as tlie knife is withdrawn, and the wire will be as perfectly insulated as though the gutta-percha were upon it. 2016. (Mr. Varley.) Was it ever occurred. to you that using such a semi-fluid insulator, if the cable got damaged duri inz the process of manufac ture, it would be hurt for the time, and you would make the injured cable good by that same fluid compound ; have you tricd any means for testing that fact as to remedyi ing it hefore the cable is shipped f— The semi-fluid is pui 85 on with pressure, and any fault in the manufacture would be scen at once by its oozing out; if it restores the injury, it never goes bad again ; it cannot be made to go bad again by any treatment whatever. If there isa fault in this cable, if it is punctured with a needle, or ifthere is a defect in the manufacture at that place, aud it is healed at all, the battery cannot affect it. We have tested it under a pressure equal to 3,000 fathoms at Messrs. Easton and Amos's works, with one foot of the wire laid bare to the water, showing total loss of insulation ; at the end of ten seconds the insulation Was perfectly restored, and could not be made to go bad again. I have kept it under battery for some fourteen months, and it shows not the slightest loss or the slightest deterioration after it has become once healed. 2047. (Mr. Saward.) You only put it forward as an additional precaution, not to supersede all the care that can be taken ?—Not at all. 2048. (Mr. Varley.) Would it not leave a loop- hole for carelessness ?—There is no reason, because you put a safety valve on a boiler that a person should be careless in other respects, and blow up the vessel. 2049. (Chairman.) Have you had this compound chemically examined to see whether it injures gutta- percha ?—I have gone through many experiments myself with that view. 2050. What have those experiments been ?—In the first place, I wanted to test whether it would dissolve gutta-percha in the ordinary temperature, and it will not. ‘This semi-fluid contains not the slightest par- ticle of naphtha, or anything that will injure gutta- percha. The proof of that is, if you take a rotten pipe of gutta-percha that will break to pieces directly you touch it, and submerge it in the semi-fluid, it will become plastic and as good as new. You can restore old gutta-percha by this semi-fluid. 2051. For what period of time have you submitted gutta-percha to this action ?—Thirteen months. It has a peculiarly hard and flexible appearance about it which new gutta-percha has not. 2052. (Mr. Saward.) Are its component parts a secret ?—At present, for commercial reasons. 2053. (Chairman.) Is not it patented ?—Yes ; I have no objection to mention the ingredients to the Committee in private. The insulation of these pieces, immersed in it for 13 months, is far superior to any- thing made at present, so much so, that the wire I have drawn out of these tubes, when tested for insulation, is four times superior to the best gutta- percha. 2054. (Mr. Saward.) What tests did you apply for Шиши. —Static electricity, because it is im- possible on а small scale to test with battery power sufficient. 2055. (Mr. Varley.) Do you find it four times as per- fect as the ordinary double covered gutta-percha ?— Yes ; when a wire is made at the gutta-percha works they are very careful to cut out any faults ; there it goes to the manufacturer and is tested for insulation, and they cut out any faults again ; then it is manu- factured, and if there is any faulty place they cut it out again ; after the cable is laid it is too late to cut out any faults. The object of this compound is to provide some remedy for that ; and no possible sort of injury can occur to the insulation of the wire if the outside covering is not broken, and the insulation of an Atlantie or other cable might be cut through its entire length to the conducting wires, and still remain perfectly insulated. 2056. ( Chairman.) What would be the extra cost of this process ?-—I do not think it would cost any more than the ordinary covering ; the semi-fluid is much cheaper than gutta- -percha. 2057. (Mr. Saward.) Can it be applied in the same way as gutta-percha, on their dies ?— Yes, the Gutta-Percha Company have made two miles with it. 2058. In what manner mechanically is your semi- fluid applied ?—They would not allow me to sce the machinery. 2059. In what length of time does that semi-fluid L 3 Professor D. E. Hughes. 15 Dec. 1859. Professor . D. E. Hughes .15 Dec. 1859. Mr. Ч. .4. Silver. — — 86 material become solid ?— Never so far as I can tell from 13 or 14 months’ experiment. 2060. What etfect has water upon it ?—It will not mix with water at all; you may boil it with water or test it in any way, if you put on 500 or 100 cells of battery you will not see the slightest loss of insu- lation on the injured place. 2061. (Mr. Varley.) Do you think you could arrange it so that in the event of a wire getting out of the centre from heat it would keep the wire sound after the wire has ceased to be in the centre of the insulating. covering ?—I have tried several experi. ments with that view, aud if the wire is covered with yarn and then exposed to heat, the wire, it is true, will fall, but the semi-fluid gets round the wire because of the hemp holding it, and it will not wash away ; the coating is sufficient at that place to hold a film of semi-fluid ; if there was any sort of fear of heat it would be better to coat the inner wire with some sub- stance which would not be affected by heat. 2062. (Chairman.) Does the semi-fluid become very much more fluid with the increase of tempera- ture No, it does not. 2063. It does not alter its condition much from in- crease of temperature ? — No, it does not absorb oxygen from the atmosphere, it is a hydrocarbon, and it has never been frozen yet by any cold whatever. 2064. (Mr. Varley.) You do not anticipate any danger from it in the way of rendering defects for the time being invisible, and so escaping the ordinary tests, and then letting the electric current out ?—In the first place the places that are healed eannot get bad after being once restored ; secondly, it can be very easily tested by applying high statical electricity to the place which will show immediately the effects of the semi-fluid. The insulation by means of the semi- fluid shows also a remarkable low specific inductive capacity ; you have two miles and they are better than any that have been made before. 2065. (Chairman.) You mean the wire made for our experiments ?— Yes, they take less charge and discharge. 2066. Except one ?—Except none; one side of the semi-fluid cable shows less inductive capacity than any other that has yet been made. The wire coated . with 20 coats would take a charge of 25, whilst this mile, with but two coats, would take only a charge of Mr. Носн ADAMS 2072. ( Chairman.) You have turned your attention to the insulation of telegraphic cables by means of india-rubber ?—I have. 2073. Will you describe the process which you recommend for that purpose ?—TI should tell vou, per- haps, that my experience is based upon the manufac- ture of from 70 to 80 miles of wire covered with india-rubber made mile by mile, and almost quarter of mile by quarter of mile, included from опе to two hundred experiments as to the method of applying the india-rubber in the way in which it is done. I cover the wire with spiral laps of india-rubber, one, two, threc, four, or as many more thicknesses as may be desirable, submitting them to a moist heat. The object of submitting the india-rubber to à moist heat is to produce consolidation. 2074. Does the heat which you apply to india- rubber alter its character at all ?—Not at all. 2075. Is the india-rubber, when it is first put on, ‘he pure bottle india-rubber No, not the риге bottle india-rubber ; it is mastieated, manufactured rubber. 2076. You are aware that the copper wires that have been covered by you exhibit a peculiar decom- position of the india-rubber close to the wire in frequent cases?—Some of them do; I have seen gpecimens. < 2077. To what do you attribute the decomposition? I think that an action goes on between the copper and the rubber under certain circumstances when exposed to the atmosphere. ^ MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 20 ; this mile I speak of is now at the Gutta-Percha Company's works, and I presume you will be allowed to test it there. 2067. (Mr. Saward.) During your stay at Keyham did you test the Atlantic cable 7—1 did. 2068. Did you form any opinion as to its insulation, as to whether there was any evidence or appearance of injury or loss ?— The loss seemed to be so great after a certain distance that really you could form no esti- mate; there seemed to be no one faulty place, but it was generally bad. The Red Sea cable was much superior. 2069. Did you form any opinion as to the cause of those indications in the Atlantic cable ?—No ; at the time I thought it was owing to so many joints being made in the cable. 2070. Have you on subsequent reflection, and from & good deal of acquaintance with what has happened, formed any opinion as to the efficiency of the Atlantic cable at the time it went out, as to what the causes of the supposed іпећсіепсу were ?—I think there were three causes ; one was the heat to which it had been exposed, another the numerous joints, and the third the induction coils which had made many imper- ceptible holes, those coils may have been put on when the other end was open, as I have seen it done many times. 2071. Is there nothing in the causes which have led to the disappointment of the Atlantic Telegraph Company which would militate against the perma- nent establishment of a telegraph between Ireland and America in your opinion 7—1 think that we really do not estimate highly enough how well we shall be able to work in the next cable and how easily it will be worked ; the cause of delay in a sub- marine cable is owing to the resistance of the wire, the induction of the current, the imperfect insula- tion, and the number of siguals required for each letter—we shall have the next wire certainly with at least 30 per cent. better copper for conduction, and we shall probably have less resistance by having increased wire ; we shall perhaps have s dialectric that will not take so high a charge, and I hope far superior insulation, therefore under these circum- stances I shall expect to see at least four times the number of currents with the same instruments which we were able to get before. SILVER examined. 2078. Do not you think that that would be detri- mental to its use as an insulator ?—N o, because even in this state it insulates admirably, and the action does not go on when the wire is laid under water or under ground. 2079. Have you observed that if any action goes on, the decomposition increases with time, and therefore is not it a question whether at the end of a sufficiently long time the whole of the india-rubber might not become decomposed, and the wire sink through it to the outer covering I could not answer that question exactly, but I may state that under ground or under water, from my experience, that action does not go on. Aud further, when the action has commenced, its progress is entirely arrested if the wire be placed under water or under ground. 2080. Have you had any india-rubber submerged for a sufficient. period to enable you to decide upon that point ?—For a period of many months. 2081. And no wire so submerged has decomposed in that manner?—No, neither under ground nor under water. 2082. Has no action gone on near the wire which has been submerged ?—None whatever ; it has been perfectly sound and hard; whereas a portion of the identical wire (cut off of the coil from which the lengths were taken and laid under water and under ground) exposed to the atmosphere has softened, and presents the treacle-like appearance referred to. 2083. Will you deseribe the manner in which you lay on the india-rubber ?— The india-rubber is cut SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 87. into strips of varied widths, from half an inch to опе inch. It is then wound round a bobbin which is attached to a machine, —I might term it almost a slide aud pulleys on a drum,—and drawn through a hollow maundrel and the bobbin is made to revolve and deliver the rubber on the wire. There is a drum on the other side which draws the wire through, and that process is multiplied as many times as it may be needtul to do it. 2084. You have no fear that the very large number of joints which take place in your mode of putting on the india-rubber may lead to defective insulation ?— None whatever. 2085. (Mr. Saward.) Is it put on in a state of tension ?—Yes ; this із à specimen of the rubber as it is put on (producing the same). There are sixteen laps of the india-rubber ; I do not mean to say that there are sixteen different tapes, but sixteen different laps. "There are four tapes, each lapping four times. 2086. ( Chairman.) By what experiments have you tried to test the electric capacity of this mode of insulation? My attention has been more directed, I may say entirely directed, to the manufacture of it. I have tried very few experiments electrically. 2087. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have you had any experiments made upon the relative insulating power of india-rubber and gutta-percha ?—No, none to any extent. I am not able to speak upon that subject. 2088. (Chairman.) What led you to consider that india-rubber applied in this way would be so much better than gutta-percha, if you have not had experi- ments made ?—I have heard a great deal upon the suhject. I am not now speaking of my own personal knowledge. 2089. You have consulted other people upon it ?— Yes. 2090. (Mr. Varley.) I tried experiments on a piece of wire containing one hundred joints, and the result as to its insulating power was, that it was seventy times as good as that of the ordinary double covered gutta-percha wire with Chatterton’s com- pound ?—That is a piece of the identical wire to which you refer, and with which we supplied you (producing the same). 2091. ( Chairman.) What number of laps had that wire ?—That had sixteen laps. 2092. Were there sixteen separate layers between the wire and the air ?— There were sixteen separate layers, but only four separate tapes; each tape was lapped four times over and brought back. 2093. Have you had wires covered with this ma- terial submitted to pressure in water ?— Yes. 2094. To what pressure ?—Up to 11,500 lbs. upon the circular inch. 2095. That would be equal to about 14,000 Ibs. upon the square inch. What effect did that produce? —It stood it perfectly ; it was the thinnest film we ever put upon wire. 2096. How was the pressure applied? in what sort of apparatus was the wire tested ?—It was in a tube. 2097. With the ends exposed?—Yees, a current was passed through it during the operation. 2098. Was that calculated pressure or pressure obtained by raising a definite weight ?—Calculated pressure from an index. 2099. The pump did not at the same time raise a dead weight equal to 11,000 lbs.? No. 2100. Did you see anything in the course of these experiments to lead you to the conclusion that any greater amount of pressure than that would cause any alteration in the wire ?—I saw nothing to lead me to that conclusion. | 2101. How long was the pressure continued ?—For about half an hour. 2102. (Mr. Varley.) That is the longest pressure to which you submitted it ?—Y es. 2103. You have stated that it was & very thin film. I presume it was a bladder or something of that sort —No, it was laid on spirally in this way. 2104. ( Chairman.) How many laps would it have? —T wo laps. 2105. Have you made any experiments to see whether india-rubber imbibes water ?—Only the ex- periment I alluded to just now. We had for some six or seven months under water a length of wire some twelve miles or more. 2106. Did you find it imbibe any moisture ?—I found the insulation was as good when we took it out as when we put it in, and from that I infer that it imbibed no moisture. 2107. You have made no definite experiment with а view to ascertain that ?—No. But this question is, I thiuk, practically answered by the various instances on record, such as the india-rubber covered line across the Hull Docks, which has been submerged for about 10 years, and that from Key Haven to Hurst Castle, which are in good working order after being under water for many years. 2108. (Professor Wheatstone.) Mr. Willoughby Smith stated that he had tested some india-rubber covered wire, and found it very faulty ; can you ex- plain the cause of that? He stated in evidence the other day that it was furnished by you to him? — We have not supplied any of our wire to Mr. Smith or the Gutta-Percha Company directly ; if otherwise obtained, and it was found imperfect, it must have sustained some damage after it left our hands. 2109. (Mr. Sawurd.) Mr. Willoughby Smith said, * I have had one mile of Silver's covered wire of * india-rubber, and compared it with a mile of gutta- * percha covered wire of the same size, and in trying * my experiments with the india-rubber core it broke * down after a day's testing. Ithink I had not more “ than one day. I divided the core into five lengths, “ and each length broke down." Then I asked, * Was the same battery power used in each case ?— * Yes. What amount ?— 504 pairs of plates; the * ordinary sand battery ; six inch ?—No, four by * three." Then the chairman asks, * What length * was the wire ?—16 inch copper wire covered to * number 4 gauge. Was Silver’s wire covered by „themselves as a model specimen ?—Yes. To what * do you attribute its giving way ?—I still have the * pieces, and intend to trace out these faults ; I have * not been able to do so yet. Messrs. Siemen's are * trying some experiments at our works. I see they * have half a mile of rubber wire in the canal, which * [ tested the other day, and it seems pretty good ; * but that is only once testing.” Have you any observation to make upon that evidence ?—I cannot say at all where Mr. Smith got the wire from; cer- tainly not from us ; I repeat, we have not supplied any to Mr. Smith or to the Gutta-percha Company. Mr. CHARLES WEST examined. 2110. (Professor Wheatstone.) You are concerned in the manufacture of india-rubber covered wire with Messrs. Silver, I believe? They are working under my patent. Ihave turned my attention to the sub- ject of insulation for many years, and I have always, from the commencement, before gutta-percha was known in this country, used india-rubber, and at that period in manufacturing it I was compelled, as Mr. Silver has described, to put it on the wire by winding it spirally round, in order to make a solid tube of it. I have had recourse to solvents ; sometimes it answered, and at other times it became faulty, so that there was no dependance upon it; in the meantime gutta-percha has come up, and gutta-percha has been extensively used, and india-rubber, from the causes I have stated, lost caste. Aithough I have always found it to be a very excellent insulator when put on correctly yet from the causes I have named, it was thrown aside, especially as gutt®-percha was considered at that period & far better insulator and more easily put on the wires, asit was put on through a die with great facility. In the year 1845—46 I laid a cable across Portsmouth e L 4 Mr. H. A. Silber. 15 Dec. 1859. Mr. C. West. S Mr. C. West. 15 Dec. 1859. 88 harbour, made of india-rubber. That portion of the cable I made for Sir Joseph, then Mr. Paxton, and Mr. Charles Dickens, who were about to start a morn- ing journal. Captain Taylor was with me, and he went over to Paris to get a concession, or rather to get permission, for we did not ask for a concession ; but he was delayed there some months, and before he could get any official reply, the object for which these gen- ilemen wanted the cable had passed away. I then oegan to manipulate it for the purpose of laying it betweén Dover and Calais; I took a mile of it to Ports- mouth harbour, and laid it across by the desire and with the sanction of the Lords of the Admiralty; I have a portion of it now, which I will show you (producing it). 'This has been in Mr. Hay's posses- sion ever since the year 1846, and will speak as to the durability of india-rubber. 2111. Iobserve that there is cotton or some other material placed between the india-rubber and the wire ?—At that period I first covered it with cotton, steeped in shellac, and then put layers of india- rubber. 2112. How long did this remain submerged ? — That has been with Mr. Hay; he gave? me a letter, stating that he had used it very roughly; sometimes it was in the water, at other times it was kicking about in the dockyard, exposed in the sun, dragged across the stones, and subjected to very rough treatment; notwithstanding which the india-rubber has got quite hard, and seems almost as good asit was the first day. The following is a copy of Mr. Hay’s letter : Chemical Department, H.M. Dockyard, DEAR SIR, Portsmouth, May 25, 1859. HEREWITH I forward you a small piece of the india-rubber covered wire which formed a portion of that which was laid down experimentally under my superin- tendance (in accordance with directions I received from Admiral Superintendent Sir Hyde Parker, to give every assistance), between H.M. ships Pique and Blake, and sub- sequently across the harbour, in 1846. The insulation was at that time considered by all who witnessed the expe- riments to be most satisfactory. Since that period I have used it as occasion required, and the insulation is now quite perfect, although my usage has been very rough, such as exposure to the sun, and frequent coiling, and straining on rough stones after use in the water. With respect to the reports you refer to, I must beg of you to make your application to the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, who will, no doubt, if they are in existence, cause you to have copies of them. | I remain, dear Sir, Your most obedient Servant, C. West, Esq. . WILLIAM JOHN Hay. After that period I discontinued the use of cotton with the shellac, and covered the wire directly with india- rubber. Here is a portion of the very same india- rubber cable that is now laid across from Hurst Castle down to Key Haven, where it has been in constant use from the period of its being laid to the present (producing the sample). 2113. (Mr. Saward.) When was it laid down ?— It was made in 1852, and laid down in 1853. 2114. (Professor Wheatstone.) 'To what do you attribute the softening of india-rubber when it is in contact with copper wire ?—I do not think the copper wire has the slightest effect upon india-rubber ; I have made miles and miles, and I never found it run unless it is à mixture of the india-rubber of East India with the Para. The sampleI have produced has been made for many years. 2115. The original specimen does not seem to have been affected at all ?—No ; what I laid through Dox Tunnel has not been the slightest affected. 2116. Do you attribute any such effect to its being an inferior material ?—Bad material; I can say this, because I have used india-rubber that has never been put on to copper ; that was not exposed to tlie sun, and was in a shady place, still that has gone wrong without the slightest exposure to the atmosphere, or without being applied to surround any metallic con- ductor; therefore I speak positively that it is not from MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE any chemical effect that the copper can have upon the india-rubber. 2117. Why does it most generally occur when it is in contact with the copper, and that the other parts further removed from the copper seem to be the most solid ?—I find when it does go in this way, it is gene- rally to a certain extent at the end, where the wire is exposed to the atmosphere ; probably it may be from the metallic heat ; but if you cut it in two, you will find it does not go through, it only goes when it is exposed tothe atmosphere in connexion with the copper. 2118. (Mr. Varley.) Does that which is not near sunlight or near metallic influence decay from the interior or the exterior ?—From the sides. 2119. What shape was it in ?—I cut it in strips for the purpose of winding it round the copper, and I found when I wanted to take some down with me for the joints in the Coast lines I am now laying, I put my hand upon this specimen, which shows the softening adverted to. 2120. (Mr. Saward.) Have you used preparations of oil or grease at any time ?—No. | 2121. Will not oil or grease decompose india- rubber ?—So it is said; boiled linseed oil, I know, will affect india-rubber ; but here is a piece with plaited rope over the india-rubber, dressed with a com- position of a very oleaginous character. It is what is used by Peacock and Buchan to put on the bottoms of vessels ; all the Peninsular aud Oriental ships are coated with it. 2122. Is it not like yellow paint ? — Yes; the object is to keep the marine animalcule and insects, and also the green slimy stuff, from adhering to the ship's bottom ; and I thought if the copper were pre- served by the use of that material, it would also preserve the hemp itself from being touched by those insects. 2123. (Professor Wheatstone.) Do you produce those specimens to show that oily substances do not affect india-rubber ?—-I presume they do not; that was used in a very wet state. | 2124. (Mr. Varley.) We have had a piece of wire, covered with something of that kind, hung up in our office; Mr. Clark cut it open at various places, and it is decayed throughout the whole length? — That may be. 2125. Therefore it would appear that the copper has acted upon it, and as though the copper does determine the action ?—I never found copper act upon it; it must have been coated with inferior india- rubber. 2126. Is not the common sort of manufactured india-rubber liable to decompose, the same as ordinary india-rubber ? Will that we use for rubbing-out pur- poses ?—' That is the East India rubber. I never found the South American decompose in any one single case. І have given attention to this matter for upwards of 14 years. | 2127. You never use the East India rubber now ? No, never; the East India rubber is chiefly used for vuleanizing purposes, not for insulation. Here is a piece of the Hurst Castle cable I was speaking of. I wanted to see what effect heat would have upon it ; it has been made for many years. I cut this piece off, and I had it boiled for two hours, with the lid on the utensil in which it was boiled, in order to see whether the heat would have the effect of injuring it or not. 2128. (Professor Wheatstone.) Can you give the result of any experiments made, in order to ascertain the comparative insulating properties of india-rubber and gutta-percha ?—I can only state as to india- rubber. I have not taken gutta-percha with the view of testing how far india-rubber is superior to it. I have entirely devoted my own time to my own gum. I never made any comparative experiments ; it has been subjected to test, to the extent of 500 elements, by the Electric Telegraph Company. 2129. (Mr. Saward.) Have you the result of Mr. Whitehouse's testing of wires, manufactured under Messrs. Silver's process ?—I have not; Mr. White- house has stated himself that he subjected the wire SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF. not only to test for insulation, but he subjected it to a very severe test by hydraulic pressure. He stated that he had got as much as 1,000 atmospheres, and when the hydraulic machine burst, the wire remained perfect. 2180. (Mr. Saward.) Are your cables covered with iron wire ?—Yes, by iron wire; that is put on plaited, not wound spirally round. 2131. ( Chairman.) Do you object to the mode of winding it spirally round ?—I should think for deep water that it would be better to have no iron at all, if you can get sufficient specific gravity to sink the cable. Of course, in shallow water, or where there is likely to be any surface interference, the external covering must have some protection. 2132. Have you had any experience in paying out cables ?—I have paid out cables as a sailor, having originally been in the service ; but I have not had much experience in paying out telegraphie cables, save and except a short distance of my own; but in that case I used a very different method, avoiding, as I think, all this complicated machinery, which is not well understood by seamen in paying out & cable. I laid it the same as if I was going to let go the anchor. 89 2133. Laying it round the windlass ?—No, laying it in fakes; and the fake is run out, merely adding an ordinary stopper such as sailors would have. You may get anything that will merely compress it, because the specific gravity would be in proportion to the depth, зо as to enable it just to sink quietly, and hence there would not be that heavy strain continually upor: the cable that there would be if it was made of or coated with a metallic material. If what we are told is true, that the motion of the ocean is only superficial, and does not extend beyond a certain number of fathoms, below it is quiet and calm, there can be nothing whatever that can interfere with the cable when once it gets to its position at the bottom. I think there has been two miles or some quantity sent for experiment to the works, and I would take the liberty of suggesting that those two miles should be put to these tests :—for insulation under any tem- perature ; for retention of charge under any tempera- ture; for insulation under any temperature with hydraulic pressure, and for retention of charge under any temperature with hydraulic pressure. If you put those two miles to that ordeal, I think you will a at something like what india-rubber is able to do. Mr. TuHoxas BARNABAS DAFT examined. 2134. (Chairman.) I believe you have produced а very good insulating material ?—I think so. 2135. What is the peculiar process that you use ? It is the perfect adhesion of the vulcanized india- rubber to the metal. I may say cohesion. 2136. Will it adhere to any metal ?—No. 2137. To what metal will it adhere ?—'To brass, a composition of copper and spelter. I put copper where it is necessary, or I give a greater sectional area of brass, to which it will perfectly adhere, so that you may use any amount of tension without sepa- rating it. lf you cut it with a knife, so as to reach the metal, it will not separate. No amount of pres- sure will cause water to permeate the line horizontally во as to follow the wire. 2138. The wire is jn intimate mechanical con- nexion with the material ?—Not mechanical, chemical connexion. It is far removed from any mechanical connexion, because you can strip any mechanical connexion. I have three wires in this specimen, which I propose for the Gibraltar cable ; one for the Board of Trade, and another for the public. They are entirely distinct and separate. 2139. (Mr. Varley.) Are not you aware that in a telegraphic point of view in that shape they will not do ?—No. 2140. You do not know that by the inductive action of one wire upon the other, whilst the first wire was working, the others would be entirely stopped ? I thought that when each wire was perfectly insu- lated and disposed in a band like that, each wire being a considerable distance apart, that there would be no practical difficulty from induction. 2141. (Mr. Saward.) In what manner is this applied to the metal ?—The sulphurized india-rubber is placed upon the metal, the metal being perfectly free from oxidation, and then a considerable amount of pressure is brought to bear upon it. 2142. It is not passed through a die ?—It is not ; it is submitted to the action of steam at a pressure 40 lbs. on the inch, to produce vulcanization, and then the adhesion occurs. 2143. Are you aware whether this substance is liable to decomposition in the salt of the sea ?—I am pretty sure it is not. I have put india-rubber to metal and found the metal destroy the india-rubber: it will do this unless there be perfect adhesion or cohesion. I am pretty well prepared to prove that to you. Ordinarily india-rubber in contact with metal is decomposed by it, but this specimen of perfection adhesion was made about 10 years ago, and was put into the Exhibition of 1851 ; it is a piece of a wheel tire, and the rubber is just so good as it was the first day it was made. 2144. (Mr. Varley.) What metal is it ?—Brass ; had they been placed together without adhesion the wire would certainly have destroyed the india-rubber whether it were copper or brass. It was said by some electricians, the difficulty will be to make the joints. We can make the joints, and you may roll it up in any way, but you will not injure it in the smallest degree; there is no danger of a kink, it cannot occur, and I think, when properly made, nothing is likely to break it. The joint is made by vulcanizing one piece of india-rubber over another, properly preparing the surfaces; it can be done on board a ship in about an hour and a half, not merely a mechanical, but a perfectly chemical joint can be made, presuming that there is steam power ou board. 2145. (Chairman.) You believe that this material is perfectly durable in salt water ?—I do; I do not say that it would last for 50 years, but I verily believe it would last 10 years or 12 years, and in deep water that it would last much longer, probably even over 50 years. 2146. Would you propose to cover it with any- thing ?—I leave that to those who are better nble to judge of the necessity. 2147. Have you tested its tensile strength at all? No; I should add to it by increasing the size of the wire. 2148. (Mr. Varley.) Doyou think you can ensure vuleanizing theiudia-rubber in this state throughout any length you may require ?—Decidedly; you may . havea length of 1,000 miles, if you could stow it in one unbroken length. Iam sure you might stow 50 miles without Joints, because you can put it where you please, 2149. Have you submitted it to any tests for insula- tion, or anything of that sort ?—Yes ; and they have been favourable. 2150. (Mr. Saward.) Do you think that material could be put on by a die ?—No, I believe it could not. I place it longitudinally along the wire, and pass it through & machine. I can put two, three, or any quantity of coatings you thought necessary. 2151. How many coverings has this specimen upon it — That is one sheet, rolled up; it becomes chemi- cally compact in the process of vuleanization, it be- comes as solid as the india-rubber itself, I think a cable like that would last for & great many years, would sink easily and be paid out easily. M Mr. C. West. 15 Dec. 1859. T. B. Daft. "^ Mr. | M. Hancock. 15 Dec. 1859. 90 : зл келд So Mr. ‘Waiter Hancock examined. CEN : LE poe ке rogi 2152. ( Chairman.) You have paid considerable attention to the manufacture of gutta-percha? — Yes, my father was the first patentee of gutta-percha, and my attention has been exclusively devoted to it for the last 15 years. 2153. Have you turned your attention also to its application as an insulator for submarine cables? Yes; my father was also the inventor of the machinery and processes by which all the gutta-percha wires have been insulated that have yet been made. | 2154. Did you make many experiments in. gutta percha when you first took out a patent for covering cables ?—We have been incessantly experimenting upon it from its introduction into this country up: to the present time, and during the last 11-or 12 yee especially with reference to insulating. 2155. Have you made experiments upon its permea- bility by water ?—We have tried it oy simple imer sion in water for long seasons. : 2156. You have not submitted it to: ‘pressure we have not submitted it to any great pressures ony slight pressure. 2157. By immersion in water do you find that it imbibes water ?—N o ; we have not found it do so; we have found that the surface gets slightly affected, but we have not found it to penetrate or apparently to penetrate more than the thickness of a piece of paper ; it appears more than anything else a mere filling up of the slight roughnesses upon the surface of the gutta-percha; the molecules of the gutta pereng itself. 2158. Filled with water ? Yes; ;. just with ‘the moisture ; so much so that it affects the surface of the gutta-percha, and makes it.lighter in colour than it was D but it Marked ка, when it becomes dry. .. ' 2159. Do you think it affects. its chemical con- dition ?—No, not at all. ` 2160. To what depth does the: water penetrate gutta-percha ?—Scarcely the thickness of в piece of paper; it appears to be a mere surface action. ` 2161. Even if there was no covering to the gutta- percha when it was immersed in water you do not imagine that it would be injured by water?—Decidedly not; gutta-percha under water is in the most favour- able circumstances ; gutta-percha is more durable under water than in any other situation, and any situation that approaches to water (as, for instance, & eold damp cellar) is the next best place to keep it in, : 2162. Does light injure it light: and atmosphere together appear to injure it ; there is a. sort of oxida- tion goes on on the surface when exposed to the light. 2168. Do you not attribute the deterioration which it undergoes when exposed to the air chiefly to its being deprived of its moisture ?—Yes, it undergoes a drying process on exposure to the air, but that ying process is much more rapid when it is exposed to light as well as air. We have found that by hang- ing up sheets of gutta-percha outside our office wall, the side that has been exposed to light has become quite decomposed, while the other side has been com- paratively tminjured. In the course of time the back side will get injured in the same way; but that will be many months, sometimes years afterwards. - 2164. Have you observed whether salt water pro- duces any effect upon gutta-percha, which is injurious? No, we have kept it in salt water for a considerable time, but we never noticed any deteriorating effect. There is a piece of the first cable that ever was laid (producing the same), that is the Dover cable. When it first came into our possession it was apparently as perfect as when it was laid. | 2165. Is that made with а single wire es; ; it is & single wire unprotected by any outer cover- ing; the gutta-percha was quite perfect. Wo have kept that piece in our office for some considerable time, and the surface is getting oxidized in that way. 2166. Have not. the processes for. the manufacture of gutta- Percha very materially improved in the last MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE T few years IN 0; nothing more than the slight i im- provements that have occurred ih the manufacture of the machinery, and more care in. carrying on the operations. ё 2167. You do not consider that the “manipulation of the gutta-percha itself has undergone. any improve- ment ?—No ; it is precisely the same. as is stated in the patents that were taken out at an early period ; there have been slight modifications i in the шае inery, and some few accessories. 2168. Is gutta-percha subject to any deterioration from: adulteration, or anything of that sdrt, as it is imported ?—-Yes ; we find that especially the case, of course when the price is high, and there is more induce- ment to adulteration; but in working gutta-percha, especially for · ‘telegraphic insulation, we select the raw blocks of gutta-percha before we begin to work, throwing out ару that appear to be at all deteriorated either by age or exposure to the atmosphere, or from ahy admixture of a foreign material, carefully re- serving those that appear to be pure and sound for иил ‘using up the others for commoner: pu 8. 2169. What are the substances used for adultera- боп in the market ?— The bulk of the adulteration arises from mechanical impurities mixed with the gutta- percha. to increase its weight. In some gutta-percha we find other inferior gums, but we have no certain knowledge of what they are. Very likely they are found on similar trees to that from which the gutta-percha is procured.: Some of the blocks of raw gutta-percha appear very sound in the first. instance, but when they have been exposed for a considerable time, then there is a sort of resinous formation, and in some in a sort of laminated state, owing to the presence. of some other gums. From practice, we could, of course on an inspection of 100 blocks of gutta-percha, pick out 50 suitable. for insulation, and say at one that such and such blocks are unfit. ~~ 2170. Can the supply of ê depended upon for constan It would be uncertaih if there were any very sudden or excessive demand for gutta- percha. The supply fell off very much about three or four years ago and continued very low for about two years; during the last two years it has been certainly larger than during the previous two or three years. Though the price has advanced from 10d. per Ib. to an average of 15. 8d.or ls: 9d., it has not brought forward the large supply which t that enormoys. increase, of price would have led us to expect. 2171. Isit the case that the trees. from, wbich gutta- percha is derived are being. gradually destroyed near the. const and that consequently greater сере Д8 incurred .in bringing it down to the coast? We have no certain knowledge. From the fact of the price being higher at Singapore and from the information that we haye received, we believe that a great deal of the rise of price is caused by the difficulty of con- теуапсе from the trees to thé port; of course there are по roads and it has to be conveyed througb jungle. 2172. Have any crane ements: been made for cul- tivating the trees artificially ?——No, although I believe that gutta-percha offers larger inducements. for cul- tivation than coffee, tea, or many other products. 2173. In what climates will the gutta-percha tree grow ?*—]It must be a tropical climate apparently; gutta-percha is collected in a very small circle, in the Malaccas, Borneo, and the adjacent islands. 2174. The trees grow naturally wild ?— Yes. 1 believe the gutta-percha is the property:of any body whe takes the trouble to collect it; it is so in many pa 2175. Have you tried any “eo BoU of gutta- percha as insulating substances ?—Yes; we: have tried a great many compounds at different times. : 2176. With what effect As a general rule, the admixture of any-other substance with gutta-percha is decidedly prejudicial ;. but there are some materials that may be mixed with it advantageously, or slightly ZI SUBMARBINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. °7 sé: -.-Indis-mbUer-is abmogt-the only material that can. vé relied проп, because it is almost the only material sufficiently. allied in character to the gutta-percha. Cocoa nut ahell in a finely ground or comminuted state may also be advantageously : combined: with gutta-per cha-; this: material is highly indestructible, and a non- conductor, and being of the same botauieal family, its chemical affinities are nearly identical with those of, gutta-perchsa.: The inventor is a practical chemist of conaiderable experience, and he states that there. is е volatile oil: in gutta-percha; which, as it gradually dries away, leaves the gutta-percha dry and brittle, and that the fixed. oil in thé prepared: cocoa: nut shell supplies the place of the natural volatile. oil; aud thus arrests and prevents this decay, while at the same time it gives gutta-percha’ greater power of perpe the effects. of friction, and of extreme tem» peratures. ` We are covering a mile- of wire of this cócoa-nut gutta-percha for the Committee; and we are sure that the testing of it will be satisfactory. : e - 2177. Do you know Chatterton's compound es, 1 know a material that goes by the name of Chat- terton's compound. It is a material that has assumed the name rather singularly, because it was already €overed. by a patent of my father’s 10 years ago; it ів in fact: a compound of gutta-percha, resin, and а solvent. There is; a patent of my father's in 1848, which is not spsissimis verbis, but nearly in the same language. “ To obtain a gutta-percha compound suite < able for coating the wires of. electric telegraphs, 5 povering thecells of galvanic batteries, and other pur- poses, where complete electric inbulation is desirable, ^. op where the isolation of.one substance from another is for any reason required; L take gutta-percha hot * from tbe masticator. (preferring, as aforesaid, that * which has been previously boiled in:.tbe-muriate of 4 lime bath), rell it between heated cylinders, and * during the rolling sift thereon common resin, in & “ pounded.state, so as to mix the same intimately with С „ the. gutta-percha. ; or I dissolve equal portions of | „ and common resin in coal naphtha, or ‘a any other suitable solvent ; or I dissolve the gutta- <“ percha and the resin separately, and then mix the '* two solutions together. The product resulting from * any of these mixtures should be kept hot in steam 74+ kettles, and it may be either applied to the articles to `“ be protected by a brush or spatula, or the articles may de dipped in it, or drawn through it, and wound off upon suitable revolving racks or open cradle reels.” Tt is precisely the same thipg as that recently patented by Chatterton for the same purpose; it is gutta-percha, resin, and a solverit for the purpose of giving it a little more fluidity. The solvent that my father names is naphtha, or any ofher suitable solvent; Chatterton’s und is also gutta-percha, resin, and a solvent. The solvent that he names is not naphtha, but tar, which is ‚ тегу nearly allied to crude naphtha. The object which any father had was precisely the same in any instance; -he knew very well the great difficulty that would arise in the mechanical working of gutta-percha from air holes and slight mechanical imperfections,—scarcely Чагге eneugh to call air holes,—with a sort of frothi- ness on the gutta-percha. His object was td obtain ^ complete electrical: insulation by running any of those materials through a varnish. of this kind which did not require pressure to put it on to the gutta- percha, but which merely by travelling through would, from the fluidity of the varnish, take a certain coat. Chatterton's patent of 10 years later date is declared to be for the same object, which he proposes: to ‘aceomplish hy the use of the same materials, Prepares "and used in the: very same way. 2178. After this intermediate compound you could work another coat of gutta-percha ?—Yes ; it is fluid t в much lower temperature than gutta-percha, and X does not require to be forced through, but by passing anything through it would insure a perfeet eevering, and thus cover over slight imperfections hich would not be visible to ‘the eye, and "Possibly me visible under strong magnifying power. Эу. For thë par pose of subimatitie cables do you -has them under consideration. consider gutta-percha to be the best insulator that can be adopted ?—I believe there is scarcely a possibility of a better practical insulator, though 1 have a very, high opinion of india: rubber 2180. In what way would you apply e 7 -Certainly - not next the copper, because: of- the strong chemical action that is going on between the copper wire and the~india-rubber-; but what- wa believe is the best way of applying india-rubber, and by which the best cable can be made, is embodied in a patent of ours, of 1852, which is alternate: layers. of india-rubber and gutta-percha, the first coating next the wire being gutta-percha, then a coating of india- rubber round that, and then. one or two exterior coats of gutta-percha; by that means you get all the mechanical strength of the gutta-percha and you get, the elasticity and accommodativeness:of the india-rubber ; ; in fact you get a very beautiful result. 2181. (Mr. Varley.) Can you make these different coatings unite perfectly à— Yes; thé mere fact of passing through our patent covering machine. gives sufficient heat to-unite them perfectly. If the india rubber is carefully cleaned, and laid оп freshly made, there is a sufficient heat to unite them into. a perfect iube. There are minor details to be attended to. 2182. (Chairman.) You do not put the india rubber spirally ? Either spirally or longitudinally. — ~ 2183. Which do you prefer? We scarcely have a preference for either ; we sometimes prefer two coats putting one longitudinally and the other spirally. If we. use two longitudinal coats, one joint would come on the upper side and the other joint on the lower side, so that the joints would be br oken; there would be .180? distance. ~ 2184. (Mr. Varley.) Can you ikê рее unity between india-rubber and gutta-percha ?—Y es. | 2185. At the present time the great difficulty hae been found in uniting the gutta-percha with the india- rubber, in this way, that we never have been able by the ordinary process, which would stand an electrical test in working the line, to join the india-rubber to the gutta-percha, so that each failed ?—There is some little difficalty in it, it requires some little care to thoroughly join india-rubber to gutta-percha. With a joint made in this way, whieh -would require to be earefully made (producing a piece), there would be a chemical effect. produced which ^ would assist the joint to a very great extent and fill up any possible "om = interstices between the one layer and the next, or.the one edge and the next. We have anothér plan: by which we eould put india-rubber on me- chanically between two coats of gutta-percha. We are carrying on some experiments; I have mentioned to Mr. Latimer Clark two or three, and J believe he We put three coats, one gutta-percha, the second n and the third gutta-percha. . 2186. (Chairman.) Have you any specimens of your covered wire ?—I have only two little pieces, which I happen to have in my pocket, that we were testing upon to-day. These two pieces we find are exceedingly good; there are in this sample two coats of ordinary gutta-percha without any mtermediate compound, either Hancock’s or Chatterton’s, upon the wire, but the compound is between the gutta- percha, not precisely the same as the original patent of m father or the present patent (Chatterton's) ; that wire we find tests very well indeed. We have tested it upon the Reid galvanometer, which is the one that was used by the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and also upon our own galvanometer, which is five or six times as sensitive as the Reid instrument. The battery used was a newly mounted one, and although only 250 pairs of plates, it shewed upon testing a "greater intensity than a battery of 500 that had been in ordinary use after being set up about three weeks. ‘The test of a half mile length of this No. 4 guage wire was as follows 8 Reid's galvanometer, charge 10 mean’ defect LH , on ouf moré sensitive galva- nometer, charge 55°, mean defect 229, -7 = ~ e 2187. (Professor. Wheatstoie.3- Have von пе P M 2 91. Mr. W. Hancock. 15. Dec. 1659; Mr. W. Hancock. 15 Dec. 1859. 92 same experiments with ordinary covered gutta-percha wire ?— Yes; in this instance I took one mile of copper wire, and covered it to No. 10 gauge in one length. I then put it into the machine again, and run one half mile through in the ordinary way, and the other half mile with the addition of my inter- mediate compound. With this little alteration the comparative result upon our excessively delicate instrument was as 32° against 23°. | 2188. (Mr. Varley.) Were the experiments tried at the same time? Les, and after they had been immersed for three weeks in water; this test was made last evening after the batteries had been freshly mounted esterday, in order to put them to a very severe test. T do not believe that the difference is so great as it appears to be. I think there must have been in that half mile that gave 32? some one or more very slight mechanical imperfections, such mechanical imperfec- tions as do occur in the covering of long lengths of wire; but still it shows very fairly that there is a considerable advantage to be gained by the use of our patent intermediate coat, as well as the double covered wire. We are now covering three miles for Captain Galton, and it is to be covered ultimately to the seven-sixteenths of an inch to a sample sup- plied by Mr. Latimer Clark,—with four coats of gutta- percha. We are covering this with some chemically prepared gutta-percha, which is а sort of medium substance between india-rubber and gutta-percha ; it has far greater flexibility and elasticity than gutta- percha, but considerably less than india-rubber. The object of this chemical treatment of the gutta-percha is to render it more durable ; it has also been found to increase its insulating power at the same time. The samples now produced are two first coats of this wire to No. 6 gauge. The testing of these two first coats in the half mile lengths gave upon our sensitive instrument 14°, 14°, and 14° respectively ; two half miles, when joined, gave 25°, and the three half miles together gave 32°; another length was run through, not at the same time, but precisely of the same material ; 1,000 yards gave seven-eighths degree upon our sensitive instrument, and another 1,000 yards gave five-eighths degree ; the two lengths in one gave 1]? mean defect. I think that is exceedingly satis- factory, because this is two sizes smaller than No. 4, No. 4 being the smallest size that is generally used for land wire ; and this is to have two further coats of gutta-percha. We have tested it merely out of curiosity, and we find that while the half mile of No. 4, before mentioned, gave 23? ; the half miles of this chemically prepared gutta-percha, although two sizes smaller, gave an average of about 13? only. 2189. (Mr. Varley.) You are inclined to think that she specimen that gave 32? was partially defective ?— J think it must have been. 2190. You have not compared it against any other portion of ordinary manufactured wire? We were covering some ten miles at that time, and the other lengths were somewhat better ; they were for an order, and we were obliged to send them away. 2191. Have you any comparison between those three half miles and the others ?—Only after a short eubmersion, when they averaged from 10° to 15° instead of 32°. 2192. (Mr. Saward.) How does a mixed cable composed of alternate layers of india-rubber and gutta-percha compare in price with other descriptions of cable made wholly of gutta-percha ?—It will be higher in price, of course, depending upon the pro- portion of the two materials ; the proportionate cost of india-rubber to the same quantity of gutta-percha will be at present about 25 per cent. higher than an equal quantity of gutta-percha. 2193. Is the process of applying it more expensive, as well as the material ?— Yes, the process of applying it is slower, and much more expensive. I have two or thrce specimens of cable that I should like to submit to the Committee. One of the great defects of the gutta-percha cables is, that in hot climates the copper wire has a tendency from a MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE slight increase of temperature, or from any acci- dental bending there may be upon it, to protrude through the gutta-percha. My father has a patent for coating the wires afterwards with one, two, or more layers of india-rubber cloth, which we can unite thoroughly to the gutta-percha, and each layer will slightly increase the insulation, with this great addi- tional advantage, particularly in hot climates, that these coatings would in many instances save the cable, because in the event of any accident by which the copper wire protruded through the gutta-percha, it would protrude only as far as this outer coating ; the india-rubber cloth is put tightly round the gutta- percha, and though in the event of such an accident the cable would not be so well insulated in that part, it would be still sufficiently insulated to work, instead of being completely destroyed. This coating of india- rubber, or india-rubber cloth, may be put between the coverings of the gutta-percha, if considered advisable, as already mentioned. 2194. (Chairman.) Do you use the india-rubber cloth, instead of hemp serving? Tou might adopt it either with the hemp serving, or without. The main advantage is, looking at the probability of the supply of gutta-percha, falling short we shall economise the gutta-percha ; the cable might be made of thin coats of gutta-percha with one, two, three or more coats of air-proof cloth. I think this specimen is . covered on the one side with about eight different layers, so that all the advantages which we derive from uniting & great many different coats of gutta- percha are attained, by putting two or three of those layers upon the gutta-percha ; you may have two coats or 20 coats of india-rubber, each very thin; this material is perfectly waterproof ; it is called air-proof and water-proof cloth. 2195. (Mr. Varley.) Have you tested that cloth electrically ?— Les. 2196. (Chairman.) Would not water penetrate through the joints? Water would penetrate through the first coat, possibly the second, but it would never pass the air-proof cloth. 2197. (Mr. Varley.) Not even at the bottom of the Atlantic ?—I think not. 2198. (Mr. Saward.) Is this cable expensive? Yes ; the process of making air-proof cloth is expen- sive, but one of the plans named in the patent is giviug, perhaps one coat or two thin coats of gutta- percha, then a coat of solid india-rubber, and one or two coatings only of this air cloth ; there would be an exterior stouter cloth to give strength; the cost would resolve itself the same as in a gutta-percha cable to the amount of insulation required, and the amount of outlay that was desirable. One of the advantages of air-proof cloth is that you can have it solid, or in six or eight different coats. 2199. (Chairman.) What would be the expense of this outer covering compared with other cables? We have not gone into that question fully yet. 2200. Have you apparatus by which you could cover cables in this way? — We are fitting it up for making small quantities. 2201. Have you tested this specimen for longitu- dinal strength ?—We have not put any breaking strain upon it yet. I made that simply with a view of trying it; the strength would depend entirely on the fabric used. Sail cloth is about the strongest fabric we could use for the purpose. 2202. (Mr. Varley.) Would not this semi-conduct- ing compound between the two reduce your speed of transmission ?—In any case where insulation is de- sirable, we do not propose to build it up entirely of this cloth, but to put a coating of rubber, or of gutta-percha, or of both, and a coating of cloth, so that the cloth would give strength to the rubber. As I have already said, another object we have in view is to meet the probability of the supply of gutta- percha falling short in case of an excessive or very sudden demand. 2203. Have you ever noticed in any case that gutta- . SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. percha in contact with india-rubber is very liable to decomposition, to re-act upon the gutta-percha and decompose it ?—No. 2204. A great quantity of wire was laid down by the South-Eastern Railway Company, which went bad almost immediately after it was put down ; there were a great many wires, and the copper wire was covered with india-rubber, and that again covered with gutta- percha?—It was the copper wire that decomposed the india-rubber, and the india-rubber was no doubt of low quality, and if so, it would have perished of itself. 2205. After an interval of two or three years, the rubber became so fluid, and the gutta-percha so bad, that the wires were left in hollow shells of gutta- percha ?—This was done by some parties who never covered any gutta-percha wire before; it was their first attempt, and a very unsuccessful one. 2206. I have seen other compounds of gutta-percha and india-rubber, which have failed in the saine way ? Ahe most perfect specimens we have are those com- pounds of india-rubber and gutta-percha; the fact you have mentioned cannot have happened with good 93 india-rubber by itself, it must have been inferior or damaged. | 2207. Some of the gutta-percha joints that have been covered with india-rubber in a tunnel on the Brighton line have been very recently cut out, and the rubber outside was perfectly good, and the gutta- percha also, but these other wires on the South- Eastern line went bad ?—They were placed in tarred boards, if I remember rightly ; crude tar is a solvent both of gutta-percha and india-rubber. 2208. Gutta-percha has stood under similar circum- stances in boards, treated in the same way without india-rubber ?—That is very likely; gutta-percha is not so susceptible of injury as india-rubber is. The wire you mention as used on the South-Eastern line would, from imperfection in its manufacture, no doubt, have failed under more favourable circum- stances. I have heard of other small lots of wire covered by the same parties failing in the same manner, 2209. By whom was it covered ?—It was covered at a small factory, that had only an ephemeral exist- ence, called the Lambeth Gutta-percha Factory ; it has ceased to exist for many years, " Adjourned to To-morrow at Three o'clock. Friday, 16th December 1859. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. SAWARD. Mr. VARLEY. Captain DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. CHARLES VINCENT WALKER, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S., examined. 2210. (Chairman.) Are you a telegraphic engi- neer ?—Yes, to the South-Eastern Railway Company. 2211. You have been connected with that company for a great many years, I believe ?—Since the erec- tion of their telezraph from London to Dover, up- wards of 14 years. 2212. Have you had very considerable experience in electric telegraphy ?—. 0-825 . ` BUBMABINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. | aia TABLE IL 25. Resistance of Leak =1. EE ee 99 27. Columns I., II., III., and IV. in Tables I., II., and III., contain values all comparable one with the other; they are all multiples of the electro-motive force; and they show how the absolute value of the force varies as the several re- а Distribution aistances vary. Columns V., VL, and VII. show that the | roportions between the force that leaves and the force that ME I IE HEC ee em VE Ne Шын is ost remain constant so long as the resistance of the leak A calal Fala Gar — _ (r) and the place of the leak remain the same, notwithstand- 5 28 |, ; E 9 ald ing the changes that are made in the galvanometer ; whereas Gav. | z| § | Š E | = 3 5 | Д columns I., II., and III. show, as might be supposed, that PES Жы E Жыш аш Nes Ж NAR Moo Has absolute values s with 1 . that is made п secu das TUN UN ; ; : ; ; the arrangements, including that of the galvanometers. It ox 03 | ren de 9295 0-58 "hi а ig 0-187 is evident also that the relations between the portion of cur- 3 A195 | 07428 | 0:285 | 07142 0,33 » — |0777 rent that arrives at the far end and the portion that is lost 54 2˙0 | коры е > | °° 10:8 at the leak, are as the resistance of the substituted wire (R.) &o (4-0 | 0171 | 0114 | 0057 | 0°153 || .. . |0897 divided by that of the length from the leak to the far end, 28 го: „гб ass ous (well ae [ os los tore tO the same resistance divided by that of the leak itself; = 025 | 07571 | 07285 | 0:285 0M .. oe T 9.777 Or аз , $1705 | 0:500 0-250 | 0°250 | 07400 ||. .. ; ; 0*800 R R £5 11-0 || 0-400 | 0-200 9.200 0:333 | .. ; i 0-833 55 8 E 0235 | 0:142 | 0:142 | 0:250 || .. : : 9.875 F r dh / / qhaniicy lost | Made me ES . It wi noticed also that the absolute quantity los 85 ж | ber 95255 d ies phi iis s 99701 by a leak, when the far end of the cable is 8 as E | v5 | 0-695 0:250 0:375 0:500 M 0:800 resistance of the galvanometer is greater, 1s less; while FEL, ; | ; ; s M 8 the relative quantity lost under like circumstances is greater. Bs us | 0-199 | 0-078 0-117 0181 s s e 0-927 29. The кит of the change of the galvanometer, accord- | ing as the leak is large or small, and nearer or further off, may be gathered by comparing the Tables one with the TABLE III. pa as п also the effect of varying 19 5 place and size А | = of the leak, the galvanometer remaining the same. 26 нешше of DAK TOI; 30. It will be observed in these Tables, that the galva- | ee Боны | Saree ИУ nometer in every case is taken to be at the home end of the 1 pare operate "iMTPUUOT- cable, near the battery. This could not be the case in prac- | | _ | tice, because the value of the arriving current could only be EC dde p dE HE д J. | VIL | VIII. obtained by observation, when the galvanometer is at the ** | MEE far end, as in Fig. 3. Of course, where the resistance of the l - $ : 3 | É 8 ‚ 3 galvanometer is == О, or is only a very small fraction of that Galv = a * a | Ж g E: E of the cable, this is immaterial. But for short pieces of | a | A 2 35 8 Е E cable, or for long lengths, where a galvanometer of great | mE 55 „ А> "i os resistance is used, regard must be had to this in calculating 8 — [о-э5 | к 9 25 бо E ps x i us d the values. 1 have done this in Table IV. In the lines of 51,05 || osta | 0:222 | 0:222 9.40 . |. 1090 figures opposite the word “ Far,” I have given in columns E10 | 9:363 | 0181 | 07181 1 0333 j|. .. . . 0'916 II. and III., the values calculated for this condition. I have їз | ‚ 0-266 9.133 | 0:133 | 0°950 | . | 0-987 сае given in column IV. th "abit: 9 14-0 10-173 | 0086 | 0-096 | 0°166 | T: К 0:958 also given in column IV. the amount of force that circu- Е | . | — —-|— — lates when the galvanometer is thus transferred to the far 85 ae i н 5210 re оа | nis hs E Dod end, which, on comparison with column I., will be found іп 2. jos || 0545 0181 | 0:363 | 07500 | e 0 0916 all cases necessarily greater than had circulated when the VU! L ame бз lvanometer was wholly retained, as in Tables I., II., and = i i bs 52 88 4°0 | €187 | 0062 | 0125 0-181 . | .. qose III., at the home end. en er re ere | 259 | r3 0778 зкен 3]. The lines of figures marked “ Home ” are taken from == 10-95 | esas | 0-222 | 0-866 0-800 2 .. 090% the previous Tables for the sake of comparison. 2 4]95 | 9727 | 0181 | 0°545 | 07866 || .. „> e | 6 32. I have taken for this illustration (‘Table IV.) a gal- 33 $t | 8 Hees о ds "e ve "e E vanometer of great resistance—half that of the cable itself; Š 2 40 D 0051 | 0°154 | 0200 || .. ic . | 0:975 p I have applied it with the three leaks, in the three ifferent places, $ TABLE IV. 33. RESISTANCE OF GALVANOMETER = }, Comparative Results, GALVANOMETER at Far End, and at Home End. Comparative Forces. | Proportionate Distribution. eum I II. III. Iv. v. | VI | VII. | VIII IX. | — | Sintec | ee 55 — —— —ñ . | ——— — Enters. | Leaves Lost. Enters. Leaks. |} Enters. | Leaves. Lost. Enters. | B { Far - {| osa | exe 0 181 | 0493 | 09222 | 1˙0 0-706 0527 | 1231 | | = Home @ 0:275 | 0-008 Fs И » | oso | 0200 Е _ _, fFar -| osm | 0-250 | 0250 | osoo | 0325 | ro | 060 | osses | 123 | Leak =2- + Dist.—1- } Ноте - Я 0:250 | 07195 хә : E | 0:668 | 0:333 ч | "e. (Ру -] 0424 | 0°975 | oss | 0609 | 05! ro | 0650 | osz | ras L Dist.=05 f Home : 02342 | 0-181 d: т d 0:571 | 0:498 " Dicis {Far - || 035 | :0190 | 0-285 | 0°475 | 0-285 1˙0 0:539 | (0809 1348 | = Home - is 0235 | 0117 P "a a 0:660 | 0:333 E xL —P—— ОРЛЕАНА sut] ЧЕРЧЕ РАНЕЕ РНЕ - "OR Far -|| 0:400 | 0:200 | 0400 | (600 | 0333 1:0 0:500 | 1:000 | 1:500 Leak =1- 4 Dist. 1- {Homo | s 0-200 | 0:200 | .. "m 0-500 | 0°500 x Discos {Far - 0476 | 0-235 | oses | 0-823 | 0°40 || 170 0°404 | 1:935 | 1:729 = Home - | Ж 0:190 | 0:985 Е А oe 0:400 | 0°60 2 picis {Far -l- 0:368 0133 0-400 | 0°58 | 0-838 1:0 0:367 | 11001 | 1:469 * Home • | " 0'181 0'181 oe $5 "T 0:500 0°500 T | „ | oma (Far 0428 | 014 | osn | 0.714 | oso 10 0333 | 1:534 | ress- | Leak =0°5 Dist. = 1 Home | » 0:285 0'142 2 8 j $ 0'666 0:333 as ea ., (Far -| 0:533 0181 090 | r09 | 0:500 1:0 0341 | 21-706 | 2:048 | Dist.=0'5 Home А | * ^3 0°133 0°399 ee „ | » 0*250 0°750 ds N 2 €. V. Walker, Esq., F. R. S., E. R. A. S. 16 Dec. 1859. > + = = C. V. Walker, Esq., F. H. A. S. 16 Dec. 1859. 100 34. Returning now to the observations made at Keyham on the Atlantic cable, the results of which are given in the evidence. The values were obtained by reading oscillations ; and they are necessarily amenable to the laws of derived “© currents." So that there is a ready mode of testing their accuracy. I have given five different lengths of cable that were examined. There were other cases. The shortest length given is 400 miles. The galvanometer employed in all the cases in question was the same. It was reported to consist of 9 lb. 13 oz. of No. 20 wire, and presented a resistance of about 12 miles of the cable, certainly under two miles. This quantity being so small may be conveniently rejected from the calculations. ‘The battery used in some cases consisted of 144 cells of zinc-copper, with sawdust moistened with dilute sulphuric acid; in other cases of 288 cells of a similar battery. The resistance of either of these batteries is small, compared with that of the cable under examination, and may be rejected in these calculations, which are not very rigid, without sensibly affecting the reaults, except when the leak is large or near home; and the same exception holds good with regard to the galva- nometer. 35. The following Table V. is a summary of the results given in evidence. TADLE V. | | Proportionate Oscillations per Minute. | Distribution | of Force. | | 11 III Iv. | V. | VI vn. — Miles. | . i ⁵ Pu ĩ A e е | e ee; E/E dE ЕЯ file) S| Sha; ais | 20°7 | 84 a. 2 | 1 KM 0°09 0 400 е е е nye . . 8 £83 Cells (2.200 „ | 5s: | 47°05 | 533 | 1 10:598 0˙805 654 || 16°3 | 60° 53°77 | 541 || 1 | 0:756 0:798 144 Cells 1 551 67°41 | 48°38 | 65°39 1 | 0°485 | 0°987 992 1 * 0:302 | 158 | 56°33 | 53°00 33°04 | 1 ` 86. Without being in possession of the correct resistances of the galvanometer and battery, it would be an unprofitable task to attempt to refine upon these figures; the more so, as the circumstances under which the examinations were made were not favourable to very accurate measurements. The needle was on a pivot, and subject to friction ; the table was not over stable, and much iron was about. 'The varia- tions in the number of vibrations per minute, (as shown in column I.), obtained by the same needle on different days, and under different conditions, is an illustration of the dis- turbances to which we were exposed ; some evidently due to the unstable character of the galvanometer itself. 37. .But for the moment, confining our attention to mere galvanometer-force, apart from all calculation, a reference. to columns II., III., and IV. will show at a glance where there was the greatest action on the galvanometer, and where the least ; where, for instance, the amount that reached the far station was greater or less than would go off by the leak alone, when the far end was free; and this without even taking the square of the number, which would make it more manifest. For instance, with the good piece of 400 mile cable the available force at the far end was greater than that of absolute leakage; with the 2,200 miles it was less. With the 554 miles of cable the available force was less than the leakage, whether the good length of 400 miles was nearer or further from home. But it was, comparing the two cases, less when the good length was far away than when nearer home. With the 992 miles the available force was greater than the absolute leakage. 38. On referring to columns V., VI., and VII. for tho proportions, we have figures which, from the cause above stated, may require correction. For instance, on testing the values given for the 400 mile length by the laws of “ divided currents," I find that the leaving proportion is a little too high, and the absolute leakage is not too high. 39. The mode of testing was by assuming an unknown resultant of leakage г, at a given distance a, and applying the formule to these values. If the figures in the Table were correct, the value of z would be the same in all the equations ; if otherwise, it would not be. 40. Finding it was not the same, I assumed that 0:089 in the Table was the true leakage, and from this calculated what should be the corresponding value of the arriving cur- rent, and found it should be 0:932. I substituted this for the original value, and by calculation found it would corre- spond to a leak 100 miles distant, presenting a resistance equal to 4,100 miles, | MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE i 4l. I applied the formulæ to these resistances as fol- ows :— | Miles. * Resistance of galvanometer = 0 R Я Galvanometer to leak = 100 } Leak = 4100 = * Leak to cable end E = 30 = ғ We should have— Miles. = = 1 rfr 12300 5 f rtr 44 2p К _ 279°5 — a. = E = 3 В — 279:5 КИС „ 41 ME Then— 1 = ЕИ = I. Enters RiR = 795 = 0۰00263 = 1 II. Leaves 0:00263 x (® =)0-932 = 0۰00245 = 0:939 R III. Lost 000263 x ( г = )0°068 = 0-00018 = 0-068 1 0002362 0: 4200 —0:000236- 0:089 42. From this it is evident that the values for the 400 mile cable given in Table V. are very nearly true, the error пев Е the leaving current having been reckoned a little too high. 43. rhe amount of error is 0:974 — 0°932 = 0'042, во that the sum of leakage in that cable was equal to a leak 100 miles from home, presenting & resiatance equal to 4,100 miles of cable. 44. By a little painstaking the recorded values for the other cables might be converted into very proximate, if not absolutely true, values. V. W. , . 1 | IV. Leaks HT Norte B. CHARGING CAPACITIES of various CABLE CORES. The following table is the result of an examination made at the Gutta Percha Company’s works on May 6, 1858, when the temperature of the air was 57°, and that of the water 60. The battery employed was 504 cells of the zinc-copper sand battery, charged with diluted sulphuric acid. The galvanometer was a horizontal, made by Reid, Bro- thers, for the Atlantic Telegraph Company. It was reported to contain 34 miles of No. 40 copper wire; which, according to data given by Mr. Henley in his report from Valentia, dated September 30, 1858, would be equal in resistance to 6123 miles of the conductor of the Atlantic cable. It gave a deflection of 62? with one pair of the plates of the above- named battery in short circuit. Eight distinct cable cores were at my disposal; the outer dimensions of all were the same, namely, that of the Atlantic cable core, 0:375 inches, and the length of each was about & mile. I have given the precise number of yards of each in column l. They were all suspended in the canal. In the Table, W. indicates Whitehouse core. It contained three distinct No. 22 copper wires, each insulated from the other. C. is Chatterton core. having a layer of his compound between the conductor and the gutta percha, and a layer of the same compound between each two coatings of gutta percha. The conductor was the Atlantic strand, consisting of 7 No. 22 wires, and presenting an outer ace four times that of a single No. 22. A. is the Atlantic cable core. H., in experiments 6 to 10, are five distinct arrangements of Mr. Hearder's core; the conductor, as before, is the Atlantic strand; and this is covered with cotton or worsted, either or both, as specified in the Table, before the gutta percha coats are applied. 1. W. 1880, one No. 22 : „| 42°0 | 89:0 | 10-0 3:5 2. W.1880, one No. 22 . «| 4&0 | 42:0 975| 3-5 9. W. 1880, one No. 22 — „| 450 42°0 9°75 86 4 C. 1760 . =! 52°0 | 51°5 | 83 2:0 5. A. 1760 . e | oa] 55:0 | 515 | 10:0 6:0 6. H. 1667, single cotton |565) 70°5 68:0 11:0 7°5 7. Н. 1754, single worsted » az 705 | 70°0 | 18-5 5:5 8. H. 1747, double cotton 25 850 84:8 235 6:0 9. Н. 1760, double worsted - E 05:0 | 840 | 200 | 90 10. H. 1752, cotton and worsted a! 100°0 95˙0 20°0 9°0 11. W. 1880 x 2 wires: . -| ero | exo | 150 45 12. W. 1880 x 2 wires „1 65°0 63°8 15°6 5:0 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. One end of the battery was permanently in connexion with the earth, the galvanometer intervening. The far end of each conductor was free and insulated. The column headed „charge“ gives the extreme deflection of the galvanometer, when the home end of the conductor of the respective cores was touched for a moment with a wire leading from the free end of the battery, the battery itself being well insulated. . By inspecting this column, it is manifest that the smaller the conductor the less the charge; or the larger the inner surface of gutta percha presented to the conductor the greater the charge. р | | For example, in Exp. 1, in which the charging surface is represented by the surface of a single No. 22 wire, the deflection is 42. In Exp. 4, where the conductor is the Atlantic strand of seven К о. 22 wires, presenting a surface four times that of Exp. 1, the deflection is 52°, and in Exps. 6 to 10, where the charging surface of gutta percha is manifestly larger, from the interposition of the fibrous material between the wires and the gutta percha, the deflec- tion became still higher, varying from 704° to 100? ; the latter being the result, when the interposed fibrous matter was greatest. The deflection in Exp. 1 is full high, as a comparative value, the W. core being longer than the others. The last column headed “leakage” represents the per- manent deflections of the galvanometer needle, when the wire from the free end of the battery was allowed to remain in permanent connexion with the home end of the con- ductor. It is well to read these figures in connexion with those of the charge column; because they help to cor- rect the latter by the quantities due to leakage. Due allowance being made for leakage, the conclusions to which column II. leads are still maintained. It is manifest that the experiments herein recorded cannot fully solve the problem of the relative value of conductors of various size. They advance us one step in the inquiry. They prove, it is true, that the larger the gutta percha surface the greater the absorption of electricity or charge, — and as charge and retardation are in the relation of cause and effect, the suspicion may arise that large conductors are not the best; but, in order to solve this problem ex- perimentally, it is necessary to examine whether the larger charge, acquired by the larger surface, may not be produced from the larger wire, in the same or in less time than the smaller charge from the smaller wire; and still more,—for this is the greatest element of the retardation,—whether the larger wire may not discharge the larger charge from the larger surface with as great or greater rapidity than the smaller does the sraaller charge. J apprehend that experi- ment alone can determine this. The lengths being so short it^was not possible for me to measure the interval between the current’s entering one end and arriving at the other ;— it would not have amounted to more than the thousandth part of a second. Exp. | was made upon one ofthe three wires in the Whitehouse core, the other two having their ends free and insulated. Exp. 2 was made on the same one wire, one of the others being connected with the earth. Exp. 3 was the same, except that both the spare wires were connected with the earth. The charge in these two cases was greater. ‘The probable explanation is that the dielectric or gutta percha between the inner and outer coating was thinner; the spare wires in connexion with the earth acting as it were as an outer coating nearer to the inner. Exp. 11 and 12. The battery wire was applied to two of the three wires of the W. core. In the one case, the two home ends were united, and the current was distributed between the two wires. In the other case the two far ends were united and the current passed along the first wire to the second. The results are identical. ‘The charge in both cases is greater than with the Atlantic conductor Exp. 4, although the total surface presented to the wire is one half less. 'l'hese two results cause regret that there was no opportunity of pursuing the inquiry further. e two discharge columns were obtained by touching one end of the charged wire with an earth wire, either imme- diately after the charge was given or after an interval of 30 seconds. They may be useful for reference. The latter column has a general relation to the “ leakage " column. The better the insulation the better the retention of charge, the ends of the conductor being free. "The figures given in the Table are the results in each case of several consecutive observations. Considerable discretion is necessary in dealing with these figures. They bear no other relation than that any one is greater or less than any other; but how much greater or less each is to another 1s not apparent, and is not to be determined. The lowest deflection in the charge column is high, and every degree beyond this is of far higher value than the degrees within it. On comparing Exp. 1, with Exp. 11, that is, comparing the charge of one No. 22 wire with the charge of two No. 22 101 wires we have the figures 42? and 65°, The coated surfaces here are as 1: 2; and the deflections are 42? aud 65°, It is not at all impossible that the 23° (beyond 42°), shown in the second case, may be the exact equivalent of 42°; in other words that a deletion from 42? to 65° is equal to a deflec- tion from 0°? to 42°, and that the full deflections 42° and 65° are in the proportion, each to the other, as 1:2. This is only a suggestion in the present state of our knowledge. It might have been determined clearly had we had two No. 22 wires in distinct cores. If it were confirmed by an experiment of that kind, other inferences would follow; as, for instance, on com- paring Exp. 11 with Exp. 4 where the surface ratios are as : 2, we have deflections as 65° to 52°, or in an inverse ratio to the surface, the lesser surface giving the larger charge, and vice versd. In this case, while the surface ratios are as 1 : 2 the conducting ratios are as 1: 35. The ques- tion then presents itself in this form:—Surface and con- duction in the proportion of 1 : 1, compared with surface and conduction in the proportion of 1 : 1°75, giving values represented by 659 and 52? respectively, will this be ac- cepted as evidence that toties quoties less proportionate charge is to be expected with large conductors than with small. This is an important question, and one which has evidently occupied greatly the attention of those engaged in these inquiries , and it is not the whole question, for the case may be in which tie conducting power of a smaller wire may be equal to the work required. All beyond this is expense and loss, and if attended with increase of charge and retarda- tion, although not a proportionate increase, it would yet entail a real evil for a questionable good. C. V. W. Fernside Villa, Red Hill, Reigate, April 27, 1858. 1.—Mission to Keyham. DEAR Sir, On the receipt of your letter of March 22, I made arrangements to proceed, with the least possible delay, to Keyham Ford, in order to investigate the conditions under which the retardation of signals takes place in the Atlantic cable, and to furnish the directors with any suggestion that might occur to me whether on this or on any other point connected with the cable. 2.— Facilities afforded. I arrived at Devonport on Saturday March 27, and com- menced my examination on the morning of the fol- lowing Monday in association with Mr Whitehouse, the Company's electrician, to whom I am greatly indebted for the courteous and cordial manner in which he co-operated with me throughout, and for the assistance he rendered me, and which, in my comparative inexperience, I so much needed. I found also the same ready help cheerfully rendered by all the officers in the department. 1 left Devonport on the morning of Wednesday, April 14. 3.——Induction. The retardation is due, as we have long been aware, to induction. Ihe word has become so popular in connexion with cables that its significance is apt to be overlooked by any one who uses it. 4, 5.— Polarisation. Loss during Polarisation. Electric force on being presented polarises the particles of copper wire end on, as it were, and in advance of itself as in fact is the case with our erial wire; not only so, it also polarises in all directions the cylinderical slate of gutta-percha, with which the wire is surrounded. ‘The polarisation of the plate of gutta-percha is accomplished at the expense of the electric force presented to the cable, so that as it passes on it, leaves part of itself on the gutta- percha, and, (though nothing should be lost by leakage) the initial force, as it reaches the far end of the cable, is not equal in value to that presented at the home end. 6.— Charge. | The successive portions of the current in passing add to the effect, and the gutta-percha plate becomes what is termed charged, a condition precisely analagous to that of & plate of glass coated on ench side with tinfoil, one side being presented to a source of force, the conductor of an electrical machine, while the other side communicates with the earth. 7.— Time for Charging. The operation of charging requires time; hence the interval of about two seconds between the time of electric force being presented at the home end, and its first appear- ance at the far end of the 2,000 miles of pu But this 3 C. V. Walker, Esq., F.n.S F.R.A.S. 16 Dec. 1859. C. Y. Walker, Esq., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. 6 Dec. 1859. 102. delay would be of little moment if the whole force that passes could at once come out from the far end, and leave the cable in its normal state as it found it on entering, be- cause other currents under such circumstance would be sent rapidly in without waiting for the first to make its exit. 8.— More Time for Discharging. But the plate of gutta-percha retains a charge, and parts with it slowly, if allowed to discharge itself many minutes will elapse before the whole charge will disappear, and during this time a continuous current capable of makin one long continued signal will flow out from the far end. It is this second source of delay which is the main ingre- dient in preventing the rapid transmission of signals through the Atlantic cable. Finding no record of experiments for discovering the precise character of the static polarisation, as oduced by the various conditions under which electric orce could be presented to the cable, we availed our- selves of the kindness of Sir W. Snow Harris, (to whom our thanks are due in this and other matters), who lent us the apparatus necessary for this enquiry, and cheerfully placed any of his other apparatus at our disposal; by this means we acquired the information of which I was in quest, and to which I shall refer hereafter. 9.—Depolarising at home end. . I made myself well acquainted with the method adopted by Mr. Whitehouse to depolarise the gutta-percha, or clear the cable of its charge. It is briefly this: he presents a current to the home end of the cable, which travels on, polarising as it goes untilit reaches the far end of the cable and passes to earth through the relay, where it makes one signal, which will be expended in length and time until the cable is fully discharged. He now, at the right interval, presents a second current of the reverse character to the home end of the cable, which travels onward de- polarising the cable as it goes, and polarising it in the reverse direction; so that while the charge is running out from the far end of the cable it is being neutralised at the home end of the cable, and thus a second signal can be sent into the cable with less delay. ‘The depolarisation at the home end of the cable by means of a reverse current is more rapid and efficacious than the mere running out to the earth at the far end. 10.—Depolarising at far end. I was, therefore, induced to consult with Mr. Whitehouse as to the possibility of depolarising by a reverse current at the far end, as well as at the home end, but this operation is beset with difficulties, and would seem only to complicate the matter; we devised no method by which the process could be put into practise. ]1.—Pre-charging Wire. We had already discovered the absolute character of the polarisation pone by a current under given circum- stances, and I felt it right to examine whether by antecedently producing similar polarisation by extraneous means, it were possible to arrange that the current itself should not be delayed in its course ; in order to discharge this essential function we produced this antecedent polarisation of like or of unlike character, and we also put the cable into a rheo- electro static state, by opposed force; but, as far as our experiments went, retardation and not acceleration was the result. 12.— Velocity. With voltaic currents no increase in velocity is obtained by increasing the number of elements, this is not quite the case with the induction currents employed by Mr. White- house. A slight increase in velocity is obtained by adding to the elements, but the increase is not in proportion to the increase of elements, and it cannot be pressed to excess. 13, 14.—Secondary Coils.—Large Gutta Surface. The secondary coils employed by Mr. Whitehouse for generating the current he requires, are constructed with wire of unusually large size (No. 20), very different from the wire No. 36 or No. 40, that is commonly employed for such coils as well as for the coils of magneto-electric machines ; this necessity seems to arise from the large size of the conducting wire of the cable, which gives a corresponding large extent to the inner surface of the gutta-percha plate ; this larger surface retains a larger quantity of the passing force for the act of polarisation; and it appears that if the large force is abstracted from a current that is derived from a smaller secondary wire, so little will remain to reach .the far end that no working result will be obtained. ; — — MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 15.— Magnetic Machine. mE I had not the opportunity of seeing the result derived from Mr. Henley's large magnetic machine with fine wire coils; the coils were out of order when it arrived at Key- ham, and the repairs were not quite completed when my time for ee had arrived. From the above considera- tions I should be prepared to expect that the magneto- current which might arrive at the far end, would be in- adequate to its work. 16.—Platinized Graphite. The large wire of the primary coil, and the equally large рас of the battery cells, are necessary for getting out the ill effect from the secondary coils in use. 1 had. already mentioned to Mr. Whitehouse my employment of platinized graphite instead of silver for battery plates, its advantages and its comparatively little cost, 1 think he is prudent in being about to substitute it for silver, he will obtain from it larger supplies of electricity, and the company will realise no small sum for the rejected silver plates when returned into store. There are some anomalies connected with the behaviour of the secondary coils in use; and it occurred to me with discussing my notes to suggest whether any experiments have been made with coils not having iron cores, and to what extent and with what results. 17.— Coils without Iron Wires. If currents adequate to the work can be readily generated from such coils, the absence of iron cores would be an advantage in favour of the instantaniety of generation and cessation. It now takes time, appreciable time, to mag- netize and demagnetize, and this time in the absence of iron would be avolded. 18.— Cable when laid. For the above observations I have confined my attention to the cable as it now exists, to the difficulties with which asa cable it is surrounded, and with a view to mitigate them. My impression is that they will not be increased when the cable is laid ; the lowness of the temperature and the uncoiling of the cable will so far be in its favour. 19.—Suggestions. The shortness of my stay at Keyham, together with the unavoidable occupations at times, or interruptions of the cable necessarily prevented my exhausting the questions which most pressed themselves upon my mind :— st. Whether any means can be devised by sending in reverse currents at the far end to conspire with those at the home end for shortening if not the dots and dashes at least the blanks. 2nd. Whether by any other means than those we were able to try of sending a constant current through the cable and keeping it charged, a working current would be sent through the charged cable, which should not be delayed or attenuated from the act of charging. This is a purely experimental question I had proposed trying the effect of Henley’s large machine in conjunction with the coils, but it was not ready. 3rd. Whether the absence of iron from the centre of the secondary coils would be an advantage or otherwise, in respect to the amount of force raised, and its prompt generation and cessation. 20.—Instruments. I speak more of the cable than of the apparatus, because the essential | ie Ha of the cable will hive their influ- ence, and evidently with little modification, whatever the instruments may be ; and time, especially that for the dis- charge, is one element in the problem that can only be dealt es sir eae 5 those which have been already adopted, and possibly modified by some such operati those I have just set forth. d я 21-25— Magnetic Storms—their Periodicity—Effects neutralized. Return Wire. Should the cable happily be laid in its integrity, there are certain cosmical conditions to which it will be exposed that promise to be of serious inconvenience; I mean the varia- tion in terrestrial magnetism, and es pecially those variations known as magnetic storms, and which are now increasi in number and force, and will doubtless follow the recog- nised cycle, and steadily increase during the coming two years or so. This subject had excited so little attention that, for the instruction of civil engineers, last summer when Mr. Window’s paper was being discussed, I prepared the corresponding curves of sun spots and magnetic storms of which J enclose a copy, with a view to directing attention SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. to this probable source of interruption. The time for closing the discussion arrived without my having an opportunity to bring them forward. Doubts were afterwards expressed to me whether this influence would be felt on submerged wires. These doubts, however, have been removed by the results of the observations made at Valencia on the 380 miles of cable lost there. The effects of these disturbances are felt by me in their fullest developement on the line of telegraph from Ashford to Margate, places occupying somewhat the same relative positions as Valencia and Newfoundland. Coinci- dent with the earthquake at Naples in December last, we had our needles so violently deflected as to become horizon- talat one time. The disturbance continued with greater or less violence, and with continual variations, for 36 hours. During my absence at Keyham on April 9th, we felt the effects of a still greater storm than the above. I have it noted as the most violent on record. During some part of the time we could not send messages on the instruments in their then condition. In. 1848-9, when these disturbances were least at their height, we met the minor difficulties by a mechanical arrangement, but in the heavier cases we con- demned one of our needles and used its wire as a return wire for the one remaining needle, in place of the earth. By this device the disturbing action of one wire was neutra- lized, as far as the telegraphic instrument was concerned, by the reverse action of the other wire, while both led to earth. With earth wires removed, the line wires were free from disturbing influences. I have long considered that your only protection against these disturbances will be to have two wires instead of one; to have, that is, a complete metallic circuit returning by a second wire, instead of being discharged by the earth. 26.— Oiher Advantages. There appears to ime, as far as my experiments extended, other and considerable advantages connected with an entire metallic circuit. The polarization of the gutta-percha plate, and the attendant retardation, is less under such circum- stances, and I believe it will be found that, in proportion as the batteries, the apparatus, and the wire, are insulated from the earth, and the earth itself is more perfectly excluded from all participation in the matter, the greater will be the progress. "These, of course, are points to be settled by careful research before another cable is devised. 27.—Strand too large. I am of opinion also that the conducting strand of the present cable is unnecessarily large. Its largeness re- quires that the gutta-percha surface which is around it and contiguous to it, shall be large also, and hence there is greater abstraction made of the current as it passes, and a greater amount of depolarization or discharge to be accom- plished after the current has made its signal at the far end. 28.—Small Wire. The only essential condition of decreasing the size of this wire is that its resistance is increased, but this is a matter, compared with other things, of small importance. The resistance of the cable is the least of all the difficulties to be overcome. A little extra power will readily overcome a large resistance. ‘The advantages are, on the other hand, great; to have a less surface to be charged, and to gain all the extra power of insulation that follows from having a small instead of a large wire, in a given bulk of gutta-percha. The increased resistance of the returned wire mentioned above may be met with equal readiness. The examination of a small wire, in relation to a large one, is a question that can readily be tested by experiment. 29.— Other Advantages. Whatever may be the result of experiments upon this point there are other great advantages to be expected from a smaller conducting wire, which is, that the batteries, the primary and secondary wires may be all in like proportion smaller and therefore more manageable every way, and of course less costly. Should this be so the advantage will re-act favourably in respect to the size and construction of the commutators also, the wire being smaller, ceteris pari- bus, will take less space from the gutta-percha and allow the cylinder to be just so far thicker, and the thicker the late is the more is its inductive power reduced, and the ess charge will it take. 30, — Remedy. As far as the present cable is concerned, the question is rather to find a remedy for an existing disease, or the most 103 we can expect is to modify or slightly mitigate it. Since I was first addressed on this subject, my own thoughts have been directed to a prevention rather than a cure. It ig well known that if the same kind of electricity is presented to both sides of a coated pane, as the cylindrical plate of gutta-percha, of which the insulating material of the cable is composed, we cannot charge it, if, for instance, we know, as by experiment we do know, the character of polarisation that will he acquired by the inner side of the gutta-percha plate, by the passage of an electric current, under known conditions, through the conducting wire, we may reasonably expect to prevent such a current from producing such а charge, by at the same time presenting to the outer side of the gutta-percha plate a current that shall produce a similar character of polarisation. My impressions are confirmed by some elementary experiments on this point, mgde with the assistance of Sir W. Snow Harris, with his apparatus] my opinion is this, that if the thin conducting wire were duly insulated with its several coats of gutta-percha, and the gutta-percha then coated with a metal, of which the well known lead-protected gutta-percha wire is a type, and this again were insulated with gutta-percha, that the effect of the current in the inner wire might be neutralized by the equal effect in the reverse direction of the outer metal, and the charge might be prevented. This remark ів equally applicable, with necessary modifications, to a two-wire cable; the reaction of the returned wire would modify the charge on the gutta-percha plate directly between it and the main conducting wire, and I believe some of Mr. White- house’s early experiments show that the retardation, though not annihilated, was comparatively less under such circum- stances. It is not easy to arrive theoretically at the full comprehension of sah an arrangement, because so many unexpected results come from the cable, under new con- ditions, but the test of experiment can be very easily applied. | The specific inductive capacity of all bodies is not the same. Should we succeed in laying hands on a tolerahly insulating body, such, for instance, as ‘Trinidad bitumen (as proposed by the Earl of Dundonald), and find its specific inductive capacity comparatively low, advantage might be derived from placing a layer of it first and next to the wire. I scarcely expect to find such a body that would not charge at all, but it is just possible to find one that would charge very little. It is worth looking after, | 31.—Leakage. During my sojourn at Keyham I made several measure- ments of the proportion of the current that was lost by leakage, and that passed through the cable under different circumstances. Ihe instruments at my command had not been constructed for this special purpose, and, although the results arrived at are open, on this account, to a certain correction, due to instrumental error, yet they are not very far from being, on the whole, tolerably accurate repre- sentations of the conditions. 32.— Great Leakage. I was hardly prepared to find the leakage so high, but, notwithstanding this, a current at the far end equal to the work is readily obtained. I found, for instance, with 2,900 miles of the cable, that four-fifths of a given current were lost in leakage when the far end of the cable was free or clear of earth, but that only two-fifths were lost when the far end was put into condition to receive signals, so that in practice three-fifths of the whole force reached the far end available for signals. With 400 miles of cable more than nine-tenths of the whole force reached the far end of the cable as signal force. If the far end of this length of cable was free, only one-twelfth of the whole force escaped by defective insulation. We obtained similar measurements of 554 miles of cable, of which 154 miles consisted of the least perfect cable, and the remaining 400 was the length newly manufactured of standard wire. The results were very different according as the standard length, which is well insulated, was nearest the battery power or farthest from it. The following are the reduced details of the two cases :— eo Ist. Standard wire at home end,— Entering current - - 1000 Signal force (far end) - - 0:755 Leakage (circuit complete) - 5 Leakage (far end free) = - 0:798 2nd. Standard wire at far end,. Entering current - ~ 1:000 Signal force (far end) - - 0:485 Leakage (circuit complete) < 0:515 Leakage (far end free) 5 - 0937 C. F. Walker, Esq., F.RS.. F. R. A. S. 16 Dec. 1859. C. V. Walker, Esq., F.R.S.. F.R.A.S. 16 Dec. 1859. Mr. W. T. Henley. 104 33.— Place for Good Lengths. These measurements show that the greatest, advantage is gained out of the best specimens of cable by having them nearest to the source of electricity, or at the shore end. 'The advantage gained in the above two modes of arrange- ment is as 755 to 485, or as 1} to 1. The good specimens of 400 miles is at the bottom of Niagara coil, and comes out last. Should her portion of the cable become so exhausted that this will become the first length from Newfoundland, it will be in the best possible position. Should the first lengths from either shore consist of the worst specimens, they will be in the least advantageous position. Had time permitted, these measurements would have been extended and modified to all the sub-divisions of the cable. The nine questions, therefore, which have presented themselves to my mind in respect to any subsequent operations are— 34.— Suggestions. Ist. That variation in the earth's magnetism will interfere with the signals, and that this difficulty will be entirely overcome by having a return wire . instead of an earth discharge. 2nd. That there is reason to expect that the charge and its attendant retardation will be favourably modified by the use of a second wire. 3rd. That the use of a smaller wire promises favourably to modify the charge and retardation ; and it can be better insulated under equal conditions. 4th. That a charge may possibly be altogether prevented by having an insulated outer conductor, either as tube or woven wire. 5th. That charge might be kept down by the interven- tion of a body of bad specific inductive capacity, if such can be found. 6th. That the best parts of a cable should be nearest to their respective coasts. 35.— Subsequent Questions. In laying this brief summary of the results of my short visit to Keyham before the directors, I do not dismiss the subject. 1 contine to discuss my notes; and should any question arise tending to throw light on this complex problem, and which may require experimental solution, I shall not hesitate to forward it to Mr. Whitehouse, who may probably be able to answer it of his own knowledge, from his past experiments; and if not I am sure he will most gladly put it to the prompt test of experiment. Although 1t is out of the usual course to address a board of directors in connection with experiments made by one of themselves, yet I am unable to conclude without expressing my surprise and admiration at the remarkable results ob- tained by Professor Thomson. 36, 37.—Gauss and Weber.—Professor Thomson. I am aware that 24 years ago Gauss and Weber described a telegraph which gave signals by the deflection of a magnet, that the magnet carried a mirror in which a scale was re- flected, and that the signals consisted of the greater or less deflections of the magnet in one or other direction; but I was not prepared to see any such system realised. The pe Atlantic system consists of dots and dashes, and as time for its basis. Professor Thomson's consists of degrees of deflection, and has force for its basis. He uses derived currents of various values, in order to produce the amount of deflection he requires to correspond with the signal in request; and he discharges the wire by compen- MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE sation currents of calculated values. Although the indi- vidua) signals may not travel more rapidly than other kinds, and though the discharge of the wire requires, as in other cases, time, yet since each letter is represented by one act instead of by several acts combined, more letters can be read off in a given time. The index is a spot of light reflected from a mirror and traversing a scale. Should this system come into practical use it will be a most remarkable realization of theoretical deductions. I think I should place on record the following :—The first message sent through 2,640 miles of cable by this system, on the evening of Saturday April 10th; it was the result of a rough arrangement and before much experience had been 3 and, under the circumstances, is remarkably accurate. The first column shows the values given to the respective letters; the second, the values obtained; and the third the letters themselves that constitute the message :— — 66 — 65 P — 10 — 17 1 + 724 + 60 е + 14 + 13 a — 96 — 90 8 + 72% + 65 e — 96 — 90 S + 72 + 64 e — 36 — 37 n + 57 + 53 d — 110 — 105 T + 123 + 102 h + 65 + 73 e — 10 — 12 L + 14 + 13 a — 96 — 93 8 — 110 — 110 t — 36 — 42 N + 723 + 58 e — 125 — 120 : — 125 — 120 x — 96 . س‎ 110 8 ＋ 88 ＋ 77 F — 81 — 80 r — 50 — 59 0 — 25 — 30 m There was an index error of 7? at the end to be allowed for, the first five words of the message please send the last news from," were sent in 114 minutes. The inessage was read off by means of the alphabet with which we had been previously furnished. The above are the chief points that, pressed themselves on my attention during my stay at Keyham. In conclusion, I would direct attention very forcibly to the extreme importance of taking no hasty measures in respect to any future cables, for the safe laying of the present will assuredly call for companion cables. While every advantage is being taken on this occasion of having so unusual a length of cable for experiments, future move- ments should be conducted with deliberation, and careful experiments made, and this not in haste, in order to de- termine as nearly as possible which of the above, or of any other models, may produce a cable free, or in great measure free, from the properties that so militate against rapid signalling. (Signed) CHARLES V. WALKER, F.R.S., F.R.A.S. G. Saward, Esq., Secretary, Atlantic Telegraph Company. Mr. WILLIAM THOMAS HENLEY examined. 2311. (Chairman.) You are a telegraphic engineev? — Yes. 2312. You have been connected for several years with devising and manufacturing instruments for receiving and recording telegraphic signals, have you not ?—For 22 years. x 2313. (Professor Wheatstone.) Have you also ma- nufactured submarine cables ?—I have manufactured submarine cables, and laid many miles of underground wires. 2314. Can you state what cables you have made, and where they have been laid ?—I made the Tas- manian cable, 240 miles in length, which is laid between Victoria and Tasmania. I made a piece of about 30 miles for Dr. O'Shaughnessy in India; I do not know the exact spot where that was laid; I think it was cut up into lengths to lay across rivers. I also made a piece of about 10 miles to lay iu the Mediterranean. 2315. (Chairman.) Where was that laid ?—It was intended for repairing the Malta and Cagliari line, but on failing to do that the end was landed at Mar- sala, connecting that place with Malta. 2316. Did you go out with the expedition that went out to repair that cable ?—No, I did not. 2317. Was not the expedition unsuccessful ?—Yes ; SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. they got into deep water and the cable broke in lifting ; they were in about 360 fathoms, and in grappling for it, every time they got hold of the bight of the cable it broke in raising. 2318. Are there any other cables you have made ? —Only those three that I have mentioned. I have laid 5,000 miles of underground gutta-percha wire. 2319. Were not you concerned in the first intro- duction of the magnetic instrument as a generator of electricity for telegraphic purposes ?—Y es. 2320. After the injury of the Atlantic cable, were you employed by the directors to test and examine that electrically ?— Yes. 2321. Will you describe the condition of the cable, and relate any facts of importance with respect to it which are not specially alluded to in your report ?— I think I explained in my report all the results that I arrived at. I found a very serious fault, which gave what we call dead earth, and by testing with the resistance coils it appeared to be a fault equal to 270 miles. 2392. Was that after it was laid ?—That was after it was laid and had failed. 2323. Are you quite satisfied with that result ?— I was quite satisfied; it gave a resistance equal to 270 miles, but how much was made up of the fault, and how much of the wire intervening, I could not exactly say. 2324. Had you ever tested the Atlantic cable before it was laid ?—I never tested for leakage. I worked through it with & small magnet when it was lying at Keyham, through the 2,500 miles. 2325. (Mr. Varley.) In testing for a fault, do you think it possible to ascertain the amount of resistance peculiar to the fault itself, so as to be able to ascertain with any precision the exact locality of the fault, whether the fault was close in shore, giving a resistance of 280 miles, or whether it was 280 miles out? We could only judge by testing whether the fault got better or worse after the current had been passing through for some considerable time. 2326. Can you give any accurate idea of the amount of resistance properly due to the fault itself ?—I judged it to be a bad fault, as it did not mend by passing positive currents through it; if it was a small fault, we supposed the copper would become oxidized to mend the fault. 2327. You think it is not certain that the fault is at a distance of 280 miles, it may be nearer ?—It may be nearer. I think it is some considerable distance off ; more than 100 miles. 2328. (Chairman.) When did you make these ex- periments ?—The experiments connected with work- inz through the cable were made during the timo it was at Keyham ; but those for testing for insulation at Valentia in September, after its failure. 2329. Since then have you not published a docu- ment showing the relative testings of the cable ?— I sent in a report to the Atlantic Company, from Valentia, as to the state of the cable. That report was sent by Mr. Saward to the papers for publication. 2330. Will you state your impression as to the present state of the cable ?—It appears to be in about the same state, as near as we can judge, except that a serious fault has shown itself at the Newfoundland end also. 2331. (Mr. Saward.) Have you formed any opinion as to what kind of fault it is ?—I think it must have been a fault in the manufacture. I do not think anything has gone wrong since. 2332. Have you had any means of testing to form an opinion as to whether it is a bad piece of wire?— I think it consists of several imperfections in the gutta-percha, rather than one large fault ; perhaps injuries that occurred in putting on the external covering, and also straining in laying it; it might have been injured in some way of that sort. 2333. Did you make any examination of the cable at Keyham?—I did not test it for insulation, as the cable was in Mr. Whitehouse's hands. I did not con- sider the test of much use, 83 the cable was not placed 105 under water. I passed currents through it several times from a battery, and also from a small magnetic machine. 2334. ( Chairman.) Were those experiments for the purpose of testing the resistance ?—Testing the speed and retardation. 2335. What results did you arrive at ?—The results were that a current from a small magneto- electro machine, wound with small wires or from a small plate battery, would pass more rapidly than the currents from larger wires, or a battery consisting of larger plates. That was quite contrary to Mr. White- house's opinion. He told me that it was no use for me to bring down the magneto machine wound with fine wire; it must be wound with very large wire. I brought two machines, one wound with very fine wire and the other large wire, and I found that the one wound with fine wire answered much the best. 2336. (Mr. Varley.) What was the size of the wires ?— The large wire was No. 22, and the fine wire No. 32. With the fine wire instrument I sent a current through and printed with the printing telegraph words at the rate of about, I think, two and three-quarter words per minute. I brought the slip up and gave it to Mr. Saward ; it was rather faster than could be printed with the large coils and batteries that they had down there. 2337. (Chairman.) What was the length of the fine wire in the coil ? — The length was about four miles ; the other wire was about & mile and three- quarters. | 2338. (Mr. Varley.) What was about the strength of the magnet or its weight ?—The one with the large wire was three-quarters of a cwt., and the one with the fine wire was somewhere about two-thirds of the size. 2339. About 50 lbs. weight ?—50 or 60. 2340. You say that you got two and three-quarters words per minute? — Les. І should like the slip to be examined, because the time is given on the slip with an apparatus that Mr. Whitehouse had. 2341. Mr. Whitehouse says that he got from two and three-quarters to four and a half words per minute ?—He tried for some time with his large in- duction coils ; I think that was before he put on the last length of wire, making it up to 3,000 miles ; that made a great difference, decreasing the speed more than one-half. 2342. When you tried batteries, you say that the small plates gave a quicker signal than the large plates ?—Yes. 2343. Did you compare the speed of the battery current against the induction coil current? We did compare it, and I found it was not so rapid as the induction coil; the signal did not show so soon, it was about one-third longer to what it was with the ordinary battery. 2344. Did you transmit any words with the battery ? —No; I saw them transmitted with the ordinary reversing key. 2345. Mr. Whitehouse states that the difference of speed was as I to 4, when batteries were used and when the induction coil was used. Did you see anything to make you fancy that such a difference as that existed ?—I did not; we tried with 40 cells, and then, by putting on 200, the speed was not in- creased ; it was just the same. 2346. (Professor Wheatstone.) Was not a very large magnet sent out to Newfoundland with the hope of resuscitating the cable ?—Yes, 2347. Will you state any fact that came to your knowledge arising from the attempt to use it ?—I tried at the Valencia end the first day it was worked, and they received stronger reversals at Newfoundland than they had received for some time; that is the statement I received from Mr. De Sauty, bui no intelligible signals came ; sometimes they thought they saw words, but it was & mistake. 2348. (Mr. „ Did any scientific facts come out of that experiment ) — No, not being at the other end we could not tell what was taking place. O Mr. W. T. Henley, 16 Dec. 1859, Mr. iV. T. Henley. 16 Dec. 1859. 106 2349. (Professor Wheatstone.) Are you of opinion that any permanent damage occurred to the cable from employing the very strong induction coils, as some persons think ?—No. I tried, when at Valentia, the effect of the induction coils, as compared with that from the 400 cells of Daniell’s battery. I found, if a small fault existed, such as the puncture from a needle, the current from the induction coil would enlarge to about the twentieth of an inch in diameter, it would act no longer, but on connecting the battery it would enlarge to about five times the size. 2350. What was the greatest amount of force em- ployed in any of your experiments upon the cable ?— The greatest amount of force I saw employed was the current from the large induction coils, and that from the Daniell battery combined. 2351. How many cells? — About 500 cells of Daniell's connected with a key, one manipulator work- ing that, and another the key of the induction coils, taking care that their movements should be simul- taneous. The battery exciting the induction coils was about twenty graphites of a very large size. 2352. (Mr. Varley.) You have stated that at Key- ham you tried experiments with a 200 twelve-plated battery, that would be 2,400 cells ?—It must have been a mistake, and could have been 200 cells only, but I know there was no difference in speed of working between a given battery and 20 times as much. 2353. (Professor Wheatstone.) You do not think that the fault that has been observed in the Atlantic cable arose from the use of that power ?—No; I have stated that I tried & few experiments with the induction coil and with the battery, as regards injury to the gutta-percha from powerful currents. I put a piece of gutta-percha wire in & vessel of sea water, and connected it with the induction coils. I made a small artificial fault with a needle, and on con- necting one terminal of the coils with one end of the wire, and the other terminal with the water, the fault became enlarged to one-twentieth of an inch. flame being emitted from the gutta-percha under water ; but when it was enlarged to that size the burning ceased, as the fault was then large enough for all the current to pass to the water. Being no longer any resistance to the current, there was no heating effect. I then substituted the 400 Daniell’s for the induction coils. The burning effect then commenced again, and went on till the hole was one-eighth of an inch diameter, when it ceased. Introducing a resistance equal to four or five hundred miles of wire into the circuit pre- vented the battery current acting in this way, as the resistance of the wire then became equal to the resis- tance of the fault; consequently no burning or enlarge- ment could take place. 2351. (Mr. Varley.) Do you think Daniel's bat- tery would enlarge a simple needle hole of itself with- out first applying the induction coil current ?—I found it did not with a small needle hole. The 400 cells had no perceptible effect on the gutta-percha, although sufficient current passed to deflect the galvanometer needle to 90°. 2355. After the hole had been enlarged by the in- duction coil current it would be still further enlarged by the battery current ?—Yes; after making a small hole with the fine point of a needle the battery current did not appear to pass through. I think so far it made no enlargement. 2356. After the hole was once enlarged, the bat- tery would still further enlarge it ?— Yes, after the coil had done its worst, the batter y would make the hole four times as large. 2357. The battery alone would not enlarge a hole so small as that ?—No. 2358. In working a cable, do you think it would be safer to use a battery of 400 cells of Daniel’s than induction coils, as were used on that occasion ?—It is not my opinion that the induction coils injured the cable at all; neither batteries nor induction coils would injure the cable if it was in & sound state. 2359. Assuming that a small defect existed, then which do you think it would be safer to work with, a MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE battery or an induction coil ?—If a small fault existed near the shore, it is my opinion that the battery would be safer than the coils ; but if it existed in the centre of the Atlantic, I do not think either the induction coils or the battery would injure it; it would make nu difference which was used. 2360. (Professor Wheatstone.) In your opinion, what would be the best and the safest form of electric power to work through a long submarine line, a vol- taic battery, an induction coil, a magnetic machine, or what ?—A moderate battery would be perfectly safe, and could not injure the cable, provided the gutta- percha was in a sound state; neither could it injure the gutta-percha by burning, but it would make exist- ing defects worse in another way, namely, by the electrotype action of the current. The copper is dis- solved, and the salts of copper are deposited in the fault, and appears to saturate the gutta-percha for some distance round the hole, and as these salts are good conductors, it allows more of the current to pass. I have had opportunities of noticing much of this in underground lines, where batteries have been used. In many cases the copper has been worn completely through, and I have known instruments to have worked for weeks after the copper has been separated for & quarter of a inch, the points being as sharp as needles. The current was conducted from one point to the other by the decomposed copper, which seemed to have com- pletely saturated the gutta-percha for an inch or more. Great part of the current must have escaped to the earth, but enough passed through the wires to give feeble signals. I have never seen this effect where magneto-electricity was used, it not being intense enough to burn the gutta-percha, neither is it sufficient in quantity to decompose the copper. 2361. (Chairman.) What do you call a moderate battery ?—200 or 300 cells of the sand battery is & moderate one for along line. 400 cells of a Daniell's battery would have more effect in injuring a cable than the same number of sand battery. The quantity would be larger, and the intensity somewhat more. 2362. ( Mr. Varley.) You are aware, of course, that the quantity conducted by the cable is in proportion to the resistance and speed ?—Yes ; I am speaking where the fault is not ncar. Suppose there are & few faults in the cable near the shore, and another further off, of course there is more escape in those near the shore than in the one further off ; and also other faults take away the resistance of the circuit, because it passes through those faults to the water, instead of going through the cable. 2363. In order that more electricity shall flow from a battery of low tension through those faults, is it not necessary that those faults themselves should not offer great resistance, otherwise the current will be limited by that resistance ; would not that be the case ?— Certainly. 2364. If you use the induction coil, or any other source of electricity that gives electricity of a much higher tension, will not more electricity pass through a fault from such a source of electricity than where you use a battery of low tension ?—Yes ; it might be passed through without injuring the gutta-percha. 2365. A larger quantity of electricity from the magneto machine might pass through without in- juring the gutta-percha ?—Yes, it would pass through small holes without making them larger. At the same time, much of the current would keep to the wire, from its superior conductability. 2366. Cannot you pass more electricity at one time than another, without producing corresponding re- sistance ?—1 am not aware of it. A current from the magneto machine is more constant than from the in- duction coils; also, it is not of the same burning character. 2367. To what do you attribute that peculiarity ? —A sufficient quantity will pass through a small con- ductor with less resistance. 2368. I have been just speaking of a case in which more electricity passed through in consequence of the higher tension of the source of the electricity, the fault SUBMABINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, being a small one like a needle hole, the chief limit to the electricity that passed through being the resistance in the circuit ; such being the case you admitted that when the tension was increased more electricity would pass through that fault; you say that electricity generated by a magneto machine has not that heating effect that electricity has generated by an induction coil or battery? No; the current to heat must meet with great resistance, it must have a road to pass through, which is too small for it, and it has to force its way through. No heating effect takes place till there is a resistance to the passage of the current. 2369. We have been just taking a case, if you fully understand what I wished to express, that is where a fault is near the shore, and that fault is a minute one and offers so much more resistance than anything else, that being the chief resistance and the chief limit to the passage of the electricity ?—It is the chief re- sistance in the passage of the current to the water, but not through the cable, of course. 2370. We will assume that the end of the cable is disconnected ; that being the case, if you use a source of electricity which gives electricity at a high tension, more electricity will pass in that case than where you use a source of electricity of low tension, because the electricity which goes through is in proportion to the resistance in the circuit multiplied by the tension; such being the case you state that the electricity from the magneto machine has not that burning effect ?—I have always found that to be the casc. 2371. To what do you attribute the limit ?—As І said before, to the quantity being so small. We can- not gild or silver with the magneto current without winding the coils with very large wire, thereby in- creasing the quantity and diminishing the intensity. We can vary the character of the current from the magneto machine at plensure, by altering the size of the wire in the coils, decreasing the intensity and increasing the quantity, as the size of the wire is in- creased. With fine wire the current is similar to that from a great number of extremely small plates of a battery arranged for intensity, and for telegraph pur- poses small plates do just as well, or perhaps better, than large, but the zinc plates are obliged to be of con- siderable size, to keep up the supply of zinc constantly used. In practice I have just as good an effect by immersing one corner of the plate about a quarter of an inch square as upon immersing the whole plate. 2372. (Professor Wheatstone.) Will you state your opinion upon the form of cable suitable to deep water. Ibelieve you have paid some attention to that subject ? AI have tried some experiments for very deep water, for above 1,500 fathoms ; I should recommend a mix- ture of hemp and wire, instead of all iron. 2373. (Mr. Saward.) lave you a specimen of the plan that you suggest with you ?—No, I left a speci- men with Mr. Gisborne of a cable covered with strands ; the strands are formed of wire and string combined ; that is to say, I take four strings and three wires, and twist them into a strand first, aud then there are eighteen of those strands round the core. I sent a piece to the Adelphi to be tested, and it bore a strain of three tons two cwts.; but at the same time, although it is my own patent, I do not think it is so good as this No. 9, to speak candidly, because it will not bear so great a strain ; it is rather cheaper. 2374. (Professor Wheatstone.) What do you con- sider to be the most perfect insulator ?—V uleanite is the most perfect, but it is not capable of being laid on wire very nicely. | 2375. Practically, what should you prefer above all the things that you know?—I should prefer pure gutta-percha, in my own opinion. 2376. What is your opinion of india-rubber as an insulator ?—Many years ago I made some india-rubber covered wire ; that was about 1843, I think. 2377. What advantages or disadvantages did you find in it ?—I found it was so difficult to make the india-rubber adhere; it was made with strips of 107 ordinary india-rubber run round the wire, then passed through naphtha, and compressed by being passed under hot pressure. 23/8. Does not Messrs. Silver's process do away with a great deal of that difficulty ? —That is formed of strips of india-rubber, cemented together by a peculiar method. I also found that india-rubber, when exposed to the air, shrivelled very much, and opened in several parts. 2379. (Mr. Varley.) Did you try any further ex- periments with regzrd to speed through the Tasmanian cable? — I tried a Morse through it, and Professor Hughes also tried his instrument. The effect was just what I supposed it would be, viz., that with 240 miles of cable coiled in a tank there was very little difference in the speed of working than on short cir- cuit. On the Morse 20 words per minute was obtained with a dexterous manipulator. 2380. Did you ascertain anything as to the speed of the wave ?—No, I did not try anything as to that. 2381. (Chairman.) Have you made any experi- ments upon Professor Hughes's semi-fluid ?—No, I have not ; I have seen it experimented upon. 2382, (Mr. Saward.) I believe you have seen & good deal of Professor Hughes’ semi-fluid ?—Yes. 2383. (Chairman.) What is your opinion of it ?— It appears to promise very fairly, if the inclosed semt- fluid substance will remain in the same state for any length of time as it is when the cable is made, and ti does not injure the gutta-percha. . 2384. (Mr. Varley.) Do you think there would be any danger in the use of Professor Hughes’ semi- fluid, that during the manufacture of a cable any serious injuries might be healed, &o as to escape de- tection during manufacture, and subsequently become bad when the cable was submerged ?—I should not fear anything of the kind. If you wish for a state- ment respectiug decay of gutta-percha I shall be glad to give it, having taken up a considerable quantity of decayed wire. 2385. (Chairman.) To what do you attribute that decay ?—In many instances to the want of moisture; when the air can be excluded, and it can be kept wet, I have always found it good, and where it has been laid in a light gravelly soil, very pervious to air, it has generally gone bad and cracked. 2386. Did you lay & number of wires between London and Manchester some years ngo ?—I laid 10 wires between London and Manchester. | 2387. Do you know auything of the state of thosc wires ?—They were laid in 1853; a great deal has been taken up since, and overground lines put in place of them. Some of them were as good as the first day they were laid. I should say that nineteen-twenticths of the wire is quite as good as when it was first laid down; owing to some places decaying here and there the wire was pulled up. 2388. (Mr. Saward.) Is not there an underground line between London and Dover perfect ? — Yes, About three years ago the line used by the Submarine Company between London and Dover had become so bad that they could not use it at all some days, and on others only for an hour or two. I undertook without stopping the working to take up all the wire, to bring it to London for thorough test, taking out all the bad portions, replacing with new, covering the same with tarred yarn and coating of marine glue. Since this work was done the line has continued to work perfectly. 2389. Is not that different from anything of the kind that has been done before ?—Yes. s (Chairman.) Is the marine glue applied hot? —Yes. 2391. Has not that a tendency to injure the gutta- Госа ?—No; it passed through a trough at а certain speed. 2392. What speed ?—T wo feet per second. 2393. (Mr. Varley.) What temperature is the ma- rine glue when it is applied ?—Melted; the tempera- ture of boiling marine glue. 2394. Supposing the machine should stop for a О 2 | Mr. W. T. Henley. 16 Dec. 1859. Mr. W. T. Henley. 16 Dec. 1859. 108 second or two, would not the gutta-percha wire be injured in that case ?—Then, I have a man in at- tendance who immediately lifts it out. I applied the marine glue to a mile and three-quarters last evening to lay through London streets. 2395. (Chairman.) Have you had any experience of the durability of gutta-percha treated in that way ? —So far as the Dover line goes it has worked all right since ; it is about three years ago since it was laid down. It has been examined in different parts, and it is quite as perfect as when it was re-laid ; the greater part of it was old wire. I found, on taking up the wires on the Dover line, where they laid in a low locality, which was generally wet, there the appear- ance of the wires was quite good ; and on the top of Shooter's Hill and other places where there was light gravelly soil, the gutta-percha cracked very much, as it did anywhere where it was exposed to the sun- light ; but a very short distance under ground, say, вїх or seven inches under ground, I found it in many cases very much cracked. 2396. (Mr. Varley.) From your experience in the thousand miles you have put down, do you think you could now put gutta-percha under ground for any considerable length that would remain perfect for, say, 20 years ?—Yes, having laid 5,000 miles, I would undertake to lay a line and guarantee it for 20 years, supposing I was allowed to lay it as I pleased. 2397. What depth would you place it under ground ?—Not less than two fect ; from two to three feet. 2398. Should you cover the gutta-percha with any- : thing ?—The wires I have laid lately in London for ihe London District Company were No. 18, copper wire, covered to No. 7 size, then laid up spirally into а rope, then covered with a tube of gutta-percha, with as much ta ras the tube would hold besides the wires ; &nd then I covered it over with two contings of tarred yarn. I then passed it through marine glue and sand, to prevent it sticking, otherwise it would stick together on the drum. I have laid 160 miles in London this year for the London District Company, every wire is perfect, aud does not give a degree with 24 12-cells battery. 2399. Should you use that process in laying down long lines ?—1 should use stouter gutta-percha. 2400. Should you cover a series of wires with double gutta-percha in that way if you were putting down circuits to work through a distance of 200 miles ?— Yes. 2401. You see no objection likely to arise from induction ?—No. 2402. Would not that induction stop the working altogether ?—I am certain it would not in 200 or 300 "miles. 2408. Have you tried. any experiments to ascertain that point ?—I tried experiments on the line between London and Manchester. On that line the wires were all wrapped together in a double serving of tarred yarn, not in a tube of gutta-percha as used by me latterly. The gutta-percha tubing on the outside is not a perfect insulator, having perhaps small holes aud flaws in it, but it is sufficient to keep the tar in its place ; and I find where the tarred yarn remains perfect, the gutta-percha in every case keeps quite good. In places that are alternately wet and dry the tar washes out of the yarn, the latter rots, and the gutta-percha soon decays. I took up some wires near Calais this year that were laid in 1851 for the Submarine Company; they were laid in the earth without any trough, and without being covered with yarn at all, except that they had been bound together in a bundle with a tarred string passed spirally along at intervals to keep them together. I found every foot of the gutta-percha decayed, except where the tarred string had touched them, and the effect of that was to form a sort of apiral of gutta-percha in a sound state round the bundle the whole distance. 2404. To what do you attribute that partial action in the gutta-percha ?—Chiefly to the tar. It will dry where the air has got to it; but I feel confident that MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE tar will preserve gutta-percha, because in taking up the Dover line in a trough there were placed six naked wires and six small wires laid up spirally, covered with tar; I believe these six wires had to be pulled up in a year or two after they nad been laid. I found a very great deal of decay in the naked wires, but not one single inch of decay on the 40 miles of six wires that had been covered with tarred tape. That was half-way down the line; the other half, instead of drawing six wires covered with yarn in the way the old wires had been drawn, there were six new wires not covered with yarn or tape, and they have decayed as much as the others that have been down the whole of the time. I think that is & con- .vincing proof that tarred yarn or tarred tape is a great preservative to gutta-percha. 2405. Did you come across any instances of fungi, which have been observed by Mr. Highton to have affected gutta-percha ?—I came across several in- stances where a white fungus had been formed round the wire; at every place where it appeared the fungus was as white as a piece of paper, and the gutta-percha cracked on bending. -/ 2406. Did you find that in any instances where tar was present ’—No, I found that after we came to the naked wires, not wires laid in with tar. 2407. You never found the fungus where tar ex- isted ?—Never in the 40 miles where the tar was present. 2408. Do you think that tar is a preservative against fungus ?—I cannot say that it is; the soil might have been more favourable to the growth of fungus in that part than in others. 2409. Did you observe the effect of the oxidation of the iron on the gutta-percha ?—In the iron pipes through London the oxide of iron formed on the gutta-percha is very small, not 4th of an inch, and it has not injured the gutta-percha in the slightest degree. 2410. Have you had any experiments made upon gutta-percha covered wires enclosed in lead ?—No. 2411. Nor india- rubber? — No; I have seen it en- closed in wooden troughs, in iron pipes, and laid in the earth without any protection. 2412. (Chairman.) In the wires that you laid be- tween London and Manchester, and Liverpool, did you make any experiments upon the induction or re- tardation ?—Y'es, I found very great retardation in the wires laid between London and Manchester. That being the first line, of course it had not been brought to my notice before ; but I had made machines pur- posely for working through this line, which would work through 300 or 400 miles, then lying at the Gutta-percha Works, with the greatest ease. Of course 1 thought I should be able to work to Manchester, but when I completed the line I found that the machine that would work through 300 or 400 miles at the Gutta-percha Works, was of no use at all in working through 195 miles to Manchester ; that led me to ex- periment, and I found that the retardation was very great, even through that 195 miles. 2413. Was the gutta-percha wire that you experi- mented upon, under water or not ?—Both in water and out. Itried 1,500 miles of No. 4 with the cur- rent from a magneto-machine. When the wire was coiled in a warehouse there was no difficulty in work- ing through the whole length with a very small machine, and with no apparent interval of time be- tween the signals at the extreme ends, but on placing , the coils or wire in the water there was a remarkable difference. With & large machine I could only get feeble signals, and the retardation was very great, & quarter of a second elapsing between the signals at the termination of the wire. The Gutta-percha Company then had a large stock of wire on hand, as, besides myself, the European and American Tele- graph Company were then laying wires to Man- J chester. a 2414. To what do you attribute the extremely slow transmission through the 2,000 miles of the Atlantic ; cable, which was only one-third longer ?—The re- ==" ego — —— SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 109 ^ tardation on 1,500 miles of Atlantic cable when laying i at Keyham was certainly very much less than through Works. viz., from the large conductor and from the leakages from faulty insulation, as it is well known that a perfect fully insulated wire retards the current more than one that is just faulty enough to allow the charge to return to earth. When the wire was coiled in the warehouse it could not receive the charge as when in the water, because there was no outside conductor, consequently there was no retardation in working through; but a cable becomes charged whether in the water or out, on account of the metal covering on the outside. When to the 1,500 miles of Atlantic cable another 1,000 miles were added, it appeared to increase the difficulty of working imme- diately. It did not appear to me that what is under- stood as retardation (that is the delay in passage of current) was so much increased, but the current was rendered so feeble as to be scarcely sufficient to record the signals. This effect might be due to de- fective insulation, as although a slight fault may do no harm, severa] may do much mischief, as the current would leak through and return without reaching the other end. 2415. When you tried the experiments through the 1,500 miles of wire at the Gutta-percha Works, how was your apparatus connected ?—Just in the usual way : one instrument at one end of the wire, and one at the other. 2416. Did you make any use of the earth, or con- nect them in one line ?—I tried at first with an earth-plate at one end only, and a wire led into the water at the other. 2417. At which end was that; was it at the mag- neto end ?—I had an instrument at each end con- nected with the gutta-percha wire, the other terminal for one instant to an earth plate, the other a piece of wire only led into the water. I did this to try the effect of large and small earth plates. 2418. (Mr. Varley.) Had you two distinct plates in the water ?—Yes. I also tried with two earth plates, and also with wire instead of water. 2419. With the wire across ?—Y es. 2420. And you only observed in 1,500 miles of wire a retardation of a quarter of a second ?—As near &8 I could measure it. 2421. (Chairman.) With that retardation, at what rate could you send signals through the wire ?—I could send signals at the rate of 10 or 12 words per minute, and from that to 14. 2422. (Mr. Varley.) Did you ?—Yes ; the signals were very feeble ; of course it required & practised eye to read them. 2423. That result being so different to what was obtained with the Atlantic cable and the Red Sea cable, do not you think there was some mistake made as to the connexion of the wire to the sand ? Did you have the whole in circuit ?—I had the whole in cir- cuit ; I did not measure the time by a watch. 2424. (Chairman.) It was а sort of assumed time ? —Yes ; I can judge pretty correctly as to intervals of time. Fought perhaps to have taken down the exact time, but it did not then appear to me of very great importance. Ihave tried many other experiments since, but my time is chiefly occupied in practical operations. 2425. Did you get the same result from the At- lantic cable, when you tested it ?—-The current was very much reduced in strength in passing; at the same time it is very curious how feeble a current would pass through the Atlantic cable. I tried a shilling and a piece of zinc, with a piece of paper between, just moistened, and the current produced a deflection of 25° upon a delicate galvanometer through the 2,500 miles. 2426. (Mr. Varley.) Is not that what you would have expected ?—Yes ; but I do not believe you would get it, if the cable was laid out in one straight line. 2427. Why not ?—From many experiments I have . tried through underground or through cables. the 1,500 miles of wire tested at the Gutta-percha ' This, in my opinion, was due to two causes, . 2428. Do you think that when a cable is coiled it is a better conductor ?—' The inductive effect of one coil upon another has a tendency to increase the cur- rent. I have been experimenting upon the Tasma- nian cable of 240 miles, and I used one 12-cell battery with a short circuit; I could get no spark. I con- nected it with the Tasmanian cable, and I got a spark. | 2429. (Chairman.) Was that laid in coil ?—Yes. 2430. (Mr. Varley.) When the cable was stretched . out, did you observe a different result ?—I have not had an opportunity of trying it. I cannot suppose that I should get any such result as that. 2431. Do not you think that the spark was simply the result of accumulated electricity by induction? I think it was. 2432. How would that affect the induction through the whole coil when compared with its being stretched out in a straight line? Have you tried any experiment in that way ?—We know, Faraday tried . experiments on copper ribbon several yards long twenty years ago. When the ribbon was stretched . out in a straight line no spark was visible in passing current through; but when coiled up a bright spark with noise was produced in breaking contact with the battery. Perhaps I may be allowed to add to my evidence respecting decay in gutta-percha wire, that J have found many different kinds of decay besides — е dry state. In taking up the Dover line I found several wires in which the gutta-percha had become very similar to leather, and would absorb wet. This was the worst kind of decay, as when it occurred it would run for miles, whereas in the other kind of decay there would be found alternately good and bad ' Slight warmth is very detrimental to the places. wire. On first laying down wires in the streets of London I did not divert the line away from bakers' ovens, but experience has proved to me that a con- tinuance of 90 degrees of heat would in three or four years dry up the gutta-percha, and render it quite In passing ovens now I always carry the - useless. wires into the carriage way. Judging from this I am afraid gutta-percha cannot be used for land work in hot climntes. -— Mr. W. T. Henley. 16 Dec. 1859. I may also mention that I have : taken up wire on other lines which appeared quite sound on the outside, with the exception of a slight ` black urs here and there, but upon opening at these ' specks I found that each conducted to a large cavity in the gutta-percha, the same having decayed next j the copper first and working outwards. 2433. (Mr. Saward.) Do you recollect the fact, that in laying the line, wherever there was drainage from oak trees, or'even oak posts stuck into the ground, just at that point there would be a piece gone? —Yes ; there was a short line that I laid in 1854, from Liverpool to Preston. I covered it with two coatings of tarred yarn, and that I believe is quite perfect ; it has never been meddled with since; they have never had a spade in the ground. The line from Dublin to Belfast is in tolerably good condition, but it is decayed in places; the water passes through wooden pipes, and washes the tar out of the yarn; the yarn rots, and then the wire soon decays. 2434. (Chairman.) Have you paid out any cable ? — was at the paying out of the first iron cable from Dover to Calais. 2435. Have you seen any other cable paid out ?— No. 2436. Have you any evidence to give the Com- mittee upon the subject of paying out cables?—I have sent out a small machine for laying a line from Ceuta to Algesiras, which was employed in laying a piece of the Mediterranean cable. 2437. What is the principle upon which that ma- chine is constructed ?—It consists of a drum with a ring revolving with it. This ring is by rollers caused to form an incline, and shifts the cable across the drum to prevent its overlapping. The old ma- chines are something on the same puc but there 3 Mr. W. T. Henley. 16 Dec. 1859. W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F. N. S. 17 Dec. 1859. 110 the incline or knife is fixed, and if a broken wire catches it the cable is injured, and perhaps broken. 2438. Has the cable been laid between Ceuta and Algesiras — No, there was only one week from the time of receiving the order to when when we shipped it; when it got out there, the Spanish Government had not made up their minds as to where they would have it laid. | 2439. In what depths will it be laid? About 700 fathoms. 2440. Is there any depth of that sort between Algesiras and Ceuta ?—It is so in the chart, and going a little further out, it is 900 fathoms. In the Mediterranean, on trying to repair the Malta cable, where they expected 30 fathoms, they found 300. 2441. (Mr. Saward.) Were they in the proper course ?— Les; they found no bank such as was laid down in the chart. 2442. (Chairman.) Are you manufacturing any MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE other cable ?—I have 400 miles to make and lay by next June, which I shall go out with ; that is to con- nect the Balearic islands with Barcelona. 2443. For the Spanish Government ?—Yes. 2444. What construction is that ?—The cable from Barcelona will be one-wire conductor, 14 strand, covering 16 Nos. 121. Between the island and to Cape St. Martin's the cable will consist of two wires, each conductor same as used in Hanover cable, and covered with 18 No. 114. 2445. (Mr. Varley.) What will be the greatest length on circuit ?—183 miles. The greatest depth will be about a mile and a half. I have to make it, and lay it at my own risk. 2446. (Mr. Saward.) What did you cover the core with ?—Iron wire. We are supposed to get fine wea- ther in June, and, with proper machinery, I think the iron wire can be laid at a depth of a mile and a half, or between 1,400 and 1,500 fathoms. Adjourned to To-morrow, at One o'clock. Saturday, 17th December 1859. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. SAWARD. Mr. VARLEY. Captain DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. WILLIAM Тномѕом, Esq., LL.D., F. R. S., examined. 2447. (Chairman.) You are professor of natural philosophy in the University of Glasgow ?— Yes. 2448. You have devoted, I believe, considerable attention to the science of electricity for some years ? — Yes, for some years. 2449. I think you became a director of the Atlantic Telegraph Company in 1857 ?—Either the end of 1856 or the beginning of 1857. 2450. Previously to that, had you given a good deal of attention to the questions affecting conduction through long circuits, and the laws of induction and retardation ?——Y es, I had made a communication upon the subject to the Royal Society, which was published in the ** Proceedings" for the 24th of May 1855, con- sisting chiefly of two letters written to Professor Stokes in October and November 1854. 2451. You arrived at conclusions which, I believe, at that time indicated to you the proper dimensions of conductor and insulator respectively to each other for long cables ?—I arrived at the law connecting the rapidity of signalling with the proportion between conductor and insulator, but I did not lay down decidedly the best form, because considerations of strength, bulk, and expense could not be taken into account with the data which I had. 2452. Will you be good enough to state briefly the law that you laid down ?—The conducting power of the conductor is, as is well known, in simple propor- tion to the area of the section, and in inverse pro- portion to the length, when the quality of the metal is constant; that law having been laid down by. Ohm many years before. The capacity of the con- ductor for charge, or the electrostatic capacity as it is technically called, which influences most seriously the rate of signalling through it, I shewed to depend really on the ratio of the diameter of the gutta- percha to the diameter of the copper, and to be independent of the absolute diameter of either. The mathematical expression which I have found for the electrostatic capacity per unit of length is the specific inductive capacity of the gutta-percha di- vided by twice the Napierian logarithm of the ratio of the diameters. I concluded also that the rate of charging and discharging the cable must be pro- portioned to the square of the leugth, other things being the same, because for double or triple length, for example, the capacity is double or triple, aud instrument in practical use. again, the freedom of entering and of getting out ‘is reduced to half, or the double or triple quantity is to be charged with one-half or one-third of the facility of conduction, and therefore four times or nine times the time will be occupied; such in general terms is an illustration of what has been called the law of squares, which I laid down in the published com- munication already mentioned. Now, it appears that the rate of signalling depends ultimately on the rapidity with which charge and discharge can be effected. I say, *depends ultimately ;" but before we reach this limit, there are many other considera- tions as regards the sluggishness of the instruments, the system of more or less convenience for manipula- tion, and the susceptibility of the system for accuracy, all of which are, to some extent, uncertain. When these various cireumstances are met in the most ad- vantageous possible way, we come to a rate of speed in & line of 200 or 300 miles, which far exceeds the ordinary working rate. In fact, not only theoretically, but practically, & rate of working in 200 or 300 miles, exceeding very much any ordinary rate, is attainable. À. machine could be got which would be worked with certainty through 200 or 300 miles at a very much greater rate than has ever been attained yet by any In estimating the speed of working through a long line, we must not compare a hitherto practically attained speed through a short line with the attainable speed through a long line, according to the law of squares, but we must consider the mere mechanical difficulties of very rapid action to be so perfectly overcome, as to give an extremely high speed in short lines; and starting from such a foundation as that we may proceed to estimate, according to the law of squares, the rate of signalling through any length. Now, the fact is, that it is easy to approach something like an ultimate limit in & very long line, because in doing so we are not tried with mechanical difficulties which depend merely upon extreme rapidity. If, then, we can get three words & minute through 2,000 miles for example; through 200 miles there would be 300 words a minute possible, and I say that 300 words a minute are possible ; but the excessive speed in every department of the work required for producing 300 words a minute, makes it economically impracticable to transmit at so great a rate through telegraphic line, however short. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 2453. Because we have no instruments which will register with sufficient rapidity ?—Not so much that as the difficulty of the manipulation required for sending ata very high speed. It will be understood that I refer only to systems which have been actually carried into use in telegraph offices. I am aware of improved in- struments in which the mechanical difficulties have heen got over to a great extent, such as the instrument of Professor Wheatstone to get some such speed, so far as І can judge, as I have mentioned. I merely mention those numbers by way of illustration, and to point out how it is that the law of squares might be misunder- stood. I guarded sufficiently, as regards the science of the question, from any misunderstanding in my first communication, but some illustration, perhaps, is necessary to make it quite clear; suppose we take such a rate as is practically attainable and frequently attained, through, say, 200 miles 10 words a minute, 15 words a minute, 20 words a minute, which are frequently worked speeds. 2454. (Mr. Varley.) 'The speed is frequently car- ried up to 28 words, and sometimes to 33 for a short time of transmission, through 200 miles of under- ground 16 gauge wire, yet the limit of speed is not dependent upon the apparatus, but the manipulation of the clerk ?—Exactly ; let. us suppose that a speed of 40 words a minute is attained through 200 miles. According to the law of squares, if such were the limit depending on inductory embarrassment, we should only have a 100th part through 2,000 miles, that would be 0°4 of a word per minute. Now, we need not expe- rience any such limit, the fact being that when we come to great lengths, the mere mechanical difficulties of key- ing disappear comparatively, and allow us to touch the inductive difficulties, while at the short lengths the mechanical difficulties affecting the speed arising from the keying are almost all we meet, and we scarcely notice the inductive obstruction except in residual phenomena. 2455. Inthe case of the Atlantic telegraph had you not half as much again weight of copper per mile as is usually the case in wires that are laid for 200 miles circuit, and a much greater thickness of insulating medium than is generally used in 200 miles circuits, which would account to a great extent for the greater rapidity through 2,000 miles than you anticipated ?— Certainly. I had pointed out that the way of trying to diminish the inductive difficulties for a great length was to increase the mass of the conductor, or to in- crease or maintain undiminished the ratio of the diameter of insulator to the diameter of conductor. This was published before-hand. I will not say what influence the publication had on the determination of the dimensions of the cable chosen for the Atlantic, but it was only when I saw a specimen of cable that had been agreed upon, and saw that it fulfilled the conditions which I pointed out as required to diminish the inductive difficulties that I gave my approval to the first proposal which led to the formation of the Atlantic Telegraph Company. The weight of copper was 110 grains per foot. 2456. (Chairman.) I believe a discussion arose upon the subject between yourself and Dr. White- house, who subsequently became the electrician of the Atlantic Telegraph Company ?—Y es. 2457. Did the result of this discussion produce any modification of your original views upon the subject ? —None whatever. Mr. Whitehouse’s objections to my theory were brought forward before a meeting of the British Association, at Cheltenham, during my absence in Germany. On my return I found a no- tice of his communication in the “ Atheneum,” de- scribing experiments by which the author had, as he supposed, overthrown the law of squares. I wrote a reply, which was published in the “ Athe- num,“ on the Ist of November 1856, in which I pointed out that the law of squares remained altogether untouched by the experiments that Mr. Whitehouse had made. In that communication I pointed out certain practical conclusions that I had arrived at as to the speed of working attainable by an 111 Atlantic cable of dimensions such as previously made submarine cables had been. I showed that a consi- derable augmentation of speed would be attained by adopting a conductor and an insulator of the dimensions which I mentioned ; and I said that I believed three words a minute could be obtained through 2,400 miles of such a cable. The dimensions that I mentioned in, that communication are, so far as I can now recollect, very closely the same as those which I found a few weeks later adopted in a specimen of cable proposed for the Atlantic Telegraph. 2458. Soon after you became a director of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, was your attention di- rected to the conductivity of copper ?—Yes. 2469. You instituted & series of experiments, did you not, to determine the variation of this quality in different samples of copper ?—A number of samples ot copper were, at my request, put into my hands for the purpose of measuring their conductivity in con- sequence of my having accidentally noticed differences greater than I expected in the conducting power of one or two samples which I had had previously. 2460. Will you be good enough to state the general results at which you ultimately arrived, and your modes of experimenting ?—My modes of experiment- ing did not differ materially from the methods which had been followed by certain other experimenters, especially in Germany, and were in reality all based on Professor Wheatstone’s invention of a beautiful method for comparing resistances, to which I have frequently referred as Professor Wheatstone’s electric balance. 2461. What were the results at which you arrived ? —That different specimens chosen at random from the stock supplied for manufacture differed immensely in conducting power. 2462. Although nominally the same quality of copper ?—Yes, although nominally the same quality of copper. All those specimens of wire were sup- posed to be of the very best quality, the only copper supposed to be good being that which admitted of being drawn into wire suitably for the purpose. A good me- chanical quality was necessary to prevent frequent frac- tures in the wire-drawing, and to understand that I should say that hanks in unbroken lengths amounting to a large mass were always required, the worse metal being found to break before it could be drawn into a hank of a certain size. The mechanical qualities seem to have been satisfactory, but no suspicion whatever was entertained that there were also large differ- ences in electric conducting power. W. Weber had many years before pointed out considerable differ- ences in different specimens of copper wire which he had tested. I found differences much exceeding those, and I did not, as I expected, find any ap- proximation to a uniform average among the dif- ferent specimens tested ; some specimens I found nearly double in their conducting power, compared with others, reckoned according to the weight and length, allowing for the variations of gauge. Calling the best specimen which I had in the summer of 1857, 100, I found many specimens standing at 60 in specific conductivity, many standing at 50, many standing at 80, a few above 80, and so far as I can recollect, the average of a large number of specimens that I then examined may have stood between 60 and 70, but I consider the statement of such an average to be of no value, it is so much & matter of chance. IfI had received a dozen specimens of a low quality below the average, or if I had chanced to receive a dozen specimens of a higher quality, the average would have been so much the lower or the higher. I never had an opportunity of measuring the conductivity of 200 or 300 miles of submarine cable ; such alone would have given me exact information as to the average for that portion of cable. I may mention that & month or two later, still in the summer of 1857, I received specimens of wire which were in stock for submarine telegraphs, for some of .the Mediterranean telegraphs, I believe, which stood as low as 43 on that scale; and, lastly, Ew mention 4 W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859, 112 that I have since met with specimens standing two or three per cent. above the 100, and an artificial alloy, which I had prepared, stood, so far as I can estimate, as high as 113. 2463. What was that alloy ?—The alloy consisted, so far as I can recollect, of copper and a quarter per cent. of lead. I have made experiments upon a series of alloys, in all about 43 or 44, and have recently re- peated the examination so as to arrive at accuracy, within certain limits ; and I expect, immediately, to be able to communicate to the Royal Society, for publication, the results. A few months ago I sent a provisional list of the specimens, shewing the relative conductivity of those alloys, but, possibly, requiring correction as to the absolute conductivity stated. That list was communicated to Mr. Latimer Clarke, and, I believe, a copy of it was laid before the Committee. 2464. (Professor Wheatstone.) Were you quite certain that you employed pure copper in your ex- periments ?—I could not be quite certain. 2465. The copper might be alloyed with other things than metals ; is it not very probable that it might contain some sub-oxide, and that the mixing of lead afterwards with it might have reduced the sub- oxide, and therefore have given ita higher conducting power on that account ?—That is possible. I cannot say that I am at all satisfied that the experiments which I have made point out distinctly the relation between the ascertained chemical combination, and conductivity. I may mention that one of my alloys was made with a sub-oxide melted with the copper ; but the uncertainty of the process of melting the sub-oxide and the uncertainty as to how much of the oxidation may have disappeared in the melting, prevented me from attributing much weight to the experiment. 2466. (Chairman.) What was the result with that alloy; was it a low result, or a high result ?—A moderate result ; not & low result. 2467. But not a high one ?—A somewhat high result ; but I may mention that in one series the highest conductivity was found with a mixture of lead and iron; fractions of a per cent. of lead, and fractions of a per cent. of iron mixed with pure copper gave a higher conductivity than a nominally pure copper, with which the alloys were prepared. I must mention further, that in two series the alloys, both prepared by Messrs. Matthie and Johnson, and as I have been assured with equal care, gave results presenting considerable discrepancies; the conductivity of the pure copper in the first stood high, nearly agreeing with the 100 of my first scale, the pure copper of the second series fell considerably below that limit. On this account it appears, that even pure copper carefully prepared by the electrotype process does not always give us results which shew perfectly in point of conductivity ; but to make such experi- ments in a satisfactory manner, it would be necessary to have a thorough chemical investigation, both syn- thetical and analytical of the metals used; such a thorough investigation I have not been able to carry out, in consequence of the large expense which it would entail. I may mention that Mr. Mathiessen has gone through a series of experiments on alloys, of which the chemical composition has been ascer- tained with all possible accuracy, and has, I believe, arrived at highly important results relative to electri- cal conductivity. I have been in communication with him, and have supplied him with a specimen of one of my standards. He mentions to me that he has obtained specimens conducting better to a considerable extent than the 100 of my first scale. In that respect he has confirmed what I have myself ascertained, having myself found specimens as high as 113 on that scale. A number of alloys of definite chemical composition, prepared with great care by Mr. Calvert of Manchester, and already tested by him for thermal conductivity, and for mechanical properties, have been put into my hands, in order that I may measure their electric con- ductivities. I hope soon to be able to obtain and pub- lish results for this series of alloys. 2468. I believe that the last 400 miles of the strand MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE of the Atlantic cable were made of wire selected in accordance with the principles recommended by you ? —In the autumn of 1857 a system of testing the wire brought to the gutta-percha works for manufacture into submarine cables was commenced, and much of the wire that was brought was rejected by that test. 2469. Will you describe the system which was pursued ?—The system was one in which Professor Wheatstone's electrical balance was used. It was not exactly in all particulars arranged as I would have done it myself, but was, I believe, arranged to give to a considerable extent useful results. My absence from London prevented me from carrying it out exactly in the way that I considered best. Mr. Whitehouse, according to the explanations I gave him, established a system, which was carried on as long as the con- struction of the Atlantic cable was in hand. I am not aware what the improvement that was effected in consequence of that process was, because I have had no opportunity of measuring the conducting power of any considerable length of cable, but I know that now copper of high conductivity can be had from the Gutta- percha Works. 2470. Have the Gutta-percha Company continued that system of testing ?—I believe во, I do not know exactly how it is conducted, but I know that the company obligingly sent me a quantity of copper when I wrote for it at any time, and I found it to stand almost always very high in conducting power. I judge, therefore, that they still select it, and probably have even increased the rigour of their test. This is only inferential, and it would be desirable to have information as to their own results. 2471. (Mr. Saward.) Are you aware that a ther- mometer is also employed at the Gutta-percha Works to measure the conductivity by the heat evolved ?—I am not aware that it has, although from Mr. Joule's early investigation of the law of the generation of heat by electric currents, I know that a thermometer can be so used. I may mention that in the last spe- cimen that I had from the Gutta-percha Works, a few weeks ago, of copper, selected for high conductivity, stood as high as 103; a quantity of this having been sent to me for the purpose of being drawn into fine wire for making electrical instruments. 2472. (Chatrman.) Can you say if the whole of the strand of the Atlantic cable had been selected accord- ing to your recommendation, whether the speed of transmitting signals would have been materially in- creased or not ?—Certainly very much increased :— increased by at least thirty per cent. I believe that the last 400 miles were considerably better, possibly 10 or 20 per cent than the first part of the cable. My. Whitehouse estimated the gain in conductivity, owing to the adoption of my suggestion, to have been 25 per cent., I believe, but I am not aware of the experiments upon which he founded his estimate ; but of this I am sure, that by selecting the specimens rigorously, and only choosing the best quality, 25 per cent. above the whole average speed of the Atlantic cable would have been secured. 2473. To what extent would the strength of the signals received at the end of the cable distant from their transmission have been improved by selecting copper according to your recommendation ?—With the insulation perfect, the strength of the signals would have been improved by improved conductivity, in the ratio of 70 to 100 ; the proportionate improve- ment in the strength of the signals will be in reality greater, however, in consequence of the loss by defective insulation being nearly the same in absolute amount of leakage from the wire of low, and from the wire of high conductivity. 2474. Did not you continue to take an active interest in all the scientific operations of the Atlantic Telegraph Company from an early period after you became a director ?— Yes. 2475. Did you make any test of the cable in 1857 before it sailed ?—I had no opportunity. 2476. In the spring of the year 1858, I believe you acceded to the request of the directors that you would SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. give to what extent you were able a somewhat more ' active supervision over the electrical affairs of the company than you had hitherto done ?—Yes. 2477. In compliance with their request, did not you investigate, from time to time, the state of the cable and apparatus for working through it, for the information of your colleagues ?—I had comparatively few opportunities of investigating the sinte of the cable ; indeed, I may say, I had no satisfactory in- vestigation of the state of the cable, because it was actually on board ship before I was able to be on the spot, and joined up in such a manner that the testing of the different parts was not practicable. The ex- periments which I made in Devonport in the May of that year were confined to experimenta through the whole length, and as I had only fourteen days before the ships were cleared out of the harbour, they were necessarily of a very limited character; they were entirely directed to ascertaining the speed of working that would be attainable through the cable; they were not made at all with the view of testing the insulation of the cable, the tests for insulation haviug been re- gularly condueted by Mr. Whitehouse as the cable was paid out of the tanks in which it lay during the winter, into the ships. 2478. Will you be good enough to state the result of your observations up to the time of the sailing of the earliest expedition in 1858 ?—In the course of experiments on signalling through the cable, I occa- sionally made experiments of the strength of the current entering the cable and the current leaving it, When the battery was applied to one end, and the other was put to earth, these experiments, and others slightly varied iu detail, shewed the insulation to be much better at one end of the cable than at the other. Although I had not undertaken the testing of the cable, still that cireumstance having come to my attention, I thought it right to mention it to Mr. Whitehouse, and he assured me it was just as he expected, and just as he believed it must be, because one end of the cable contained a quantity of newly manufactured cable, which he had found by all his tests insulated much better than the old cable. Another reason that prevented me from having much oppor- tunity of judging as to the real insulating condition of the cable was, the cireumstance that the different parts of it were at very different temperatures, and I was aware from experiments that I had made myself, as well as from the testing of the cable in the spring of 1857, that even a slight variation in the temperature of gutta-percha makes a very large variation in the insulating power. This circumstance being taken into account, and the statement of Mr. Whitehouse that the better insulation at the one end of the cable than the other was just as he expected, prevented me from drawing any serious inference as to the considerable difference which I observed. 2479. I believe you accompanied the first expe- dition which sailed in 1858, at the earnest request of your colleagues, for the purpose of ascertaining the exact electrical condition of the cable during the riod of paying it out?—Yes. 2480. Will you be good enough to state the events which happened to the cable from that period to the return of the ships to Queenstown in the second week in July 1858?—There was first an experimental cruise in the Bay of Biscay. 2481. Will you give the Committee an account of the experimental cruise?—The ships proceeded to sea about the end of May, and went to a poiut selected in the Bay of Biscay. During the voyage out I made several experiments upon the portion of the cable on board the “Agamemnon,” and tested both the insulation and the rate of signalling through it. "The results were, on the whole, very constant, and showed very nearly an equality, but not a perfect equality, between the insulation of the two ends. The system of testing which it was intended should be followed in the laying down of the cable was attempted during the operations of the experimental trip. In those operations & portion of the cable was carried from 113 the one ship to the other, and a splice made pre- cisely as it was intended should be done during the laying of the cable, and the splice was lowered in very deep water, 2,600 fathoms, I believe, according to the soundings taken at the time by the “ Gorgon.” The system of testing had been arranged entirely in my absence, before I came to Devonport ; and the operators had been practised to a certain extent in working it. lt consisted in applying batteries to the two ends opposite to one another, and observing in each ship the indications of a common detector ; and, also, of Mr. Whitehouse's instrument, which he calls a magnetometer. The kind of signal which it was pro- posed should be made was to put either end to earth, instead of to battery. Arrangements were made for conducting this process at the two ends, and the operators waited for some time, but could not tell whether there was any current through or not, I went several times from the one ship to the other, and met Mr. Field in the “Niagara.” I assured him that I would show him a signal coming through. I came along with him to the “Agamemnon.” I there directed that the battery should be thrown off altogether, and the detector retained: and, also, my marine galvanometer, which I brought out for my own trials, thrown into circuit. I may observe, that before that I had mentioned my intention to keep my marine gulvanometer in circuit, although the instruments upon which reliance was sup- posed to be placed for testing, were instruments for which I was not in any way responsible. But before going to sea I made it a condition that per- mission should be given to have my marine gal- vanometer in circuit, because by it I expected to have more definite information than I should be able to have by watching the tests that were prepared. I gave directions that at a certain time mentioned the bat- tery should be applied for a certain time, and then reversed for & certain time, and then applied direct for a certain time, and after a few minutes of such operations, the end of the cable should be put to earth; that was to be done in the * Agamemnon." I then returned with Mr. Field to the * Niagara," and I pointed out to him the needle of the detector, and asked him to look at his watch for the appointed time. At the appointed time the needle of the detector moved clearly over, remained a certain time, and then turned over to the other side, giving perfectly clear indication of a signal through, and the same signals were observed by my assistant Mr. Macfarlane on my marme galvanometer, in the * Niagara,” and were recorded. No other indication of a current through the whole cable, so far as I am aware, than that, was obtained during the experimental trip. J attributed no importance to the result myself, because it only tested the insulation of the piece of the cable which was submerged between the two ships ; that was a piece of cable supposed to be bad, and if the test had failed, I should only have attributed it to the badness of the portion that was submerged. I felt that no such test could alter my own conviction as to the certainty with which the current would be transmitted through the submerged cable, but for those who had not the same conviction, no doubt the mere fact of transmitting a signal through a cable any portion of which was submerged in such deep water was con- sidered of some importance. 2482. What was the depth ?—2,600 fathoms. The operations of the experimental trip were chiefly con- ducted for the purpose of ascertaining what could be done not only in the way of laying the cable in very deep water, but also in the way of lifting it after it was laid. The engineering operations have been described in the printed reports of the company, and I need, therefore, not say anything niore of them at present, with the exception of this remark, that they seemed to indicate a necessity to change one part of the arrangement of the wheel work, namely, the proportion of the diameter of the grooves of the paying out pulleys; and Sir Charles Bright and myself both urging very strongly upon ia other W. Thomann Esq.. LL.D., Е.К. S. 17 Dec. 1859. Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 114 members of the engineering department the absolute necessity of doing so, led to this change in the wheels being made at Keyham on the return of the experi- mental squadron. 2483. Was the piece of cable which had been sub- merged brought up again ?—The splice was brought up from 2,600 fathoms. | | 2484. Did you see-the splice after it was brought up?—1 cannot recollect for certain whether I saw the splice. I am certain that it was brought up from 2,600 fathoms. I may mention that no further elec- trical experiments than those which I have described were performed through the whole of the cable when connected ; but the connecting piece which was used in the subsequent operations, was used for the sake of communication between the two ships, and messages were passed by clerks with the ordinary single needle instrument regularly through, and they contirmed the transmissibility of signals through even a very de- fective cable submerged in great depths. 2485. You subsequently proceeded with the ex- pedition which was unsuccessful in laying the cable ? — Yes. 2486. Were there any events upon that expedition which you think would be interesting to the com- mittee ?—The description of the gale which lasted for about ten days has been published, and I need say nothing of that. As to the way in which the electrical instruments were affected, I may mention that the electrical cabin was flooded. The instruments, how- ever, did not suffer, it having been thought advisable previously to remove them. As soon as the gale abated, the electrical cabin was altered somewhat in its arrangements, and the instruments were put into a position in which they could be screened from water in case of the recurrence of any such circumstance. 2487. Were there any interesting circumstances attending the paying out of the cable on that expe- dition ?—There was the first accidental fracture on board the ** Niagara” after a few miles had been paid out ; this was indicated by the instantaneous stoppage of signals. We were still in sight of the “ Niagara,” and perceived her immediately after putting about. As soon as we met & communication was interchanged, and explanation given, and we started again. In the evening of the second attempt to pay out, the signals ceased, and the indication was of a very thorough failure of insulation. The first indication which I had of the failure was at the time when the “ Aga- memnon” signals were being sent by an arrangement that I had made in the meantime as to testing, and the character of those signals shewed that there was a sudden loss of the insulation, and immediately after came the period at which the “ Niagara” should have sent to us, but nothing came. The testing continued to show very defective insulation, but there being 1,500 miles of cable between the point at which the battery and galvanometer could be applied and the portion paid out, it was difficult to make quite sure what the cha- racter and locality of the fault might be; I accord- ingly begged the engineer, if possible, to give me an opportunity of testing a shorter length. He arranged to do so on a portion not very many miles from the paid-out part, but while making their arrangements for doing so, in which it was necessary to diminish the speed of the ship, and to hold the outgoing part of the cable fast, the cable parted close under the stern of the “ Agamemnon." The failure had been so com- plete, that I could not doubt but that there was nothing whatever remaining for us but to cut away the cable, and return, even before the cable had decided the matter for us, by parting under the stern of the * Agamemnon.” We returned with the ‘ Aga- memnon,” and met ће “ Niagara,” and were surprised to find that they were unable to explain the cause. They had found precisely similar indications of failure of signals and of defective insulation; and, if I remember rightly, after remaining a certain time, they cut away the cable from the ship, and returned, according to & pre-arranged plan. We joined, started again, and everything went well; the signals were regularly MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE interchanged, until the evening of the second day, if I remember rightly. When the whole of the upper deck coil on board the * Agamemnon" had been paid out, and the speed of the ship was diminished with a view to beginning paying out from one of the lower coils, without the slightest warning of any danger the cable parted below the stern of the * Agamemnon." But I now believe that the risk which, on that occasion, proved for the time fatal, may be very much dimi- nished, or altogether done away with, by some slight modifications in the paying out machinery. 2488. (Mr. Varley.) Did you in the experimental trip observe any electrical variation of the cable as to its state of insulation, or the transmission of the currents through it, owing to the effect of the tossing of the sea ?—-No; they remained very constant, we did not find any difference. 2489. (Chairman.) You sailed with the final ex- pedition in the * Agamemnon" on the 17th July, I believe, did you not ?—Yes. 2490. Will you state what arrangements were made for testing the cable on board the Agamemnon ?”— On the return of the experimental expedition, I had found it necessary to take the arrangements for testing entirely under my own direction, and to adopt the plan of transmitting certain pre-arranged signals from one ship, and receiving in the other ship alternately, during definite intervals of time; the single applica- tion of which plan, in the Bay of Biscay had given the only successful signals through the whole length in the experimental trip. The time was so limited that it was quite impossible to arrange such a system as I should have thought satisfactory, but I arranged what seemed to me at the time the best that circum- stances admitted. "There had been a strong desire expressed on the part of various officers of the electri- cal department to have no communications whatever, except mere signals ; to have no interchange of words, and to have nothing but testing currents; I acceded to this desire, and accordingly during the first attempt to lay the cable the system was merely this, that during the first ten minutes of each Greenwich hour, & series of signals were made; first a reversal every minute for five minutes, then a constant current in one direction for five minutes were sent from one ship. During the next ten minutes a similar series of signals were sent from the other ship, and this system of giving alternate series of reversals, each series from each ship lasting ten minutes, was continued during all the operations of the second expedition. 2491. You do not consider that the best system that could have been adopted ?—It was not so complete as it might have been ; the instruments used were my own mariné galvanometer and one of the ordinary detectors. 2492. Will you be good enough to describe to the Committee the construction of your marine galvano- meter ?—The marine galvanometer consists of a very light steel magnet cemented to the back of a very light mirror, the weight of the whole being from & grain to a grain and a half. This was attached to a platinum wire in the first two instruments, which were used in the “ Agamemnon” and the “ Niagara,” but I prefer now suspension by means of a stout bundle of silk fibre. In this first instrument the needle was directed by the elastic force of the platinum wire and deflected from its position of equilibrium by the magnetic force of a current from the cable circulating in a coil of fine wire round the magnet. ‘The peculiarity of the arrange- ment consists in the needle and mirror being balanced by their centre of gravity, und therefore unaffected either by gravity or by the inertia called into play by the pitching and rolling of the ship, aud further, the very high directive force imparted by the elasticity of the platinum wire, which prevented the influence of terrestrial magnetism from producing any con- siderable effect on the place of the needle. This needle took its zero position uninfluenced by the pitehing of the ship or terrestria] magnetism, or only in a slight degree influenced by terrestrial magnetism; and when a current passed through SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. the coil surrounding it, it took the position of equilibrium under the action of the elastic force of the wire and deflecting force of electro-mag- netism. I may add that I prefer the directing force of strong steel magnets to the directing force of elasticity, and in the last instrument that I have made I have substituted such. The angular devia- tions of the needle were determined by observing the image of a lamp reflected from the attached mirror, and thrown on a scale rigidly connected with the galvanometer frame. 2493. In what manner was the marine galvanometer applied to the testing of the cable ?—It was kept with its coil constantly in circuit with the cable, "The marine galvanometer at the sending end was kept between the battery nd the cable; when receiving, the marine galvanometer was kept in circuit between the cable and the earth. In receiving, one of the detectors was also kept in circuit, so that the current eame through both its coil and that of the marine galvanometer, in series between the cable and the earth ; but in sending, the detectors were thrown out of circuit, in consequence of the tendency their needles had to become demagnetized or reversed by the sudden shocks experienced on applying the battery to the cable. Thus, the only test applied to the eable on board the ship which was sending, during any period, was the marine galvanometer ; while in receiving, there was both the marine galvanometer and the detector, each available as a test, so that the one might be used to check the other, if necessary. 2494. With what description of battery and of what power of battery was this instrument made use of ?— The common sand, zinc, and copper battery, with saw- dust substituted for sand, was the battery which was used ; saw-dust having been introduced in place of sand in 1857 by the Electrical Department at Valentia, in eonsequence of the sand there not being available, from the quantity of calcareous matter which it contained. 2495. (Mr. Varley.) Was not the sawdust impreg- nated with weak diluted sulphuric acid ?— Yes. 2496. In testing the cable after the current that had rushed into the cable was observed, did you leave the cable disconnected for a while after the battery contact had ceased, before connecting it with the marine galvanometer, or did you take the discharge immediately from the cable ?—' The discharge always went through the marine galvanometer. 2497. Was it taken immediately after the battery contact had ceased, or after a given time ?—After а given time. The mode of observation with the marine galvanometer was :—One operator applied the bat- tery, in the two directions alternately, with an inter- val of six seconds, during which he put his end of the cable to earth. He counted time by the second hand of a watch which he held in his hand, and exactly three seconds afterhe had touched the key, to throw the end of the cable from battery to earth, he called out *now ;" the observer noted the exact position at that instant of the moving spot of light reflected from the marine galvanometer, and recorded the indi- cation. Ten seconds before applying the battery key the operator always called out “look out" asa warning to the observer. 2498. Then the discharge was noticed immediately after the battery contact had ceased ?—Yes. The principle of the operation was as follows :—The needle of the marine galvanometer was thrown violently against the stops which limited its range by the first rush into or out of the cable. As soon as the current came to be not so strong as to keep the needle pressed against the stops, the needle gradually returned either to zero in case of the end of the conductor having been put to earth, or to its permanent indication in case of a battery having been applied and kept applied to one ` end of the galvanometer, of which the other was always kept connected with the cable. If the battery power used was not strong enough to throw the needle against its stops, the needle was set into violent vibration, and an observation became impos- 115 sible. But the ordinary battery power used, sufficed to give an indication in the manner which has been. described. During the greater part of the process of laying the cable, 20 twelves of the battery described before was the power used. I was not all satisfied with this battery, it varied so continually in intensity, and also in resistance. The strength of the current arising from it was very much increased on every occasion when the battery was refreshed by having & little more sulphuric acid and water poured into its cells. The battery which I used in all my own ex- periments on the cable, was a Daniel’s battery, and I had a battery of about 10 elements of this class, constructed on a plan devised by myself for marine purposes, constantly available for special tests. 2499. (Chairman.) Did you use a galvanometer of another description in circuit at the same time as the marine galvanometer, so that each would form a check upon the readings of the other ?—During the receiving in either ship there was a “detector” in circuit along with the marine galvanometer; during the sending the marine galvanometer was used alone. With refer- ence to the system of signals adopted, I may add, that on the return after tho failure to lay the cable, I had a sys- tem of signalling, by which thequantity of cable paid out from each ship was made known every ten miles. This was the only addition to the system of testing which I have previously described. 2500. There was a peculiar arrangement for send- ing ?—Yes. With the knowledge which I now have I should not hesitate with even such instruments and arrangements, imperfect and incomplete as they were. to adopt a regular system of speaking by the Morse alphabet, which can be read with great ease, although not recorded by the marine galvanometer, during the whole time of laying the cable, but subject to certain very precise conditions to prevent the possibility of interfering with testing, and further I should con- sider it absolutely necessary in any reasonably arranged system of testing, that from each end a signal should frequently be given to the other end to indicate the strength of the received current, because it is of the greatest importance in judging as to any defect, to be able to have the results of the testing from each end. Therefore as long as the cable is in such a condition that it is possible to speak through it at all, I think it an essential part of thoroughly good testing in the laying of a submarine cable, that in a certain perfectly arranged system of signals there should be one short period of time allotted to the inter- change of information as to the results of testing. 2501. In other respects do you think the system of testing was satisfactory ?—The system of testing was perfectly satisfactory, so far as letting us feel quite sure of the transmission of a current through the cable during the whole time, except during certain periods when the current failed, and then the system of testing enabled us to detect, as far as the instru- ments on board admitted, the nature and quality of the defect ; but I consider that there was a very great omission in the apparatus on board in the want of standard resistance coils. I had urged on the electrician of the company, as early as the month of May 1857, the very high importance of having a set of resistance : coils properly made, giving a resistance at least equal to the resistance of the whole cable, and admitting of variations to the smallest measurable quantity. I urged this strongly, but the electrician of the company had his own system of testing which he considered satisfactory. The great want in our system of testing was a good constant battery and a set of resistance coils. The constant battery I supplied, as far as I could, from the resources which I, for another reason, had provided. A sufficient set of resistance coils could not at the time be extemporized, and, accord- ingly, much of the testing was necessarily mere guess work. І supplied the deficiency so far as I could at the time by making up into properly insulated coils of measured length, a quantity of covered brass wire, which I had with me as material for some of my telegraphic instruments. This I did E outward 2 W. Thomson, Esg., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. — W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. 116 voyage of the successful trip, and I put two of these resistance coils on board the “ Niagara” at the ren- dezvous, which, with a number retained for my own use on board the ** Agamemnon," constituted the only resistance coils available for any of the testing operations either at sea or on shore for the first fort- night after the ends were landet. 2502. Then you would adopt a similar system of testing, in any future case, with the addition that you have been describing ?—Exactly so. I may mention that I drew up a proposed plan of testing, with re- ference to the laying of the Red Sea cable, and sub- mitted it to the contractors, Messrs. Newall and Gordon through my friend Professor Gordon. 2503. Is that the system which has been adopted ? I am not aware; Mr. Siemens took the testing in his own hands. Iam not aware to what extent the suggestion may have been adopted during the opera- tions hitherto performed. In fact the suggestions were only sent in writing last May, when probably it was too late to carry them into practice in any of the opera- tions that had to be executed. 2504. (Mr. Saward.) Would not the object of resistance coils be to establish a standard of resistance for the whole length of the cable?—Exactly so; and also a standard for measuring the degree of insulation for the whole or for any part of the cable. 2505. (Mr. Varley.) In the event of any fault occurring to aid in the discovery of the probable locality of that fault by, comparison with that standard ?—Y es. 2506. ( Chairman.) Were these signals transmitted from the commencement to the end of the paying out operations through the entire length of cable on both ships ?—Yes, with the exception of a compara- tively small part of the cable on board the “ Niagara." After a certain number of days, according to the arrangement, the whole was throwu into circuit. We made the signals through the whole length with that exceptiom, during the whole time, except such intervals as were spent in special testing, in conse- quence of the sudden appearance of indications of defects. 2507. (Mr. Saward.) Are you aware whether the signals were also made through the whole of the cable on board the “Niagara” ?—Yes, with the ex- ceptions I have mentioned. 2508. (Chairman.) From your experience in the continuous passing of currents through the cable, and other sources of observation while on board the * Agamemnon," did any misgiving arise towards the completion of the work, that the cable was, to some extent, in a faulty condition, and must have been so before its submergence ?—I had the very strongest misgivings as to the condition of the cable from the Monday forenoon of the laying. I may mention, in the first place, that we had a loss of continuity on the night of the commencement, accompanied with certain very singular circumstances; the whole circum- stances I have described in a short paper which I wrote on board the “ Agamemnon,” at the request of Captain Preedy (Appendix No. II.), and which has recently been published in the “Civil Engineers’ and Architects’ Journal," in a report of a discussion which took place at the recent meeting of the British Asso- ciation. 2509. What was the general result of that state- ment ?—The signals suddenly ceased altogether at a certain instant, the testing shows improved, rather than deficient insulation, at the very time the opera- tions were going on in the hold with a view to pro- tecting the portion of the outside sheath (which had got damaged) from the risk of fracture in going out. It seemed most natural to suppose that the breach of continuity in the interior conductor, which these tests demonstrated, was in the damaged portion of cable actually in hands in the hold, since this portion had been bent about so much as to displace the outer strands of iron wire, in consequence of the rough weatber of the previous trip. Accordingly the cable was pricked into very close to the outgoing part, with MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE a view to testing whether the breach of continuity was on board the ship or not on board the ship. The result was, that there was almost perfect insulation exhibited when the battery was applied to the conductor, at the part where it was pricked into. It was perfectly certain then that aportion of the wire at fault was broken inside the gutta- percha,. between the part pricked into and the * Niagara's" end of the cable; and from the very great perfection of insulation which I found, it was quite certain that the distance of the fractured point could not be great. It was in the paid-out part, or else on board the ** Niagara," and I endeavoured to ascertain whether it was on board the “Niagara,” or in the paid-out part; but the imperfection of the apparatus which I had at command, prevented me from making more than a guess I made a rough estimate, by comparing the result of an experiment I had made the day before, with a view to the possibility of such a contingency, by means of one of the common detectors. I found that the discharge after charging by the battery, and then discharging through the galvanometer, was such as was consistent with the supposition that something more than 50 miles, and. less than 150 miles, if I remember rightly, might be the locality of the fracture. 2510. How much of the cable had been paid out at that time ?—80 miles. 2511. Then the fault might have been on board the * Niagara" ?—] could not make certain whether the fault was on board the “Niagara,” or in the sea between. When it had been ascertained that the de- fect was not on board the * Agamemnon,” we had nothing to do but to mend the place where the cable had been pricked as quickly as possible, finish the mechanical operation of joining, and get it overboard. It had been necessary to cut the cable in the course of this operation for the electrical test, and the joint was made and put right with great energy and ability by the engineers, and the cable was paid out freely, with the mended part made quite secure. It seemed now as if we had nothing to do but to wait for a certain time, and then cut the cable, because no indi- cation whatever of signals was perceived. There was very excellent insulation, but no vestige of current through. After about an hour and a half from the moment of failure, during a period when we were sending, the current from our battery suddenly became much stronger instead of much weaker than that observed when the whole cable was in circuit. Three minutes later came our regular period for receiving ; we put our end to earth as usual; and signals came from the “Niagara.” І could only account for what we had observed by two possible hypotheses at the time ; one of them was, that the wire had broken under water, and the two parts had come together agnin by the elasticity of the sheath, when the cable was relieved from stress on or near the bottom ; and the other hypothesis was that there had been a breach of contiuuity on board the * Niagara." According to the second hypothesis, the cause of the great sudden rush of current from our battery must have been owing to their cutting the cable on board the * Niagara," or else to a fracture of the cable by accident, at the stern of the ** Niagara ;" but when the signals came it could no longer be apprehended that the cable had been broken at the stern of the * Niagara." It might still have been that they had cut on board the * Niagara," and put the outgoing part of the conductor to earth during the period of three minutes, before we had their signals, and that they continued to work with us through this part of the cable, while they looked for and cut out the breach of continuity in the re- maining portion of the cable on board their own ship ; but this appeared to me less probable than the other hypothesis, because, judging from the order of events, I.thought it the more probable that the breach of con- tinuity had been overboard. The event proved so, because in tho ** Niagara" precisely similar difficulties occurred as to failure of signals. The tests gave similar results, and & similar uncertainty prevailed SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. until the continuity was re-established. The strong current which I found was therefore proved to be as I anticipated, owing to the fact that on board the * Niagara" they had cut and tested, and were testing at the time when the wire came together again. Thus it was on short circuit, so far as the * Niagara" was concerned, that we had the very strong current from our battery when the wire came together again. About an hour later, instead of our strong outgoing current, we had again the current of previous strength, which convinced me that after having cut to test, and after the fault had come right of itself, those on board the “ Niagara” had joined in the whole cable, and when they had joined in the whole cable again, our current became, as before, of moderate strength. 2512. (Mr. Saward.) During what period were you without signals at all? —About an hour and a half. 2513. (Mr. Varley.) Was not the cessation from 10 to 11.30 г.м. ?—From Greenwich time. 2514. (Chairman.) Did you meet with any other indication on the voyage towards the coast of Ireland of want of insulation? About midnight, local time, on the Sunday night I had retired to rest for a short time, but I was informed almost immediately that there was something wrong. I wentinstantly, and found the signals coming, but excessively wenk. I looked at the diary for a few minutes before and found that in our outward current there had been an increase of strength, shewing that there was some great fault of insulation. The signals became very weak, then they altogether failed for a time, then they came again very weak, failed altogether several times, and on the Monday forenoon about 11 or 12 o'clock, I could get signals only by observing very slight flickers of the spot of light reflected from the marine galvano- meter; I could only do so by throwing it out of circuit and throwing it in again several times during each roll of the ship. The rolling of the ship at that time was such as to make the spot of light move over several divisions of the scale, as the mirror was not so well balanced as I have them made now. The con- sequence was that the signal current, which gave only a fraction of a division of deflection could only be detected by throwing the instrument out of circuit aud in again every moment. I ascertained by close inspection that the spot of light moved but a small fraction of its own breadth, euch time the circuit was opened aud closed, aud by judgiug in this way I read some of the signals indicating the number of miles paid out. In this way I could assure myself that the continuity still existed at this time. On Monday afternoon the signals received became much better, and the other tests indicated an improved but still very defective condition of the eable. In the last part of the voyage, for a day or so perhaps, the insulation became somewhat improved, which I attributed to the outgoing part becoming cooler, but it was still very bad ; very much worse thau it had been previous to Sunday night. When we landed the indications of insulation were extremely bad, and showed a very faulty condition. Until the end of the voyage we had regular indications of the numbers of miles paid out from the ship, and correct replies to our signals of the same kind. Several short messages were correctly read on the marine galvanometer, on board Ше “Niagara.” I sent those messages according to a preconcerted alphabet, it having been arranged that on approaching the shore, the striet rule that there were no words to be used might be deviated from. During the time the “Agamemnon” lay in harbour in Valentia, before the end was taken out we received signals from Newfoundland indicating the length paid out, and also that they were about to land. 2515. At what distance from the shore was it that the second defect of insulation was perceived Only the second fault was defective insulation, the other was defective continuity; the defective insulation appeared first when we were about 420 nautical miles froin shore. The whole length of cable laid after that time from the “ Agamemnon ” was 490 nautical miles. 117 2516. To what causes do you attribute those faults? I have very little doubt but that the first sudden appearance of defective insulation occurred from a bad fault going overboard ; by a fault, I mean either a crack or an abrasion of the gutta-percha allowing the copper wire to become wet as soon as it entered the water. There was much confusion in testing, produced of necessity by the attempts made by those on board the * Niagara" to discover the state of the cable. I have been since informed, that they cut the cable and put their end to the earth for some time, during which they did not seud a signal at all, and that certain operations of joining and cutting again were gone through at intervals during & great many hours, occasioning the total cessations of signals which we experienced. At the times the signals actually came, the indieations were as small as I have mentioned. The ordinary signal current would be about fifteen divisions of the scale, and at certain times a small fraction of a division was all the indication. Even during those times I read messages, and after that there eame a considerable improvement. The signals came indeed again as strong as ever, but it appeared to me very probable, that the great increase of strength, which occurred after the very bad times seemed to have passed away, might have been because higher battery power was applied, and events prove that it was so. We got the signal current about as strong as before, but the battery power on board the * Niagara" had been considerably increased. 2517. (Mr. Saward.) When the bad fault which you spoke of just now as a crack appeared, what distance from Valentia do you believe the cable had been paid out ?—I cannot account for what I per- ceived during the voyage, except on the supposition that a fault went over board at the time when the bad svinptoms commenced. At that time 520 nautical miles had been paid out from the“ Agamemnon,” and 490 more were paid out before reaching Valentia. 2518. Was uot the fault at that point a want of continuity ?—The first appearance of a failure of in- sulation was when we were about that distance from shore. 2519. (Chairman.) Do you consider that these faults were due to a defective construction of the cable, or improper use of it before it was laid, or to the fact of its being laid in deep water ?— Certainly not to the fact of its being laid in deep water ; most probably to injury in the manufacture, either from mechanical injury, or from overheating. 2520. Or from the repeated coilings and uncoilings ? —J have no idea that repeated coilings and uncoilings can do any harm whatever to a piece of sound cable ; but repeated coilings and uncoilings may finish the development of a fault if there has been a portion of the gutta-percha defective previously ; for instance, if the wire is very nearly through the gutta-percha, or very eccentric in any part, the coiling and uncoiling may make it go through, or if there has been & ragged wire from bad joints, the coiling and uncoiling might make it protrude ; but no amount of coiling or un- coiling, and no amount of mechanical strain in the way of kinks that a cable ever experiences in being paid out or afterwards in laying itself on the bottom as it does very much in kinks I believe, can possibly do any harm whatever, in my opinion, to & piece of sound gutta-percha corc. 2521. (Mr. Varley.) Was the cable submitted do you think to any temperature which might be dan- gerous previously to the laying ?—On the experi- mental trip there was an alarm one evening that some warm water from some part of the engine had got into the hold in the neighbourhood of the cable, and it was feared that it might reach the cable and do damage. I necessarily made close tests, first from one end of the cable and then the other, and I could not convince myself that I ascertained for certain any variation whatever at the time. The cause of that acci- dent was quickly done away with, and I feel perfectly convinced that the cable suffered no damage what- P3 W, Thomson, Eso. LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. Esq., LI. D., FRS. 17 Dec. 1859. - ns ever on the occasion. I continually tested both ends from that time forward of the coil on board the Aga- memnon,” and never found any indication whatever of the cable h.n ing suffered damage. On tle contrary, if I remember rightly, the lower end generally insu- lated a little beticr than the upper end in all the tests that I made on the homeward voyage of the first attempt, and on the outward voyage of the successful attempt. . I cannot speak for the damage that the cable may have possibly experienced in being coiled out of the store at Keyham into the ships, but I do not think it at all probable that it experienced any: the only way in which it could have experienced any damage on those occasions was by possible exposure to the sun ; but there was no sun of sufficient inten- sity to allow damage to occur, with such precautions as were taken: a large part of the cable was injured by exposure to the sun in one of the manufacturing yards a year before, but I believe there was no damage of that kind experienced afterwards. 2522. (Mr. Saward.) Do you consider that suffi- cient skill and attention were used in testing the cable during the time of its manufacture, and if not, whether that may not account for the faults being &llowed to remain in the cable, although they were such faults as might have been discoverable by a better system of testing ?—I believe so; at the same time, I do not wish to say anything against the system of testing that was applied, because I am aware that there was not previously to that time much good testing of any cable; but certainly, at one period of the testing, there was a very faulty system followed, from a want of skill in the use of the instruments. The deflection of the galvanometer was so great, that it really gave no satisfactory indication as to even considerable changes of insulation. I was consulted at the time by the electrician of the company, and pointed out how this difficulty, rendering his tests nugatory, should be remedied. 2523. ( Chairman.) What system of testing should you have recommended ?—I should have pursued a totally different system of testing in many respects. As to the make of the particular instrument, it was not at all a well devised instrument, but as good as the instruments generally used at the time. To make use of that instrument in that case, a particular method for bringing the indications of the needle within range for accurate determinations was required. 2524. What system of testing would you prefer for а submarine line? — Testing entirely by comparison with absolute standards of resistance. I am not aware that this system of testing by absolute standards of resistance was ever brought into practice by any practical electrician, except Mr. Varley, at that time, but the principles were shown long before by Professor Wheatstone. For testing, I would never use any -other than a Daniell’s battery, and a proper galvano- meter of almost any kind, even any common galvano- meter, with the power used will give satisfactory results, provided absolute standards of resistance variable to any amount, such as the coils that Mr. ` Varley has had constructed for telegraph purposes, are used. On the other hand, even without the resistance coils, the tangent galvanomcter, such as German and British experimenters have used very much, and as some German practical electricians have used, give satisfactory results, and so do the reflecting instruments that I have used. The reflecting instru- ment may be adopted to give definite results where re- sistance coils are not available. I would never think any testing apparatus at all satisfactory or complete, without a very well arranged set of coils for standards of resistance. 2525. (Mr. Varley.) Do you not think the system very much pursued of using vertical needles, in which gravity is used to bring the needle to an upright position, is very objectionable, inasmuch as any varia- ` tion of magnetism will cause a variation of the result. When the needle is placed in a horizontal position and brought to zero by the use of magnetism, every variation is the result entirely of a change in the MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE electro-magnetic force of the current to be measured ? —Perfectly so; the vertical galvanometers are ex- tremely uncertain and variable in their indication uu this account, that the signals may be made to appear stronger by the magnetising of the needle. The horizontal needle galvanometer is not open to that de- fect, consequently a horizontal needle galvanometer was adopted by the late electrician to the company in his tests on shore ; in that respect the galvanometer which he used was an improvement on the vertical instrument or detector, but the tangent galvanometer would have been a very great improvement upon that instrument ; and whether a tangent galvanometer or that instrument was used, it would have been abso- lutely necessary to take a system of relieving (such as I pointed out to the electrician of the company) the coil from too strong a current, in order that its indications may give real tangible results when a very strong current is to be measured. 2526. (Professor Wheatstone.) What do you think of the inethod of oscillation employed by Fechner in verification of Ohm's law ?—Not so satisfactory as the measurement by deflection; in the hands of a careful experimenter no doubt it is susceptible of high accuracy. 2527. ( Chairman.) On the landing of the cable at Valentia, you at first gave your aid to Mr. Whitehouse, the company's electrician, and subsequently, at the pressing request of the board, you consented to take the responsibility of conducting the electrical depart- ment for a limited time ?—Yes. 2528. There was a delay of several days, was there not, after the landing of the cable before readable signals were exchanged between Newfoundland and Ireland ?—Yes. 2529. Will you be good enough to state to what cause you think this delay was to be attributed? I have no doubt it was owing to defective insulation becoming worse and worse ; from the landing of the cable on the forenoon of Thursday, the 5th August, till Monday night, near midnight, we never received anything that we could be quite sure was n signal current. On a few occasions during that period some- thing in the indication of the instruments looked like reversals, I repeatedly pointed out to Mr. White- house that either there must be something very much wrong in the cable indeed, or that they must have got into difficulties at the remote end, and that the only hopeful explanation as regorded the condition of the cable and the want of signals received from them, was, that they may have been forced to land in some locality in which they could not bring up their batteries. It has been since ascertained by a direct communication from the parties at Newfoundland, that they were, during the greater part of that time, sending us regularly signals on the ship system ; and the fact that we did not receive those signals, shews that the cable must have been in an excessively defective condition during those days. I made several tests, especially on Monday the 9th, and found the whole resistance opposed to & current from the bat- tery end of the cable, not more than equal to from 500 to 600 miles of the cable, so far as I could judge, and very much varying. When the negative pole of the battery was applied, the insulation became worse, that is, the resistance to the current leaving the battery, became less and less. When the positive pole was applied, the outward current fell in strength very much, showing that the insulation was im- proved. This was so very defective a condition of insulation, that I thought it scarcely possible that anything could be done with the cable unless the fault could be reached and mended; but on the Monday night we were agreeably surprised by the appearance of very distinct reversals, seen not only on the mirror galvanometer but on the common detector. It became obvious from the rate at which those were sent, that the sending apparatus and the induction coils had been applied at the remote end of the cable ; and almost immediately after, there came signals, which we SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. readily read as words. The first words read were, * Please repeat slower," these were read on a little single needle instrument of Mr. Henley's, and simul- taneously on my mirror galvanometer. 2530. Which was a much more delicate instrument? — Yes, a much more delicate instrument, not confined by stops, and giviug freedom to the needle to show the signals through a wide range instead of simply between two stops. 2531. Then you attribute the failure of the current immediately after landing to the defects of insulation, which were overcome by the use of more powerful batteries, or more improved means of transmitting the signals, either by induction coils or batteries after- wards ?—Yes, and still more by improved means of receiving. 2532. (Mr. Varley.) Do you not think that the fault underwent some considerable change ; do you not think it was possible, supposing the wire was projecting through the gutta percha, making a very considerable amount of earth, as positive currents were applied they gradually dissolved that wire away, and so rendered the fault capable of offering more resistance in the neighbourhood ?—I do not think it at all probable that all the resistance was in the wire. I think the fault certainly varied very much, owiug to some such cause as Mr. Varley has just mentioned. The general condition of the cable must huve been much worse on the Monday forenoon than it was on the Thursday morning before we landed, because the common detector showed freely their landing signal on the Thursday forenoon, and neither the detector nor my mirror instrument as then adjusted showed any of their battery signals during the four days from the óth of August to the Monday night, with the exception of the short invervals to which I refer, when doubtful indications or reversals were observed. 2533. (Chairman.) After the cable was at the bottom, you think it improved in insulation ?—It improved during some days of the voyage. 2594. For how long after you received the first readable signals did you continue to receive signals ? —From the midnight of the 10th of August to the Ist of September. 2535. Were the signals equally strong during the whole time, or were they gradually failing? Gradually failing, but with variations ; failing alto- gether for a time, getting weaker and weaker, and then suddenly showing very satisfactory indications for a time, aud then failing again, but on the whole gradually becoming weaker. 2536. Can you give a general opinion as to the causes ?—] have no doubt the causes must be looked for in such variations of the fault as Mr. Varley has spoken of. Probably it may be explained, in a general way, by oxidation of the metal takinz place at certain times, and by a certain white deposit which I have observed taking place from sea water when a negative current is applied. I believe that the oxidation pro- duced by the positive current is, to a certain extent, an insulating protection, while the white deposit which occurs when the negative current is applied, does not, in general at least, appear to contribute in any way to insulation. 2537. Is that white deposit from the copper ?— The white deposit is from the sea water. On the other hand, the cleaning of the metallic surface which the negative current produces probably, for a time, makes the insulation worse. At the same time I consider, if a cable is to be preserved with a bad flaw, it is to be done by the use of negative currents only, of limited strengths, and by using instruments of higher sensibility. | 2538. After the fault has been oxidized by the posi- tive currents? It must be cleaned by negative currents and taken at its worst, if the cable is to be preserved at all. Ifyou keep on the positive current the infallible re- sult is that the wire is eaten through. I have tried it in many experiments with very mild currents, and I find that the current eats through infallibly in days, weeks, . or months, I have had wires under the influence of 119 mild positive and mild negative battery applications in plain water, and various compositions of salt water and sea water, and J have found invariably, after a few months, the wires eaten throug), or perhaps, through except one of a strand, and that half eaten through, in the cases of positive battery application. Iu the cases of negative buttery application the wire remained perfectly uninjured ; in neither did the gutta-percha seem to vary very much, and there did not seem to be ultimately any worse insulation in connexion with the fault that had been kept nega- tively electrified, than those that had been positively electrified ; so that it appears to me that the improve- ment of insulation by positive currents has only a temporary effect. I make this statement, however, with little confidence, because it would require a great deal more experimenting upon than I have been able to give to the subject to form any opinion upon sufficient grounds as to the ultimate effect on the gutta-percha of a continued application of negative currents, as compared with the ultimate effect of the coutinued application of positive currents especially with regard to insulation ; there can be no doubt of the certainty of the wire being eaten away after greater or less time, as the case may be, if the positive currents are applied. | 2539. When it was first discovered that signals were failing, I believe it was thought that the fault was in that part of the cable laid in the Harbour of Valentia or near it ?—lt was never thought so by myself. I thought it was impossible that any failure iu the Harbour of Valentia could diminish the signals from Newfoundland to a considerable or even to an appreciable degree, on the instruments by which they were received (which had unusally small resistance in their coils), without also giving rise to quite a different condition of testing from what we have found. 2540. The cable was, however, under-run to the mouth of the harbour, I believe, with a view to the discovery of the fault supposed to have existed there? —In opposition to the orders of the Board of Direc- tors, and against my strongly expressed advice, and during my temporary absence. 2541. At what distance in your judgment did the fault exist, or does it now exist ?—About 300 miles along the cable from the shore end. 2542. Is that in deep water ?—My only doubt has been whether it might not be just on the confines, possibly in shallow water, but more probably in deep water. I say about 300 miles, my first estimate was about 300 miles, which I made at the time the cable began to fail, and communicated to the board. When Mr. Varley came a few days after with his graduated . resistance coils, I was able to make much more accu- rate experiments, my previous experiments having been to a considerable exteut guess-work rather than accurate measurement. I had strongly urged before upon the directors, that whatever the dis- tance might be, it was something certainly ex- ceeding 200 miles, and therefore no fault need be looked for in the harbour, and further, that there was no use in going to the expense in laying thick shore ends till we found whether or not this fault could be reached and mended. When the cable completely failed at the beginning of September such was the state of opinion upon the subject ; 300 miles was the estimate I then made, and Mr. Varley confirmed that estimate very decidedly by his resistance coils; but at the same time there was an uncertainty affecting all our results, arising from the want of knowledge of the conductivity of the cable; the most accurate estimate I was able to make with the decided information sub- *equently as to the lengt): o^ 1::€ cable in some of the coils I have experimented upon was, that 270 statute miles was the most probable distance. I assigned as the probable limits, that they could not be less than 245, and could not be more than 280 miles, and this estimate Was communicated in a letter written to the secretary of the company in the month of October following. 2543. (Mr. Varley.) Mr. Henley has stated, and published, that it is impossible to ados ^u resist- W. Thomson, Esq., LI. D., F.R.S 17 Dec. 1859. W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. 120 ance of a fault in any such cable; and in his opinion, although the fault cannot be more than 300 miles distant, that it may be much nearer, say 100 miles. Do you think the means adopted at Valentia were sufficient to indicate the approximate distance of the fault itself ?—Quite sufficient; it is impossible, from the mere testings alone, to suppose that the fault can be at & distance so small as 100 miles ; the testing alone is sufficient to make it certain that that cannot be the case. My first reason for believing the fault to be at so great a distance as two or three hundred miles (at least before I knew how to discover the resistance of a fault,) my first means of judging of the distance was simply this, that inasmuch as the mes- sages were received on an instrument which presented & resistance only equal to from five to ten miles of the cable, any fault in the harbour which presented a resistance equal to two, or three, or four, or five hundred miles of cable, would only make a very small deduction from the current that would pass through that instrument. As the deduction from the current actually passing through the instrument, as compared with the current sent out from Newfound- land, must have been immense to make the signals as weak as they were. I contended that the fault must be really as far from Valentia as a length equal to the total measured resistance. That was my conclusion, which virtually was founded upon a combination of tests at both ends, that is to say, founded upon a com- bination of tests as to the amount of sent cur- rent from Valentia, and the amount of received current from the batteries, the strength of which I could form sóme estimate of, at Newfoundland. In subsequently experimenting upon the cable, I found certainly variations in the resistance by which I was led to infer, independently, the dis- tance of the fault ; but I found Mr. Varley had been in the habit of prosecuting this manner of testing completely. I had been driven to it, and I found the only way of interpreting what I saw, was to suppose that the fault must be at some such distance as to present variations of a few miles, 10, 15, or 20 miles, in itself. During Mr. Varley's stay nt Valentia, I found that this which I was just beginning to sce, or formed some distant idea of as a means of testing was perfectly familiar to him, and one of his practical methods of working both during his stay at Valentia, and previously. I made a great number of experi- ments on faults in water, which convinced me that that was a real practical way of forming an estimate as to the minimum resistance of a fault when the copper is cleaned as much as possible by negative currents. 2544. (Professor Wheatstone.) Wow do you dis- tinguish the existence of a single fault from a number of small faults at unequal distances?—It is not always possible to distinguish perfectly, unless we have re- course to a combination of a considerable variety of effects, But of this we may be sure, that the nearest fault must be a very bad one, and that there is tolerably good insulation up to it if certain phenomena regarding the variation of faults under the action of positive and negative currents are observed. When those phenomena are observed, all that we can say is, that the cable is perfect up to a given estimated dis- tance, and there is a bad fault there ; we cannot say how many bad faults there may be beyond. 2545. You are not certain that the defect consists only of a single fault ?—The defect which chiefly stopped our opcrations consisted of a single fault, or І should say there is a sufficient fault to almost, if not entirely, stop our operations at the distance stated, but it is far from improbable that the total failure was contributed to also, as Mr. Varley in his report has conjectured, by a more distant fault. 2046. (Mr. Saward.) Are you aware what per- centage of slack was paid out during the last 500 miles; I have been told that it was a larger proportion than during the previous part of the voyage ?—During the last 500 miles there was a very small per-centage of slack paid out. ГА MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 2547. (Chairman.) By what description or de- scriptions of apparatus were the messages sent through the cable received and recorded ?—The first words were received, not recorded, on the two instruments which I have mentioned ; immediately thereafter one of the relays constructed by the late electrician for the company was put into circuit, and some of the signals were recorded by it ; but before I left, so far as I am aware, nothing was read on the relay. I left Valentia within a few hours, However after the first words were received, and before the adjustment of the relay was completed, during my absence, which lasted for eleven days, there were, as I have been informed, some indications of legible signals recorded by the relay, but not, so far as I can learn, any one complete sentence. Ihave had all the slips, which were pre- served by the Board, to examine, but these contain very little of the work of the first four days, the slips corresponding to those days having been all abstracted from the possession of the company. Ido not find them among the bundle which was put into my hands, Of the few that remained there were two or three which showed the action of the relay, and among those I do not make out any one single word com- pletely and correct, and no one sentence that could be even read at all from the indication of the relay. I find altogether two or three words and a few more letters that were legible, but the longest word which I find correctly given is the word “be.” 2548. At what maximum speed were actual messages transmitted ?——The maximum speed seems to have been two and a half words & minute; I believe that speed was rarely attained. I have a number of slips which I might lay before the committee to be used for illustration or any other purpose, which contain distinct evidence as to the speed attained. I confess myself surprised by the great speed that those slips demonstrate, as I find decisive demonstration that in the course of the messages which came perfectly distinct on the Morse system, there were dots at the rate of rather more than forty per minute or eighty reversals of the current per minute. The messages were all received on the mirror instrument, and it could not possibly, even with the cable in perfect condition, have marked the dots and dashes distinctly on the relay, and could not possibly have given legible letters on the relay, because, from inductory embarrassment, dots would have been converted into dashes, in some places altogether omitted, and in others marked in such a manner as to make complete confusion out of the indications from the best possible relay. The mirror instrument, not being confined by stops, can mark signals on either side of its scale, without ever returning to zero, or after having made a number of signals on one side, may gradually come through zero to the other side, under the influence of а varying'earth current, or of the great ebbs and flows owing to inductive charge, and through all these charges will show every dot and dash with per- fect distinctness : whereas au instrument with stops would, when thrown to one side, make a long score, a large dark mark or line, and on the other side a long blank. The maximum rate of signaling which I have myself verified in actual messages is two words a minute. Specimens of the slips will be laid before the Committee. 2549. Did you notice whether any material difference existed between the rate of speed of signals sent by means of the induction coils and those for which batteries were used ?—I had no opportunity of com- parison, because all the signals came to Valentia from the induction coils at the other end. Until the month of October the whole of the Valentia signals were sent by batteries after the first three or four days; after the first three or four days Mr. Whitehouse him- self gave up the use of his induction coils because he found that by trying them alternately with the battery their signals were not read, while the battery signals were read. My own opinion, however, is, that if the receiving instruments at Newfoundland had been put on the same footing as they were immediately at SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF. Valentia, there would not have been the same diffi- culty in reading at Newfoundland, and probably the coils might have been continued to be used at each end. The signals, however, were received at the other end, (after attempting to receive them on the relay,) for some days chiefly on the detector, and necessarily at an extremely slow rate. It was not until the 22nd of August that the mirror instruments were regularly put into requisition at the other end, and they were then put into requisition in consequence of a message that I had transmitted giving an order to that effect. They had been several times put into circuit pre- viously for a certain time, and then with ease readable indications were obtained. "They were ngain thrown out of circuit, the system appearing to be that as soon as something was read distinetly with the mirror instrument at Newfoundland it was thrown out of circuit, aud attempts were made to read by the detector or relay, the director of the staff not con- sidering himself justified in introducing a new patent instrument without positive orders, and he therefore very properly, us soon as the mirror instrument gave indications that something really was coming, at- tempted to read it on his instruments ; those attempts were sometimes successful and sometimes involved great delay; the great delays in the transmission of the Queen's message were accounted for in that wav over and above the stoppage during the nugatory operations in the Harbour of Valentia. 2550. How long did the Queen's message take in transmitting 2—16 was stopped in the middle, and a great many parts were repeated over and over again, therefore, I cannot say what was the time ; but it was 16 hours from the time it was begun till the time it was finished, aud perhaps even more than that. 2551. Is it your opinion that the electrical state of the cable was made worse by the use of induction coil power or battery power, or either of them ?— Most probably it became worse more rapidly than it would have done if the fault had been altogether undisturbed. 2552. By the use of induction coils ?—Certainly, either one or the other. My opinion is that the use of induction coils is very dangerous in a case in which the gutta-percha is very nearly pricked through, but I do not think that induction coils could do very much damage, or be worse at all events than battery power at a great distance. Ido not think that the induction coils would produce a worse deteriorating effect on a fault already formed than battery power at 300 miles distance, for instance. : 2553. What would you use to send messages through cables, if both battery power and induction coils are injurious ?*—I would have the receiving instruments made as sensitive as possible, and I would use the lowest battery power that could be got to move them if auy doubt existed as to the condition of the cable. 2554. (Mr. Saward.) Would you use magnetic electricity Nothing but direct battery. As fnr аз I can sce at present, the use of direct battery can be made much safer and milder in its effects upon the cable than any system of induction coils. At the same time the magnetic system I believe has to a certain extent the safeness of the battery in being compara- tively mild, milder than the action of induction coils depending upon a sudden break of the primary cir- cuit. The use of a magneto machine somewhat like Mr. Henley’s, I do not consider could be dangerous to the cable. I prefer the battery, because I think a battery can be managed both for rapidity of signalling and the security of the cable, so as in all respects to be preferable to either the magneto machiue, or the induction coils. 2555. (Mr. Saward.) It would be slower in its ope- rations, you could not get signals through it as rapidly as with the coil power, could you More rapidly when rightly directed, but when used simply with the Morse key, it would depend upon the adjustment of the instruments with which it was used, and the system of contacts used. 2556. (Chairman.) What is the minimum amount 121 of battery power that you thiuk would move your marine galvanometer, giving a readable signal through the Atlantic cable if it were perfect ?—0One cell would give, through a well insulated cable of the same length and gauge, a current strong enough to produce about six scale divisions of deflection in the improved galvanometers I have at present ; and would there- fore be sufficient to give even tolerably rapid signal- ling at sea. My land mirror galvanometer can be made one hundred times as sensitive without becom- ing too slow for signalling at & rate of two or three words a minute. With the Atlantic cable, if I had a power of from 20 to 50 cells, I could secure very rapid signalling by a proper arrangement of battery contacts, 2557. (Mr. Varley.) Should you not be afraid, in using such low power, of being embarrassed by earth currents through so long a cable ?—They do not em- barrass with the mirror instrument, unless they are very bad. The ordinary amount of earth current will not exceed that which from six to ten cells will pro- duce, and they will generally be less than that. Now, even when earth currents are six, or ten, or twenty times the signal current, there is no difficulty whatever in reading the signals with a mirror instrument. A recording instrument of my invention, on the same principle as the mirror instrument, so far ns being free from stops is con- cerned, would do all that the mirror instrument can do, but requires a higher battery power. Ihave constructed a recording instrument upon this prin- ciple, and have found it certainly available to record messages, even when disturbed by earth currents, having in that respect the same quality as the mirror instrument ; but I have not succeeded in producing any recording instrument that will work with so low a power as the mirror instrument. Therefore I prefer & non-recording iustrument, not only for economy, but for the safety of the cable, in order to use as low a power as can be applied to get the speed. 2558. Mr. Whitehouse stated, that he found a dif- ference of speed in the transmission of signals of one to four between the use of induction coils and the use of battery power. Did you find anything in your experiments to lead you to suppose that so great a difference existed ? No, not at all; no such difference. At the same time I think Mr. Whitehouse's results were the results of real experiments, and simply originated from the circumstance that the induction coil which he used gave an immensely high intensity, and the greatest nuinber of cells that he compared it with, I believe, was about fifty or sixty. Now, a much greater number of cells would be required to give any- thing like the same amount of effect in rapid signal- ling. The difference of the induction coils and the battery as regards rapidity is this, that if you increase the rapidity of the signalling by the induction coils, ench impulse still throws in the same quantity to the enble, while, if you increase the rapidity of action with the battery when you double the speed, you send only half the quantity in, because the cable gets only half the quantity from the battery in half time ; similarly you give only a third of the quantity in each application when you triple the speed of working by battery ; and so on. On the other hand, the in- duction coils keep sending in, at each reversal of the coils, an undiminished quantity of electricity. The true comparison between the battery and induction coils would be this, fifty cells of a Daniell’s battery reversed every two seconds compared with the in- duction coils, 100 cells of a Daniell’s battery reversed every second compared with the induction coils, and 200 cells reversed every half second ; the comparison being always made with the same set of induction coils. If that comparison be made, the battery action will be found in no way inferior to the use of induc- tion coils. 2559. (Mr. Saward.) Without their destructive tendency ?— Yes. 2560. (Mr. Varley.) Do you believe that the trans- mission could be performed by means of Daniell's W. Thomson, Esg., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. — — W. Thomson, E Esq. LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. 122 battery, almost as rapidly as with the induction coil ? —I feel quite convinced that it could be performed more rapidly, for this reason, that the battery can be managed in a way that the coils cannot. I have laid this down in various published papers, as the result of mathematical theory, for diminishing, as much as possible, the inductive embarrassment. (See Appen- dix No. I.) I have given two or three ways of managing the battery power, by which, undoubtedly, a greater speed of signalling can be obtained, than can be obtained by the induction coils; at the same time I am quite aware that the system of induction coils actually used by Mr. Whitehouse gives consider- ably greater freedom from inductive embarrassment, than the mere use of a battery with a Morse key worked in the ordinary manner. | 2561. (Chairman.) Will you favour the committee by stating in what manner the messages were received and forwarded respectively? — At Valentia the mes- sages were all received on the mirror instruments, an observer looking at the spot of light, and pressing a key with his hand when the spot of light went to one side and lifting his hand when the spot went to the other side. The key was arranged so that as long as it was at work a dark mark was made on a ribbon of Morse paper run- ning through an ordinary Morse receiving instrument ; when the key was up the paper was left blank. The messages were all sent and received according to the Morse alpliabet, being spelt out in full ; on the whole, contractions were very mueh avoided, the words being generally spelt out quite in full. system was that the messages were sent out and re- corded, but they were not self- recorded; they were recorded as it were by human relay, the observer took the place of a relay ; and in my present opinion, which, of course, may be liable to alter, a human relay will be found more accurate and reliable than any mechanical relay can be for speeds not exceeding ten words a minute. : 2562? (Mr. Saward.) Was not this recording in- strument on short circuit in the room itself ?— Yes. 2563. ( Chairman.) Was the sending and receiving continuous and uninterrupted ?—No ; frequently by the cable failing we were waitiug for hours, and receiving nothing. B | . 2564. (Mr. Varley.) Your observation about human relays of course refers only to the case of long cables working with very low power ?—In telegraphs, either land or sea, under 500 miles, I dare say & common relay or a relay with improvements, a good relay in fact, may be found to be the most convenient way of receiving signals ; but when there is inductive embar- rassment, I feel quite confident that a human relay will give more accurate and more certain work, up to ten words а minute, say, than any mechanical relay of the best possible construction can do. 2565. ( Chairman.) With regard to the earth cur- rents observed at Valentia, will you be good enough to state if any and what phenomena of interest were presented to you during your observations ?—Con- tinually varying earth currents, not such as would have embarrassed signals, were observed. After the failure of the cable, I found that those earth currents could be balanced by opposing a eertain mensured battery electro-motive force against them. I arranged & little instrument for the purpose, which was made in the workshop there, to facilitate the reading of mes- sages which were still expected long after the cable failed. By this instrument I could show any frac- tion of the electro-motive force of one, two, or three of Daniell's cells that might be necessary to balance the earth currents. This instrument would have been useful if the messages had come; as it was, it only sufficed to give me а precise measure of the clectro- motive force of the earth currents, in terms of that of a cell of Daniell’s battery. The electro- motive force seldom reached two cells, generally was less than that of one call; sometimes positive, some- times negative. When a copper-plate earth was used there seemed to be nearly as much positive as negative, and when au iron earth was used, the * - The result of. this MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE positive earth currents preponderated considerably, but still there would be occasionally negative currents. As the fault amounted at this time undoubtedly to very nearly & perfect earth communication at some such distance as 250 miles in a right line, I concluded that the electro-motive force of the earth current over such an are of the earth's surface, that is to say, the electro-motive force between two copper plates buried, the one at Valentia and the other buried in the se& 250 miles west, varied between such limits as I have stated, namely, generally, whether positive or negative, falling short of that of two cells of Daniell's. battery, and most frequently less than that of one cell; sometimes reaching five or six cells, but that very rarely. I may mention also, as another circumstance of interest, that on one occasion (near midnight of Monday evening, Aug. 24), while waiting for signals from Newfoundland, the mirror was found to be violently deflected at Valentia, so much so, that it had the appearance of being broken from its suspending thread; it turned out to be simply that the mirror was pressed forcibly against the stop at the extreme end of its range. While I was looking into the mirror to ascertain whether there was any such accident, it suddenly turned round and went to the other side, there being no battery applied at all at the Valentia end. When communication was re-established, I asked what was wrong, and was told that a violent thunderstorm had been experienced at Newfoundland. Great deflec- * tions and end put to earth for half-an-hour ;” this precaution having been very properly taken by the director of the station there, to prevent the possibility . of damage to the cable from lightning. 2566. You remained at Valentia for some time nfter the cable was silent; did you observe, during that period, the indications on the instruments tech- nically known as reversal signals, that is, currents alternately negative and positive ?—Occasionally. 2567. Were you satisfied that those reversals were transmitted to you along the cable from Newfound- land ?—I was not satisfied that it was so then, I am now. | 2568. Did you cause reversal signals to be trans- mitted from Valentia ?——We sent words regularly, and occasionally they sent reversals. 2569. How did you send them ?—By battery. 2570. Are you aware if they were observed at Newfoundland? Some few indications were observed towards the end of September, I have been led to understand. 2571. You said that at the time you were not satisfied that the reversals which were transmitted came from Newfoundland, but you are satisfied now that they came. In what way have you been satisfied? — Because at the time I found that artificial faults could often be treated so as to simulate signal cur-. rents, so much do the faults occasionally vary. This imitation probably arose from bubbles of gas rising at regular intervals, giving indications not at all unlike the indications that came from regular reversals. I think it is possible that some of the indications may be explained by such action of the fault. I am satisfied that many of them were really from the coils at Newfoundland, because I learned that very frequently, if not quite regularly, the coils were applied to produce mere reversals, and what took place about the 20th of October, proves that the cable was then in such a condition that it was possible that the effect of such an application of the coils could be perceived. 2572, What did you observe ?—Regularly alter- nating motions of the needle. I may mention, that the receiving instruments after my return to Valentia were made more and more seusitive almost daily; the first messages were received with so little wire in the coil of the receiving instrument as to give resistance equal to from 5 to 10 miles, and at the same time powerful magnetic adjustment was ap- plied to direct the needle very forcibly into its position of equilibrium. The quantity of wire used SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. in the receiving instruments was increased almost daily, aud the amount of directive power of the magnets diminished, and by these means we still managed just to keep reading the messages at no diminished speed on t do whole, until towards the end of August there came to be longer and longer in- tervals of total confusion, when either nothing would come, or violent disturbances would be all the fiual indications of the needle. During the whole of the month of September the receiving Instruments were kept highly sensitive, so sensitive, that I have no doubt, if the operator at Newfoundland had per- severed in sending messages instead of merely sending reversals, we should have had many messages during that month. 2573. Will you state any other phenomena of in- terest which occurred during your period of experi- ment and examination at Valentia, after the failure of the cable ?—My experiments at Valentia, after the failure of the cable, were chiefly directed to testing the insulation. Many experiments were made in artificial faults апа elaborate comparisons with the indications of the cable. The result was such as to confirm the opinion which Mr. Varley and myself had previously expressed : but further to confirm my- self in the very low estimate I had made of the in- sulation at the fault, or the very high estimate I had made of the amount of the defect. I left Valentia at the end of September, convinced that there could not be more than a resistance equal to two or three miles of cable, when the fault was cleared to the utmost by negative currents. It might rise to 15 or 20 miles more by the application of a positive battery current for some little time. 2574. You subsequently went with great care through the electrical records of both Newfoundland and Valentia stations, did you not, when you had returned to Glasgow —1 only had the Newfoundland records for two days in my possession ; for a few hours, all the time I could possibly devote to them, during that time I went through them as carefully as possible. 2575. Will you favour us with such results of that examination as you consider to be worthy of record ? —The very defective state of the cable at the begin- ning was demonstrated by the Newfoundland records, which show that they were working on at a time when we were looking out to receive with instruments which, on board ship, would have given large effects, and also show an excessively defective condition of the cable at the time that Mr, France was making his test. . 2576. What was that test ?—He applied 40 cells of a Daniel's battery at the Newfoundland end, first positive to line and then negative to line, having pre- viously directed those at the other end to notice the results and communicate them back by telegraph. After he concluded his tests messages were sent ask- ing him to give the result, and for two or three days after he left, the message was repeated, but never answered, and seemed never to have been read. I have not had an opportunity of going through the diaries with sufficient minuteness to ascertain which of our unanswered messages had been read. I believe that message was never read, or else it would have been answered. On looking at what the results were according to the Newfoundland diary, I find a common detector needle, the only one used, that being accord- ing to Mr. France's direction, and that it went over to the other side, gave a good indication, varying to 40 cells positive, then reversed distinctly at the end of. the half hour ; after that it wandered from one side to the other, ahd after that it gave no indication what- ever of the negative current which was applied during the second half of the hour. 2577. On what day was that experiment made ?— It was made in the night 22nd to 23rd of August. I may mention that after Mr. France's tests, the cable appeared to have suffered so much, that for hours and hours it failed to transmit signals. The battery appli- ‘cation which Mr. Franée made, could not, however, have done any harm whatever to the cable, because it was less than the battery application that was abso- lutely necessary to move their instruments at New- foundland. It appears that the half hour's cleaning. by the negative current, produced a diminution of insulation in the cable that was not got over for a good many hours. 2578. It required hours of application of the posi- tive eurrent to overcome that effect of the negative current ?—Yes, or of leaving the cable to itself. It seems gradually to have mended again, so that the signals were agnin received. Its capability of convey- ing signals seemed to vary, going aud coming at uncertain intervals. 2579. (Mr. Saward.) I believe two messages were sent for Her Majesty's Government after “that 2— Yes ; and some of the best messages from ench side. 2580. (Mr. J 'arley.) After the fault was tempo- rari healed ?—Yes; in fact, many messages were. sent, when the cable was in such a state that for ty cells applied at one end would make no sensible effect at the remote end. | 2581. When the cable got into а worse condition,. and the fault got much more steady, you were able. with a very much reduced speed of signals to read better, owing to the faults being more steady ?—Partly to their being more steady, and partly to the instru- ments being made more sensitive, . 2582. I have very often seen in telegraphic Y wires in the ocean where we have a cable going bad, when the cable «ultimately got very bad, it was our last resource ; but we were able, by setting our apparatus very delicately, to continue its working, because the signals came much more steadily ?— That is quite possible, and it would explain many of the variations that we experienced. The last point of interest that I noticed in the Newfoundland diary was, the original of the message which was read on the 20th of Octobér; the message was entered in the Valentia signal diary as being Tead thus, Two hundred and forty tk-— « (? two) Daniells now in circuit." That was the reading as entered in the Valentia diary. The mes- sage really sent was, Two hundred and forty trays “and sev enty-two liquid, Daniel's now in circuit." So that. the word that could not be made out was * trays." "That was the last effort. AE us o 2583. That was the last message received through the cable?—Yes. A bad fault appears to havé originated immediately after that, at some dis- tance, supposed by the Newfoundland operators to be about 400 miles from their station. It is impossible now to say for certain whether the fault which then appeared was really at the distance supposed, or was much nearer. It varied so much in resistance subse- quently, that it may possibly have been in reality a beginning of the flaw which suddenly opened out between the evening of Saturday the 15th January and the following Monday morning, aud gave signs of almost total loss of insulation, at a "distance estimated to be be about 20 miles from the Newfoudland end. If 20 or 30 miles of the cable are lifted the near fault will be reached, and then, but not till then, can it be discovered whether or not there is also a fault about 400 miles beyond. ö 2584. (Mr. Saward.) Are you aware that 14 miles have been lifted this season by Captain Kell, and tested by the system sent out by Mr. Varley, and that the result is, that the fault is put out 12 miles further ?—]I am not aware of that. | 2585. (Mr. Varley.) You saw the tests that were made at Newfoundland at the time these batteries were put on ?—Yes. 2586. From what you saw of those tests, do you ‘think any conclusion could be arrived at as to the state of the cable between the fault at Newfoundland and deep water, indicating that no damage was sustained by the great pressure to which the gutta-percha was subjected by being at the bottom of the Atlantic ?—I think the satisfactory state of testing from the New- 'foundland end before the 20th of e is demon- 2 198 W. Thomson, Esg., LL.D., F.R.S. ee 17 Dec. 1859. W. Thomson, Esq. LL. D., F. N. S. 17 Dec. 1859. 124 strative against any hypothesis that the cablé suffered damage in deep water towards that side. 2587. In fact, you think that the cable appears to be in no better or worse state as regards iusulation, judging from those experiments ?—I could not judge from those experiments, as to the precise degree of insulation, because there was no accurate testing of the cable before it went to sea to compare with. There had never, in fact, been à measurement of the resistance to a current entering the cable. Till Mr. Varley's coils were brought to Valentia there was no measurement, except by guess, as to the resistance, at either end of the cable. I made as close estimates as I could, after going to sea. I had urged that there should be resistance coils got in the spring of 1857 ; but I was living at a distance, and had nothing to do with the testing then. When at Valentia, in August 1858, I found the cable getting worse, I wrote to Mr. Saward for resistance coils. Mr. Saward was just leaving London, and it was impossible to get them made in time. I therefore had several more, such as I had previously prepared at sea, made in the workshop at Valencia, of covered copper and brass wire of my own; and soon after Mr. Varley came with his, which proved most valuable. If such coils as Mr. Varley had used habitually had been applied to testing the cable before it went to sea, and between the different trips, to ascertain its state, there would be some definite knowledge upon this point. 2588. (Mr. Saward.) Should you consider that the mechanical effect of the pressure of the sea upon the gutta-percha would be to force the pores of the gutta-percha closer together, and thereby make it a better insulator, or to cause the water to permeate those pores and get to the copper wire ?—If there is a flaw, I believe that the pressure will tend to send the water in. 2589. If the cable is laid in a perfect state ?—If the cable be laid in a perfect state, I do not think that any amount of pressure of the water upon it would give any tendency whatever to let water get through the covering to the copper wire. 2590. (Chairman.) Have you made any experi- ments upon that subject ?—I never have made ex- periments myself, but I know that pieces of gutta- percha have been tested under extremely high pres- sure in Bramah presses. 2591. Up to what pressure ?—I cannot say; I have understood they have been under pressure corre- sponding to the great depths. I know that cables are regularly tested under pressure at the works at Birkenhead of Messrs. Newall and Company. 2592. Up to nothing like that pressure. "There is nothing beyond 1,000 lbs. per square inch? Mr. White- house mentions experiments that he had made, but I cannot charge iny memory as to the precise amount of pressure, He told me he had applied very high pressure to a piece of gutta percha core, and found that it made not the slightest difference in the insula- tion. Judging from all we know of the properties of gutta-percha, and the constitution of gutta-percha, and the general physical qualities of matter, I feel perfectly couvinced that a piece of sound gutta-percha would not be at all influenced in its insulating powers by being subjected to the greatest water pressure that it can possibly experience at any depth in the ocean. 2593. You think water will not penetrate gutta. percha when submitted toit equally on every side ?— I am firmly of opinion that it will not, judging from the general properties of matter, and the constitution of gutta-percha, 2594. To come to the general question of con- ductors and insulating substances, will you favonr us with the deductions you have arrived at from expe- rience, and, first, as to the proper size of a con- ductor best adapted for rapidity of transmission in cables of the lengths respectively of 1,000, 2,000 and 3,000 miles ?—It is impossible to give а general answer as to the question for a thousand miles, there are so many circumstances to be taken into account ; but for a two thousand and three thousand miles’ MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE length, I should say that the largest diameter of gutta- percha sheath that is advisable, should first be con- sidered ; that must depend upon the mode of laying that is to be followed, whether it is to be laid in one length, what stowage room can be had in the ship, and, if not limited by those considerations, next must be considered to what expense it is desirable to go, deciding by such combinations of considerations, what is the best outer dinmeter of gutta-percha. "Then, I think, the diameter of the copper ought to be kept considerably within a certain proportion of the dia- meter of the gutta-percha, which is determined as giving the maximum speed. "The reason that I say it should be kept within that is, that a considerable deviation from the maximum will make very little deviation in the speed, while diminishing the size of the copper wire is advantageous in two ways,—first, by lightening and diminishing the specific gravity of the eable ; aud secondly, by increasing the thickness of the insulating medium, and so diminishing the risk of flaws, especially by preventing the copper wire from having the same tendency to go through the gutta-percha in bending that it may have if there be but a very thin coating of gutta-percha around it. That maximum I calculate by a simple proccss from а logarithmical formula which I shall communicate to the Committee in writing, as also a table of the speeds depending on greater deviations from the maximum. (See Appendix No. III.) Judging from that table then, I would take the diameter of the copper wire within that which gives the maximum speed, so as not seriously to diminish the speed, but at the same time so as to considerably diminish the weight of the copper wire. The diameter of the conductor which I find would give the maximum speed of signalling is, as shown in the tables, some- what over three-fifths of the outer diameter of the gutta-percha. A copper wire half the diameter of the gutta-percha would give 94 per cent. of the maximum speed ; and a copper wire two-fifths of the diameter of the gutta-percha would give 80 per cent. of the maximum speed. With farther diminution of the diameter of the conductor the speed falls rapidly. It should not be forgotten, however, that to improve the conductivity upon what it has been hitherto in all cables is the first thing to be done, to increase the speed, and has none of the danger attending a too great inerease of the mass of the conductor. 2595. Will not that table show what you consider to be theratio in which external surface in conductors increases the retarding induction as compared with the concomitant increase of conductivity arising from the greater cubical content of the same conductor ?— Yes. 2596. Supposing that a copper wire of No. 14 gauge were surrounded with a spiral covering of steel wires of the gauge No. 22, and these two metals so united were used to form the conductor of a cable 2,000 miles long, what should you expect to be the effect of this combination of metals conducting in two different ratios on the total conductivity of the cable ? —The total conducting power of the cable would be the sum of the conducting powers of the two parts; by the word “conducting power,” I mean the reciprocal number measuring resistance. Practically I may say in such a specimen as this (Afr. Allan’s cable) the conducting power of the whole would be scarcely sensibly increased by the addition of the steel. 2597. It would be the conducting power of the copper alone ?—There would be but little increase due to the conducting power of the steel ; but on the other hand there would be very great loss of speed due to the increased capacity produced hy the pre- sence of tlie steel between the copper and the insulator. 2598. That is to say, you would require a thicker insulating medium round that core ?— Yes; in no case can it be advantageous to introduce any other metal than copper of the highest conductivity for a conductor, unless some other metal than copper can be found of higher conductivity. 2599, The object of that cable of Mr. Allan's is not SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. to increase the conductivity of the cable, but to place the whole strength of the cable in the centre, it is a mechanical arrangement ?—Mechanically I consider it is also very bad, principally for this reason that it puts the most delicate part outside, and gives the thing that bears the strength an interior position; the result would be, that there would be nothing what- ever to protect the insulation against abrasion. It is a submarine cable about as well planned as an animal planned with its brains outside its skull. 2600. (Mr. Saward.) It is argued that that system of cable is strictly following nature, when it places the bone in the centre of the arm ?—I have no doubt you will find a precedent for almost anything in nature; there is every possible inversion to be found in nature. 2601. (Chairman.) You think, both in an electri- cal point of view, and in a mechanical point of view, the arrangement of Mr. Allau's core, as shewn to you, is objectionable ?—Certaiuly ; in both respects, 2602. (Mr. Varley.) Are you acquainted with the nature of the arrangement of Mr. Whitehouse's com- pensation, by which he states that he was able to compensate for the irregularity of the waves occa- sioned by the difference in the time of signalling them, or in producing dots and dashes ; are you acquainted with its nature and its value as regards the practical application to a submarine line ?—I am not at all acquainted with either its nature or its value. There was au appliance for producing something of the kind on the coil apparatus at Valentia, but it was never got into use. 2603. (Mr. Saward.) The compensation spoken of is one which was attached under the pressure of a key ?— Yes, I am aware of the position; but it was never used at Valentia to the best of my know- ledge. 2604. In consequence of what has occurred with respect to the repeated failures, the ultimate success, and again the failure of the Atlantic cable, has your confidence been shaken in the future permanent suecess of a properly constructed and properly laid Atlantic cable ?—My confidence has not been in the slightest degree shaken. 2605. Do you consider that there are any great or serious obstacles, after the experience which has been gained, in the way of making and laying such a cable as would be permanent ?—I do not think that there are any serious obstacles whatever. I consider that there are difficulties to ensure freedom from flaws in the manufacture. 2606. That is a question of good business arrange- ments and proper attention ?—Entirely so. I consider that a cable might be laid with the very best possible prospect of success, with very small chance of damage across the Atlantic. I believe that a cable might be laid now with certainty. 2607. Could you indicate any experiments which you think it would be desirable to try upon certain points connected with deep-sea telegraphy before proceeding to lay another cable ?—The most im- portant subject I can see just now for experimenting upon with that view, is the detection of faults, the way to detect faults which do not sensibly impair the insulation of a cable coiled up and dry. 2608. Would that be accomplished satisfactorily by making and subsequently attempting to detect artificial faults ?—Very much so; a great deal could be done in that way, but no system of detecting faults can possibly supersede the most watchful care upon every point connected with the manufacture of the cable. 2609. ( Chairman.) Have you seen this insulator of Mr. Daft’s, and formed any opinion upon it 7—1 do not think india-rubber is strong enough. I cannot be positive that we know from experiments that it is so. As far as I can judge, gutta-percha is a much tougher and stronger substance than any india-rubber that could be found; and gutta-percha free from flaws is certainly a good enough insulator for the longest submarine cable yet projected, If the Red 125 Sea cable lasts perfectly, the difficulty as to heat may be considered as having been satisfactorily settled ; for no cable need be more exposed to heat than that necessarily will be. 2610. (Mr. Varley.) What would be the result of adding a resistance at one end of the cable equal to the resistance of the cable itself, of course without any inductive action. Supposing resistance coils equal to 2,000 miles of cable were added to the sending end, what would be the effect on the speed of transmission through the cable ?—It would some- what diminish the speed of transmission through the cable, I believe, but not to anything like the same extent as adding an equal length of submerged cable would do. It is easy to calculate what the effect would be precisely ; but judging from general know- ledge, it is as I вау. It would diminish the speed, but not to auything like the same degree that an addi- tional equal leagth of submarine cable would do. If, however, the resistance added, instead of being equal to that of the whole cable, bear but a small propor- tion to that of the whole, the effect in retarding as well as in weakening the signals will be sensibly the same as that of adding an equal length of actual cable, with its regular electrostatic capacity ; and this statement holds, to whichever end of the cable, whether the sending end or the receiving end, the supposed addition of a resistance wire without electro- static capacity be made. "Thus, for instance, if in working through a submarine cable 2,000 miles long, a battery or coils exercising & resistance equal to that of 150 miles of the cable be used to transmit from from one end, and an instrument with a coil resisting as much as 183 miles of the cable, to receive at the other end, the speed attainable with such arrange- ments wlll searecly exceed what could be obtained through a cable 2,333 submerged miles, by using sending and receiving instruments constructed to exercise no sensible resistance. The loss of speed in this case due to the supposed resistance in the send- ing and receiving instruments (which is far from an over estimate, but is rather an under estimate of the resistances admitted by some of even the best instru- ment makers,) cannot be much, if at all short of 30 per cent. of the whole working speed attainable. I make this remark to show the great importance of what I have always urged for the improvement of telegraphic instruments, namely, the diminution to as low an amount as possible of the resistance, both of batteries or sending coils, and of receiving instru- ments. 2611. If that resistance were added to the sending end, would it not produce a great amount of retar- dation at the receiving end ?—It would produce no more than if applied at the receiving end. The effect on the rapidity of signalling as well as on the strength of signals is precisely the same, whether the supposed resistance be added to the sending or the receiving end. APPENDIX No. І. DESCRIPTION of PROFESSOR TuowxsoN's DIAGRAMS, Ат the request of the committee the accompanying dia- grams of curves, illustrating the conclusions of my mathe- matical theory as to the effects of electrostatic induction in diminishing the sharpness of signals transmitted through a submarine cable, are added, as an extension to the answer given before the committee to question No. 2452. In figure J, curve No. I, represents the strength of the current passing through one end of a cable if put to the earth, when, after the cable has been in a perfectly discharged condition, one electrode of a constant battery of small resistance is suddenly applied to the other end of the cable, while the other electrode of the same battery is put to earth. Curve No. II. similarly represents the current through the end to earth, consequent upon a very brief application of а very intense battery or of electromagnetic induction coils at the other end. Of the smaller curves under No. I., the first (1.) represents the rise and fall of the current through the remote end, when the end of the cable operated on is put in connexion with the ш а having W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. ° water, on a disturbance being 126 been kept for a certain time (T.) in connexion with the battery; (2.) represents similarly the effect of the battery for a time 2 Т; the third (3.) for a time 3 T, and so on. The horizontal lines measured from the left of the dia- gram, represent durations of time from the instant of first application of the electromotive force, the length of the chief divisions in these lines represents the interval of time denoted above by capital T. The distance of any point in any one of the curves measured perpendicularly from the lowest horizontal line of the diagram, represents the strength of the received current at the remote end of the cable at the instant of time represented on the horizontal scale in the manner which has been explained. Thus the principal curve (1.) represents the rise of the current in the remote instrument, when the end operated on is kept permanentl in connexion with the battery. It so nearly coincides wit the line of abscissas (that 1s to say, the lowest horizontal line of the diagram), at first as to indicate no sensible current until the interval of time corresponding to T has elapsed.* After the interval T, the current very rapidly rises, and after about 4 T more, attains to half its full strength. After 10 T from the commencement, it has attained so nearly its full strength, that the farther increase would be probably insensible. ‘The full strength is theoreti- cally reached only after an infinite time has passed. igure 2 represents the same series as (No. I. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c.); but on a scale reduced to + in all dimensions, to allow an extension of the series to longer periods of time to be included. n Figure 3 represents, on similar principles, the current through the remote end of the cable, when at the end operated on, positive and negative battery applications are made alternately during successive equal intervals of time, the length of each interval being equalto that denoted by T in the preceding statements. ‘The chief curve in black throughout represents the effect of eight such battery appli- cations, four positive and four negative, with the operating end of the cable put to earth in conclusion. The curve beginning with this chief curve and continuing along the first long dotted line, represents the effect of a single positive battery application during the interval T. The curve be- ginning with the same chief line, and continuing by the first long and short dotted line, represents the effect of one positive and one negative battery application. ‘The same chief curve, continued along the second long dotted line, represents the effect of a positive and a negative and a positive battery application. Similarly the effect of a positive, and a negative, a positive, and a negative. are represented by the second long dotted line. | Aude 4 represents a similar series of effects, modified by the diminution of the initial battery application to half strength; this being a rough approximation to what the mathematical theory indicates as the proper compensation of the first order for inductive embarrassment in a series of signals of the kind aimed at in the operations of which the effect is represented in figure 3. ‘The complete series of such signals would mark four dots were it not for the inductive accumulation in the conductor; how far it is from doing so when worked at the speed specified is shown by the chief curve (black), which only cuts the datum line once, and therefore represents a case in which a relay would return only once, after having been moved once from its position of rest, which may be supposed to be that to which it is thrown by a negative current. Thus, instead of the four dots, the relay would mark one long line. On the other hand, of the succession of signals to be produced, not one is lost when the operations are made in the manner de- scribed with reference to figure 4. A common relay would mark as the results four not very unequal lines, which could hardly be mistaken for anything but “four dots." These two diagrams may serve to illustrate the importance of the rinciple of compensation which the mathematical theory has suggested. ү have propose various modes of working it out in practice, which although substantially the same in principle as that which is partially represented in these diagrams, involve various modifications of detail which cannot be here explained. — ArPENDIX No. II. Account of the AccipENT, July 29, 1858, given in writing by Professor THOMSON to Capt. PREEDY, R.N., at sea, during the laying of the Cable. “ July 29, 1858.—Immediately after 10 p.m., Green- wich time, at the beginning of what ought to have been * Strictly speaking the effect at the remote end is instantaneous, i.e. according to data limited as regards electricity, to such as those assumed in hydrodynamics when water is treated as if compressible, or the velocity of sound in it considered infinitely great, which requires instantaneous effects to be propagated through the whole mass of tho e in any part of it. . MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE the answer to our 40 mile signal, the current from the Niagara failed. Tests then applied showed a breach of continuity, far on the line, with no loss of insulation. As this happened while proceedings in the hold were being taken to put right a piece of the cable which had suffered injury, probably in the gale, it seemed likely that the intenor conductor might have sprung in consequence. After repeated trials, however, by pricking through the gutta-percha and testing, it was ascertained that the whole cable in the ship, up to a point very near the outgoing part, and including the mechanically defective spot, was perfect electrically. The core was then cut at the place of the in- jury, and the end leading to the outgoing part was tested. The electrical indications still showed the same defect as before. *'l'he insulation was so perfect as to reduce to a very small amount the constant current from a powerful bat- tery ; but the capacity of the wire for charge was so great as to show that the fractured end must be at a considerable distance ; probably more thun 50 miles, though certainly much less than 200. “ The severed conductor was then re-united and tested, and the strands of the cable were put together and secured round it, just soon enough to go overboard when required. Great credit is due to those who conducted this most criti- cal operation in the hold under so urgent pressure of time. An anxious quarter of an hour followed, during which the soundness and strength of the splice were proved by sub- mergence in water two miles deep. The insulation and the want of continuity continuing as before, nothing remained but to wait for, at least, the time prescribed by the Board, paying out only enough to prevent the cable breaking away from the ship's stern. Accord- ingly, as soon as such a length had been allowed to run out very freely, as should put the splice beyond the reach of strain, the brakes were loaded, and the ship was moved ahead at a slow rate, so that, while waiting against hope for the recovery of the electric circulation, as little as possible of the cable should be thrown away. A few minutes later (at 12.27 p.m., Greenwich time) the electrical tests showed in- stead of insulation ‘dead earth,’ in some position between the ships, or not far from the outgoing portion in either, and the too probable conclusion that the cable had parted, nearly destroyed the little hope that was left. That the cable had been cut on board the * Niagara,’ and had not parted in the sea, became clear, as after three minutes more, that is to say, at 11.30, a strong current came through the cable—so much stronger than any that could be expected from the earth, as to be only attributable to the batteries in the ‘ Niagara,’ and signals were now interchanged between the two ships. Immediately the brakes were released, and the Agamemnon ’ was moved ahead up to regular speed. “ At 12h. Om. (midnight, Greenwich) the ‘ Niagara’ signalled 40 miles paid out; and at 12h. 30m. the signal from the ‘Agamemnon’ was *50 miles.’ “ The electrical tests continued to indicate earth in the same position as before, until some time between 12.20 and 12.30, when it appeared the * Niagara’s’ cable must once more have been thrown into circuit. * Until intelligence is received from the other side of the Atlantic, it is impossible to say for certain where the breach in the conducting wire was: if it had been beyond the point where the ‘ Niagara’ cut, we should probably have found ‘air,’ not * arth? during the time which passed be- fore their battery was applied to the cut end; and it there- fore seems more probable that it was between us and that point, and must have come together again while those in the ‘Niagara’ were waiting for signs of continuity after they had cut, and we after we had cut and mended.” W. ‘THOMSON. 2 —— APPENDIX No. III. FORMULA and TABLE referred to in answer to Question 2594. Let D denote the diumeter* of à copper wire of circular section symmetrically covered with gutta-percha to a diame- ter D'; let also I denote the specific inductive capacity of gutta-percha, and let log. denote the Napierian logarithm of whatever symbol it is prefixed to; my expression for the electro-static capacity of an unit length of conductors thus — —v— — M I M —— * When the copper conductor is of strand instead of solid wire, and is therefore not of simple circular section, the capacity will be nearly the same as, but in reality a very little less than, that of a solid wire of circular section, equal to a circle circumscribed about the different wires of the strand. It is a mistake sometimes made to suppose that the multiplication of the surface in a strand con- ` ductor gives risé to a multiplied capacity. | pie: NO +. Im = So Ж ove > ` „ - T y = * t С.” - . Ti 3 Pay & Son, Luh D to the pien | | o E W. Thomson, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S 17 Dec. 1859, 4280 au AP EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE qa IN. Fig No +. 0 Fig: N° 3. 1 | | т — = EN 2 = — | ишик Li — | . NL) | ИК ИК et IM | | و‎ i — — — — — <+ UN CMS | | | | | „„ ; | E | pone чыны ше | | M РО 4 ME اس — 9 1 91 *.19* 9 * . 000o MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE LE — — —— bid. NO 4 æ ë bh . c | | - 1 m ‘ i E r 1 8 j И D n 1 i б ' ' ] D 1 — f hom See Edw د ا‎ H ' E 1 à + ` 5 , H 1 — — ert m ! І t ] -æ مھ مني‎ — — — 12 Q MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE / Puy d Om duh Oo ke yt SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. insulated, when the outside of the gutta-percha is kept in communication with the earth, is— 1 2 log D This is the mathematical formula which I stated in answer to Question 2594. It applies either to a mere gutta-percha covered wire immersed in water, or to a МУ кене ba со- vered wire surrounded by tow, and sheathed with iron in the ordinary manner of submarine cables, the tow perfectly moistened, as it is in the circumstances, being so far as the electric action to which it is exposed is concerned, & good enough conductor to show no sensible difference from what would be found from an absolutely perfect conductor in its place. According to the other answers which I have given with reference to the general results of the mathematical theory of signalling through submarine telegraphs; the rate of scaling attainable through a stated length of subinerged wire is inversely proportional to the capacity, and directly proportional to the sectional area, and to the conductivity of the metal employed for the conductor, hence for the same quality of wire the rate of signalling is proportional to— 1 D? log D The questions at present to be answered are, — What dia- meter of copper wire with a stated outer diameter of gutta- percha would give the most rapid rate of signalling, and what comparative rates would be attained with any other diameters of copper wire. Supposing D! to be given, and D to be variable in the preceding formula, we find, by the ordinary method of the differential calculus for maxima and 1 minima, that „ or D! 1649, is the value of D, which makes the value expressed by the formula the greatest possible. . The following Table shows the rates of signalling with various diameters of copper wire inside a gutta-percha insu- * e denotes the base of the Napierian system of logarithms, of which the value is 2 7182818. Adjourned to Tuesday next at Two o'clock. 127 lating coat of one constant outer diameter, in terms of the maximum rate reckoned as 100 :— Ratio of Diameter of Ratio of Outer Conductor to Outer Diameter of Gutta- Rates of signalling Diameter of Gutta- | percha to Diameter of attainable, percha, Conductor, D D! D J D! pr D 200 ( Bi) 108 P. 1 10 12˙52 2 5 35:00 3 3:333 58:91 4 2:5 79°71 5 2 94:21 5263 19 96°62 5556 18 98:61 5882 17 99:8] '6 | 1:667 99:96 6065.7 1:649— ٤ 100:00 6250 1:6 99:82 6667 1:5 97:9] 7 1:429 95:54 7143 14 93:33 7692 1:3 88:20 8 1:25 7764 8333 1:2 68:83 9 1:111] 46:84 9091 ll 42°82 | It is easy to understand why there should be a particular diameter of copper, which will give à maximum rate of sig- nalling with a stated outer diameter of gutta-percha, since, if the copper wire is too small there isa loss of speed, owing to too large resistance not compensated by the smallness of the electro-static capacity ; while, on the other hand, if the diameter of the conductor be too large, as for instance, if it fall but little short of the outer diameter of the gutta-percha, the thinness of the gutta percha coat gives rise to a greater loss of speed by increased capacity than is compensated by the gain owing to diminished resistance, Tuesday, 20th December 1859. PRESENT ; Captain DOUGLAS GALTON, Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. SAWARD. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. WILLIAM Henry PREECE, Esq., examined. 2612. ( Chairman.) I believe you are a telegraphic engineer ?—I am. 2613. Have you been connected for some years with telegraphy ?—About nine years. 2614. What lines have you been connected with ? —During that period of nine years I was acting for about three years as assistant engineer to the Elec- tric and International Telegraph Company, and for four years I have been the superintendent of the South-western district of that Company, embracing about 3,000 miles of telegraph. I aim now also en- gineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. 2615. Have you had any experience in submerging cables? No; my experience in submerging cables has been small, except in the operation of repairing. The only cable which I have been engaged in sub- merging was the Irish cable, between Dublin and Holyhead. 2616. What size is that cable ?—It is a small cable, similar to what is generally called the Hague cable. 2617. Does that contain one wire ?—One solid copper wire. 2618. (Mr. Saward.) You are speaking of the former Hague cable, are you not ?—Yes, we call the «mall cable the Hague cable; the Zandvoort cable is a large cable. | 2619. ( Chairman.) What is the size of the outer covering of the Irish cable ?—No. 8 wire. : 2620. Did you submerge the Channel Islands cable ? —No, it was submerged by the contractors, Messrs. Newall and Company. 2621. What size cable is that ?—1It is a single con- ductor of stranded wire, No. 14 gauge, covered with gutta-percha, surrounded with hemp as usual, and pro- tected by nine No. 6 iron wires. It weighs about 21 tons to a mile. 2622. What length is that line ?—102 miles of submarine wire, and about 22 miles of underground wire. I believe the circuit is about 124 miles in length. 2623. What is the greatest depth at which the Channel Islands cable is submerged ?—42About 60 fathoms. 2624. Have you experienced any difficulties in the working of that cable since it has been laid ?—We have had considerable difficulties from accidents to the cable ; when the cable was first submerged it tested and worked beautifully. 2625. What is the weight and thickness of gutta- ` percha per mile in that cable ?—It is about gths of an inch thick, No. I gauge gutta-percha covered wire; I do not know the weight. 2696. Are there two coverings ?—It has three coverings of gutta-percha to it, forming altogether & No. ] gauge, similar to most of the cables that have ‘been laid. О e 04 Q 4 . W. Thomson, Esg., LL.D., F.R.S. 17 Dec. 1859. W. H. Preece, Esq. 20 Dec. 1859 W. H. Preece, Esq. 20 Dec. 1859. 128 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 2627. (Mr. Saward.) Is it not about the size of the Atlantic core ?— Yes; but rather smaller. The At- lantic we call No. 0; this is No. 1; and No. 1 is the size almost. invariably used for submarine cables. 2628. (Chairman.) In what condition was the Channel Islands cable when first laid? - Very good. 2629. Was it in good condition when you first came to it ?— Yes, in perfect condition. 2630. Паз it not since deteriorated ?—Yes, but it has deteriorated from causes different to those atlect- ing any other cables, The causes which have tended to injure the Channel Islands cable have been en- tirely natural causes, such as frietion upon rocks from motion at the bottom of tlie sea ; in fact I have brought with me several specimens of the aecidents that have occurred to this cable. (The witness produced several specimens of broken cable.) 2631. When you speak of its being injured from natural causes, you do not mean that it has been in- jured by anchorage ?—No, we never had a single accident from anchorage. 2632. Is the bottom over which the Channel Islands cable passes rock or mud ?— Rocky the whole way; in some places there is sand, but it is chiefly rock. 2633. Is there any shingle on the coast ?—In one or two places. 2634. Does the shingle injure the cable Not at ull. 2635. Does the cable become embedded in the shingle ?—Yes. 2636. Aud the shingle adheres to it ?—It forms a sort of concrete around it. 2637. Which prevents any further decay of the iron taking place ?— Yes. | 2638. (Mr. Saward.) Are not some of the rock strata at the bottom of the sea in that district metallic? In the neighbourhood of the Channel Islands they are granite ; "and along the coast of England it is the Portland, a sort of oolitic stone, I think. 2639. You do not go across any copper ?—No. 2640. (Chairman.) Will you describe the action which the sea causes upon the cable ?—I think I could not do better than describe to you, in succession, the accidents we have met with. I must tell you that this cable has only been submerged 17 months, and during that 17 months we have had four breaks. 2641. What was the date of its submergence ?— August 1858. The first accident that we had was in February; it took place on the Jersey shore, where the landing place is very rocky and precipitous, The cable, which was a very stout cable, had been sub- merged between some rocks, but had not been fixed to those rocks. After a very violent gale the whole of the sand in the “little ” bay in which the cable was landed was washed away; the cable became loose, and the effect of the heavy waves rolling in brought the cable upon a rock, and after striking repeatedly against the edge of the rock it broke clean off. 2642. Were the shore ends of the cable thieker than its body ?—Yes. 2643. What was the size of the shore ends ?—The shore ends were nearly the same size as those of the Atlantic cable. 2644. Were they anything like so thick as the Gibraltar No. l shore end ?—Yes, about the same size. 2645. (Mr. Saward.) As nearly as you can recol- lect, what time did it occupy to effect the breakage shown by the specimen you have produced ?—The breakage occurred after a series of very severe gales. I should think that it could not have been under action for less, perhaps, than a month. 2646. Subjected to these influences for a month ? —Yes. That breakage took place at very low-spring water mark, so that we very easily repaired it, and we: did so by substituting a much stouter cable. I took the oppertunity also of strengthening every shore end that I had, of which there are five landed in different rocky places, by clamping them well into the rock, and putting down а very stout cable. 2647. (Chairman.) How did you fasten them to the rock ?——With iron crutches, forming a sort of fork with a long foot to it, which we leaded into the rocks. We rested the cable in this fork, and then screwed a piece of iron very tight upon it, covering tlie cable with a bed of spun-yarn. 2648. Was it done by divers ?—No ; it was done at low-water mark ; these cliffs extend about 200 feet high, and the cable ‘has to go over the roeks in a very zigzag way. 2649. Did the fracture take place at low-water mark ?—Exactly at low-water mark, where the effect of the waves would be the greatest upon it. 2650. Has not the cable suffered since then ?—Not at that part. 2651. Has the cable been broken by the sea below low-water mark at that place ?—We have never seen signs of the slightest movement since it was firmly fixed. 2652. (Mr. Saward.) It has stood the recent heavy gales perfectly well ?—Yes ; it has stood many severe gales. I have examined it many times, and I cannot perecive the slightest movement of any kind. I was going to say that this cable which we put down is & very strong cable ; in fact, it is the strongest cable that ever has been made. It is first of all, the small Atlantic, covered with spun-yarn, surrounded with wires of the same size as this, No. 1, Gibraltar. That again, for the whole distance where it extends over the rocks, was served with spun-yarn, and outside of all we served 20 of the largest iron wires we could get (No. 1), so that it makes the cable as stout as my arm, weighing something like 15 tons to the mile, 2653. ( Chairman.) In what depth does that ex- tend ?—Only to low water over the rocks; so that, where it rests upon the rocks we have given it every possible strength we can, and since that ‘has been done there has not been the least sign of any movement of any kind. Although there was not an actual accident on the Alderney shore, there was the very same thing going on, and had this accident not occurred, we should have found the same thing occur at that place sooner or later. 2654. When you mentioned the length of the cable, did you mean the length of the cable from England, or are there two lengths ?—I mentioned the whole length; there are three lengths; there is the cable extending from Portland Island to Alderney, which I think is about 57 miles. 2655. Nautical miles or statute miles? — Statute miles; there is another cable from Alderney to Guernsey, about 21 miles in length; and another from Guernsey to Jersey, about 18 miles; I cannot speak distinctly to the correct distances. It was only at Jersey and Alderney that I saw any signs of this action taking place. 2656. How is the cable landed at Guernsey ?—It is landed in a similar sort of place, only in laying out the cable they started from Guernsey, by which they were able to take it out of the bay in a straight line, and pull it very taut, so that it remained in a firm position by its own tautness ; but as they landed the end from the ship at Jersey, there was a good deal of slack. In landing an end you cannot put on the same strain from the shore as you can on board ship; there- fore the end you start from is always taut, while the end you finish with is generally slack. 2657. What was the next accident that occurred to the cable ?—' The next accident occurred in April, four miles off the island of Portland. ‘This is a very curious specimen ; the wire had been working upon the sharp ridge of a rock in 25 fathoms of water, and by the vibratory motion given to it by the tide, it that gradually completely sawn itself through ; every wire shows signs of attrition, 2658. What was the bottom in this case — Hard rock. 2659. Поу many months did it take to wear through ?—From August to April, eight months. 2660. How did you remedy that defect? — Dy picking up the whole of the cable from the shore to the fault, I picked up altogether five miles, and EE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. relaid it in a course, taking the cable considerably &way from this rough ground. 2661. (Mr. Saward.) Are you aware whether soundings had been taken with a view to laying the cable previously to the contractor having laid it ?— Never ; no attention whatever had been paid to the bottom of the sea. 2662. Do you attribute your iroubles in some measure to that ?—I attribute the troubles that we have had entirely to the neglect either of the con- tractor or of the company in not surveying the ground properly, and in not selecting & proper route where the cable would not be liable to the accidents which have occurred. Had the cable been laid from the Isle of Wight to Alderney, in place of being laid from Portland to Alderney, I think there is not the slightest doubt but that we should be working at the present moment without having incurred a single break. 2663. ( Chairman.) What bottom would you select upon which to lay a cable ?— Either sand or chalk, a soft bottom. 2664. Is a chalk bottom sufficiently soft for the purpose ? — It is generally soft. In sounding on a chalk bottom the lead always comes down upon the bottom dead, as if it made a slight way in. In fact, you will find that the lead or the anchor comes up from a chalky bottom covered with a sort of white mud, very like the ooze which has been described in the Atlantic. It is a very remarkable thing, that wher- ever cables have been laid in & nice soft sand or in a soft chalk bottom, there they are as sound now as when they were first submerged ; but wherever they have been laid upon a rough, rugged, rocky bottom, or a hard bottom that is swept over by tides, there they invariably show signs of decay. 2665. Do you consider that the first accident which you mentioned was due to the action of the tide? — Entirely. 2666. What is the velocity of the tide ?—4At this place, which is called Portland Race, there is a velocity varying from six to seven knots an hour ; the tide is very severe. 2667. Does not that velocity of the tide extend nearly all the way across the channel from England to France ?—No, I think not more than ten miles. In the Race itself, there is a current of about seven knots an hour, and further out five knots; in the centre of the chaunel I do not think the velocity is more than four knots an hour. 2668. What is the nature of the bottom at the place where you have now laid the cable ?—It is much the same, still a rocky bottom. 2669. Why do you imagine that it will not be seriously affected by the tide ? Is the velocity of the tide slower ?—I have no reason to believe that the action of the tide will be reduced, but I was led to believe, from incorrect information and erroneous charts, that I should have avoided rocks, and obtained gravel and shingle, in taking the course I did. This was the first break that we experienced. In the month of September last we had another break in the very same place, only further out. We had, very curiously, two breaks at the same time—one 6% miles out, and the other 12 miles out. These breaks were precisely similar, the wire showing signs of this attrition in both cases ; and more than that, in some half a dozen different places we found marks of this action commencing. I have here specimens which will show you the action from the first commencement to the subsequent break. In this specimen you will see that it has just commenced ; and in this it is some- thing worse. 2670. (Mr. Saward.) You would not call this a very good wire, would you ?—No ; it does not appear to be of a first-rate quality. 2671. (Chairman.) Would not wire of any quality or strength be worn away by such action of the sea as this ?— Yes. There is a still worse specimen; but in addition to this chafing action that has been going on, there are great signs of & kind of chemical or 129 corrosive action, You will see it in different places ; it is a species of honeycombing. 2672. (Mr. Saward.) 'That is to say, a corrosive action upon the external iron ?—Yes. 2673. When you allude to the great danger of cables being laid on à rocky bottom, have you the same apprehension of cables laid in deep water if there chanced to be rocks, say in 2,000 or 3,000 fathoms ? No; where the cable was laid in a depth like that the tides would not exert themselves upon it at all, and you would have none of these effects ; but we do not at present know how far the tide extends. I was told in Alderney that the divers are able to carry on their diving operations, in a severe tide running about six knots an hour, without auy inconvenience. 2674. (Chairman.) What depth is it there ?— About 17 fathoms. 2675. Are you aware that at Spithead, when the tide was running strong, it was felt by the divers at 13 fathoms ?—Yes. In Alderney and Portland they say that they do not feel it; but then there may be a cause. Alderney lies in a sort of bay, the current sweeps outside of it, and the great force of the tide, perhaps, would not fall inside this bay—it would ex- pend itself outside ; so that we should only have just the surface of the tide close in shore, where they carry on their diving operations. Our cable, however, shows undoubted signs that the tide acts upon it at 30 and 35 fathoms. 2676. Do you attribute the corrosive action which you have mentioned to the rust which the water would form upon the surface of the iron being washed off repeatedly by the action of the currents, or to any peculiar chemical causes ? — There are three kinds of corrosion. There is the pure corrosion, simply pro- duced by the action of running water over it, first encrusting it with rust, and then washing it off again. There is another corrosion, which I have noticed more particularly in the short cable which crosses over to the Isle of Wight, where we pick up a peculiar stone which has some iron in it. 2677. Is not that cement stone ?—Yes ; wherever the cable has rested upon this stone it has Leen completely eaten through; the corrosive action of the stone making deep holes in the outside iron wire, and rotting it away entirely. 2678. Simply upon the part where the iron rests ! —Simply upon the part where the cable rests. 2679. Do you imagine that that arises from any affinity of the stone for the iron ?—I think it is owing to some galvanic action that is going on between the iron in the ironstone and the iron in the cable. "The one is more positive than the other; if you put them in close contact in a solution like the sea a galvanic action goes on, and the cable being the most negative would perhaps be destroyed first. Then there is another corrosion that we find ; I will not speak of it with certainty, but it appears to be owing entirely to the zoophytes and vegetation that become attached to the cable. This was particularly the case in several spots off the coast of Portland. There the zoophytes and vegetation were abundant; an enormous quantity of mussels also adhered to the cable, and wherever it rested on such places it was very much corroded. 2680. (Mr. Saward.) Do not you think that the effect produced by the zoophytes would probably be due to the carbonate of lime, which is present in that class of animals in excess? — We do not know what chemical matter there is in these little animals. $t is an extraordinary thing to sce a cable come up covered with those little fellows. Their roots may secrete an acid of some kind which acts upon the cable. 2681. ‘That does not appear to have the effect of seaming the iron like ordinary rust ?—No ; it is very curious to notice how the fibres are brought out in cases of ordinary rust. I do not think [ have a speci- men to show the different effect produced upon the different qualities of iron ; but you may take a piece six feet long and you will find one strand all the way quite perfect, while all the rest are greatly cor- R W. H. Preece, Esq. 20 Dec, 1859. W. H. Preece, Esq. 20 Dec. 1859. 130 MINUTES roded. The ehief matter of interest is the corrosion arising from the presence of these zooplytes. 2682. (Chairman.) Wow long has the Channel Islands cable been down ?—Seventeen months. It was relaid in April of this year, off Portland, [n picking up that first break, we brought up, attached to the cable, a stone weighing about 20 pounds, in which the able had worked its way, so that there is a perfect repre- sentation of the cable, showing every wire distinctly in a groove about an inch and a half de cp. 2683. (Mr. Saward.) Is that Portland. stone? Yes. 2684. ( Chairman.) Had the wire sunk into the stone ?——Yes ; it looks us if the stone had been a soft substance, into which the wire had been pressed and had since hardened. 2685. (Mr. Saward.) In fact it looks like a calea- reous formation around it ?2— Yes; but it is a question whether the cable has embedded itself in the stone by mechanical, or whether it has eaten itself in by che- mical, action. 2686. ( Chairman.) Or whether the stone has been formed round the cable? — There is no question about that, because the stone has marks of the action of insects and the sea upon it; it looks as if it had been down for hundreds of years. The stone has no appearance of being newly found. The late Mr. Stephenson was of opinion that the cable had gra- dually, by a slight screwing motion, worked itself into the stone, but that is almost out of the question. It is impossible to conceive the communication of any screw-like action to a cable lying taut on the bottom; I am more inclined to favour the chemical action, I have always attributed it to some chemical action that has been going on between the stone and the iron. It was taken | up in 25 fathoms water. There was no evidence of the cable itself being injured. at this spot. 2687. Is there any other cause of corrosion that you have observed ?—No; І think that I have men- tioned the three different kinds, pure corrosion, chemical corrosion from the efleet of metallic stones, and corrosion that seems due to the action of ani- mal life and the formation of vegetation upon the cable. I have never observed any others. 2688. Will you mention the other causes of acci- dent that the cable has e xperienced ?— The first accident arose from the direct action of the waves beating the cable upon the rocks ; the second took place from the v ibratory action of the current abrading the cable upon a sharp rock. Bat here is a very curious specimen of breakage of a stout shore end. 2689. In this case the copper wire has been en- tirely abraded away 7?—The copper wire and half the gutta-percha. 2690. As soon as the copper wire was abraded, I suppose the communication was stopped and you took up the cable ?—Of course we were stopped at once. 2691. If that attrition had gone on would not it have cut the cable entirely 7—Yes ; as soon as it had eut the copper wire it was quite suflicient for us, we could do no more work through it. It is a curious thing in this ease, that although the ends of the cop- per wire were separated by a distance of ne: irly three inches, we were able to get currents through that space, but so slight that we could not depend upon them to work with. If we had used Professor Thomp- son's instrument we might have read them distinctly for a short time, only it would have got worse. In that instance, however, we got visible currents, which in the Atlantic cable would have been called almost powertul currents. 2692. When there was no copper wire Les. 2693. (Mr. Saward.) By working through the oxide in the water ?—Yes ; you see the oxide extends along the abr asion, Where there i is a sort of groove, in which the wire rested, which was covered with a green-looking oxide. 2694. ( Chairman.) Stil it was perfectly open to the water ?—Completely. 2695. (Mr. Suward.) Have you any further acci- Of EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE dents to describe Mes; there was an aecident from a kink which occurred in the Isle of Wight cable. (Producing two specimens of gutta-percha core.) 2696. ( Chairman.) Was that kink in the original laying *—Yes ; it had not gone bad, but you sce that there avc signs of its quickly g going. 2697. The action of the kink being to facilitate the wearing away of the cable by attrition 2—Y es; leaviug а small portion of the gutta-percha exposed that rested upon the bottom ; the vibration given to it by the tide would soon wear its way through. 2698. If there had been no attrition the kink itself would not have injured the core ?—Not at all. 2699. Iu this case had the outer covering of the core been worn away in the ваше manner - Yes. 2700. Is not that cable made of india-rubber ?— No, not this particular portion, which is a length of about a mile aud three-quarters. There was one very curious accident that I had with this cable. It is a very stout cable (similar to No. 1, Gibraltar). There were two kinks thrown into it when it was laid out. A ship happened to drop its anchor over the cable and got hold of it, placing a very heavy strain upon it, bre aking the copper wire M the gutta- percha in both the kinks, The cable was brought up to the bows of the ship and а but commu- nication was interrupted, and wheu we picked it up to examine and repair it, in both of those kinks the solid copper wire had gone; had that copper wire been a strand we should have been all right. 2701. Because it would have stretched ?—Yes ; that is the only instanee that I have had where I have seen the benefit of a strand of wires, it being Die 1925 сазе of broken wires inside tlie cable. (Mr. Saward.) Can you. describe any pecu- бас 1155 in the manner in which tlie various faults that have come under your notice in these different acci- dents have come on; is there anything peculiar or interesting iu. the manner in which they have come on ?—No ; they have all of them, with the exception of the heavy fault, the second. that occurred. to the Jersey shore end, been sudden breaks, which have shown themselves in an instant; we have gone on till the moment communication ceased, and we have seen no signs beforehand. 2703. Was that, to use a medical phrase, intermit- tent, or was it à constant gradual losing of power ?— It was at first intermittent ; it then became a steady decay, gradually losing itself; from the first sign to the last break-down, I suppose, must have been a fort- night. At first I attributed that fault to lightning, and I lind for about 12 hours a very strong positive current sent through the wire, which we found covered the wire with a sort of oxide, that was an insulator, and it enabled us for a few minutes to work very nicely, but the opposite current in a very short time worked away that effect, till at last the fault gr adually got so bad that it stopped the commu- nication altogether. This was when the fault first showed itself; and evidently before the copper wire was broken. 2704. (Chairman.) Were there any other accidents to the Channel Islands’ cable ?— There were four in all, I have named the two accidents to the Jersey shore end, the two breaks from attrition off Portland, and the two faults in the Isle of Wight. I have had several breaks in that cable from simple ruptures owing to an anchor's dragging ; but those are all the breaks of any interest. The corrosion arising from the effect of ironstone has been more evident in the Solent than in the Jersey cable; the Jersey cable, perhaps, has not been down long enough to observe any effects of that kind, but in the Solent it has been very remark- able. 2705. Have you ever observed any injurious effects produced by lightning on submarine cables Үү ев; last summer, about “June, there was a very Benne thunder storm in Jersey. A flash of lightning seems to have struck the wire on the land, at the top of a hill; a portion of it rushed into our office, totally de- stroying the instruments there ; another portion found |. SUBMARINE its vent in two places, producing small punctures in the wire, and the remainder of it disappeared in the cable, producing a fault in that cable. The faults in the land wires were very soon found out; they were simple punctures, giving what we call a bad earth, but not of any serious consequence; the fault in the cable remains there still ; about 160 miles, and from that day to this it has been no better and no worse; it remains about the same. "The peculiarity of this accident is that the land wires in connexion with the cable are under- eround, about 20 inches to two feet deep. 2106. At what distance from the shore is the fault supposed to be About 24 miles from the Guernsey shore, as nearly a3 we can test. 2707. It was in Jersey that the effect arose ?—Yes. It is very curious that the lightning, before it pro- duced this fault in the cable, seems to have run along the cable a distance of about 16 miles ; it there found out a little weak spot, and made its way out. 2708. Do you suppose that there was an eccentric part where the wire was nearer to the water than at any other place ?— Most probably, or it may be an air-hole in the percha : : but it is not a serious fault in such a short circuit ; that is the only instance I have experienced of a cable being seriously damaged by lightning. There is an effect in one of the speci- mens that I have produced before the Committee which I can only attribute to lightning ; at one end of the wire it appears to be a good deal blown out. 2709. Do vou imagine that that was produced by a thinder-storm Thiere was a thunder-storm between the break and the time it was repaired ; it has such a peculiar effect that [attribute it to lightning. 2710. If lightning passed along the wire, would it not escape at ‘the part where it had the nearest aecess to water ?— Yes. 2711. (Mr. Saward.) This specimen looks like the inside of a fuse after it it is discharged 7—Yes ; just as if it had been fused. 2712. (Chairman.) Do you adopt any special pre- cautions, where submarine cables appr oach the land, to prevent injury from lightning *—I have not hitherto done so ; but I have ordered lightning con- ductors for each shore end, and intend fixing them, 9715. What class of lightning conductor -A lightning conductor schemed by Mr. Latimer Clark and myself; there is a plate of metal in contact with the earth, and another similar plate above, fitted with numerous fine points, having a film of silk. between, one plate being in connexion with the wire and the other in connexion with the earth, but separated from each other by the silk and a thin stratum of air. When the lightning strikes the wire it will rush to these «mall points, and fly across close to the plate in contact with the earth. There are several kinds of lightning conductors schemed, but I have not seen anything better than that ; the only thing is to bring the carth into close connexion with the conductor without being in actual contact; we do not adopt any precautions of that sort in our offices. 2714. You do not mind the coils being fused ?— No; we have always spare. iustruments, and we find more accidents and derangements arise from the use of lightning conductors, than benefit. 9715. You would only adopt lightning conductors in submarine cables, but in those cases you would in- variably use them es. 2716. Did the lightning appear to enter at the underground wires ?— Yes. 2717. Not forming a connexion with the ground wire ?— No ; it appears to have entered the under- ground wire itself. 2718. Does the underground wire run to the office the whole distance ?—Y es ; there is no wire above eround between the office and the sea. 2719. How can you account for that ?—The hill upon which the lightning scems to have struck is a granite hill; the wire goes under the road to the top, and the lightning seems to have struck the top of this hill. There is a brook running down one side of the TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, it gives a resistance of 131 hill, and the lightning seems to have struck some- where near that spot; at that spot it seems to have gone into the wire; the mark of its going into the wire is at that very place. It is a certain peculiar appearance that we have often noticed in accidents to underground wires from lightning ; they have a peculiar look, as if they had been burst outward; in this case it seemed to take an opposite direction. 2720. (Mr. Saward.) Is not that the appearance it generally puts on (handing a specimen of core injured by lightning to the witness)?—Y es; it is very similar to that. This shows as if it had come out of the wire ; but this, on the contrary, was like a crater, indented in just the opposite way. 2721. Did vou cut the gutta-percha out where it was indented *—Yes ; we took a piece out. 2/22. Did you find where it was indented that the copper was fused ?—Yes ; it was burnt, as if a blow- pipe flame had been acting upon it. There was also a spot at the bottom of the hill where it had evi- dently got out ; and there is a fault existing in the cable, which I have not the slightest doubt is some- thing similar to that. It is a fault so trivial in amount that we have puid uo attention to it. It does not reduce the strength of the current to auy great extent. 2723. (Chairman.) Have vou experienced any inconveniences from water filing the interstices between the strand wires We had a very curious instance of that when we were repairing the Chan- nel Islands cable in October last; the conductor of the Channel Islands cable is 7-strand wire, exactly similar to the Atlantic cable. The man, in making the joint, soldered the wire, put the thick gutta- percha round, aud was heating it with a spirit lamp, when it burst in his hands, giving a regular explosion. He was rather startled by this, for he did not know whether it was lightning or current, but he worked at it again, and the sume effect again occurred. When I came to examine it, I found that there was в quantity of water in the strand of the cable. Icuta few feet off, but I found there was still more water, and on taking the gutta-percha and squeezing it, we could make large drops of water ooze out. We had to cut 30 fathoms off, before we could get rid of this water. | 2724. To what do you attribute the presence of the water — The water had entered the end of the wire ; it being stranded wire, there were small inter- stices in it, and either by capillary attraction, or by the pressure of the head of water (it was in 30 fathoms), it had gradually foreed its way 30 fathoms along the wire. 2725. How do you imagine that it entered the in- terstices It was in the bare ends of the broken eable, which hare ends had been exposed in the water for several days, 2726. Do you attribute the presence of the water entirely to the fact of the wire having been damaged in the first instance ?—Of course, to its having been exposed in the first instance. 2727. If the water had been left in the wire, do you anticipate that any bad results would have followed ? — I think that the sea-water would have acted che- mically upon the copper wire, and, perhaps, in the course of time, have destroyed it. 2728. Do vou think it is objectionable that stranded wires should be used without some means being taken to fill up those interstices ?—Decidedly ; those inter- stices should he filled up. 2729. Do you imagine that if a small fault occurred in the submarine cable the water might penctrate through that fault, and cause great injury to the cable bv the destritetion of the sand wire ; whilst, if the fault alone remained, the cable might, perhaps, con- tinue fora long time to be worked through 7—1 think it is impossible to say what would he the effect. Take a deep-sea cable, say at a thousand fathoms, if there is a slight puncture in the gutta-percha, and those interstices in the strands are not filled up, it is impos- sible to say what effect the pressure of the water would R 2 W. H. Preece, Esq. 20 Dec. 1859. W. H. Preece, Esq. 20 Dec. 1859. 182 have upon it; it might burst the cable up. I do not know what it would do, but it would certainly produce a very serious fault, 2730. The pressure would be equal inside and out- side, would not it ?-—I scarcely can say; the six strauds outside form n tabe round the interior wire, and there are those six interstices filled with nir. I do not know what the pressure would be inside ; it could not be the same inside as out ; it is rather a difficult question to answer. 2731. It depends upon the compression of the gutta- percha on the outer covering ?—Searcely ; because no compression would make the gutta-percha fill tliose interstices. 2732. The gutta-percha would be pressed close into the strand ?—Not into. Draw a section of the stranded wire, and you will find that, unless those strands are very loosely laid, no gutta-percha could enter the iuterstices by compression. Whatever is used to fill up these tubes, as they may be called, must be forciby injected in by pressure. I should antici- pate no danger if the wires, first of all, betore being stranded together, were coated with some cement, something like Hughes’s or Chatterton’s compound ; again, after the wire had been stranded, it should be put through adie, one made into a solid wire upon the patent taken out by Clark, Braithwaite, and Preece. At present there is considerable danger. Perhaps you would allow me to observe, in speaking of corrosion of cables, that I am decidedly of opinion that no cable should ever be submerged upon a rocky bottom, or on a bottom likely to be swept by tides, without having some exterior shield to protect the iron from this corrosive action. We are going to lay another cable, most probably, to the Channel Islands; and if we do so, I shall most certainly have it sur- rounded by Mr. Latimer Clark’s asphalting process, with which I have no doubt the Committee is acquainted. Ido not think any cable should be sub- merged where this corrosion is likely to take place, without having that, or some similar protection. 2733. Have you no fear of accident in the applica- tion of that process ?—Not the slightest. 2734. Was not the Isle of Man telegraph, which was coated with it, injured ?—A portion of it ; that was the first experiment ; you must not judge of the merits of an invention by the result of a first experi- ment ; it was certainly injured, but that was simply through careless manipulation. 2735. (Mr. Saward.) Ought not it to be applied at as small heat as it can be ?—Yes. I am speaking of the process when complete ; the manipulation of that process is simply a mechanical question, which any man, with a little engineering talent, can easily master. I am sure it might be done much better than it was in the Isle of Man cable; but you must recollect that that was the first time it was tried. I did not at all approve of the plan then adopted ; but I can see no difficulty in applying it. 2736. (Chairman.) You do not believe that any accident need occur to the gutta-percha inside the wires by the asphalting process ?—No. Even sup- posing that in this case it did produce the injury, I think there would be no difficulty in applying the process without using heat ; they might use a hemp strand, and cont that well first with creosote or tar, or something of that sort, and they might even apply some cold compound to it which would speedily solidify in water. 2737. It is a question of the compound to be used ? —-Yes; I do not wish to say a word about that at present. All I wish to say is, that cables should be coated by some compound, particularly the Gibraltar cable. If it landed at Falmouth, it should be cer- tainly coated with something like that for a distance of 20 or 30 miles, or you are safe to have a repetition of all these accidents that we have had in the Channel Islands cable ; when you get the wires away from the effects of currents and tides, then you need fear nothing, and if the iron wire rusts away it is of no consequence. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 2738. Do not you fear that the asphalte compound would be liable to be worn off in the same way that the iron has been worn away? — Undoubtedly, it would be liable to attrition; the asphalte will not prevent attrition, but it will prevent corrosion arising from the effect of running water, and it will prevent the corrosion arising from the chemical action of the ironstone or the effect of vegetation. 2739. (Mr. Suward.) With regard to the attrition, if I gathered correctly what you said formerly, you would take care to have proper soundings taken, so as to get out of those influences as far as possible ?— Undoubtedly ; and moreover, supposing that you had a rock-bound coast that you cannot avoid, I should take care to place a very much stouter cable there than any cable that is down at present. 2740. Would attaching weights to a cable in that position be of any service ?—No, I think not; the cable should be made sufficiently heavy of itself; for instance, take this Gibraltar cable, the cable for the shore ends. Such a cable should be composed first of all of this as the core (not deep-sea Gibraltar), let it be served with hemp, and let that be served outside with 12 or 13 strands of No. 1 wire, and after all that, let it again be served a third time, where it is likely to be acted upon by rocks, with a stout wire; that would form a stout cable; it would not resist for ever the action of the rocks, but it would resist the action of the rocks for a very long time. 2741. Its own weight would have a tendency to keep it quiescent ?—Yes, it should be made as heavy as possible, and as strong as possible. 2142. (Chairman.) Have you experienced much difficulty in picking up cables ?— No, only in cases where the line of the cable has been crossed by a sand or shingle bank ; there it has been buried, and cannot be lifted up. We are compelled to break the cable, and go to the other side of the bank and pick it up again, leaving the piece in the bank. 2713. Have many such cases occurred in the Channel Islands telegraph ?—Only one, there is a bank about four or five miles off Portland, called the Shambles ; there during this last break-down I was obliged to leave about 400 yards of cable, as we could not get it up ; and in repairing the North Sea cables, there is another bank where they have at different times left some two or three miles of cable. 2744. Does the weight of the cable interpose a serious obstacle in the way of picking it up generally? —Not in my experience ; my experience has never been in greater depths than 60 fathoms, and in 60 fathoms there is no difficulty whatever in hauling the cable up. 2745. In 60 fathoms could you find a cable though you did not know its exact position ?—Yes, cables are repairable in 100 fathoms. 2746. Would there be difficulty in picking a cable up in 150 fathoms ?— There would be no difficulty in picking it up, but great difficulty in finding the end. 2747. Assuming that you did not know the exact position of the cable, in what depth would you con- sider it secure from being picked up by an enemy ? —]t would be easily picked up in depths under 100 fathoms ; from 100 to 150 fathoms, it would be picked up with great difficulty; and from 150 to 200 fathoms, and beyoud that, it would be almost an impossibility. 2748. Could any additional weight be given to tlie cable in shallow water to render the picking up a matter of great difficulty ?—The heavier the cable, of course the greater the difficulty of picking up; the cable might be so heavy, that there would be very great difficulty in picking it up; with all the cables that are now down, I should not anticipate the least difficulty in picking them up in 50 or 60 fathoms. The strongest cable is the Zandvoort cable, and the Calais is about the same; there would be no difficulty - in picking them up; the only thing is to have stout machinery. 2749. After 200 fathoms or 250 fathoms you think it would be impossible to pick the cable up? Almost SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. impossible; that is, I mean of course, in grappling for the end of a cable whose position you knew. 2750. I am assuming that the exact position is not known ?—Supposing the cable crossed this room, and we work from this end and creep across, we must pass it, but at 200 fathoms there would be great difficulty in picking it up; under 100 fathoms less difficulty. When once you haul the end on board, I should anti- cipate no difficulty in picking up any cable in any depth, provided the strength of that cable were such as to bear its own weight from the stern of the ship to the bottom of the sea, plus the friction of the water opposed to the passage of the cable in hauliug in. It is then simply a question of suitable ma- chinery. 2751. I believe you have had considerable ex- perience in the use of india-rubber as an insulator ?— I have. 2752. Have vou a line laid between the Isle of Wight and the main lend, which is covered in with india-rubber ?—There is a telegraph extending from Southampton to Osborne, aud the cable connecting the Isle of Wight with the main land crosses the Solent at Hurst Castle. From a place called Key- haven to Hurst Castle, a distance of about a mile and three-quarters, it crosses some very thick mud ; this mud is always covered from half-flood to half-ebb tide. It is an india-rubber covered wire; and there is also another piece of similar cable, about a mile in length, crossing the Yarmouth river in the Isle of Wight. There is a plan which shows the two places (handing in a plan). 2753. Is the india-rubber cable which you have mentioned, covered with hemp and iron ¢—It is what is generally called West’s cable. 2754. Having a covering of plaited iron ?—Yes. That cable was constructed by Mr. West, for the Irish Submarine Company. 2755. Can you describe what is the covering of the india-rubber; is it bitumen ?—No, it is a copper wire covered with india-rubber, which is coated outside with spun-yarn, and then outside of all by iron wire. This is a specimen (producing the same). It is a piece of cable that was made by Mr. West for the Irish Submarine Telegraph Company in the early part of 1852 ; it remained coiled up in a yard during the whole of that summer and autumn, and was even- tually submerged in its present position in the early part of 1853, where it has remained undisturbed to the present day. I have a specimen here, which at Mr. Clark’s request I cut out of the cable in a certain place where it had been always under water. 2756. (Mr. Saward.) Is it partially exposed at half tide ?—No, it has been under water the whole time. 2757. ( Chairman.) There are four copper wires in this cable ?—Yes. 2758. Do you know how the india-rubber was put on; was it by dies or by winding it round ?—I believe by winding it round. 2759. Has the cable worked perfectly ?—It has worked well. I have marked the position in which that part which I cut out was, in the plan that I gave in; it was in a small creek, and it always has been under water. 2760. 'The cable itself was imbedded in the mud ? — was well imbedded in mud some three feet deep; it may be said to have been always in a good equally moist bed. It has only failed once since its first sub- mersion, and that occurred at the spot marked B. on the Yarmouth river, a place where at neap tides the mud becomes dry, and the india-rubber in consequence became pulpy and decayed. 2988. (Chairman.) You have only applied it out of water ?—I have not had an opportunity of apply- ing it out at sea, but I have made arrangements by which to endeavour to do so. I have arranged a table that shall stand very steadily: at sea, so as to be very little influenced by the motion of the ship. The accompaning extracts of our specification will explain :— . | ~ “Now know уе, that I, the said Cromwell Fleet- wood Varley, on behalf of myself and of the said Cornelius John Varley now deceased, do hereby declare the nature of our said Invention, and in what manner the same is to be performed to be particularly described and ascertained in and by the following statement and accompanying Drawings, that is to вау :— “ The chief object of our Invention is to find out the locality of defects in the insulation of a conductor, or imperfect continuity of the latter, without removing the — ~ — ö Д . SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. eovering or the insulator, or cutting the conductor for testing. We generally first ascertain approximately the locality of the fault by the following method: —For example (vide Fig. 1), suppose the defective conductor to be & cable in the maker's stores, and under water; we pass the current from a voltaie battery C, Z, through the two wires of a differential galvanometer g in opposite directions, one pole of the battery. being connected to the earth or water, and the two ends of the wires from the differential gal- vanometer g connected with the two ends of the conductor at S, S, whose insulation is defective. The current from the battery divides and goes round the galvanometer in opposite directions, and, entering both ends of the. cable escapes at the defect in the insulator. .If the defect is equidistant from the two ends, i. e. at B, the resistance will be equal, the cur- rents round the galvanometer will be equal, and the needle will stand at zero. If the fault be not in the middle of the cable, but located at /, the resistance will be unequal, the shorter rout y will allow the pas- e to more electricity than the other z, and the needle will be deflected. We now introduce a rheo- stat r into the shorter circuit y, and add so much resistance as shall make the two routes indicated by the arrows ‘equal in resistance. Having noted this, and the resistance of the whole conductor, the follow- ing formula will show very nearly the exact locality of the defect Resistance of the whole conductor 9 then > of lohger portion =x |х+у=5 -* of shorter portion: zy|r-—yctr * of rheostat —riS—r 2 =y “ The peculiarity of this mode of testing is, that the ever varying resistance of a damp fault does not affect result. The arrows indicate the supposed direction of a negative current, for ease of explanation, N.B. as а negative current, both attracts: moisture to the fault, and keeps the metallic surface in an unoxidised state. It is nearly always the best current to use for testing. A positive current causes the resistance at / frequently to vary very much, owing to its oxydising action. This operation is not always used, especially when the cable is Bort. | * Having ascertained the approximate locality, the: actual spot is found by our second improvement, which we call probes, vide Figs. 2, 3, and 4. Fig. 2 is a side view of one of our forms of probes, contain- Fig. 3. he = o v T . T - | ; 167 ing a portion of a cable under test; Figs. 8 and 4 аге C. Е Varley, end views and sections. а represents a portion of cable containing five wires, the five conducting wires being covered with gutta-percha, hemp, and iron, as usual; б, a saddle-shaped piece of soft iron wrapper with insulated copper wire с; d, Figs. 2 and 3, flat bars or plates of iron fitting against the flat surfaces of b at e, e; these should be fitted accurately. F and 9, the two ends of the wire coil с; A, Figs. 3 and 4, shows a protecting lining for the wire c. Fig. 4 shows another form of probe, in which two saddles of iron 6, b, are used, fitting against each other, united by hinges, the pin at one side being withdrawn, to open or to close them securely when re-inserted. When a current of electricity is flowing through a con- ductor, it produces magnetic influence or rays through- out the length and outside of the conductor, we apply outside the cable a, a, our probes, consisting of coils of wire, iron bars, or horse-shoes wrapped with wire, as above described, to be acted on by the magnetic power of the current in the conductor. Every time a current runs through the conductor, or ceases to flow or is reversed, the magnetism in the probe is disturbed, generating weak electric currents in the eoils c of the probes. "These weak currents are ren- dered visible by а delicate galvanometer, which is included in the circuit. We generally employ a reversing apparatus similar in principle to that first invented and patented by Cromwell Fleetwood Varley in 1854, for working printing telegraphs. We cause alternating or intermitting currents to enter one end of the cable, and escape at the leak, or we cause currente to enter both ends, but at different rates of alternation or intermission ; in the latter case, on applying our probes outside the conductor, wesee immediately by the speed of the deflections on which side of the fault the probe is. The probe or probes are then moved along the cable towards the leak until, by the varying apeed of the deflections, we discern that the fault has been passed. When the intermittent or alternating currents are applied to one end only of the cable the other end is insulated; the currents then run along the conductor to the fault, and there escape. Our probes then show, by the existence or non-existence of currents in their coils, on which side of the fault they are. Having traced out the locality of the fault, & Spanish windlass is made, or the cable is cut at the spot, repaired, and spliced as usual ; thus, by a single eut or splice, the fault is removed. Hitherto, to find such a fault, it has been necessary to cut and splice Fig. 2. Esq. 5 Jan. 1860. 168 C. F. Varley, the cable in many places before the locality of the Esq. 5 Jan. 1860. fault was traced out. A splice takes from 2 to 10 hours to make, and frequently wastes from 20 to 30 or more feet of cable, besides causing great delay, expense, and injury. When the currents are feeble we apply many probes, extending over 12 to 20 feet of the cable; their combined action gives greater deflection to the galvanometer. One foot length of probe is generally sufficient with moderate battery power, but when the cable exceeds 10 or 20 miles in length we use greater length of probe. Many other forms of probe may be used to effect this purpose. It - is not absolutely necessary to complete the iron circuit by the piece d, Figs. 2 and 3, but so doing increases the power considerably. We use a reflecting galvano- meter for showing the currents generated in the probe coils c, and we have made the following im- provement in the galvanometer :—We make the ‘reflector of hardened steel magnetised ; this reduces the weight of it, which is considerable when a silvered glass is used with a magnet attached to it.” * When a conductor is broken in the insulating envelope, and we wish to ascertain the approximate distance of the break without burning open the insu- lator, or where this cannot be done, we measure the distance by the amount of induction in the following way :—A rheostat or bobbins of resistance are pre- pared free from magnetic induction or retardation ; this we effect by winding the rheostat with two or more wires, or a doubled wire, and cause the currents to flow in opposite directions round them an equal number of times. This removes the momentary irregularity of their resistance arising from magnetic induction. We prepare also a series of induction plates, whose action is similar to that of extensive Leyden jars of known and suitable dimensions ; these induction plates are added to the coils of the rheostat, so as to give them induction corresponding in amount to that of an equal length of cable. The following example will explain their use. * Suppose a wire broken in the gutta-percha, and thereby insulating perfectly, by passing the current of a battery round the wires of a differential galvano- meter as much resistance and corresponding induction surface are added as shall produce equilibrium. This measures with tolerable precision the amount of induction or charge and discharge of the cable, and consequently the distance of the leak in the conduc- tor. This can also be used to test the locality of a defect, which gives great resistance, but not complete insulation as before assumed. As these induction plates are bulky, we prefer winding our differential galvanometer with many wires, say 11. We then connect the cable to one wire, but the rheostat to 10, in one continuous circuit; the resistance of the latter is increased in proportion, г. e., 10 times, while the surface of the induction plates is reduced to one-tenth, and thus rendered less cumbersome and expensive. On making and breaking contact, if the inductive absorption of the cable tested be 10 times as great as that in our induction plates, while the resistance of the induction plate circuit is 10 times as great as the cable wire, the electricity rushing in to charge the cable will be 10 times as great as that into the induction plates, but as the latter circuit is of 10 times the resistance of the cable, the time of the chargings will be equal. Lastly, as the smaller charge or current circulates 10 times as often round the differential galvanometer coil as does the cable charge or current, but in an opposite direc- tion, they exactly neutralise each other, and the needle remains at zero. Thus, the inductive charge is measured, and the distance of the defect shown. * In testing for a defect in a cable with the probes, when out at sea, great difficulty is experienced from the motion of the ship and the feebleness of the cur- rents, we obviate much of this by supporting the galvanometer or indicator on our sea table of the following construction. Fig. 12 explains the principle on which they are constructed. a, a, the table, having at its centre of gravity a point 6, by which it stands MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE in a cupe; this table when truly balanced will neither be twisted nor thrown out of its horizontal position by any motion of the ship. The table is retained in the horizontal position by means of short quickly oscillating pendula d, d, of which there are 3, 4, or more. ‘The pendula d, d, are suspended from an imaginary plane or circle coinciding with and equidistant from the centre of gravity Û of the table; these pendula hang somewhat like scale pans below their beam. From the pendula d, d, are springing connections e, e, e, e; the pendula being free to move in any direction. "These springs bring and keep the table in the horizontal position; any motion sets them oscillating rapidly, and as their springs are feeble compared with the inertia of the table, no motion of the latter is perceptible. "Thus, we get a steady table at sea. The pendula are as near as possible alike in time of oscillation, and are connected by a light frame (not shown in the Drawing, but easily understood), which merely secures their simultaneous action. ‘It * must be borne in mind that cables are never repaired ‘in rough seas, when such a table could not be used.’ * We propose, where necessary, to attach gyrascopes to the table, which may be kept in motion by a train of wheels. fis a terminal with platina wire insulated from the table, and dipping into the ring cup g, which is insulated from the post Л, on top of which is the cup с; these cups c and g are partially filled with mercury. The currents from our probe travel as shown by arrows, viz. up the post A, through the cup c, the point Û, and the terminal ¢ to the galvano- meter J ; back again through the terminal and platina wire f to the circular trough g, and thence to the other end of the probe coil. &, a lamp, with a shade to hide it from the screen m; its light after entering the galvanometer is thrown back by the reflector to the screen m, on which it forms an image or spot of light. * We prefer using two galvanometers wound in op- posite directions and throwing two images near each other on the screen, and thus when a current is passing, their oscillations, due to the current, cause the little reflected images to approach or recede ; thus the oscillations caused by the electric currents are readily distinguished from those caused by the motion of the vessel. 2, n, adjusting magnets to neutralize the earth’s action, and so make the galvanometers much more sensitive. When we do not use reflecting galvanometers we use an ordinary astatic one, but as one impulse is seldom sufficient we reverse the con- nections of the galvanometer with the probe as often as we reverse the battery connections with the cable, and thus cause the alternate currents of the probe to circulate round the galvanometer in one direction, their combined action giving a larger deflection. These reversals are produced by any of the well- known commutators. When using such an instru- ment at sea, we propose to station a clock, beating half-seconds, on shore at that end of the cable to make the reversals, and also a clock on board beating not quite half-seconds ; and thus there will be a given number of currents sent round the galvanometer in one direction, then a pause, followed by a reversal in the direction of the currents, then the slow oscillation of the needle from side to side wil show the exis- tence of currents. „The modus operandi at sea.-—Suppose the cable broken, we first, by testing, get an approximation to the locality. Clocks with the reversing apparatus are then attached to one or both ends of the cable, we prefer the latter; in this case the clocks are con- structed to send reverse or alternantig currents from their batteries to the cable at unequal intervals, say, the one reverses the current at every half-second, and the other at every second. “ The ship is sent as near as possible to the estimated spot to grapple for the cable, when this is found and brought up it is often very taut. The sea table, &c., if lifted on to its post and adjusted, the probes are then applied outside the cable, when, by the speed of the oscillations of its needle, it is seen on which side of the break the ship is. The cable, with buoy SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH: COMMITTEE. attached, is then lowered, and the ship proceeds in the direction of the fault, grapples again, and applies the probes ; this operation is repeated till the fault has been passed, which is shown by the oscillations coinciding with the other clock. The value of this will be apparent, since to splice & heavy cable takes from 8 to 12 hours, and consumes much cable. “When the cable contains a defect, but has not parted, it may be under-run, and the probes applied throughout this operation, when the passage of the fault through them will be instantly indicated. These probes are also useful in tunnels on lines, and else- where, to indicate the position of faults without cut- ting the conductor. When there is no iron covering, nor iron near the conductor, an astatic needle, in & case, is applied to the outside of it as shown in Fig. 13 а side view, and 14 a top view, 15 the sstatic needle separate ; and thus by the deflection of the needle the passage of a current is indicated ; Fig. 14. Fig. 13. Fig. 15. 25-06 or, if preferred, two batteries whose like poles are connected with the earth, are attached to each end of the defective wire. These cause currents to flow from each end towards the defect, and there escape. On applying the needle, or rather on placing the wire into the grove in the case the needle is deflected, and indicates the direction of the current. On pass- ing the fault the direction of the current will have changed, and the needle will be deflected in the opposite direction. This apparatus enables us to pick 169 visible to the eye in the usual way, connect the line at each end to a battery so that similar cur- rents, (say, positive ones), enter the line and escape at the leak as shown Fig. 17, on applying the gal- . vanometer the direction of the current will be in- dicated. This will show on which side of the fault the galvanometer has been applied. In this way the exact spot can be readily traced out. The strength of the curreut traversing the galvanometer is shown by the formula, — i= PR i Rr i current traversing the line before the galvanometer is applied, R resistance of the line included between the terminals of the galvanometer wire a and 6 Fig. 16, r resistance of galvanometer, i! current traversing the galvanometer (or loop) circuit." I have worked out many formule for ascertaining the position of faults, as this is a matter of great im- portance in the case of submarine lines. The general mode of proceeding in such cases will be explained by the following formula, which, with others, was published several years since for private circulation amongst the Electric Telegraph Company's officers: — When the insulating material of & telegraph cuble becomes defective in any spot so as to admit the water, this fact is ascertained by passing negative currents into the cable, and then positive ; if the former give less resistance than the latter, it is a sure sign that the conductor is in contact with moisture at the defect; in such a case, if the exposed part of the conductor be small, the resistance will be great; should the cable contain more than one conductor, proceed as already described, by joining at the distant end a good wire to the defective one, forming a loop, this is by far the best plan, at present known, for accuracy. Fig. 16. out of a number of lines the one under test, and then to trace out its fault, without cutting either the insu- lating covering or the conductor. This is of much service in tunnels or street work where the copper Wire is not covered with iron. “Where the conductor to be tested is not covered with any insulating medium, for example, a telegraph wire suspended in the air, I adopt the following plan of tracing out what in telegraphic phrascology is called an earth or a contact, when the same cannot be readily discovered in the ordinary manner by the eye. Ап astatic galvanometer is wound with thick copper wire, about No. 14 guage, the two ends of this galvanometer wire are connected to the line wire to be tested, as shown in Fig. 16, from 10 to 60 yards apart ; any current passing along the line divides one part of it traversing the galvanometer, the remainder continuing through the line. In this way the direc- tion of the passing currents are rendily detected. If now, a line have a leak (make earth), and this be not If the cable contain but one conductor, whose resistance is known, the following plan will eliminate the resistance of the fault :— Ist. Have the wire disconnected at the distant end and measure the resistance, this resistance will be that of the portion of cable included between you and the fault (x), and the resistance of the fault (I). Call this measured resistance R= z+. 2nd. Have the distant end put to earth and again measure the resistance, this will be less than the previous one. Call this r. Call the resistance of the line when perfect S, and the distance of the fault from your end æ and from the fault to the distant end у, S therefore equals x+y. In the second case the electricity on reaching the fault (whose resistance is Г) divides part going through y to the end of the cable part escaping through the fault J, it divides inversely as their resistances, and consequently these two channels together offer less resistance than either separately ; ly th al ey equ + y ] ; consequently, ly T= 0-7 — TTHy 3 and x r— (Sr) x (R-) in practice for S—r put D, and for R- put d, and then zc T- D 4 When the cable is broken in two, measure the resistance offered by the cable, and then with resist- ance coils and pieces of wire in sea water make up an artificial fault that behaves with various currents of different powers as nearly as possible s the cable. C. F. Varley, Esq. 5 Jan 1860. emp C. F. Varley, Esq. 5 Jan. 1860. t 170 This done, measure its resistance, deduct it from that given by the cable, and the remainder is the distance of the leak. In addition to these, there are induction and numerous other tests which an experi- enced hand can use to find out the locality of any fault of any kind. | When а fault offers а great resistance, and you are testing with the end diseonnected, you have the whole of & powerful battery nearly thrown upon the fault, and the electrolytic action changes the resist- ance of the fault very frequentiy from 1,000 to 2,000 miles in a second of time on some occasions. In that case you can get no positive result by a test like z-—r—4/Dd. I hit upon a plan which in some cases makes the variation of the resistance of fault of almost no consequence. Supposing this to be the wire you are testing, and you have two wires in your cable, join the two together to get a loop. Measure against your standard the resistance of the whole loop first of all carefully, by applying one pole of the battery to one end, and the other pole to the other end, through a differential galvanometer ; then by putting in resistance exactly equal to the line the needle stands exactly at zero. Having very carefully noted the resistance of the whole circuit, the next thing is to connect one pole of your battery to earth, to divide the current from the other pole through the differential gaivanometer, through both ends of the cable, but into that side in which the fault is located; put in resistance coils until the resistances between the fault and the battery are equal by each route. In that case it matters little how much the fault varies in resistance. The question is simply how much resistance you must put in to make the two equal, and from that you can quickly deduce the actual distance of the fault. In one case where the application of my formula x = r—,/Dd failed from the rapid variation of l, I got a variation of 40 miles in the estimated distances of the fault. That was the . ease I alluded to, in which the resistance varied in half a second from 1,000 to 2,000. I could not get within & distance of 40 miles of the true spot, and that led me to the loop test (33 y) which, in the difficult case just mentioned gave results whose error could not exceed two miles. 2989. There you require two wires ?—Y es. 2990. You must have two wires if the cable is laid ?—Y es, wherever you have two wires, it is the best means of all to use. 2991. Thetwo wires need not be in the same cable necessarily?— Not necessarily. During the paying out of the Zandvoord cable one wire failed ; when it was repaired the contractors, Messrs. Glass, Elliott, and Company, sent out two ships to pick up the cable, and I was stationed at the shore end to test for them. They ran out to the spot 1 had indicated as nearly as they could, after considering carefully by the log how much slack had been paid out. I knew by the tests that the greatest amount of error in that fault was under a quarter of a mile. They ran out to the spot as nearly as they could, fished for the cable, picked it up, and cut it. When they cut it they spoke to me; I had the two wires joined together tested, and told them that they were two and one third miles from the fault. They then spliced up, ran four miles, and cut the cable again ; we had told them to run two and a half miles, but as they had got cable enough on board they ran four miles to make quite certain. They cut the cable, and on testing again I found they were nearly two miles past the fault. I telegraphed them to that effect, when they replied ; This agrees exactly with the * test; we have run just four miles by patent log." They picked up rather more than a mile and three- quarters of cable, showing that the test was not more than the sixth of a mile in error, and proving how MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE accurate this mode of testing may be rendered; where the fault gives a metallic earth, which rarely ever occurs. 2992. I presume in that mode of testing you alluded to last with two wires the resistance of each must be nearly the same ?—]f the cable has been properly tested before it goes down you know the different resistances and allow for the difference. It is of the utmost importance that correct data on the conduc- tivity of the cable be preserved, as was the case with this cable. 2993. And that resistance coils be made for every cable before it leaves the works ?—It is not necessary to make resistance coils for each cable, but only to know its value compared with any standard. Very frequently the batteries applied for working cables offer so much resistance as to materially retard the speed of working ; that I have frequently seen. 2994. In what batteries particularly do you find that effect ?—I am speaking of Daniell's battery. I assume that no person would be so absurd as to talk of using а sand battery now. 2995. Not with a submarine cable ?—Not with any line at all ; nothing but Daniell’s battery is constant. 2996. Are not sand batteries very largely used by Telegraph Companies ?—We have annihilated nearly all our sand-batteries, and converted them into Daniell's. 2997. (Mr. Saward.) Are not sand-batteries used at the gutta-percha works for testing ?—I do not know. 2998. ( Chairman.) What battery would you use ? —Daniell’s battery, taking care that its whole resist- ance is insignificant. Compared with the cable, the resistance of the whole battery should not be more than one-fifth the resistance of the cable, the less the better, under any circumstances. As you increase the number of plates, so you must increase the dimen- sions of the surface to maintain the same resistance ; that is a matter of great importance. It is a great pity that those who touch upon this question do not make themselves familiar with the laws of Ohm ; it would set aside all those absurd discussions which take place upon “ quantity and “intensity.” People talk about “quantity currents eating up the wire,” and “intense currents flowing with little quantity,” and such nonsense as that is uttered by people who ought to be ashamed of it. If they would take the trouble to understand the first few af Ohm’s laws, which are very simple and easy, it would set aside all that difficulty and discussion. There is a peculiarity about electric force ; it is not like heat or mechanical force. You may have a current of electricity, of в given volume of high tension, which can be utilised differently under different circumstances; for in- stance, supposing you have 20 small cells, of an inch square connected up in a series intensively, those 20 cells, we will assume, decompose 100 grains of sul- phate of copper per hour. Connect those up into one single element of 20 times the surface, and the same amount of zinc will decompose 20 times as much copper ; but it matters not how you utilise your zinc, whether in one cell of 20 square inches, or 20 cells of one square inch, if you are working for electro-mag- netism, provided you can use your wire 20 times as long, and 20 times as fine as in the other case. You will get the same amount of magnetism from the same amount of surface, no matter how you use it. Fre- quent mistakes have arisen in this way, as to quan- tity " and “intensity,” from this very fact : while you get a high magnetic effect, you do not get an electro- lytic effect in proportion. I have omitted to mention one cause of faults in telegraphic lines, namely, mice and rats eating through the wire. Here is & specimen taken out between Shoreditch and Stratford, where & mouse has eaten through the gutta-percha, and copper wire; and we have had another case where a rat did the same thing. Adjourned to Thureday next, at Half-past One o'clock. AUE EAN A RE UE CIC NCUR M SCHEDE ———— ES IR A ИИ —— SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 171 ‘Thursday, 12th January 1860. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. Mr. С. P. BIDDER. Mr. VARLET. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. EDWIN CLARE. Mr. SAWARD. ` CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. GEORGE SAWARD, Esq., a Member of the Committee, examined. 2999. (Chairman.) You have been for some years secretary of a telegraph company ?— Les, during nine ears. : 3000. You are now the secretary of the Atlantic Telegraph Company ?— Y es, and I have been во since its establishment in 1856. 3001. I believe during the latter portion of your engagement with the British Telegraph Company, you undertook, at the request of the directors, the general supervision of all the company's arrange- ments ?—]I did. The directors were disappointed with the electrical condition of the European Telegraph Com- pany’s property which they had then just purchased, and in consequence of that, their connexion with the engineer in chief ceased ; and they requested me in connexion with Mr. William Powell, who was the sub-engineer, to look thoroughly into the matters ing to that department. / 3002. Were not the company in possession of an underground line between London and Dover and London and Liverpool and Manchester ?—Yes. The company I represented had purchased the rights and property of a company called * The European Tele- graph Company," who were the exclusive carriers inland of the messages arriving from and going to the Continent through the cables of the original Sub- marine Telegraph Company. Amongst this property were underground lines of gutta-percha covered con- ductors between London and Dover, and London and Liverpool respectively. 3003. This drew your attention to the capabilities and properties of gutta-percha ?—It did. The whole underground system purchased of the European Tele- graph Company began to fall off in working capa- bility soon after it came into our hands, and at the request of the directors I undertook to examine it. I made personal examinations into the condition of the gutta-percha at various parts of the whole from Dover to Liverpool I found decay at intervals throughout all the distance. This decay of the gutta- percha had several variations in its character, which were very marked and distinct in different localities. (producing specimens of gutta-percha covered wire). In chalky or gravelly soil where the wires had not been sunk a sufficient depth in the earth, it presented the appearance shown in specimen No. 1. In iron Pipes laid adjacent to gas pipes and subject to the influence of gas leakage, it assumed the still more resinous appearance of No. 2. In the vicinity of oak trees or even of oaken posts where the wires lay so that the drainage from the oak trickled down to the boxes containing them, and also in cases where for economy the trenches had been dug in the soft hedge bottom, and in other situations favourable to the growth of fungi, it came up when fresh in a soft pulpy state, and afterwards dried up and assumed the appearance of No. 3. 3004. Did the gutta-percha lose its insulating power when it was in the state of specimen No. 3 ?— Yes, when it came up Муз might in many instances wipe the gutta-percha off the copper with your finger. 3005. It was perfectly rotten ?-—It was perfectly pulpy ; it had the appearance of a substance in which fermentation was going on, and it was much enlarged to what you see it there; it has now shrivelled up; but in its original state it came up pülpy, as though air were inside, as in the case of fermentation of bread or any other material. 3006. (Mr. Varley.) Did not the gutta-percha ap- G. Saward, Esq. pear much whiter in that state than in its natural 12 Jan. 1860. state ?—It did ; it assumed a dirty yellow appear- ance. In some of the iron pipes it assumed the bronzed and oxydized appearance shown in No. 4, which I cannot account for in such a way as to give you any information. From these circumstances and from subsequent observation, it seems to me that gutta-percha, which is & carburet of hydrogen, and therefore a substance which in its normal condition and at a low temperature has no affinity for oxygen, is yet capable of acquiring that affinity when it is subjected continually either to a warm dry tem- perature or to the vicinity of certain other sub- stances. In the case of the wires buried near the surface in chalk, the dry warmth kept up around the gutta-percha during summer will account for its perishing. In the case of the injury from gas, the resinous appearance is evidently produced by chemical change, and would probably arise from the constant presence of impurities due to the gas leakage ; but as to the destruction of gutta-percha by drainage from oak and by soil containing fungi, these have been the most fatal and the least accounted for scientifically that I have met with. 8007. (Chairman.) Have you had those specimens analysed or examined chemically ?—I have not; I have examined them myself to such a limited extent as I was able, but it seems to me, from my own examina- tions, which have been of course necessarily somewhat imperfect, that this destruction of gutta-percha aris- ing from oak drainage and fungi, takes place by com- municating a facility for the absorption of oxygen. 8008. Did you find that the gutta-percha had re- mained perfect on any parts of the line, or had the whole decayed ?—No, it was perfect in parts; but I found it universally the case, as I have described, wherever oak trees or oaken posts drained on to it there it was destroyed. I can mention one very marked instance. In the Edgware Road there were a series of posts and rails placed along the side of the road to protect the footpath, which is higher than the other portion of the road. The wires were laid in the lower portion, and it being a gravelly soil any drainage from the path trickled down in the direction of these wires. We took up more than a mile of the wires, and there was the mark of every post along the gutta-percha when it was taken up; wherever there was drainage from an oak post there there was a piece of decay. 8009. (Mr. Varley.) Were the wires laid bare in the ground, or were they protected with anything? The wires I have spoken of, which were purchased from the European Company, were not laid bare; but they were most imperfectly laid; they were laid in common deal troughs without any creosoting, or any protection whatever. 3010. The wires were not rubbed with anything ? No, they were entirely unprotected. 3011. (Chairman.) Can you suggest any remedy io prevent this decay ?—I have observed the good effect which the presence of Stockholm tar had in preserving gutta-percha, and the further fact that, in many instances, if the gutta-percha were not too far gone, it would to some extent heal it temporarily. 3012. Do you apply the Stockholm tar by painting the outside of the gutta-percha with it ?—I am speak- ing of the fact, that if the . not gone 2 G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860. 172 too far you may heal it by rubbing Stockholm tar on the outside. I became convinced that the good effect of the tar was due to its antiseptic properties, and that if it could be hermetically sealed up in contact with the gutta-percha, so as not to be washed away by rains, or interfered with by other circumstances ; and also if the wires were sunk deep enough in the earth, there would be no danger of decay to the insu- lator, and that in that case underground wires, though more expensive certainly at the outset than air lines, would be far cheaper, ultimately, owing both to the small cost of maintenance, and the certainty of work- ing. Ithink this is very important, especially with reference to lines for the service of the Government, because if subterranean telegraphs can be successfully maintained, and the gutta-percha preserved from decay at a trifling cost, their usefulness in connexion with the defences of the country and the advantage of their being out of sight would be incalculable. I therefore, after some consultation with Mr. Jeffery, the patentee of the marine glue, who happened to be а next-door neighbour of mine, and after causing а good many experiments to be made upon the destruc- tibility of marine glue, recommended the Directors of the British Telegraph Company to take up the whole of the line between London and Dover ; and after surrounding the insulated wire with a double serving of hemp, thoroughly saturated with tar, I recom- mended them to pass it through marine glue in the manner which has been already described by Mr. Henley, who was the contractor for the work, and who has since availed himself of the same plan, somewhat modified, in laying down the wires of the London District Telegraph Company. ‘That is a piece of the Dover line (producing a specimen). ‘The marine glue was applied, and the line was sunk in some cases three, four, and even five feet deep. In the earth, all along the Borough Road, we took it under gas, water, and everything, quite out of the way. 3013. In what year was that ?—In 1855. 3014. Have the wires remained perfect ever since ? They have remained perfect ever since, while at the same time the Government wires, branching off the main Dover wires into the dockyards at Wool- wich, Chatham, and other places, up to the time of my knowing anything personally of them, were con- tinually giving trouble to the Admiralty, owing to their decay. The Dover wires have cost nothing whatever in maintenance since they were properly laid, excepting from accidental causes. With regard to the line from London to Liverpool, which was purchased from the European Company, it was so much decayed, and the pecuniary means of the com- pany were so scarce, that it could not be repaired in the same way as the Dover line; therefore I advised the directors to allow me to effect an union with the Magnetic Company, for bringing about which I had some facilities at the time. That union was subse- quently effected, but before it was concluded I made a close personal examination into the Magnetic Com- pany's underground system. {I took a man with me, and opened the ground every 20 miles along the whole course of that system, from London to Glasgow, and some small portion in Ireland as,well. I carried out that examination with the permission of that company, in order to satisfy my own mind before I made any re- commendation to my directors, and I found no decay in it at all. Their wires were cased in tarred yarn, but not protected with marine glue. The tar was washed out, however, in many places, and in those places decay has subsequently set in ; and the company have now decided to take it all up, and substitute pole lines for it. I should like to observe, with regard to gutta-percha made into cables, and submerged in water, especially in salt water, that it isin all respects, I think, in the most favourable position for its preser- vation. The surrounding sheath of tar, closely encased in iron wires, the cool moist temperature, the absence of rays of light, and the antiseptie properties of the sea are all the very elements in which gutta- MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE percha delights; and instead of anticipating injury from anything like decomposition or percolation, I should expect that submersion and pressure, if long continued, would render it more compact, and much better as an insulator. 3015. Have you tried any india-rubber covered wire ?—I have had some in my possession, which I have brought for the information of the committee, that came to me direct from Messrs. Silver ; therefore it is identified (producing specimens of india-rubber covered wire). In the thick piece, which is cut off, you will see that decay is commencing very slowly to set in ; in the thinner piece it has already advanced considerably, and in the piece of cable it seems utterly gone. The action seems to be between the copper and the india-rubber. I have not made any experi- ment upon it; it has been merely lying in my office drawer for two or three months. 3016. (Mr. Varley.) Do you know anything of the state of the underground wires between Liverpool and Preston, Preston and Carlisle, Carlisle and Glas- gow, and Carlisle and Ireland ?— They have been taken up and pole lines substituted for all, I believe, now, or certainly for the far greater portion of them. 3017. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) What length of under- ground wire have you to which marine glue has been applied ?—kEighty-four miles, from London to Dover; I took that up first because it was of vast importance to the company that that in any case should be se- cured, inasmuch as all the continental traffic depended upon it. 3018. (Chairman.) What is done with worn out gutta-percha covered wire ?—It is sold. 3019. What price will it fetch ?—A bout a shilling & pound, weighing the copper and gutta-percha together. 3020. To be worked up again ?—It would not be worked up into cables, I should think ; it would be worked up into à common kind of gutta-percha for shoe soles and inferior articles. (Mr. Varley.) We sell a great deal to doll-makers for about 5/. a mile. (Mr. Saward.) I think that was about what the Magnetic Company got for their old wire; they got nearly enough out of their old gutta-percha to put up their pole lines where they were required. 3021. (Mr. Varley.) An equal number of wires ?— No; there were 16 wires altogether between London and Liverpool, ten of the magnetic and six of the British company. 3022. By how many overground wires are these replaced ?—I am not able to say, I think they vary ; they work at present between London and Liverpool, partly by the underground line that is good and partly by pole line. 3023. ( Chairman.) You have said that the Gutta- percha Company gave about a shilling per pound for old gutta-percha, what would new gutta-percha be worth ? New gutta-percha of the best description for tele- graphic purposes, I should think, would be 2s. 3d. or 2s. 4d. per pound, but the price has varied considerably since I had any transaction in it. 3024. (Chairman.) When did you become the Secretary of the Atlantic Telegraph Company ?—In December 1856. 3025. Will you describe the origin of that com- pany, and the arrangements under which the first proceedings took place 7— The Atlantic Telegraph Company sprang out of a scheme for shortening the interval of communication between the United States and Europe, which was originated in 1851, by a Mr. Tebbetts of New York, in conjunction with Mr. Frederick N. Gisborne, an English engineer. The inhabitants of St. John’s, Newfoundland, whose aid was solicited, were influenced by the opportunity offered to them of making their town a port of call for steamers from Europe ; and on the representations of Mr. Tebbetts and Mr. Gisborne, an Act of the local legislature was granted in 1852, conferring privileges in money and land upon the company established by those gentlemen under the name of the Newfoundland OM эр n, AAT ws у OG e * 5 8 0 TU N pos rca das Hem OF Р Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Electric Telegraph Company. That Company's pro- posal was to establish land lines of telegraph from St. John's to Cape Ray, in Newfoundland ; & sub- marine line of about 70 miles from Cape Ray, New- foundland, to Ashpee Bay, Cape Breton; a land line across Cape Breton to the Gut of Canso, and a sub- marine line of 12 miles across the Gut of Canso to Nova Scotia, where it joined up with the network of telegraphic lines communicating with Canada and the - United States. That Company after executing a portion of their works failed to fulfil the terms of their Act, and became insolvent and indebted to the amount of some 10,000/., chiefly due in St. John's, Newfoundland. Their affairs being in that state in 1853, Mr. Gisborne visited New York with a view to ascertain whether assistance could be obtained to carry out the undertaking to which he had devoted а great deal of personal labour and time. He was there introduced to Mr. Cyrus W. Field. It happened that some time previously to this period the idea of establishing a telegraph across the Atlantic had suggested itsélf to several individual minds, but it had assumed no form or substance; and Mr. Cyrus Field, though unwilling to apply his means to propping up the falling fortunes of the New- foundland Electric Telegraph Company by promoting that scheme as an isolated adventure, conceived the notion of obtaining scientific advice upon the subject of a Transatlantic telegraph from his distinguished countrymen, Lieut. Maury and Professor Morse. Their assurances were satisfactory, and the result was, that an agreement was entered into between six American gentlemen, namely, Mr. Cyrus Field, Mr. Dudley Field, Mr. Peter Cooper, Mr. Chandler White, Mr. Moses Taylor, and Mr. Marshall O. Ro- berts. Those were six American citizens, This agreement was, that if certain specific advantages agreed to amongst themselves could be obtained from the Newfoundland legislature, they would pay the debts of the Newfoundland Electric Company, pur- chase its property, wind up its affairs, and become subscribers to a new company, to be called the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Come pany, the object of which should be to bring London and New York into continuous electric communi- cation. Mr. Cyrus Field and his brother were ‘deputed to go over to Newfoundland to negotiate with the local authorities, and they there, in 1854, obtained the Act of Legislature which I now produce, and which was subsequently confirmed by the Home Government. That Act grants to the American company so established the following privileges, giving them shortly— Guarantee of interest on 50,0007. of bonds. Grant of 5,0004. towards construction of roads across the island. Fifty years’ exclusive right to land cables on the shores of Newfoundland and Labrador. Fifty square miles of unoccupied land on the ese tablishment of the inland communication in Newfoundland. Fifty more square miles on completion of the tele- graphic communication with Europe. The company established, as I have described, having executed its works in the island, turned its attention towards extending the telegraph to Europe. It was found impracticable to raise the capital for this part of the undertaking in America; and Mr. Cyrus Field, during one of his early visits to England, asso- ciated himself with Mr. John Watkins Brett, one of the projectors of the Dover and Calais line, with a view to the money being raised in England. Mr. Brett, who was then a good deal occupied with other cables, employed Mr. Whitehouse, whom he knew as an electrical experimenter, to investigate for him some electrical facts in connexion with the probabilities of success, Mr. Whitehouse, in the course of these ex- periments, became acquainted with the present Sir Charles Bright, and finally, these four gentlemen, Messrs. Field, Brett, Whitehouse, and: Bright, entered into a contract with each other to become joint pro- 173 jectors of a separate company in England, to carry out the submarine line between Ireland and New- foundland. Through the medium of Mr. Cyrus W. Field, these projectors in 1856 entered into an agree- ment with the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company, by which they secured to the company about to be started in England the exclusive right of landing cables, acquired by the former com- pany in Newfoundland and elsewhere, subject to conditions as to completion of works, and so on. This was all the Atlantic Telegraph Company acquired by this agreement; they had nothing to do with the other privileges as to guarantee of interest or appro- priation of land; they simply acquired the exclusive privileges under conditions as to executing the works 3026. What conditions as to executing the works do you mean ?—They had a certain limited time given them wherein to lay the Atlantic cable ; originally that time was up to 19th of September 1859, but of course it was to their interest to extend that period, because they had no other capitalists to come in and take the position assumed by the Atlantic Company, and they have consequently extended that period till 1862. 3027. Provided this Newfoundland Company did not lay the cable within a reasonable time, were there no means of putting an end to their monopoly? No. 3028. No one else has any right to lay wires to Newfoundland for fifty years ?—None except the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company. 3029. Is there no limit as to the time in which they must exercise that right? None; perhaps the Com- mittee would like me to read the clause of the Act of the local Legislature giving the exclusive right ; it is clause 14: “The corporation hereby created shall * have the sole and exclusive right to build, make, * occupy, take or work the said line or any line of * telegraph between St. John’s and Cape Ray, or be- * tween any other points in this island (excepting “ only the existing line between St. John’s and Car- * bonear) for the full period of fifty years from the € passing of this Act; subject, nevertheless, to the * right of pre-emption by the Government of this “ colony, as herein-after provided ; and during the “ said period of fifty years, no other person or persons, * body or bodies politic or corporate, shall be per- * mitted to construct, purchase, take, or operate * any line or lines of telegraph on this island, or to * extend to, enter upon, or touch any part of this * island, or the coast thereof, or of the islands or “ places within the jurisdiction of the government of * this colony, with any telegraphic cable, wire, or * other means of telegraphic communication from any * other island, country, or place whatsoever. Pro- * vided, however, that if the said line of telegraph * shall not have been completed from St. John's to * Cape Ray, or other point on the western coast of “ Newfoundland, aud a communication by telegraph * across Prince Edward’s island, or the island of Cape * Breton, or otherwise established with the continent * of America within five years from the passing of * this Act, the exclusive privileges granted by this * section shall ceasc." The only condition is if they have not a connexion with America. 3030. What is the right of pre-emption ?—If at any time after twenty years from the passing of the Act, it should be deemed advisable, then by giving notice and appointing arbitrators, the Government can take the line upon paying the money. You will observe that that Act only gave power to the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Com- pany to bring the communication across the Atlantic, but an Act was subsequently obtained permitting them to detach that portion of their scheme, and make & separate company for it, which was done by the Atlantic Telegraph Company taking it up. All these matters having been arranged, a provisional committee was established in London, consisting partly of the projectors and partly of се or three е С. Saward, Esq. 19 Jan. 1860 G. Sawurd, Es. e 12 Jan. 1860. 174 gentlemen who were induced to join them, who are not now directors. A very large number of experi- ments on different forms of cable were then made, chiefly by Mr. Statham of the Gutta-percha Company, of whom I ought to say, that to him more than to any other man living, submarine telegraphy is indebted for its existence, by his care and attention in the manipulation of the gutta-percha. Experiments were also made by Mr. Glass and Mr. Canning, who indeed were the chief designers of the Atlantic cable as regards its external structure. All these matters were completed by the provisional committee, and the contracts for the manufacture of the cable were entered into with Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Company and Messrs. Newall and Company before the shares. had been issued, and before the board of manage- ment was elected. The provisional committee more- over obtained from the English Government a grant of 14,000}. a year to the Company, conditional on success, and a promise of a similiar grant from the United States Government. Under these circum- stances the provisional committee by dint of great exertion succeeded in obtaining subscribers for the first capital of 350,000/. in shares of 1,000/. each, pledging themselves at the time they did so, and binding the contractors, that the attempt to lay the eable across the Atlantic should be made in 1857. The holders of these shares elected the board of directors in December 1856. I have taken the liberty of availing myself of your patience to give this cir- cumstantial account of the facts with regard to the Newfoundland Act, because it has been urged that the Atlantic Telegraph Company were the creators and upholders of an offensive monopoly. It will be seen from what I have stated, that the Atlantic Com- pany did nothing but purchase and transfer to British subjects and to Her Majesty's Government rights and privileges which had been obtained by citizens of the United States over the shores of an English colony. Her Majesty's Government cannot otherwise obtain the right of priority in transmission of messages or any of the other facilities that will be secured to it if the Atlantic Company be enabled to lay a successful cable. The advantages held out to the original subscribers were very slender when the risk that attended it is taken into account ; and I think it was greatly to their credit then, and entitles them now to the fullest and most favourable consideration from Parliament and from the Government, that the great bulk of the capital, whatever may be thought to the contrary, was most certainly subscribed from patriotic motives, and in the interest of scientific dis- covery, in order to enable a great experiment to be tried for the world's benefit, far more than from any desire or expectation of a lucrative result from the first attempt. At this distance of time, and with the advantage of the light which the Atlantic and other deep sea cable enterprises have thrown on the scientific portion of the subject, it would be, in my opinion, & comparatively easy matter to connect Ireland with America by telegraph, if the business arrangements of the company proposing to do it were also organized in accordance with past experience in that respect. But it was far otherwise in 1857. The whole matter was then a theory, and, in the opinion of many persons, a very doubtful theory, and the way to success had to be fought upwards through successive failures. Still there was no doubt a good deal that might have been better done, and would on another occasion be thoroughly remedied. Among these I think nothing was so prejudicial as the manner in which the first attempt was hurried. 3031. Will you describe the progress of the Atlantic Telegraph Company after the formation of the board, and state your convictions as to the cause of failure? —dt was not till the month of February 1857 that the contractors had fairly set to work to make the cable, of which 2,500 miles were required. This length was not completed till the end of June 1857, and considering that the core had to be covered three times representing 7,500 miles of work, at the Gutta- MINUTES OF BYIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE percha Works; that 335,000 miles of iron and copper wire had to be drawn out and spun into more than 47,500 miles of strand, that upwards of 300,000 miles of tarred hemp had also to be spun and saturated, and that these materials had to be put together and woven into a cable in the space of four months; I say, con- sidering this, although the work may be deemed a marvel of human industry, it does seem to me a most wonderful and favourable circumstance that the cable has turned out so well as it has done. The projectors, however, had pledged the company to the public and the shareholders that the experiment should be carried out in 1857, and the directors were constantly assured that it could be done, and they had therefore no alter- native but to proceed. 3032. The directors were constantly assured by the projectors ?—Yes, in fact by the contractors and all those upon whom they had relied for such information. The Gutta-percha Company said that the gutta-percha could be delivered, and it was delivered ; it was all executed as they had promised—all I am arguing against is the hurry. I say that they should not have been put into that position. It was only when the directors assembled at Queenstown at the end of July that they became fully aware of the want of prepared- ness in every department. However there was nothing for it then but to allow the ships to go on. The cable broke on that occasion in the machinery, and it was too late to try again in 1857 ; besides which, the cable remaining was too short, and it was deemed advisable not to go out again with less than 3,000 miles on board. The shareholders again came forward and subscribed at par the new capital for the purchase of cable both to supply the loss and make up a total of 8,000 miles instead of 2,500 as taken out at first, although the original shares were then at 50 per cent. discount. The subsequent coilings and re-coilings up to the time of starting again in 1858 were all elements likely to injure a cable of the peculiar construction of the Atlantic cable, added to which were the defective arrangements of the chief of the electrical department, especially as to continuous testing, which have been alluded to by Professor Thomson, and owing to which, and other causes, the directors were prevented from knowing that there were suspected to be injuries or defects of a slight character in the cable. 3033. Were not the directors aware of those slight injuries which have been alluded to in the evidence ? No, not in the slightest. . 8034. They considered the cable to be perfect? They did not know but that the cable was perfect. It was known that one part of the cable tested worse than another. Mr. Whitehouse assured Professor Thomson, who believed the statement and did not make a personal examination into the matter at that time, that it was owing to the superior quality of the portion last manufactured, and not to any defects in the portion previously manufactured; in fact that the difference in testing between the two ends of the cable was owing to the better conductivity of the new portion. We never heard a word of defect ora whisper of anything like injury to the cable up to the time of its starting. 3035. Were regular reports made by the electrician to the directors of the state of the cable ?—They were not regular, they came at irregular intervals. The instructions of the board were that the reports should be regular, but circumstances, I presume, prevented it. 3036. But reports were made stating that the cable was electrically perfect ?—Y ou have all the reports in your possession, and the inference at any rate to be drawn from some of the reports is that the cable was electrically perfect; in some cases it was stated that it was. 3037. (Mr. Varley.) Was no one else consulted upon that point, when it was found that one portion of the cable tested differently to another, besides Mr. Whitehouse ?—Yes, at Keyham. Unfortunately there was a great deal too much self-reliance in the matter by Mr. Whitehouse. Mr. Walker, however, went SUBMARINE. TELEGRAPH COMMITTEK. down at the request of the Board, and you have his report before the Committee. 3038. Was not the cable cut up into a great many lengths at Keyham, at Greenwich, and on board the * Agamemnon," during the different trips ?—No doubt there was a great deal too much recklessness in cutting the cable from time to time ; that is to say, if a test was wanted, the first thing was to call for a person to cut the cable and begin to test, and then it to be joined up again. 039. Did not they very frequently in testing the cable prick for the wire ?—That was done occasion- ally, I am aware, but in very many instances there was а positive cut. I have been informed by Captain Kell that the cable must have been cut into at least s hundred pieces at one time or other. Either from that cause or from some other cause, this fearful result has taken place which is exhibited by these four joints (producing the same), which have been cobbled up again. I do not know whether they were in the ori- ginal cable or whether they were the result of cutting, but those are joints which I have taken out of a por- tion of the cable. 8040. (Professor Wheatstone.) Before the cable was submerged ?— es, these have never been sub- merged. 3041. ( Chairman.) What portion of the cable were those joints taken from ?—They were taken out of the portion of the cable manufactured by Messrs. Newall and Company ; but I must not be understood from that to state, by any means, that they were made by Messrs. Newall ; I cannot identify by whom they were made, but I can state that they were in that portion of the cable. 3042. (Mr. Varley.) How can you state that ?—I can state that from the fact that that is flattened hemp, whereas in Messrs. Glass and Elliot's cable the hemp is spun, and then laid into strands; that is the reason I can identify it. 3043. (Chairman.) Newall's was flattened hemp ? —Yes, laid flat round. Glass, Elliot, and Company laid theirs in strands round, and that enables me to identify it. Ihave placed a properly made joint by the side to show the contrast. (Mr. Varley.) It is very possible that a joint of this defective description may account.for the sudden cessation of continuity, and its re-appearance after- wards when the cable got to the bottom, owing to its separation by the stretching of the cable and then coming together again. | (Mr. Saward.) We have been assured by compe- tent persons who have specially examined the cable on behalf of the company, that the slight defects which I have mentioned as existing before the cable was laid, were increased after the cable was down by the injudicious use of battery power, and the cable now lies in а state in which, although it may again, by great care, perhaps, be got to work once more to a very moderate extent, can scarcely be hoped ever to fulfil the expectations which arose re- garding it from the working after it was first laid. 3044. (Chairman.) Are you aware whether the statement which was made by Mr. Chatterton was correct, namely, that the servants of the Gutta-percha Company, who were sent to the contractor’s works to make the joints, were sent away because they made the joints too slowly ?—I am not aware of it; cer- tainly, if I had been aware of it, I should have done all in my power to prevent it. The primary cause of all the failure I considered to be the great hurry in the first attempt, and too little preliminary experiment and discussion. 30,000/. or 40,000/. spent in pre- liminary trials would, in all probability, have saved the whole capital of the company. 3045. And, probably, much less than that? Pro- bably much less than that. Of course experiments to be carried out in deep water require expensive ar- rangements and ships, which would eat into a great deal of money. 8046. (Mr. Bidder.) What was the actual cash outlay; I suppose of the capital, a good deal was fully at work. 175 allotted to the gentlemen who were early connected with the company ?—No. I will state exactly how the capital stands. The actual cash outlay has been 387,000/., and the capital in addition to that consists of another sum of 75,000/., which arises in this way : the first arrangement made between the projectors and the Atlantic Telegraph Company, and which was entered into before the present board was elected, was that they should receive nothing in the form of remuneration until the cable was laid and successfully at work, and further, until the cable so laid had earned 10 per cent. of dividend to the shareholders; after that 10 per cent. had been earned, the projectors were then to have & right to one moiety of all the balance of profit remaining beyond that 10 per cent.; but, although that looked a very fair arrangement upon the face of it, yet, when I came to look thoroughly into the agreement after my appointment, I found it was so hampered with conditions, that really the projectors were the masters of the company ; they were to interfere in everything ; one could not raise a shilling of extra capital without their consent; they were to have continual supervision of the books, and to dictate what was to go to capital and what was to go to revenue ; and therefore the attention of the directors was very early called to the desirability of getting rid of this agreement by compounding, if possible, for a present payment. This was at- tempted at that time; but previously to the failure, the projectors were so sanguine as to their prospects under this agreement, that they would not come to anything like a reasonable arrangement. After the failure, however, in 1857, and interme- diately between that time and the attempts in 1858, they were, after & good deal of discussion, induced to compromise their chances for a sum of 75,0004., to be paid in shares of the company, which shares were not to be disposed of until the cable was laid and success- * Successfully at work,” has been in- terpreted by the company and by three of the pro- jectors as meaning a proper cable laid and continuing to work, and they have not parted with a single share; but another of the projectors has interpreted it differ- ently, and has thrown his shares upon the public. I ought to mention that that projector is Mr. White- house; otherwise the statement may be thought to refer to others. 3047. Then the actual money spent would be 387,0002. ? — Yes; out of which the construction ac- count, that is to say, comprising the cable and “ ex- * penses in the equipments, fittings, and supplies * to ships dredging, hire of tenders," and so on, 324,3511. 3048. For actual cable, the cost appears to be 300,000/.?—Yes; that was for the purchase of 3,400 miles in round numbers. | 3049. (Chairman.) Wil you state what measures have been taken with & view to resuscitate the cable, and to provide the means for purchasing a new cable? —JI may mention that from the time it was found that the electrician of the company could not go out with the expedition up to the very last moment that there was any chance of the cable being rendered useful at all, Professor Thomson devoted himself heart and soul to the work, and that without anything in the shape of remuneration for his services; he went out with the expedition, and on shore at Valentia; from the Sth of August until the early part of September he worked incessantly; and it is to his arrangements, especially to his reflecting galvanometer, that the company and the publie are indebted mainly for the messages having been brought across the Atlantic to this side. Other gentlemen, however, have been to examine the cable and give their opinion, amongst whom were Mr. Varley, Mr. Henley, Mr. Edward Bright, Mr. Holmes, and Mr. France. 3050. Who was Mr. France? — Mr. France is а gentleman who was connected with the Submarine Telegraph Company; he. has had perhaps as much practical experience as most persons in the manage- ment of the Morse instruments растау ; he іва 4 G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860. G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860. 176 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE good electrician besides, and he is now, I believe, somewhere in the Mediterranean, acting either for Mr. Brett, or for one of the Mediterranean com- panies, I do not know which; he is a man of very considerable talent and experience. 3051. Was not there some little difficulty about his examining the cable at Valentia? — Mr. Whitehouse, I am sorry to say, grossly insulted him. Mr. White- house, as soon as Mr. France arrived, telegraphed to say that if we chose to let him stay there as an in- strument clerk, he might remain; but in no other capacity would he recognise him. This related to a gentleman who had come from Marseilles to Valentia to help us in our extremity, without expecting any remuneration or anything of the kind. 3052. (Mr. Bidder.) Is it not generally the opinion of the directors and yourself that the failure of the Atlantic telegraph was mainly owing in one respect to the hurry in which the work was carried on, and in the other to the want of authentic information being given to the directors as to the state of the cable before the attempt was made to submerge it ?—Y es, added to the want of practical skill in the electrical depart- ment; an undertaking of this kind requires previous practical experience as well as scientific knowledge. 3053. (Chairman.) Are the Atlantie Telegraph Company at the present time seeking to provide the means for furnishing a new cable, or have they made any attempt for that purpose ?—Yes. As early as the end of September 1858 the directors made an appli- cation to the Earl of Derby's Government for aid to carry on the work, and feeling that the undertaking had claims to national support on account of the hearty way in which the subscribers had contributed the means to try & very great problem, and the ser- vices which the successful solution of that problem had conferred on the general public and on the Govern- ment especially, the War department having been the first to realize great advantages by the messages re- ceived and transmitted during the working of the cable; the board applied for a guarantee on a new capital of 600,000}. similar to that granted to the Red Sea and Indian Telegraph Company on a capital of 800, 000 l. The Government declined to grant the unconditional guarantee in the belief, as I think, that our shareholders would again be induced to come forward and incur another risk upon a conditional guarantee. We offered, moreover, to transfer our exclusive rights into the hands of the Government in order to avoid any suspicion of a desire for monopoly, but they, after very careful consideration, ultimately declined to give assistance in that form. They at length, however, granted us & guarantee of eight per cent. upon 600,000/. of capital conditional on success in the following terms :—“ A dividend of eight рег * cent. per annum to be guaranteed for 25 years, * upon such portion of a new capital as shall be called * upand expended in establishing communication with * America, not exceeding in the whole the sum of * 600,000/. ; this guarantee to commence when the * cable has been successfully laid, and to subsist while * it is capable of being worked at the rate of 100 * words per hour. A minimum sum of 20,000/. per * annum to be paid to the company for Government * business, during the time the new cable is capable * of being worked efficiently as above. The company * to be allowed to expend 20,000/. out of the new * guaranteed capital in attempts to make the existing * cable available for business. If these attempts are * guccessful, the Government will immediately com- * menceto pay a minimum rent of 14,000/. per annum, * which rent is to be increased to 20,000/. per annum, as above, so soon as the new cable is brought into successful working order. The existing arrange- ment of the company with the Government of the * United States is not to be interfered with. Under * that arrangement the Atlantic Company will be * entitled to a minimum rent of 70, O00 per annum, * for the business of the American Government, * go soon as the communication is established with * Newfoundland. The Atlantic Telegraph Company * are to transfer to Her Majesty's Government that * portion of their privileges, under their agreement * with the New York, Newfoundland, and London * Telegraph Company, whereby they derive the * exclusive right of landing on the shores of New- * foundland, cables intended to connect Europe with * that country ; but the Government will not grant * to any other company or persons any right of * landing cables in Newfoundland so transferred to * them unless the guarantee and contract referred, to * under articles 1 and 2 shall have proved efficient * jn raising the requisite capital, nor until, by the * instrumentality of such capital, telegraphic commu- * nication shall have been established across the * Atlantic ; it being understood that in case of “ failure, either to raise the capital or to submerge * the cable with such success as to be enabled to * work it at the rate of 100 words per hour required * by the Government, the company shall perma- * nently revert to its present position in respect to * all its privileges, including its exclusive rights now * existing under the agreement with the New York, * Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company.” That was our agreement with the Government, and great exertions have been used to induce both the public and the shareholders to subscribe under those conditions, but without anything like sufficient success. I myself have personally waited upon nearly every capitalist and mercantile house of standing in Glasgow and in Liverpool, and some of the directors have gone round with me in London for the same purpose. We have no doubt induced a great many persons to subscribe, but they do so as they would to a charity, and in sums of a corresponding amount, such as 202., 25l., and 50/. 3054. (Mr. Bidder.) Nothing of & practical cha- racter ?—No. We have been enabled to raise about 72,000/. in the whole, and it is difficult to conceive the amount of exertion that that sum represents when you look at its smallness. 3055. (Chairman.) Will you state your views as to what description of aid from the Government would suffice to procure the means of carrying out the undertaking successfully ?—The sum required is во large, and the nature of the risk is so suspected by the public, that without some certain prospect of dividend to a small extent, I do not believe the necessary amount of money will be forthcoming for any Atlantic telegraph enterprise for many years to come at the least. I would first call your attention to the fact that the Red Sea Telegraph Company's stock, which is guaranteed 44 per cent. for 25 years, irrespective of success or failure, was for a considerable time at a discount. I name this to show that under the guarantee which I am about to men- tion, there are no such advantages as would foster speculation or give anything but the most legitimate &nd moderate help by means of the temporary security of the Government to & work which is eminently national in its character ; an undertaking whose ante- cedents render it, as I venture to say, worthy of such help; and one which after a good deal of personal experience in these matters, backed by the opinion of individuals of the very highest commercial eminence, I feel justified in saying it will be impracticable to carry out without some such assistance. I think, however, that the requisite capital may be raised with very little chance of the public revenue being ulti- mately burdened to the extent of a shilling, if the Government will grant to the Atlantic Company a guarantee of four per cent. for 30 years under proper precautions. The guarantee must continue for that time irrespective of the success or failure of the cable ; but as precautionary measures the Government should require the careful determination by experiment of all points in the scientific department of the work that may at present be short of solution. They should further require the company to undertake, when the form of cable has been decided on, to provide suitable and responsible contractors who will undertake to make and lay a cable, not one SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. of their exclusive designing, but such a cable as shall have been decided upon after proper examina- tion; and who shall agree to work it at a given speed for a month at least after it has been laid, under pain of forfeiting their entire profit upon the whole transaction, and a further penal sum of 10,000“. or 15,0007. in case of failure during that period. As a further precautionary measure the Go- vernment should require the company from the first to establish a reserve fund and a fund for the repay- ment of any advances on account of the four per cent, which may have been made previously to the work being accomplished. ‘The smallest capital that would suffice for making and laying an Atlantic cable, con- structed on principles such as experience scems to show to be absolute necessary, would be 600,000/. No matter what route be selected for the communi- cation, that is the smallest sum that can be safely relied upon to render success anything like certain ; and to raise that amount there must be some assurance to the capitalist that he will not under any circum- stances incur the risk of an absolute loss. The object in view being partly imperial and partly commercial, I think it is fair that the risk also should be mutual. The guarantee of four per cent. for 30 years, supposing the cable to fail (the capital of the shareholders being thereby for the time destroyed), would not leave him more than a trifle above two per cent. nett. for his money after provision for recovering his sunken ca- pital at the termination of his annuity ; meanwhile it must be borne in mind that the price of his stock would be very greatly depreciated. ‘That is in the case of the cable failing. On the other hand the moderately calculated returns upon the business of a cable work- ing at the rate of even three or four words per mi- nute during 12 hours a day, would leave sufficient to pay at least 10 per cent. on a capital of a million, so that once a cable were well and regularly in work, there would be scarcely the remotest chance that the Government would ever be called upon for any por- tion of the guarantee. 3056. Do you fix any period for the life of a tele- graphic cable ?—I do not. I must say it is my entire belief that if you can once properly and safely sub- merge a properly considered cable in the deep ocean, it will, in all probability, last for hundreds of years. 3057. (Mr. Bidder.) You would not apply your observation to cables laid in shallow water ?—I would not, on account of the risk from anchors and from accidental circumstances ; but I would say with re- gard to those cables, that although they may become expensive as to maintenance, still the property is not gone, because you can raise them and repair them. 3058. But they would be of very small value? You can repair them. 3059. (Mr. E. Clark.) Would you prefer a higher per-centage for a smaller number of years ?—It would effect the same object, I think. 3060. (Chairman.) Have you considered the ques- tion of a subvention, instead of a guarantee of interest, the Government to advance a given sum for every sum advanced by the shareholders ?—I think if the subvention were liberal, it would answer. 3061. What would you call liberal ?—I should say half and half. 3062. Would tRat raise the capital ?—I think it would; and I am fortified in that position by the opinions of a good number of persons whom I have consulted. 3063. If the Government paid 300,000/., you think the commercial world would raise another 300,000/. ? —Yes, I think they would. 3064. (Mr. Bidder.) Should the Government then have the privilege of transmitting their messages ?— Yes, they should have the privilege of transmitting their messages, free of any charge, of course. 3065. (Mr. Varley.) Do you not think the price proposed to be charged for telegraphie messages from England to America very much too low? The price of a message from London to St. Petersburg, the greater portion of the line by far being overground 177 wires (which is very much less expensive, and at- tached to which there is very little risk,) is about 17. 13s. Gd. for a distance, as the crow flies, of about 1,500 miles; therefore, do you not think 2/. too small a charge for a message from England to America ?— The charge is 27. 10s. I am of opinion, with respect to charges, that it is good poliey commercially to make them as low as you conveniently can. I think, as a matter of calculation, the charge would be remu- nerative, especially looking to the new light which electric science has now thrown upon the retardation of the current and the means of overcoming it. 3066. Do you not think that two such countries as England and America would immediately fill any single wire that was submerged between them, if the rate were so low as 2l, and would not the con- sequence be that the telegraphic line would have so much delay on it that it would be of very little use? —That is a matter which soon right itself. If the cable were filled with messages to overflowing, that cause would soon provide the means for additional cables. It is a thing which must grow, like the remainder of the telegraphic system. 3067. (Mr. Bidder.) You would fix prices that induced just as many messages as the cable could carry, taking the highest price that would fill the cable, whether you laid another cable or not. If you could fill the cable with messages at 101., instead of 21. 10s., why should not you charge it ? You might say, if we had three or four cables we could fill them at 5l. ?—I am afraid if the price were excessive we should be open to the charge of being monopolists, which is not our object. 3068. (Mr. E. Clark.) Has application been made to the Ameriean Government for pecuniary assistance as well as to the English Government, or only on this side ?—Only on this side. We were in- formed by Mr. Field that it would not be politic to make such an application on the other side, though since then I have received a letter from him in which he expresses his opinion, founded upon what facts I do not know, that if the British Government would guarantee three per cent. unconditionally the American Government would do the same. Now that the diffi- culties incident to laying a cable across the Atlantic have been so. very much diminished by experience, I believe that the four per cent. guarantee which I have suggested would be a more economical plan of assist- ing the enterprise than that upon which the Govern- ment have already consented to help us, but which has been found inefficient. 3069. (Chairman.) The eight per cent. conditional guarantee?—Yes. They have guaranteed 20,0001. а year, in case of success, and so long as the cable is in working order. Now the only return we are to render for that is, to send the messages of the Government at ordinary charges up to that annual amount. From ex- perience I feel sure that the cost of the messages of the Government would not be likely to exceed half that amount; consequently the remainder would be a free gift or premium to the company, which would be continuous, and which I think is objectionable on public principle. 3070. (Mr. E. Clark.) It would be an annual sub- vention, instead of a present one?—Yes; it would be the free gift of 10,0007. a year to a joint-stock com- any. 3071. (Chairman.) Is there not a great inconveni- ence when telegraphic lines are blocked up with work, if a person wishes to send an express message? — There is. 3072. Could not some system be adopted of charg- ing a low price for an ordinary message, and a high price for an express message? for instance, 8/. for an ordinary message, and 501. for an express message? At present that is prohibited by law. АП telegraph companies are bound to show no favour or preference in the distribution of their messages; therefore, unless the law were altered in that respect, that would not be practicable, although I think it might be desirable; but the worst of it would be its liability to abuse, A 4 G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860, —— G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860. 178 rich man who could afford to spend his 507. or 1001. in blocking up the wire, might use it in speculation to the very great disadvantage of the poorer man engaged in more legitimate transactions. | 3073. (Mr. Varley.) You are aware, I presume, ‘that an arrangement is in existence in Belgium by which you can send a message on any urgent matter, taking precedence of the ordinary messages, upon paying a higher rate ?—I believe that is so ; but, you will correct me if I am wrong, I believe that that ur- gency is not a commercial one; it is urgency of life and death, or some social urgency. 3074. I think it rests entirely with the sender of the message,—if he likes to give a higher rate, he can send his message before others ?—I was not aware of that. ` . 3075. ( Chairman.) Will you state your opinions as to the best arrangements and the best form of contract for carrying out, successfully and permanently, су large plans for the establishment of ocean telegraphy: — think that in a matter requiring so much care, depending so much upon the heartiness of those en- gaged in it, and involving so many contingencies as the making and laying of a considerable deep sea telegraph, the ordinary system of pitting a number of contractors against each other fails altogether. I therefore consider that any seeking by contracts to lower the cost of construction of your cable to the least price at which a man can be found to make it, is very mischievous to the result you have in view. On the other hand, in saying this I must not be under- stood as becoming an advocate for any system which would give no check to either extravagance or rapa- city ; but I think a form of contraet like that I am about to describe would abundantly protect the con- tracting party, while it would leave the contractor in a position of freedom from.all care, except that of faithfully performing his duty so as to carry out his work successfully. I would suggest that you should be very careful in the selection of your contractor, and of course, to get a man of integrity; and having done so, he should be bound at his own expense to make such preliminary experiments, unless they were of a very extraordinary character, as were necessary to deter- mine the right kind of cable to be used, of which you and your scientific advisers should be the judges. In getting him to do this, he should be guaranteed that he shall have the making of the cable. When you have decided upon the form of cable, let him procced to make it, opening & set of books specially for that cable, and allowing to the contracting party a proper check by means of a publie accountant against any- thing like extravagance. When he has made the cable the books shall be balanced, the cost of it ascer- tained, and then a definite commission upon the cost to be agreed upon beforehand superadded to the cost. 3076. How would you prevent the contractor from charging a higher price for the materials than was actually charged by the manufacturer ?— With re- gard to the gutta-percha core, and all the other materials, they might be purchased by the contracting party. The contractor should be bound to undertake to lay the cable, and work it for one month after it has been laid, at & given rate of speed ; if he succeeds in that, then to be paid his commission, and the matter is at an end ; but if he fails, he should forfeit both his profit and a penal sum of say 10,000/. That must not be deemed an impracticable form of contract, for previous to our attempt to raise capital for a new cable, I obtained from an eminent firm an undertaking to contract for a future Atlantic cable on those terms. The contractor ought to be bound to secure the services, during the making of the cable, of the best electrician that either money or love of scicz:ec caa devote to the service. Everything nearly depends upon the electrician ; if his work be intelligently, carefully, and practically well executed, the task of the engineer will be a very light one. .. 8077. (Mr. Varley.) Do you not think that a month is much too short a period for the contractor to hold MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE himself responsible for the working of the cable ?—I should certainly like him to take it for a longer period, if a person could be found to do so. 3078. Have you considered what routes are best for an Atlantic cable ?—I have some observations to make with regard to the various routes which have been indicated by different persons as the best for the purpose of establishing transatlantic communication by telegraph ; and in doing so, I wish it to be understood that neither the directors nor myself have any prejudice in the matter, nor have we arrived at any foregone conclusion in favour of one route over another. The various routes that have been proposed are as follows :—First, the Atlantic route between Ireland and Valentia, which has been to & very great extent sounded and mapped out, though not nearly so fully as I should desire to see it. Secondly, the route from Cape Wrath, at the extreme north-west of Scotland, to the Faroe Islands; or from the Hebrides to Rockaullt; thence to Iceland, Greenland, and Labrador, or New- foundland. Thirdly, from Falmouth or Ireland to Blane Sablon, in the straits of Belle Isle. Fourthly, from Falmouth to Halifax, Nova Scotia ; and fifthly, from Falmouth to the Azores, and thence, touching at intermediate islands, to Brazil, and by way of the West Indian Islands, to Florida. Respecting the first route, which has been practically tested, and found to present no serious obstacles, I need not say anything. As to the second (the Arctic one), I would observe that all the evidence short of the actual and careful survey of the shores of Greenland and Iceland that could be collected was sought after and collated by the Atlantic Company, and the opinions we received included those of experienced navigators in those Reas ; with no dissentient voice, they were against it. 3079. ( Chairman.) What were the objections ?— We were told that a cable might possibly be laid to Greenland, but that at the break up of the ice it would almost infallibly be carried away, and as the deep water commences suddenly at about 2,400 fathoms within some 50 or 60 miles from the western shore of Greenland,f that would render it extremely ha- zardous. * In Norie's Sailing Directions for the Hebrides, &c. (1858), there occurs the following description of the Island of Rockall: — * RockALL, or Rokor.—Although the Island of Rockall does not come within the limits of the chart which the preceding directions are intended to accompany, vet, asthat solitary and dangerous islet lies directly in the track of ships coming from the westward towards the Hebrides, or Coast of Scotland, we consider it our duty to point out its situation, and give some description of its surrounding dangers, to warn mariners from approaching too near them. “Rockall is situated in latitude 57° 36’ north, and longitude 13° 41 west. It is a large, high, and barren rock, of a conical shape, having its top perfectly white, from the immense quantity of bird's dung with which it is covered. With the rock bearing N. by W., broken water has been seen about a mile to the N.E. of it; and on approaching nearer, a rock, on which the water broke, appeared just at the water’s edge. Mr. Richard Peacock informs us, that this rock appears almost like a ship at a distance, and is steep close-to on the north side; he passed it at the distance of about 50 fathoms; but to the southward, or nearly S.E. by E., from the rock, there lies a long reef of rocks for about 3 miles, on which, with gales of wind, the sea breaks very heavily, Other authorities confirm the assertion, that there are several dangerous reefs in the vicinity of this island. “On April 18th, 1824, the Helen, of Dundee, was unfortunately lost, by striking оп a sunken rock, about 6 miles E. N. E. 4 E. from Rockall. Mr. Thomas Erskine, the commander, reports that his vessel struck two different times (but did not stop) on a clump of rocks, apparently not much larger than a ship's length, and on which the sea broke occasionally: there were no other breakers near him, or in sight, at the time. Rockall bore W.S. W. à W., he thinks about 6 miles distant; but as the weather was hazy, the distance was probably something less. By this misfortune, his vessel became leaky ; and after 13 hours' incessant and ineffectual pumping, sunk in deep water." | t In the Cornhill Magazine for January 1860, is an article on * the search for Sir John Franklin," written by an officer of the * Fox," from which the following is an extract, containing some information on this subject. Cornhill Magazine, January 1860. * We left Aberdeen on July 1, 1857; and after a favourable run across the Atlantic, we made our first acquaintance with the Arctic Seas when near the meridian of Cape Farcwell, bv faling in with the drift-wood annually brought from Arctic Asia by the great cur- rent known as the Spitzbergen current—the shattered an mangled state of these pine logs bearing evidence of their long water-and - ice-borne drift. This great Arctic current brings masses of ice from the Spitzbergen seas, at seasons completely filling up the SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 3080. Is that between Greenland and Iceland ?— No, between Greenland and Labrador on the western shore ; it would not seem to be prudent to run so great a risk. If you strike out of that route either Greenland or Iceland, then it becomes worse than the Irish route, because the distance from Iceland to Newfoundland is quite as great as from Ireland to that island. | 3081. Was the circumstance of the volcanic nature of Iceland brought forward at all in the course of the communications to which you have referred ?—Yos. 3082. Was it urged as an objection ?—Yes, par- ticularly by Captain Beecher. е 3083. Were any facts given ?—No, I think not, further or more special than the experiences of Sir John Barrow and some others; an opinion was given us to the possibility of destruction by ice and vol- canoes. Nevertheless electrically there can be no doubt that the Arctic route would, if otherwise prac- ticable, possess some advantages on account of the comparative shortness of the divided circuits, other things being equal ; and that circumstance was not at all overlooked by the Atlantic company. But it would, in my opinion, be a reckless and unpardonable waste of capital to take a cable to Greenland in the. present state of knowledge as to the movements of the ice upon that coast, or until a careful Government survey, instituted for the purpose and extending over many months, has been made with a view to gain a sound opinion as to its capabilities. 3084. Has not Colonel Shaffner advocated that. route ?—Colonel Shaffner has published a lecture in which he states that he has surveyed the western coast of Greenland ; but his stay was necessarily so short and the facts which he gives are so slender upon which to base any expenditure of capital, that I should not consider that statement, or the casual kind of exami- nation pursued by that gentleman, as possessing any practical value. ‘There is one point, however, in which the Arctic route must always fall short of the Irish route, which is, that the key to the position is on foreign soil, whereas by the route from Ireland to New- fords, harbours, and indentations on the south coast of Greenland, and often in a pack extending for 100 miles southward of Cape Farewell. A whole fleet of whale ships were, in June 1777, beset in lat. 76° north, and nearly in the meridian of Spitzbergen, and were drifted southward by the current, until one by one they were crushed. The last and only surviving ship arrived in October, in latitude 619, in Davis’ Stratts, and the crew escaped to the land, near Cape Farewell, 116 in number, out of 450 men, who only a few short months before were looking forward to a happy return to their homes. | * Late in the summer, the weather mild and the nights short, and with steam-power at command, we had no occasion for much anxiety about this ice, but determined to push direct for Frederick- shaab, and witha fair wind we steered to pass within sight of Cape Farewell. On the night of the 13th July, we were becalmed, and on the following day we steamed slowly to the north-westward, amidst countless numbers of sea-birds. At daylight the coast of Green- land showed out in all its wild magnificence. Cape Farewell bore north 45° east, distant 25 miles; but from the peculiar for- mation of the adjacent land the actual cape is difficult to distin- uish. Hitherto we had not scen the Spitzbergen ice; and we oped that we might follow the coast round to Frederickshaab without obstruction ; but in the course of the forenoon a sudden fall in the temperature of the sea, with a haziness in the atmo- sphere to tbe northward, indicated our approach to ice. Straggling and water- washed pieces were soon met with, and in the evening the distant murmur of the sea, as it broke upon the edge of ice- flocs, warned us of our being near to a pack. * We made but little progress during the two Mowing days, the winds being from the northward, and a dense ice-fog rolling down from the pack. On the 17th, Frederickshaab bearing N. 28° E., distant 50 miles, we determined upon endeavouring to push through the pack ; and after being at times completely beset, and with a constant thick fog, we escaped into the inshore water, with a few slight rubs, baving been carried by the drifting body of ice nearly 30 miles northward of our port. We sounded upon the Tallert bank; and on the fog lifting, the great glacier of Frederick- shaab was revealed to us, and we bore away for the harbour, which we reached on the 19th. We had a little difficulty at first in making out the entrance to Frederickshaab ; but a native kyack comin out to meet us, we were soon escorted in by a fleet of these sma canocs. | * We found the natives busily breaking up the wreck of an aban- doned timber ship, which had drifted to their harbour, with a few of the lower tiers of cargo still in her; and another wreck was said to be lying upon tbe Tallert bank—the same wreck, it is said, which Prince leon had boarded on his homeward passage in the Atlantic the previous year, and had left a record on her to prove the currents round Cape Farewell," | . direction. 179 foundland both ends of the cable are in Her Majesty's dominions. As to the line to the straits of Belle Isle, that must be pronounced impracticable if any regard is to be had to the subscribers’ property, because I have had the most positive evidence which demon- strates that the course of the ice, both in and out of the straits, is such as must pr vent any reasonable probability of the continued existence of any cable that might be laid in that direction. The fourth proposal, from Falmouth to Halifax, I must leave mainly to the electricians, as the cable required for such a route would be, I suppose, between 3,000 and 4,000 miles, and I fancy, if their law of squares is to hold good, they will consider a line of little more than 2,000 miles a good deal preferable. 3085. What is the distance from Falmouth to Halifax, Nova Scotia ?— The geographical distance is 2,756 miles. 3086. (Mr. miles of cable would do it ?—I think not with due allowance for slack, especially as you could not keep a straight course along that route. The cable must either traverse the fishing banks of Newfound- land, where it would be very liable to injury, or it must go south of those banks into exceedingly deep rater, far decper, I believe, than anything the At- lantic company had to encounter between Ireland and Newfoundland. The fifth route by the Azores and the Brazils can hardly be said to come into competi- tion with the Irish route; it might if it were csta- blished, perhaps, become a very valuable chain of communication, but the enormous depths it will involve, aud the voleanie region it traverses,* joined — — ———M—————————————M—— M —————————— áÉÀ—— * The following extracts from the Nautical Magazine will show the constant existence of volcanic action in the region of the Azores. Nautical Magazine, September 1841. * ACCOUNT OF THE LATE DREADFUL EARTHQUAKE AT TERCEIRA. Western Islands. “Tke town of Praya had in the year 1614 been totally destroyed by an earthquake, which considerably injured the town of Angra, and was felt severely in the island of St. Michael. Since that time it had escaped injury, although menaced by many severe shocks of earthquake. On the 12th of June last, at 4 r. M., a violent shock of earthquake was felt at Praya, extending with diminished force to the west- ward. At 5h. 25m. a second and more violent one was felt; on the 13th the trembling continued with short intervals, but diminished violence during the whole day. On the 14th, at 4 A. M., a perfectly perceptible undulation of the ground took place, which destroyed all those buildings which had n weakened the former shocks. The inhabitants of Praya then retreated to the fields in the neighbourhood for safety. With the exception of occasional slight motions, the island was undisturbed during the remainder of the 14th, and hopes were entertained that the con- vulsions had ceased. But on the 15th, at 3 A. M., a violent trembling and horizontal undulation of the ground commenced, and con- tinued with intervals of ten minutes, and a duration of about ten seconds until 3h. S0m. A. M., when a strong vibratory and distinctl visible rocking motion was communicated to the surface, whic threw down the entire town of Prava, and several chambers and houses of the adjacent villages, and considerably injured the re- maining houses of the villages and many elevated public buildings in other parts of the island. The ground then remained in a com- parative state of rest until 2h. 40m. a.m. on the 16th, when a violent shock of earthquake did further damage. After this, although the island did not resume a permanently quiescent state until the 26th of June, no further damage appears to have been done. a 4 ә v ә $ “ In former years, mentioned by Buffon in his second volume of Natural History (on the authority of official communications) sub- marine explosions have taken place between St. Michael and Ter- ceira, which were succeeded by the appearance of newly raised volcanic islands above the surface. Оп these occasions earth- quakes were felt on both islands, most severely in that one to which the eruption was nearest. In 1811 the volcanic islet ejected near St. Michael, and discovered by the officers of H. M. S. * Sabrina," came attended by great convulsions on that island, which were not felt at Terceira, and the force of which was considerably diminished at a distance of fifty miles from the then ascertained centre. It is therefore probable that the origin of the earthquake of last June was a submarine volcanic eruption, and that its posi- tion or centre was about seventeen miles due east froin the eastern end of Terccira. “This hypothesis may not be without some practical utility. The ater number of seventeen earthquakes which are on record as having taken place in the Azores, have been accompanied by the appearance of volcanic islands over their centres: these islands have by the erosion of the sea gradually disappeared, but during this process have been highly dangerous to ships sailing in their For some time, therefore, after. i dou it must 2 Varley.) I understand that 3,000 G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860, — G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860. 92 — 180 to the million and a half of money which would have to be expended upon it, would render mature considera- tion very desirable before entering into such a specu- lation. 3087. (Mr. E. Clark.) Is not there another route across Russia, which limits the sea journey to 30 miles, over Behring's Straits ? — I have not taken that into consideration. 3088. Is not that the cheapest and easiest of all ?— The cheapest to erect, but the slowest and most expen- sive to work, and very far the most difficult to keep in working order. It could never be depended on. 3089. (Mr. Varley.) I think there were two mes- sages sent through the Atlantie cable before it failed for the Government about troops. A day or two ago I was in conversation with a member of the present and several previous Parliaments, and on mentioning the fact to him he was not aware of it; will you be so good as to state what you know about those mes- sages, and what estimate you have formed as to the benefit derived from their transmission by the British Government ?—The facts, with regard to the mes- sages, were these. During the Indian rebellion it had been expected that it would be necessary to recal further troops into England for the purpose of sending them to India; amongst others an order had been sent out to Montreal and Halifax respec- tively for the 32nd and 69th regiments to come home. This order was a written one. The state of affairs in India meanwhile took a more favour- have been necessary for the commanders of such ships to observe . great caution in passing by the Azores, that part of the sea in which the eruption had taken place. А similar caution would be neces- sary now. It is by no means a great stretch of hypothesis to sup- pose that the late earthquake has, like former ones, been accom- anied by the ejection of submarine volcanic matter, which may have been thrown up within a short distance of the surface ; so that, in fact, in that part of the sea where there was previously 200 fathoms of water, there may at this moment exist a most dangerous shoal, «Т. C. Hust.” Nautieal Magazine, November 1841. “ Capt. Boyd gives a list of the eruptions of St. Michael which deserves attention; it may be seen at once that the orifices of these eruptions are continually changing, and do not show any tendency to a common crater. | . * After the elevation of Alagoa de las siete Cidades, the island remained tranquil. In 1522 an eruption hurled into the air the two hills, Sorical and Rubacal, and covered the town of А Villa Franca, which was entirely destroyed. Four thousand inhabitants lost their lives on this occasion. * In 1563 there was an eruption of the Pico Sapadeiro. А large current of lava ran into the sea on its northern side near Rebeira Secca. ў * [n 1638, a large island appeared 15 miles to the west of St. Michael, it remained quiet for several years, and then disappeared suddenly leaving in its place a fathomless ocean. % In 1652 the hills of Pico do Foro, Romos, and Pico do Paya, to the north-east of Rosto de Cao, near Punta Delgada, threw up an immense quantity of stones and cinders, spreading destruction over the surrounding country. ** In 1691, after some very violent earthquakes several small islets appeared not far from the coast. | “ In 1719, a new island appeared 15 leagues west, its diameter was nine miles, and it disappeared in 1723, leaving 70 fathoms water. “ The great earthquake of Lisbon in 1755 was felt at St. Michael by severe shocks without an eruption. | * On the 11th of August 1810, violent motions of the earth were felt. In the northern part of the island fire burst from the fissures, and there was an eruption of the peak of Genates in the south-west part of it. “ On the 13th of June 1811, the island of Sabrina appeared and disappeared in the month of October. From that year till 1835, the island remained undisturbed. * The island of Terceira has a crater, six miles north-west of the town of Angra. Large fissures on the sides of the mountain emit vapour in abundance. These fissures were formed after the earth- quake of 1614, by which the town of Praya was destroyed. From that time these phenomena have ceased on the island. The crater is called Furnas d'Euxofres; it appears to be entirely surrounded by hills of pumice stones. ** Captain Boyd states that these stones frequently fall and throw down trees, which being buried beneath them, make it appear that they were surrounded by the eruption of these stones. A single eruption which took place in 1761, poured forth lava from the peak of Bagacina, which, after running a league in extent, fell into the sea. * The island of St. George, so close to the central volcano of Pico, is also the most agitated. An eruption in 1580, a league and a half from the port of Velhas, lasted several days, and numerous cur- rents of lava ran into the sca, where it formed an indented and steep coast. In 1691, eruptions appeared in the sea. Many small islets appeared near the coast, but disappeared soon after. This phenomenon occurred again in 1720, the year in which the island MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE able turn, and the War Department considered that it was no longer necessary that those troops should re- turn, in consequence of which two messages were sent, through the Atlantic telegraph cable; one to Montreal and one to Halifax, giving orders to the commanding officers at those places not to send home those regiments. In answer to the remaining part of your question, as to the expense saved, of course it would involve the expense of ships to bring those troops home, and subsequently ships to return them to the same place again. The outlay for that purpose certainly could not be estimated at much less than 40,0007. 01950,0001. 3090. Have you observed, while you were con- nected with the British Telegraph Company, any underground wires destroyed by lightning ?—I have had specimens brought to me, which were said to have been injured by lightning. 3091. Did you notice any peculiarity about those specimens to lead you to see how the lightning had struck the wires? Not how it had struck them, but how it affected the gutta-percha. 3092. Was it at all similar to the appearance ex- hibited by the specimens which have been produced ? —No. The gutta-percha in the cases which I have seen was split open, but not riddled like the specimens I have seen on the table. I had never seen one affected in that way by lightning until I saw it here. In those that I have seen the lightning seemed to have flashed open the gutta percha altogether. appeared at the south-west extreme of St. Michael, and about a mile from the shore; and in 1757, eighteen small islets appeared about a thousand feet from the coast, which, after a few years, dis- appeared. In May 1808, the great eruption took place described by Mr. Dabney." Nautical Magazine, February 1858. REMARKABLE PHENOMENON NEAR THE AZORES. * The subjoined deposition and letter, having reference to a pre- sumed submarine convulsion observed near the Azores in November last, have been received at the Admiralty :— * British Vice-Consulate, Terceira, December 21st, 1857. „Sin, —I have the honour to enclose copy of a document ob- tained at my request from Mr. William Cook, Master of the British schooner * Estremadura,“ of Glasgow. It appears that he did not think of trying the temperature of the water, which is to be regret- ted, as it might have tended to prove that the effects observed were those of submarine action. No shock of carthquake was felt at this island atthe time. It serves, however, to show that mariners never can be too cautious when approaching these islands, as from one day to another there is no knowing what formation may take place either above water or awash; for instance, the island Sabrina, in 1811, and the danger seen by three vessels proceeding to St. Michael's in 1849, about 40 miles to the W.N.W. of that island, which gave rise to Mr. Consul Hunt inducing the Masters of the vessels ‘Æolus’ ani ‘Prospero’ to go in search of it, but without success. “I have, &c. « Јонм Reap, H. B. M. Consul.” * To the Secretary of the Admiralty." * Deposition. “J, the undersigned, Master of tke British schooner * Estrema- dura,’ of Glasgow, whilst on a passage from Troen to the Island of Fayal, with a cargo of coals, do hereby declare that in lat. 39° 57' N., long. 250 50’ W., at seven р.м. of the 25th of November last, I observed abaft the beam what I considered to be a squall, but which eventually turned out to be a kind of mist or warn steam. It being my watch on deck, I asked the helmsman if he found any difference in the air; to which he replied, it was quite warm. I called the mate up, and he as well as those on deck felt the same. This lasted for half an hour ; there had been no fog or mist before. The wind at the time was N. E. by compass, and con- tinued so throughout without any alteration in force, We had a following sea previous to falling in with this mist, but the sea then changed to a kind of boil or topping sea, as if surged up from beneath, but afterwards returned to the former state when we were clear of the mist. When this phenomenon occurred the Ampli- mont Rock, as laid down in the chart, would bear N.b.E. by com- pass, distant 140 miles. I calculate the vessel to have been goin at the time from 7 to 71 knots, with a following sea. Sight Terceira on the 26th, and anchored in Fayal Roads on the 27th November. <“ WILLIAM Соок. “JOHN READ, Consul.” * Those who know something of our pages will remember our account in 1841 of the different earthquakes and convulsions of nature which have taken place at and in the neighbourhood of the volcanic region of the Azores, and they will not marvel at the fore- going account, which has recently appeared in the daily papers; but we preserve it as an addition to the history of that unquiet region. At the same time, as such phenomena may be always anti- cipated in that neighbourhood, we caution seamen to be on the look-out, especially when east of Terceira, or between it and St. Michael.” | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF. 3093. Can you give the Committee any informa- tion as to the power and the kind of battery used for working through the British Company's wires from London to Liverpool; when they began to fail, I believe you noticed some peculiarities in them ?— I did; I found that as many as 36 twenty-fours of Daniell’s battery were being used upon them. The person in charge said he could not make it work, and he put several more batteries on ; he said there was no sign, and I remarked, * Supposing you try the con- <“ verse, and begin to take a few off, and see if it will do * any betterthen." Ile did so, and after he had taken off I think 12 of those batteries, the line began to work again with the smaller power, and continued to work even with much lower power than that for some time afterwards. It seemed to me, although I could not presume to give any electrical opinion upon the subject, as though he had attained the maximum power that would do any good. 3094. How many of the six original wires worked from the first ?—At first five worked for a very short time fairly ; one never did work. 3095. How long did they last in workable con- dition ? — Not more than eight or nine months. 3096. Have you any record as to the speed that you obtained through those wires ?—The speed that could be obtained when they were workiug fairly and using a little instrument invented by Mr. Edward Highton, which is a single needle instrument, with two good manipulators, was 20 words a minute. 3097. You mentioned having noticed that under- ground wires in chalk were a good deal injured ; did you ever in your experience with those wires find any case in which the heat of the sun had penetrated the ground sufficiently to melt the gutta-percha ?—No ; I never saw any case in which the gutta-percha had been melted from that cause. I have had it taken up from the vicinity of baker's ovens, and found it matted together under those circumstances. But I attribute the injury to gutta-percha in chalky soils to the fact, that it was not sunk sufficiently deep into the soil; consequently it was continuously in the presence of a dry warmth, which I think is fatal to gutta-percha. 3098. We have had several pieces in chalk cuttings 181 near Watford at the bottom of the cutting where the white banks condense the heat of the sun on to the lower portion of the cutting; in such places we have had the gutta-percha so melted that it has oozed out between the folds of the tape covering ?—I have never seen anything so bad as that. 3099. I believe you have been of opinion from the commencement that a larger conducting wire would very much contribute to a higher rate of signalling, and also to much greater regularity in the received currents at the distant end ?—I have, on the ground of its analogy, in my opinion, to a water pipe, which applies or nearly so to an electric conductor. If from its great length you are necessitated to put in a larger force you require a larger pipe to conduct that quan- tity of fluid, whether water or electricity, which is poured into it. 3100. The directors of the Atlantic Telegraph Company, I believe, were under the impression from a letter written by Professor Morse that they should obtain easily nine or ten words a minute. Were you present when any experiments with the 3,000 miles of line were made by which those conclusions were arrived at ?—Not at the actual experiment. I saw, however, the means provided for carrying out those experiments. 3101. Do you not think they were deceived in some way or other by those experiments, and that they could not have been working through the whole length of the line ?—Certainly, they worked through the whole of the line ; but I think it is very possible that at the points at either end where the wires were connected together so as to form one con- tinuous wire, there might have been some element of disturbance to their theory which was not taken into account ; for instance, there might have been an es- cape at those points, which would of course lessen the induction. 3102. Do not you think that cables ought to be made after the summer has passed; manufactured during the winter, and submerged, if possible, before the summer has attained its maximum heat ?-—I think it would be very desirable ; and I think the more a cable is kept under water the better for its preserva- tion, besides giving additional facility for testing. Adjourned to To-morrow, at Half-past Two o'clock. Friday, 13th January 1860. PRESENT 5 Captain DOUGLAS GALTON, Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. G. P. BIDDER. Mr. EDWIN CLARK. Mr. VARLEY. Mr. SAWARD. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. Commander JOSEPH DATMAN, R. N., examined. 3103. (Chairman.) You have had considerable experience, I believe, in deep-sea soundings connected with submarine telegraphs ?—I have. 3104, Have you not conducted several expeditions for the purpose of obtaining soundings between Eng- land and America ?—Yes; between England and America, and aiso between England, Gibraltar, and Malta, and to the Azores. 3105. What are the methods which you have adopted for deep-sea soundings ?—Between England and America I adopted a modification of the American plan usually known as Lieut. Brooke's, U. S. Navy. 3106. Will you describe the modification ?—I can hardly describe without drawing it ; the modification refers principally to the method of bringing up speci- mens of the bottom, and to the shape of the sinker. 3107. Wil you be good enough to describe the system which you pursue for taking deep-sea sound- ings generally ?—Brooke's system is distinguished by an apparatus for detaching the weight when the bottom is reached, and & specimen of the bottom is by its means procured at each sounding. 3108. Is it the striking of the weight against the bottom that enables you to know that you have reached the bottom ?—Y es. 3109. (Mr. Bidder.) Do you find the reaching of the bottom quite distinctly marked ?—Quite dis- tinctly,- Z З G. Saward, Esq. 12 Jan. 1860. — ad Commander J. Dayman, R.N. 13 Jan. 1860. Commander J. Dayman, R.N. 13 Jan. 1860. 182 3110. Have you any doubt as to the accuracy of the soundings obtained in that manner ?—I have now no doubt of their accuracy. I should state, at the same time, that depths obtained in that manner are somewhat too large, and subject to a correction amounting to about 150 fathoms in 2,000. 3111. To what do you attribute the excess of depth registered from that actually prevailing ?—First, to the difficulty of exactly estimating (by means of noting the intervals of time at which equal portions of line pass out) the moment when the weight reaches the bottom. „ „ # 5 : 8112. ( Chairman.) Are those intervals the intervals of time during the revolving of the machinery? The intervals of time at which equal parts of the line leave the reel, or ship, or boat. | 3113. What correction do you apply to get rid о that anomaly ?—A correction has been found, by sub- sequent experience, in a different mode of obtaining depths. | | 3114. What mode was that ?—By discarding the detaching apparatus of Brooke's, and using instead a large fixed weight, which is lost at every sounding. 3115. Do you mean that you sent down a large fixed weight, and then pulled the cord taut until it broke ?—-I used a large weight, greater than the line could lift off the ground in great depths, and which enabled me, by emploving a strong line, to get the nearest possible approach to a measure of the perpen- dicular depth, the weight being down, and remaining at the bottom whilst the line was tightened. · : 8116. (Mr. Bidder.) Where was the fracture occa- sioned ; had you part of the line weaker than the rest? No, the line was equally strong throughout. 8117. Were you sure that it would break at the bottom close to the weight? No; it might break at any part of the line ; sometimes it was necessary to cut it. | . | | 3118. (Mr. Varley.) Did you ascertain the depth by the cessation of the running out of the line ?—Not always. oo E T T MEE ` 8119. (Chairman.) By hauling it taut ?—By haul- ing it taut, either by the reel or by а number of men, very gradually to its extreme tension. | 3120. (Mr. Bidder.) What weight did you attach to the line? — According to the size of the line em- ployed ; on one occasion 188 lbs, and on another, 100 lbs. of lead. 3121. (Chairman.) What was the size of the line ? —It was contract line made on purpose—-smal] and light ; I cannot give the exact measure of the line, not being now in command of the ship in which the soundings were taken, but have no doubt that a speci- men of it might be easily procured ; there is nothing peculiar about the line. EE E 3122. (Mr. Edwin Clark) Was it a hemp twisted line ?— Yes, made by Messrs. Newall. 3123. You said there were two reasons why the depths you obtained were rather greater than the actual depths. in ascertaining the intervals of time and the length of the line run out. You did not state the second rea- son ?—'The second reason was that in consequence of the weight in the American plan being detached imme- diately that it strikes the bottom, there is no means, excepting by guess, of correcting inaccuracies in the measurement. The weight: being gone, immediately you pull upon the line, it comes up with all its curves, whose lengths are unknown. | 3124. With any belly it may have got ?——With any curves it may have described. | is | 3125. (Mr. Varley.) Supposing a steel wire were used of very small diameter attached to the weight ‘instead of a hempen line, do you think that would give more accurate results than when you use a line One reason was because you had a difficulty MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE with a large surface; it appears to me that the surface of the line is the great difficulty in the way of getting correct soundings ?-—I do not know what you mean by a steel wire. 3126. If instead of attaching a cord to the weight . of, say, one-sixth of an inch in diameter, you attached a fine steel wire of one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter, and let that run out, inasmuch at its surface would be very small compared to that of the cord, would you not get more accurate results than when you used a hempen line ?—I cannot answer the question, never having tried wire; it depends upon its relative weight and strength. If the steel wire could be made of equal strength to the hemp line and of smaller weight, I should suppose that thé accuracy of sounding would be greater with a steel wire than with hempen line. MEL a | | 3127. (Mr. Bidder.) It would be less affected by currents ?—It would be ‘less affected by currents ; but I should say that wires have been tried and have failed in deep sounding from the fact of not being able to know by the time intervals when the weight ceases to descend. | м 3128. (Mr. Varley.) Has not copper wire been generally used for that purpose ?—TIron wire. 3129. (Mr. Bidder.) In taking deep-sea soundings, do not you generally choose calm or moderate weather? Moderate weather is necessary; calm weather is not. 3130. (Chairman.) How long does it occupy to take a sounding in 2,000 fathoms ? - I will quote two examples in the “Gorgon,” one the 15th of October 1858 and the other the 16th,—2,400 fathoms, 4& minutes 1 second; 2,400 fathoms on the next day, 48 minutes 5 seconds. Recently in the “ Firebrand,” with a weight of 100 lbs. and the line before described, the taking a sounding of 2,400 fathoms occupied 47 minutes 48 seconds. 3131. Did you mark the position of the sounding on the chart by means of the dead reckoning ?—By means of astronomical observations and distances run by patent log, and when in sight of land, by bearings. 3132. Then you require clear weather for the pur- pose ?— The stars were employed, and the sun. 3133. (Mr. Bidder.) Did you succeed on any ocea- sion in hauling the line taut in lifting the weight off the bottom before you broke the line?—In no case, in the great depths. 3134. ( Chairman.) In all cases of soundings taken between England and America, did you bring up parts of the bottom ?—Yes, in each sounding. 3135. The bottom consisted of very fine shells, did it not? — The bottom consisted of matter which, for want of & better name, I call ooze. I believe Pro- . fessor Huxley has stated that it is wholly composed of microscopic shells. 3136. The same material of which chalk consists ? Les. 3137. Have you made observations upon the temperature of the bottom? Not in my recent voyage in the * Firebrand,” but before that I made experi- ments in various depths in the North Atlantic. 3138. What temperature did you find the bottom to be ?— The minimum temperature, to the best of my recollection, at about 1,900 fathoms was about 39? Fahrenheit. 3139. In What way were those experiments made? With maximum and minimum self-registering ther- mometers, sent down in copper bottles. 3140. Did you ascertain the tempergture at different depths at the same time by different thermometers ? According to the time that was at my disposal, I sent down two or three bottles at different parts of the line so as to get the temperature at different depths. | 3141. Did you, find. much difference between thé SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. temperatures at the different intervals? es, a great difference. 3142. Can you state what the temperatures were at the different depths in different cases ? what was the temperature of the surface, to begin with ?—I find from my report on board the * Cyclops,"at 1,000 fathoms, the temperature was 40:8? ; at 1,700, 38' 6? ; at 2,320, 39:2? ; and at the surface, 54°. | 3143. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Was any general law established at all with respect to the decrease of the temperature as you described ?—The general law in the North Atlantic, in summer, appears to be, that the temperature decreases regularly from the surface of the sea, to a certain depth (which depth varies according to geographical position), and from thence downwards it either increases or remains the same to any depth whatever. | 3144. Have you experimentally found the depth beyond which the temperature began increasing agnin ?—I do not think that point is sufficiently esta- blished, but I believe it to be, in that part of the Atlantic where the experiments were made, about 1,900 or 2,000 fathoms. 3145. That is merely an opinion, not supported by any positive facts ?—No; the experiments are not sufficiently extensive to establish the point. 3146. (Chairman.) Were you induced from your experiments in the “ Cyclops" to believe that the tem- perature rises after it passes a certain depth ?—From those and other observations made by Sir James Ross, in the Antarctic expedition, under his command. 3147. At what depths were the experiments made in the Antarctic expedition ?—Speaking from memory, I think a number of experiments were made, to about 1,000 fathoms. | 3148. (Mr. Varley.) How did you take the tem- peratures at great depths, did you measure the minimum temperature or the maximum temperature to which the thermometer had been. exposed ? — The ther- mometers having been put into a bucket of the surface water, and their indices brought by a magnet to its temperature, are then sent down to depths previously determined on, and both the minimum and maximum temperatures are read on their return. The accuracy of a determination of the temperature at great depths may in some mensure be tested by noting whether the maximum index has moved; the minimum being the register of the temperature, as it is always colder in the Atlantic in summer, at the bottom than at the surface. 3149. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Does not the great pressure to which the thermometer is subjected at a great depth interfere with its height ?—I think not. 3150. (Chairman.) What arrangement did you make for preventing the shock of the weight striking the bottom from injuring the thermometer ?—I never allowed the thermometer to go to the bottom. | 3151. To within what distance of the bottom ?— Not to within fifty fathoms of it. 3152. (Mr. Varley.) Do you not think thut the apparent decrease of temperature at the increased depth might have been caused to a certain extent by the compression of the bulb of the thermometer, or was any precaution taken by inclosing the ther- mometer in a glass tube, which should bear the pressure and relieve it of that source of error. There is an instrument made by Negretti, indicating the compression of steam which depends upon the com- pression of the glass bulb throwing the mercury up into the tube. It seems to me, that it is possible such a thing might take place with the thermometer, unless precautions. were adopted for relieving the thermometer of the strain by enclosing it in another vessel ? — The thermometers were made expressly for the purpose by Negretti and Zambra, they were enclosed in copper bottles with about an eighth of an 183 inch clear round them. Î do not think it probable that their indications were affected by compression, as faulty thermometers break under the pressure. 3153. Was that copper vessel hermetically sealed before the thermometer was submerged ?2— No; a certain amount of water reached the thermometer. 3154. Then the copper bottle was merely a safe- guard to prevent accidents to the thermometer, and not to relieve it of pressure in any way ?—Not to relieve it of pressure. 3155. (Mr. Saward.) Have your observations tended to any examination of the question of pressure in deep water affecting bodies ?—I made an attempt at experiments of that kind the other day, but I am sorry that I cannot give the results, and can only generally describe the experiments. I sent cubes of wood (oak, elm, and fir) a specimen of each, down to different depths to find out at what depths they would become sodden, and also their specific gravities, when sodden at different depths. ‘These are the only experi- ments that I have made upon pressure. | 3156. Was your mind directed to the question as. to whether a cable would be likely to be injured by being submerged in deep water ?—I never had an opportunity of making experiments with a cable on the subject, 3157. (Chairman.) Did you bring up specimens of the bottom in the Bay of Biscay on your voyage in the “ Firebrand” ?—I did; they were sent to the Admiralty. 3158. Had you any greater depths than 800. fathoms ?— The specimens were sent for, of part of the Mediterranean as well, where the depths reach to 1,500 fathoms and upwards. In the deep sounding which I mentioned just now, as taken in the “ Firebrand,” of 2,360 fathoms in the Atlantie, the bottom was brought up. |. MO BN P. 3159. What was the nature of the bottom in that case )— The same, as far as I could judge, as had been before found by me in the Atlantic, 700 miles further north, on board the “Cyclops.” „ 3160. (Mr. Bidder.) What were the specimens of the bottom of the Mediterranean ?—T^ the naked eye they were mud. I had no microscope, so that I could not decide whether they contained anything else. 3161. (Chairman.) Did you observe any pecu- liarities in the soundings in the Mediterranean which are worthy of notice with reference to an alteration of the bottom since the former soundings ?—I ob- served a great difference in the depths before recorded and my soundings in the Strait of Gibraltar, where they are about half as large as those shown in former English charts. = 3162. Do you attribute that to any alteration of the bottom going on by silting up ?—I am not com- petent to angwer the question. 3163. Or do you think that those differences mav arise from errors of observation in a part of the sea where it was very difficult to obtain soundings, in consequence of the current ? Do you think they can be accounted for by any inequalities of the bottom, and that your soundings may have been taken, for instance, on the side of a hill, where the slightest deviation to the right or left would make a great difference ?—The differences, perhaps, may be ac- eounted for partly iu that way, but not wholly. 3164. Do you think there is any part of the Gut of Gibraltar, which is as deep as it is represented on the Admiralty survey ?—I do not. 3165. Do vour soundings agree with the French soundings ?—They agree with the French soundings, except that we have discovered one single patch of shoal water which has escaped them. 3166. What is the nature of the bottom of the Gut of Gibraltar ?—Dead coral and rock in its western side, and mud to the eastward, near Europa Point. Z4 Commande. J. Dayman R.N. — 13 Jan. 1861 Commander J. Dayman, R.N. 13 Jan. 1850. ———— — 184 3167. Would it be possible to lay a cable in the Gut of Gibraltar from the Atlantie without passing over rock or corul? No. 3168. Would the cable be subjected to strong action of the tide or current ?—I believe it would be subject to the action of a strong current. 3169. (Mr. Bidder.) What is the velocity of the current ?—It is variable, depending upon the strength and the continuation of winds from certain directions. 3170. Within what limits is the velocity ?—The velocity of the surface current varies from two to four and a half knots per hour. 3171. Is there any way of approaching Gibraltar itself from the Atlantic, so as to confine the region of rock to short lengths ?—I pursued a track in the * Firebrand " with that object, which is marked upon the chart sent to the Admiralty. 3172. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Have you ever met with any depth so great that it rendered it impossible to obtain a sounding ?—I have not, in the course of my experience. ` 8173. If there were such depths as four or five thousand fathoms, would it be impracticable to obtain soundings, or where would be the limit do you think ? —It would not be impracticable to obtain a sounding, Ithink; but the accuracy of the measurement obtained by the present method of sounding diminishes in pro- portion to an increase of depth. At the same time, I should state that I have no doubt of the accuracy of depths measured by the plan which I have described 80 far as they go. 3174. (Chairman.) In the course of the soundings from England to Gibraltar, did not you perceive very great inequalities in the depth in certain parts ap- proaching, for instance, Cape Finisterre and when you were nearly off Lisbon ?—Along the whole of the Western Coasts of Spain and Portugal from Cape Finisterre to Cape St. Vincent, the depths decrease very suddenly in approaching the shore, more so than I have found any where else. 3175. More suddenly than in approaching the coast of Ireland ?—Yes. 3176. In what distance did you obtain a decrease of depth ?—Speaking from memory there is, in a dis- tance of three miles, a decrease of depth from 1,430 to 650 fathoms. 3177. A difference of 800 fathoms in three miles ? —Y es. 3178. Can you say at all whether there are cliffs near that part at the bottom of the sea, or whether it is a regular shelving descent ?—I think that it is a regularly shelving descent. 3179. Before attempting to lay a cable in that part of the sea, should you think it desirable to take more soundings, with a view to ascertaining that fact ?—I should not. 3180. Will you inform the Committee whether you have observed any peculiarities about the soundings in the Mediterranean between the coast of Sicily and that of Africa ?—I found the depths of the sea greater there, and more regular, than are marked in some charts. 3181. And therefore you think it possible that some alteration may have taken place in the bottom since that time ?—At first I was led to suppose so; but as the nature of the bottom is of the same character throughout, (soft mud,) I am now in doubt whether the change can be attributed to volcanic action. 3182. Have you had any experience in sounding on the Adventure Bank ?—] have not sounded there. 3183. You are aware that alterations are supposed to go on from volcanic action adjacent to that bank ? —My attention was called to that subject. 3184. You do not think that any similar alteration MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE of the bottom had gone on south of Pantalaria in the line of soundings which you took ?—I think not. 3185. Have you taken any soundings in the North Sea near the coast of Greenland or Iceland, or any- where to the north of the line of soundings for the Atlantic Company ?—No. 3186. Have you had any experience in those scs: ? — have not. 3187. I believe you accompanied the Atlantic expe- dition on each ocension of its proccediug to lay the cable ?—Y es, from the commencement to the end. 3188. What duty was assigned to you ?—My first duty was to sound the ocean across. 3189. That was before any expedition sailed ?— Before the laying of the cable was undertaken. 3190. Then you accompanied the expedition which laid the cable ?—I accompanied the American frigate * Niagara " to Trinity Bay (Newfoundland) with the western half of the cable. 3191. In order to show the way ?—In order to render assistance as it might be required. 3192. Do you consider it essential to the success of laying any long line of ocean telegraph that a pilot vessel should accompany the expedition, or do you think all the observations could be made from the ship which is laying the cable, either across the Atlantic or any line of ocean telegraph where par- ticular attention is required to be paid to the course ? —There was difficulty in steering the “ Niagara” from the passing out of the cable affecting her compasses, 3193. (Mr. Bidder.) Were you at all sufficiently near the “ Niagara” to observe what was going on ?— I was constantly near her. 3194. Did anything strike your mind as to whether any improvement might be introduced in the mode adopted for passing the cable out ?—The paying-out gearin the * Niagara" on the last occasion when the cable was laid appeared to me to be as perfect as pos- sible, and to answer its purpose fully. | 3195. What was the smallest speed at which you went in laying the cable ?—I think never less than from three to fourknots, and as much as seven. 8196. Supposing a vessel could take the whole of a cable on board from America to England, would you prefer leaving the coast of England or the coast of America ?—I should prefer leaving the coast of America. 3197. On account of the prevailing winds ?—On account of the prevailing winds, and of the fogs and ice sometimes met with, which render it difficult and occasionally dangerous to make the coast of America from seaward. 3198. (Chairman.) Was the experience which you acquired in accompanying the Atlantic expedition led you to form any opinion as to the class of cable you would adopt for deep-sea telegraphy, with regard to the facility of paying it out, or otherwise ?—It did not appear to me that there was any difficulty in paying out the Atlantic cable which is now laid; but I think it would be an improvement if a cable of equal strength and of smaller weight could be adopted. 3199. You think it would be desirable for the cable to sink more slowly than that one sank ?—Yes, I think it should sink more slowly. 3200. (Mr. Varley.) Did you observe any peculiar tendency in the Atlantic cable to untwist as it sank in the water ?—I have heard that stated, but I had no means of ascertaining whether it did so or not. 3201. Do you find that hempen log lines untwist much from the action of the water on them when & ship is sailing rapidly ?—I think not. 3202. What is the greatest length to which log lines are generally allowed to go out behind a ship ? —About 500 feet. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 3203. Two hundred yards of log line, when lying out behind a vessel, does not untwist to any material extent by the action of the water ?— Certainly not, in my experience. 3204. (Mr. Saward.) With regard to sounding lines, which are twisted up tightly, I believe, have you observed any action in them ?—Not of untwisting. 3205. Do they come up clear, or in kinks, when they are drawn up ?—' The sounding lines that I have used have come up clear, excepting on two or three occasions, when a greater amount of line has been paid out than the known depth. In these cases the line has coiled on the bottom. 3206. The inference, then, would be, that there is no serious twisting or untwisting ?—There is а rapid spiral motion, which is very evident in the sounding line as it descends, 3207. (Chairman.) Do you attribute that to the friction of the water ?—To the friction of the water acting upon an uneven surface. 3208. (Mr. Saward.) That, if I understand you, does not so interfere with the texture of the line ns to draw it into kinks, or otherwise impair its utility ? —I do not think that the operation of sounding would settle that question, because the moment you pull the line taut after sounding, you get rid of any kinks which may have been taken in whilst going down. 3209. (Mr. Varley.) Would not a log line which frequently lies out behind the ship for a long while, solve that question ?—No ; the log line is only out for a few minutes whilst the ship continues in motion ; and when it is stopped from running, any kinks which may have been taken in are taken out by the strain brought upon it by the ship's continued progress. 3210. If there were any serious twisting action it would untwist the rope entirely, or nearly so?—I have never observed that; nor have I known an instance of a line being untwisted in the operation of heaving the log. 3211. Did you make any experiments in the At- lantic to determine to what depth the Gulf Stream extended. Did you ascertain any law as to the decrease of speed in any one direction. Did you find any depth, or have you any means of indicating whether at any great depth there was a current flowing in the opposite direction? The course of the Atlantic cable lies to the north of any perceptible influence from the Gulf Stream; I have, therefore, made no ex- periments on the Gulf Stream with respect to under- currents, but I am of opinion that in that part of the At- lantic they do not exist, or are not of appreciable force. My reason for believing that is, that on one occasion when a sounding was obtained by me, a much larger quantity of line was paid out than the known depth purposely, and the line was coiled at the bottom nearly to the whole amount of the excess over the depth, showing that it must have descended nearly perpen- dicularly. If under currents had existed they would have carried the line away from the perpendicular in proportion to their strength. 3212. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) How did you ascertain that the line was coiled at the bottom ?—By the part which had lain in coils there coming up covered with ooze ; the interstices of the line were filled up with it toasurprising extent. That occurred twice in the Atlantic, and leads me to believe that there are no appreciable under-currents there; but I have no fur- ther data to give upon this subject. 3213. (Chairman.) Can you give the Committee any opinion as to the practicability of laying a tele- graph to America by Iceland, Greenland, and Labra- dor ; or upon the advantages or disadvantages of such & route, compared with that from the coast of Ireland to Newfoundland ?—I should think that the depth would probably decrease in going north, and approach- ing the Greenland shore; the distance across would 185 also be lessened ; but difficulties might probably arise from grounded ice near the Labrador and Greenland shores, and from icebergs further off. 3214. (Mr. Saward.) Would those difficulties be во great as to induce you to prefer the Irish and Newfoundland route? — In ignorance of the depth, and never having been in that part of the world, I cannot give any opinion worth having. 3215. It was the Antarctic expedition to which you belonged ?—Y'es. 3216. (Mr. Varley.) Do you think it would be possible by means of steam vessels to lay a cable in between the surface ice that floats about in the northern region ?—We laid the cable from the * Niagara" between small icebergs in safety, but that is very different to what is called pack or even pan- cake ice ; I should think that it would be impossible in such ice. 3217. Even if you paid the cable out through the bottom of the vessel ?—I think the floating pieces of ice would snap the cable wherever it was paid from the vessel. 3218. Have you any idea to what depth those pieces of pack ice extend ?—I have not. 3219. (Mr. Saward.) Would not the cable be in continual danger after it was laid from the breaking up of the ice, tearing away portions of the coast and bottom near the coast ?—That would, I think, depend upon the depth near the coast; if the sea is deep, that danger would not probably have to be appre- hended. 3220. І believe at present there exist no surveys of Greenland made with any object that would be analogous or have reference to a case like the laying of the Atlantic cable ?—' The shores of Greenland are well known and laid down in the Admiralty charts ; with regard to the depths, I know nothing of them. 3221. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Is there any descrip- tion anywhere published of the American apparatus for ascertaining depths ?—Lieutenant Maury, of the United States navy, has described the apparatus in his book on Physical Geography, it is also fully described in my report of the voyage in the ** Cyclops," and drawings are there given of it. ' 3222. (Mr. Varley.) You are aware that, electri- cally speaking, it would be very much easier to work through a cable 700 miles in length than it would be through one of 2,000 miles ?— Yes. 3223. Therefore it is a matter of great importance io know whether the northern route is possible on that account alone. Can you suggest any means by which such information can be obtained with respect to the route from the north of Scotland to Iceland, from Iceland to Greenland, from Greenland to La- brador or Newfoundland, both as to laying and to subsequent maintenance of a line in working order. If that route be practicable, it would increase the speed of working through the cable some nine times ? I am not aware of any source whence information can be got excepting from the published Admiralty charts and also from an expedition which I saw in the papers as being in progress by a foreign Govern- ment. 3224. (Mr. Saward.) You are not aware that that expedition is by & foreign gentleman, Colonel Shaffner, on his own account ?— No; that is the only source from which I am aware that information is to be obtained. 3225. (Mr. Varley.) Would you recommend that soundings should be taken or some small pieces of cable should actually be submerged ?—I think that the opinion of officers who have been in the Arctic regions should be taken as to the question of ice near the shore. I believe, (that is,) I have heard or read that on the western side of Davis' Strait, near the land, there is constantly a large mass Fi ice at. all а 13 Jan. 1860. Mr. C. West. 186 ‘seasons of the year, which might be known by refer- ence to captains of whalers, or naval officers who have navigated those seas. I believe also there is a large mass of ice which always remains on shore in Davis' Strait. 3226. Through which you could not get ?— Not except by a doubtful passage; and approach to the Greenland shore is often impracticable. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 3227. (Mr. Saward.) May I gather so much from your evidence as to understand, that at all events, before any large amount of capital were expended in laying a cable in such a route, it would be desirable to have special observations extending over many months, made to determine the practicability of laying and maintaining such a work as а cable ?—I should взу that observations would be necessary on the subject. | Mr. CHARLES West further examined. 8228. (Chairman.) Y believe you are desirous of saying something upon the origin of submarine tele- graphs ?—I am. Since I was examined here the last time, the report of the correspondence between the Treasury, the Foreign Office, the Office of Woods, &c., the Admiralty, and the Submarine Telegraph Com- pany, on the recent convention between that company and the French Government, has been put into my hand, and I am desirous of correcting the mistake that the Messrs. Brett were the originators of the sub- marine telegraph between Dover and Calais. | 3229. What are the facts of the case ?—The facts are these, that in the year 1845 Captain Taylor and myself applied to the British Government, and also to the French Government, I undertaking to apply for the permission from the English Government, and Captain Taylor going over to Paris to get permission from the French Government. I applied first to Sir Robert Peel, and he referred my letter to the Admiralty, and I got from the Admiralty within three days afterwards a letter granting us the permission that we sought for. 3230. Was that in 1845? — This is the official letter dated the 10th of January 1846 :—“ Admiralty, <“ Gentlemen, — Lour letter of the 6th instant * having been referred to this department by Sir * Robert Peel, I am commanded by my Lords Com- “ missioners of the Admiralty to acquaint you that * my Lords have no objection to the proposed under- ©“ taking for establishing an electric telegraph.” I must first state that our application to Sir Robert Peel was to establish a telegraph between the Irish and English coast, and also between Calais and Dover. 3231. Did you make the application to the French Government upon receiving that permission? We made an application to the French Government, at least Captain Taylor went over forthat purpose. 3232. Did the French Government give you leave to lay the cable ?—They did. " 9233. Why did not you lay it ?—An application ‘was first made to the Minister of Marine, who wrote this reply to Captain. Taylor (handing in an original letter). 3234. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) This letter relates to a project for a telegraph between the Mediterranean sea and London ?—Yes ; not only between Calais and Dover, but a continuation from Marseilles to Algeria. ` 8235. (Mr. Varley.) At what date was that appli- cation made to the French Government ? — The application was dated the 21st of January 1846. The letter I have produced in reply is dated the 29th of January 1846. It was not, however, till the begin- ning of April that Captain Taylor had any communi- cation from the Minister of the Interior. | 3236. (Chairman.) Did the Minister of the In- terior accede to your request? There is a subsequent letter on the 4th of April, and one on the 9th, from the Minister of the Interior, wherein he accedes to our proposition under certain conditions. 3237. Why did not you proceed to lay the cable after having received permission to do so ?—In the meantime, during the delay in consequence of the negotiations with the French Government, the par- ties interested were compelled to make other arrange- ments, and therefore they did not carry this pro- ject on. 3238. (Mr. Saward.) This letter refers to an ap- plication to the Minister of the Interior ?2—Үез; that is the letter from the Minister of the Interior. Here is also a letter from Admiral De la Susse to Count D'Orsay, dated the 9th of April 1846, in which he incloses from the Minister of the Interior permission on these three conditions :—“ That you * will justify having the authority of the Admiralty * Board; that you will justify having the funds * necessary to carry out this affair, and that your wire * will stop at Calais, and not traverse France." Those were the conditions upon which the permission was granted to us. 3239. ( Chairman.) You did not proceed to lay the telegraph, because you had not the necessary funds ? No; at that time there would have been no dift- culty whatever about the funds. Subsequently, a portion of the cable was tried, as I have before stated, across Portsmouth harbour, in the presence of Mr. Hay, the referee of the chemical department there. 3240. In what year was this ?—1846. After this an application was made to the Electric Telegraph Company, which application was entertained, and an agreement as to the amount that was to be paid, and everything else was settled; but at the eleventh hour, when the Electric Company went into the matter, they found that they had not the power to carry their wires over the South-Eastern line to Dover, consequently there was a delay. They in- tended to carry it out at some future period, either underground or with the power that they would have from the Brighton line; but while this delay was going on, Messrs. Brett went over to Paris, and instead of asking, as Captain Taylor and myself did, for mere permission, they asked for an exclusive concession, and I was informed that they had it. Of course, when we were prepared to lay ours down, we found that we were debarred from doing so, in consequence of this monopoly having been granted to Messrs. Brett. 3241. (Professor Wheatstone.) Your communications with the Electric Telegraph Company took place two years afterwards, did they not ?~-The communica- tions with the Electric Telegraph Company took place in 1847. E 3242. October 1847 ?—' That was the wind-up ; the communications took place at the latter end of 1846 ; but the negotiation altogether did not close till 1847, ending in the agreement that was made ; but Messrs. Brett obtained the concession from the French Govern- ment in December 1847. 3243. (Mr. Saward.) Were you not, with Captain Taylor, in communication, in 1846, with Mr. Brett as to the use of his patent for this purpose ?—In the year 1846 I was in communication with Mr. Brett. 3244. Were you not negotiating with Mr. Brett for the purchase or use of some patents which he pos- sessed ?—I was negotiating with Mr. Brett at that period for the use of an instrument that never was brought to anything like perfection ; it was Mr. Jacob Brett’s Roman Type Printing Telegraph. 3245. (Chairman.) This letter of the 4th of April ` SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH "COMMITTEE, 7" 1846, from the Minister of the Interior, grants no permission to Jay a telegraph at all ?—No. 3246. (Mr. Varley.) I understand you to state that the present concession of the French Government was obtained by Messrs. Brett upon a statement that they were the originators of the idea of submarine telegraphy ?—Yes. When I was over in Paris I had a letter from the Minister of the Interior. In my interview on the 5th of December, 1858, with M. le Directeur des Lignes Telegraphiques, he stated to me that he thought that my application could not be entertained ; that it was out of the power of the French Government to do so, seeing that they had nearly completed the negotiation with Mr. Brett, and, at all events, that his present concession would not expire till 1862 ; that the Messrs. Brett had made an application for a renewal, of their exclusive pri- vilege for thirty years, which application was under the consideration of the Conseil d'État; that they had also applied for concessions from. Boulogne to Folkestone, Havre to Southampton,.and from some point to the Channel Islands, and that they had under- taken to lay down new lines of their. own from Folke- stone to London, and from Southampton to London ; and that they had claimed the right of preference to lay down any other submarine lines to any other parts of the coast, upon the plea that they were the original projectors of the submarine telegraph. This inter- view took place on the 5th of December, and on the llth of the same month, after my return from Paris, I wrote the following letter to the Minister of the Interior, in the hope that after the favourable con- sideration of my proposal by His Majesty the Emperor I should not be debarred from carrying it out by the renewal of Messrs. Brett's monopoly. 15, Mornington Place, Camberwell New Road, | | London, Dec. 11, 1858. " His Excellency the Minister of the Interior. 1 * Ix my interview on the 6th instant with M. le Directeur des Lignes Telegraphiques on the subject of my nem application to His Majesty the Emperor, to. establish. & telegraphic communication between Brighton and Dieppe,. and Havre and Southampton, and which was forwarded to your Excellency's department with recommendation, I stated that, should the permission I ask be accorded to me, there would be a considerable reduction in the tariff, but I do not think I mentioned the particulars; I beg, therefore, to add, that the proposed reduction will be no less than 33 per cent. upon the present charge for all messages sent to and from every part of England. For instance, the general tariff now- for all messages throughout the United Kingdom to and from France is 7f. 50c.; this would be reduced to a general charge of 5 francs. ? i I was informed by M. le Directeur that Messrs. - Brett had applied for further exclusive privileges from the French Government, upon the plea that they are the originators of submarine telegraphy. I beg to deny the correctness of that plea, and to state most positively and unequivocally that years before Mr. Brett had even thought of the subject I had brought it to practical development. ` As it cannot for one moment be supposed that the Im- perial Government will tax the French and English püblic, and retard the progress of international communication; merely to benefit Messrs. Brett and their friends, I. trust that my application will receive equal consideration. from. your Excellency, as it has already received from His Ma- esty the Emperor, especially when I offer increased faci- ев of telegraphic intercommunication at a reduction ‘of one-third of the cost to the mercantile and general public of the two nations, and at the same time secure an extra source of revenue to the French Government from th telegraphic department, in consequence of the addition correspondence which these increased facilities and reduoed cost will give. а X a Of course I have no wish to interfere with existing privi- leges. All I request is, that I may have the permission F seek, as soon as the concession to Messrs. Brett expires; when I shall be, as indeed I am now, fully repared to carry out the project which has received His Motes the Emperor’s approval, and which, I trust, may meet with the same consideration from your Excellency and the Conseil D' Etat. | | I have the honour to be, Your Excellency's obedient servant, CHARLES WEST. ru p e АА Wednesday, 1st February 1860. PRESENT : Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. The Right Hon. J. STUART Woxrtrer. Mr. С. P. BIDDER. Mr. EDWIN CLARK. Mr. FAIRBAIRN. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. Admiral Horatio AUSTIN, C. B., Admiral Sir James CLARK Ross, | | examined | | ALLEN Young, Esq., 3247. (Chairman to Sir James Ross.) You have had considerable experience in polar navigation ?— Yes, I have passed 10 winters and 20 summers in the polar seas. i 3248. We wish to obtain your opinion upon the practicability of laying a submarine cable from Eng- land to America, either by Iceland or straight to Greenland, and thence to Labrador, instead of laying a submarine line direct across from Great Britain to Newfoundland ? — From what part of England do you intend to start ? 3249. The north coast of Ireland we have thought probably would be the best point to start from ; buta further suggestion has been made, that the line should start from the Shetland Isles, thenco to thé Faroe Islands, and thence to Iceland, or direct from the Shetland Islands to Labrador, leaving the point of departure from England entirely open ? — 'There would be difficulty in laying the cable to the Faroe- Islands on account of the strong tides and whirlpools, and the abrasion of the cable against the rocks would necessarily be very great ; so that at any rate, I think, it would be better to avoid the Faroe Islands, As to Iceland, the same objections apply in a less degree, but with the additional one of the ice coming down along the east and west coasts, which would be very likely to interfere with the cable. | 3250. Even on the south coast of Iceland would it be impossible to find a place to land a cable ?——On the south coast of Iceland there are very strong tides as there are on the Faroe Islands, though not so dan - gerous. 3251. Do the tides set round the island ?—They come from the north along both shores, and at the south they form into eddies. | | AR 3252. Is the ice cast on shore at the south side by; those eddies ?—It is not cast on shore; the greater portion of the ice is upon the east and west sides of А а 2 Mr. C. West. 13 Jan. 1860. Admiral Sir J. C. Ross, Admiral H.Austin C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. Admiral Sir J. C. Ross, Admiral H. Austin, C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. 188 Iceland; the pressure is not great upon the south side. 3253. (Mr. Fairbairn.) Would not the pressure of the ice be great on the north ?—Yes. There would be no possibility of landing & cable on the north shore ; it is scarcely ever free from ice. 3254. (Chairman.) If the icebergs did not ground to the south of Iceland, do you think the ice would be liable to injure the cable ?— The cable would be liable to be injured by the ice drifting along the coasts. 3255. By floating, grounding, or would the mere shore ice be likely to injure it?—There is no fixed shore ice there, as there is on the Labrador coast ; but the ice in drifting past might destroy the cable if very heavy. It is generally deeper ice there than : anywhere else, but there are no icebergs to interfere with the cable ; the icebergs are all on the west side of Greenland. On the east side of Greenland there is none formed. 3256. Therefore Greenland is not exposed to ice ? — [he east coast of Greenland is not exposed to ice- bergs, but is inaccessible on account of the floe ice. 3257. Then the ice you have mentioned is floe ice or flat ice ?—Y es. 3258. To what depth ?—Generally from 15 to 20 feet ; it may be sometimes as much as 30 feet. 3259. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Does the ice actually form upon the shore ?—U pon the south coast of Ice- land it does not, but it comes down upon the north and west coasts, and becomes fixed there in the winter season. 8260. (Chairman.) If I understand, you would not recommend a cable being laid to Iceland ?—I should certainly not recommend a cable being laid to Iceland. I should prefer laying a cable from some part of Scotland to Rockall in about 13 or 14 longitude, and then from Rockall I would go direct to Cape Farewell in Greenland. 3261. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you know what that distance would be ?—I do not know exactly, about 900 miles. 3262. (Mr. Fairbairn.) Would not there be some danger at Cape Farewell, of the ice floating down there, round the east coast? — There would be danger, but as you cannot land on the east coast, you must go round the cape and land it on the west, or rather, south-west, coast, where the ice does not come in with so much force. There are several fiords, between Cape Farewell and Cape Desolation, some one of which might be suitable. 3263. (Chairman.) How far is Rockall from Scot- land ?—I think about 300. 3264. You would go round Cape Farewell, if I understand you, into some of these little inlets?— Les, Julianeshaab or Fredericshaab. 3265. Between Cape Farewell and Cape Desola- tion? — Yes, the Danes have a colony at Julianeshaab. 3266. Do you think that it would be necessary to carry the cable inside the Straits of Belleisle ?—I should think it would be better to take it higher up the Labrador coast. 3267. Have you no fear of the icebergs or floating ice cutting it ?—Yes, there is the great danger; the most difficult part would be laying the cable to the coast of Labrador, I think. 3268. The suggestion about the straits of Belleisle was assuming that the icebergs did not ground off the mouth of the river St. Lawrence ?—I am not aware how that is. I understood that the intention was to have gone much further north, but I think there is a great objection to that. Parallel with the coast of Labrador there is à bank of rock and sand, in latitude 574° N., extending 30 or 40 miles. I have crossed it on two occasions ; the depth is only 60 fathoms. A long line of icebergs was aground upon MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE that bank, which it would be necessary to avoid. How far it extends to the southward I cannot tell. 3269. Does that bank extend as high up as Cape Chudleigh ?—I do not know. I crossed it south of Cape Mugford, near Okak, the Moravian settlement. 3270. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In which direction does that bank extend from Cape Mugford ?—It ex- tends both ways; it is parallel with the coast both north and south. The line of icebergs marks the shoal, because they always ground upon it; you can tell the position of the shoal by the grounded icebergs. 3271. (Chairman.) It has been stated that there is & bank running from near the coast of Greenland across the mouth of Davis’s Straits towards the coast of Labrador, which prevents icebergs of more than a certain size passing to the southward; is that correct, according to your experience ?—-I am not aware of any such bank. I do not believe that there is any such bank in existence. (Admiral Austin.) I think if you had a chart showing the soundings, it would point out all that portion of the shoal water where icebergs would ground. (Admiral Fitzroy.) According to the latest Ad- miralty charts, that part has never been sounded; there are no soundings published at present that are not laid down in one or other of those two charts. (Sir J. Ross.) Captain Washington has a chart with a number of soundings, that I gave him, which are not on either of those charts. I had them put on to a chart myself in manuscript. 3272. (Chairman.) Do you recollect generally what those soundings were ?—No. 3273. Did they exceed 1,500 fathoms ? We were not in the habit at that time of sounding such great depths; the greatest depth was 1,000 fathoms. 3274. Was the depth under 1,000 fathoms It was above 1,000 fathoms; at 1,000 fathoms we did not strike the ground. 3275. Upon the whole, your opinion seems to be rather adverse to & line carried by the coast of Green- land ?—I think it would be a very difficult route. 3276. And be very liable to injury ?—Very liable toinjury. I can scarcely give an opinion upon it, because there might be deep water from Cape Fare- well to some part of the Labradore coast, with which I am unacquainted, where a cable might be landed ; certainly not to the northward of Cape Mugford. 3277. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is the farthest point northward where you think there would be any chance of landing & cable ?—I am not able to judge; as far as I saw, the icebergs grounded north and south. 3278. You actually saw 13 or 14 miles of ice? Certainly, 20 miles each way. Further to the south ihat bank may cease, and the cable might be laid in deep water, so as to prevent the icebergs touching it. 3279. Do you think it possible to judge of the practicability of laying a cable across these seas without а more accurate survey of the bottom ?—I think it would be very unwise to attempt it. The first step should be to get a line of soundings. 3280. (Mr. Fairbairn.) Have we any record of soundings from Scotland to Cape Farewell, so as to ascertain the possibility of laying & cable in that direction ?—No, I do not think we have. I do not know of any such line of soundings. It is certainly 1,000 fathoms deep in some parts and it may be 2,000 for what we know. (Admiral Austin.) I should think under any cir- cumstances where you are going to lay a cable in the locality of ice it would be most important to have soundings taken. Wherever there are icebergs the most certain mode of avoiding them would be to lay the cable in the deepest water. 3281. (.Mr. Fairbairn.) Would it not be very un- safe and uncertain to lay a cable in any case unless you had soundings ? SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. (Admiral Austin.) Yes, particularly where there was ice. 3282. (Mr. Stuart Wortley to Sir J. Ross.) Is there & current known by the name of the Spitzbergen current ?—Yes, it is a reflection of the Gulf Stream which comes round to the east and north of Spitz- bergen and then passes to the southward between Iceland and Greenland. 3283. Does it run down the east coast of Green- land to the extreme southward of Cape Farewell ? ` —Y es, and after passing the Cape, it runs up into Davis's Straits, as far as Queen Anne's Cape, where it meets the Baffin's Bay current, and is turned by it to the south, along the coast of Labrador. 3284. Is not there a quantity of drift wood brought down from Arctic Asia ?—Yes, the drift wood is Janded on the coast of Spitzbergen in tiers five or six feet high ; along the whole line of coast the piles upon the beach would be ten or twelve feet in breadth. 3285. Is any drift wood cast upon the coast of Greenland ?—I do not know; we always met drift wood when we got into this stream; we saw trees floating about, but I do not think it is cast upon the shore because the current turns round Cape Farewell and runs north again; but it does not go so close in shore as to land much drift wood. 3286. It does not go round the coast upon the west side ?--No ; as soon as it reaches Queen Anne’s Cape, the current brings it down upon the coast of La- brador. 3287. Does not the drift wood occasionally become the nucleus of large ice-fields ; does not it get frozen together ?—-No, I have never seen any in that con- dition. 3288. (Chairman.) Have you visited the coast of Labrador sufficiently to be able to say whether there are indentations which would be favourable to the landing of a cable ?—No, I have only landed at one place in Labrador, that is Okak, the Missionary es- tablishment to the south of Cape Mugford. 3289. There appeared to be fiords or deep indenta- tions ?—Yes, but you could not avoid the bank. It would not do to attempt to land a cable there. 3290. (Chairman.) The fiords are not favourable places for the landing of a cable ?—( Admiral Austin.) Not where the ice is formed. | 3291. (To Sir J. Ross.) From what do the ice- bergs form ?——The icebergs form from the glaciers ; in the northern part of Baffin's Bay there is & vast extent of coast, where the whole country is covered with ice, and there is not a particle of land to be seen amongst it. These vast glaciers gradually slide down and break off, in pieces of various shapes and sizes, and form the icebergs. 3292. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is termed pack- ice ? — That which is formed on the sea ; tbe other is snow-ice. 3293. Is there also another description called floe- ice ?—Yes. 3294. Does that form in the fiords ?—Yes. 3295. Does it reach the shore in the fiords ?—Yes, in Greenland and the northern parts of Labrador. 3296. Are not the icebergs, generally speaking, floating in deep water ?—Yes, they must be. 3297. The floating icebergs are in deep water where a cable might be safely laid, nevertheless ?— Yes ; if you can have deep water to the shore, say 200 or 300 fathoms, you may be quite sure that the cable will not be disturbed by icebergs. 3298. Would not there be a risk of the cable being disturbed where it came to the shore ?—That must be guarded against. If you can get it to the shore, it must be protected in some way, so that the floe-ice cannot get to it. | 3299. (Chairman.) At what depth do you think a cable would be safe from icebergs ? I suppose there is some limit to the depth ?—By the time icebergs get so far south, they are seldom more than 150 feet bove and 150 fathoms below the surface of the sea. 3300. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) As soon as the ice- 189 berg floats, the cable is safe, I presume ?—Yes, if it is at the bottom. | (Admiral Austin.) If you have shallower water to the northward, it is reasonable to suppose that the cable would be safe, the ice drifting south. 3301. (Admiral Fitzroy to Sir J. Ross.) Has it occurred to you that all these fiords are comparatively deep in the middle ; that at each point of the fiord there is a projection of rock or land, and that no ice- berg, in passing by it afloat, can touch the bottom of the fiord, because it must go over the shoal which booms it off, as it were, to a distance ; it would pass from point to point, in drifting down, and must leave the hollow bottom of the fiord untouched ?—Yes, of course. 3302. Another matter has, I dare say, occurred to you, that while an iceberg is afloat, it does not carry up anything from the bottom with it ?—No, it ploughs deep grooves in the bottom as it passcs along. 3303. Not, I think, as long as it is floating, and not touching : the moment it moves it would separate from the bottom. If a cable is lying on the bottom the iceberg is but pressing it down for a time, the moment that iceberg floats it rises, and then it drops the cable ; there is nothing of an adhesive nature in ice. When once afloat it passes on without moving the cable. If then the fiords have spurs on each side, and a drift of ice passes along the shore from spur to spur, being boomed off, as we should say, by these projections, there could be no injury to anything lying at the bottom. "These fiords almost invariably are filled with silt or detritus of some kind, and have a safe way out to sea. You are probably aware that Americans have lately been examining these fiords at the south part of Greenland with a special object, and that the report made by the officer in charge of the vessel is that he has found no difficulty whatever in taking a cable or a telegraphic wire up the middle of these fiords. He does not allude to the question of ice floating or grounding, but he simply states the fact that he finds it easy to take a line up the middle of these fiords. I would ask you, having seen these places, whether the idea that the bottom of the fiords would be safe as a place of deposit for a cable is inconsistent with your practical knowledge of them ? —I do not think that any cable would be safe where there was a liability for the icebergs to ground; the bottom of the iceberg is not always smooth ; some- times there are large hooks or prongs at the bottom, which would catch hold of anything ; they go scraping along the ground, and would carry the cable away. (Admiral Austin.) They are also subject to turn from the effect of the tide or weather making them lighter. (Sir J. Ross.) It would not be safe to lay a cable where icebergs have a chance of touching it in any way. (Admiral Fitzroy.) My belief is that no iceberg could touch the middle of the fiords, because it must first pass the spurs; if it had not draft enough to touch the projections near the fiords, it seems to me quite clear that in going from point to point it must pass over the deeper interval between without touching. 3304. (Mr. Stuart Wortley to Sir J. Ross.) Do not the fiords get gradually shallower as they go inland ?—Generally they do. 3305. At the mouth of the fiord, I think I under- Stand you to say, there would be some considerable danger from the floe-ice ?— That must be provided against in some way, certainly. 3306. Does not that ice break up every spring ?— Yes. | 3307. Would not it be likely to carry away anything frozen in it ?—Yes; if you landed the wire at the head of a fiord, for instance, it would be necessary to cut off the ice from wire in the spring, before it broke away. 3308. Would not the ice come again the next winter ?— Tes, and you must do the same again; you must cut it every spring. 3309. (Chairman.) Does not ice = Ше а Admirat Sir J. C. Rosa, Admiral H.Austin,C. B. A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. Admiral Sir J. C. Ross, i Admiral H. Austin, C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. ‚190 streams going out from the shore?—Yes; and it covers the surface of the whole fiord. 3310. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) I have an article in the “Cornhill Magazine," entitled ** The Search for * Sir John Franklin," written by some officer connected with the expedition, in which he states :—“ We left * Aberdeen on July 1, 1857, and after a favourable * run across the Atlantic, we made our first acquaint- * ance with the Arctic seas, when near the meridian “ of Cape Farewell, by falling in with the drift-wood * annually brought from Arctic Asia by the great * current known as the Spitzbergen current ; the * shattered and mangled state of these pine logs * bearing evidence of their long water-and-ice-borne “ drift. This great Arctic current brings masses of * ice from the Spitzbergen seas at seasons, completely “ filling up the fiords, harbours, and indentations on * the south coast of Greenland, and often in a pack * extending for 100 miles southward of Cape Fare- * well" Is that consistent with your experience? Not quite. I have never known the pack to fill up the harbours north-west of Cape Farewell. If a cable were to be landed there it would be free from the liability to great pressure, at any rate ; there would be only drift ice, and that drift ice would not enter into the fiord or harbour which you would select for your cable. 3311. The point I am drawing your attention to is that the ice fills up the fiords on the south coast of Greenland, and does not at the west ?—'There is no south coast strictly speaking ; you probably include the coast between Cape Farewell and Cape Deso- lation, more properly a south-west coast. Perhaps Mr. Young will state where he got his information. ` (Mr. Young.) My information is obtained from yours. All we know of the east coast is from Captain Graah, and principally from Sir James Ross’s notes. (Sir J. Ross.) The east coast is out of the question entirely. 3312. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you call the south-west ? (Mr. Young.) Round about Cape Farewell. 3313. (Chairman.) Would you include the coast from Cape Farewell to Cape Desolation ?—Not so far to the west as that ; as far as Jullianshaab. 3314. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Was your information derived from others ?—From information from the natives. : 3315. Upon which you have every reason to rely? — Yes, and from seeing the ice there ourselves. 3316. In the fiords ?—No, we only went through the off-lying pack. I believe, after September, there is no ice whatever on that coast. 3317. It forms in the winter, and breaks away in the spring ?—No, it was foreign ice completely. It comes down from Spitzbergen, where it breaks up in January, and comes round the eastern coast. 3318. (Sir J. Ross.) Did you land at Julianeshaab ? At Fredericshaab. 3319. What time did you land? — About the middle of July. | | 3320. It would be clear enough then ?—We had difficulty in getting inside it. 3321. (Chairman.) Would not Fredericsbaab be blocked with ice coming from the north? No, from the south. 3322. (Adm. Austin.) It is merely temporary, I suppose ?—It is always so during the summer. It begins, I apprehend, off Cape Farewell, at the end of January or the beginning of February, and from that time to the end of August it is contiuually streaming round that coast. 3323. (Chairman.) Does the ice always block up Jullianshaab ?—Yes.* : 3324. (Admiral Austin.) Are the icebergs off the * “It frequently happens that vessels bound to Jullianshaab from Copenhagen are obliged first to put into some harbour more to the northward, and wait until the ice is so much dis- persed round the South Coast that they can continue their voyage to Jullianshaab."—Zrminger on the Arctic Current. KY. ыг -the west coast of America. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE land ?—No, not icebergs, but heavy ice, sometimes as thick as 40 or 50 feet. 3325. (Admiral Fitzroy.) Do you suppose that the ice which floats round the coast grounds in the depths or blocks up the depths of the fiords, or that it hangs in the trough of the fiords from point to point in masses without touching the depth between. If it moves along the coast, it appears to me clear that it cannot touch ground in the water, which is deeper than that which must stop it and prevent it from going on. Lallude to the projecting points. If the ice passes . the projecting points clear it cannot have depth enough to touch the hollows between ?—I think you are supposing that those points have spurs off them. 3326. That such points have ridges running out under water I have found in most similar cases where there are projections. I am told by persons who have been there that those fiords are very much like the fiords on the coast of Norway, and the fiords on Tierra-del-Fuego and other places of similar geological structure may be instanced where there is very deep water in the middle with steep shores and projecting points run- ning out to some distance? — (Mr. Young.) My opinion is that the ice does not ground at all on that coast. I have seen it lying up against the precipitous rocks. 3327. (Admiral Fitzroy.) But not touching the bottom at all ? {Sir J. Ross.) This is a very bold const ; we sailed past Cape Farewell on one occasion at about 25 miles distant, and we could see no ice, and on returning another year, at the end of October, we came close in by Cape Desolation, but we could see no ice. | | 3328. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) If the icebergs or floe ice, as Admiral Fitzroy supposes, passed without grounding through the chops of the fiord, then a south wind or a south-west wind would necessarily blow it into the fiord till it did ground? (Mr. Young.) Yes, it would go right against the rocks; i. e., would lie afloat against the precipitous rocks. 3329. Supposing it entered the mouth of the fiord, then it would proceed till it grounded ?—Yes, at the head of the fiord. | 3330. And would injure anything at the bottom? No, I do not think it would have sufficient way on it; it might plough the bottom up a little; but the bottom would be composed of mud and detritus, into which the cable would sink deeply. P (Sir J. Ross.) We beat up along this coast several days against & northerly wind, close in with the land on purpose to take advantage of the current; we generally stood in to within two or three miles of the shore. E 3331. (Mr. Young.) You did not see the pack 7 No, we saw no pack. (Sir J. Hoss.) We stood off 10 or 15 miles. (Admiral Austin.) In my experience the ice has not been hung upon this shore, but that thera has been open water between it and the pack. | 3332. (Chairman to Sir J. Ross.) Do you think that these spurs, which Admiral Fitzroy mentions as stretching out from the eoast on each side of the fiord into the sea, would not become by the time they get some little distanee from the land, if the current set past them continually, abraded ‘so as to form a uni- form depth at a very little distance out ?—This coast is so very perpendicular that we never could get soundings when we were within two or three miles of land, less than 200 or 300 fathoms, so that there are probably no such things as these spurs along this coast. 3333. If there are any spurs they would be solid rock ?— Les. 3334. And go precipitately down very soon after they threw off teh ice ?— Yes. . {Admiral Fitzroy.) The geological character of that coast is said to be that there are intervals between one ridge and another, as there are valleys between heights on the- land; the ridge projects to a cera tain distance under water ; that ridge is solid rock, generally primitive rock, and water: washing. ‘past it ‘SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, either way crumbles it-away by degrees very slowly ; it is not at all like a projecting bank of sand, shingle, or mud. For instance, on one of the most exposed coasts in the world, Tierra-del-Fuego, many such ridges have their detached rocks or pinnacles project- ing to some distance off, so much so that it is a maxim with the sailors accustomed to those seas that you must give every point a wide berth, because you never know what rocks there may be projecting from it under water, though when the point is passed you have deep water. 3335. (Mr. Fairbairn.) Assuming it to be the case that these projecting points come out under the water if an iceberg floating along the coast came in contact with them the result would be that it could not pass, it would float into the deeper water, it must either go round the point or else be carried clear out into the stream. | | | aD (Admiral Fitzroy.) If the wind were very strong it would prevent ice from passing the point in the first instance, because pressed hard against it. If ice assed the point it must be by wind, a current taking it past: that current would continue along the coast from point to point. If the iceberg is drifted by the wind, it will go on with the wind along the coast. 3336. (Mr. Stuart Wortley) You mean that the iceberg will be carried across the mouth of the fiord ? —(Admiral Fitzroy.) Yes ; the current always goes from one headland to another, supposing the water to be uniformly deep. "The general characteristic of those fiords, which are only valleys under water, is that you can get no anchorage, or even no sounding in the middle, and that you must go very close to the land on either side, or very far up to get hold of the ground at all. . | (Mr. Fairbairn.) It is quite clear that the great difficulty in laying a cable will be, not the nature of the coast, but the icebergs or floating ice. 3337. (Admiral Austin.) Do not you suppose that we are indebted for the depth in such channels in some measure to the formation of heavy ice and its sub- sequently tearing up the bottom ?—{ Admiral Fitzroy.) Not at all, in my opinion. 3338. (Chairman.) In the northern seas, you mean ?—(Admiral Austin.) Yes. Under these cir- cumstances the ice clears away the shallow part. 3339. (Mr. Stuart Wortley to Sir J. Ross.) Inde- pendently of icebergs does not ice form in the fiords themselves ?—Yes. . | 3340. Can you tell us what is the general character of the south-west of Greenland; you say that it is bluff and precipitous; do the rocks extend out into the sea ?—' There are many small islands and rocks lie off the main coast. - 3341. The probability is that it is a rocky bottom ? II think most likely it is; I cannot speak of it with certainty. Ta TN pt 3342. In the 12 miles of Atlantic cable which have lately been raised in Newfoundland, it has been found to be laid on & rocky bottom ; consequently it has been injured throughout, but more in places where there was iron in the composition of the rocks, or copper in the composition of the rocks. Speaking generally, where it was laid in mud or sand it came to the surface quite perfect, from a depth of 150 fathoms ; and wherever it laid upon rock it was in- jured, and rendered utterly useless. Taking that into account, do you think there is any part of the south west of Greenland where you can avoid a rocky bottom ?—I have no means of judging. „ (Ar. Young.) There is the Tallert Bank, 28 miles to the north of Fredericshaab. — . - | | 3343. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Is that bank in the open sea or in a fiord ? | (Mr. Young.) Right in ler. ' (Sir J. Ross.) There is a bank, I do not mean the Victoria Bank, —where the “Conqueror,” 74, struck during the American war. It is just to the north of Holsteinburg, and extends a considerable the open sea, facing the 191 distance off. We had only three or four fathoms on that bank. К 3344. (Chairman to Sir J. Ross.) There are two things to be guarded against in laying a ‘cable in these seas ; one is the ice, and the other is placing it upon a rocky bottom, where it is subject to movement from the tide or current, causing a continual abrasion, which would of itself destroy the cable. For exam- ple, the cable which was laid for the Channel Islands was destroyed by the current moving it backwards and forwards upon a rocky bottom ?—No doubt ; where there is a strong current it is always a difficulty. 3345. Are not the points of the fiords subject to strong currents ?—Yes, most of them are. 3346. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Have you any means Admira! Sir J. C. Ross Admiral H. Austin, C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. of knowing the depth to which the Spitzbergen current | reaches ?—] have not the least notion. 3347. As it appears to be a current of enormous force, does not it probably run very deep ?—It is not a current of very great force ; perhaps two miles an hour. I should not think it was any very great depth, but that is quite a matter of speculation. 3348. It is generally supposed that if a cable is sunk as deep as 150 fathoms it finds repose and tran- quillity ?—Y es, it is free from the action of tide and waves. . 8349. (Admiral Fitzroy.) May {ask whether the bottom of an iceberg, in your opinion, is of the same character, with respect to hardness, as the part ex- posed to the atmosphere, which we know is capable of scratching rocks ?—That depends very much upon the character of the berg. Some bergs are perfectly flat, which we call table-land bergs. "Those are very even at the bottom, and they generally keep nearly the same level, but others are awkward-shaped masses, that keep turning over and over again every day; therefore the character of the ice in these must be tbe same in every part, | 3350. At any given moment, taking an iceberg of any shape,—is the part that is immersed deepest below the water in the same condition as the part above the water ?—It depends upon whether the ‘water or the air is the warmer of the two, that is whether the decomposition is taking place from above or below. 3351. Is not the water in those latitudes at the depth of an iceberg always above the freezing point ? No, not always; it is seldom above the freezing oint. , i 3352. Has it ever been found below the freezing point by any authentic experiments ?—Below the freezing point of fresh water. = 3353. Below the freezing point of salt water?—No, never below that, or of course it would not remain water, the temperature of the surface of the sea is 28° pretty nearly, when the thermometer in the sun may be 50° or 60°. 3354. Is it 28° at the surface or below ?—At the surface. . 3355. What has it been below ?—There has been no great difference to the depth of 50 or 60 fathoms, 3356. So far as the results of sounding hitherto have gone is anything recorded showing that the temperature of the sea at 10 or 20 fathoms is lower than 30° ?—Yes, we have frequently had it at 100 fathoms down to 29°. 3357. (Chairman.) Where ?—In Baffin’s bay. 3358. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is the freezing point of salt water ?—28°, | ` 8359. (Mr. Fairbairn.) We want a good series of experiments upon this subject, we have no accuraté experiments to prove at what depths you have dif- ferent temperatures ?—(Admiral Austin.) It has beén a puzzling point even to those who have been engaged in it. | | 3360. (Chairman to Sir James Ross.) Have not you made several experiments with regard to the temperature of the sea ?—Yes, I have made them in the southern regions but not in the northern. | 9361. What were the genera] results of your ex- А а 4 Admiral Sir J. А С. Ross, Admiral H. Austin, C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. 192 periments in the southern regions ?—They were sym- metrical and followed a clearly established law. 3362. Will you be good enough to give the law that you found established ? — During the many thousand years that the earth has revolved on its pre- sent axis, the ocean has been absorbing heat from the sun, especially at the equator, where its rays are most powerful. There the temperature of the surface of the sea at the present time is about 80°; this temperature diminishes very rapidly in descending below the surface for the first few hundred fathoms, and then very slowly to a great depth. Thus the surface temperature is 80:0 At 150 fathoms below the surface, 54 0 At 300 - 2: 46:0 At 450 $ » 44:0 At 600 T 8 42۰8 At 750 5 ўў 41:4 At 900 if И 40:8 At 1,200 И * 40-0 At 1,500 i А 39 · 5 At 1, 800 55 - 89:5 At 1,950 n 5 39:5 At 2,100 5 " 39:5 This temperature of 39°°5, which I believe continues to the greatest depth, I call the normal temperature of the ocean. In proceeding southward from the equator the surface temperature diminishes at first very slowly to the 50th degree of south latitude, and then very rapidly to the 56th degree, where the normal temperature of 39:5 is found at the surface. In this parallel of latitude, therefore, the ocean has never absorbed heat from the sun, its rays have been deflected ; and beyond this latitude the heat has been continually radiating into space from the seam. It is further evident that about this parallel of latitude there is & belt or circle round the earth, where the normal temperature of the sea obtains throughout its whole depth, forming a boundary or kind of neutral ground between the two thermic basins of the ocean. This circle was crossed by the Antarctic expeditio on seven different occasions, and on different meridians, and experiments obtained, in which there was not the smallest difference of temperature of the sea from the surface to the depth of 2,000 fathoms. This temperature of 39:5 I believe to be the original temperature of the ocean at the creation of the waters that cover the sea, partially disturbed by the absorption of heat from the equator to the 56th degree of latitude, and by the radiation of heat to the southward of that parallel. We ac- cordingly find that beyond the 56th degree of latitude the surface temperature gradually diminishes to the latitude of 65? S., where it attains the lowest possible temperature of 28?. There the normal temperature is found to be about 800 fathoms below the surface. This circle of normal temperature of the southern ocean is a standard point in nature, which would afford to philosophers of future ages the means of ascertaining if the globe we inhabit shall have under- gone any change of temperature, and to what amount during the interval. These observations also force upon us the conclusion that the internal heat of the earth exercises no influence upon the temperature of the ocean, or we should not find any part of it in which it was equable from the surface to the great depths we have reached, à new and important fact in the physics of our globe. 3363. (Admiral Fitzroy.) From 28° at the surface the temperature increases as you go down deeper ?— Yes, after you pass this point where absorption ter- minates and radiation begins, till at length you come to a point where the surface temperature comes to 28° ; then nature puts on a covering of ice, which is a non-conductor, and the nearer you get to the pole this ice gets thicker and thicker, and prevents any further radiation, 3364. There is & point at which 28? continues to the bottom from the surface ?—No ; but from 28? you go down to 700 or 800 fathoms before you reach tho normal point. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 3365. But with 28? ?—Yes; then it gets warmer by degrees as you descend. 3366. Are there any observations recorded which show a temperature of 28? as low as 100 fathoms be- low the surface ?— think you will see them in Parry's voyages. 3367. I have searched for temperatures, at great depths, specially ; but I have found none lower than those taken by the Americans in their deep-sounding expeditions, and by Captain Cochrane at various places, as well as under the Gulf Stream, In none of the Arctic voyages have I yet found any records of iemperatures at very great depths; they are given, frequently near the surface? — (Admiral Austin.) You are aware that there is great difficulty about it. (Sir J. Ross.) The temperatures were never taken in those days at great depths; seldom below 300 fathoms. 3368. ( Mr. Fairbairn.) If Iunderstand you rightly, it appears thatthe point of uniform temperature varies as you go north; you have to go to a greater depth to get from 28° to 29? ?——From 39° it goes on gra- dually diminishing till you come to 28° in latitude 66°, then if you go on for 300 miles further, of' course the temperature does not diminish any more at the surface, but the temperature of 28? is found much below the surface. 3369. Supposing you have 28? at 100 fathoms in depth, the temperature gradually increases to 39?, and at 1,000 fathoms you get to 39?, then it becomes uniform ?—Yes. 3370. Supposing you went 10? further south, have you ever found 28° at a great depth ?—So long as you have got the warm water beneath, it compensates the radiation, and keeps it at 28° to a considerable depth; going further south again you get 28? at 40 fathoms then to 60, then to 100 fathoms ; the depth of water at 28? increases until the formation of ice on the surface begins, and you go to a great depth before you arrive at the normal temperature. 8371. (.Admiral Austin.) How did you obtain the temperatures ?—By self-registering thermometers. 3372. (Chairman.) Did you take the temperature at a depth below 300 fathoms? — Yes, below 2,000 fathoms; the self-registering thermometers were made on purpose for me ; those supplied when I sailed broke under the pressure of 700 fathoms; I wrote for others, and they stood the pressure of more than 2,000 fathoms. 3373. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) I think I collect from you as regards the route by Iceland, that there would be great difficulty in landing & cable on the coast of Iceland on account of the currents and whirlpools, but not so much on account of the ice ?— There would be also a difficulty from the ice, but that is not so material It might be overcome. 3374. On the east coast of Greenland you think that the landing of a cable would be impossible from the ice, and even on the south or west coast it would be very hazardous ?—It would be attended with diffi- culty and require some judgment in the selection of a proper place. 3375. (Mr. Fairbairn.) The difficulty of landing on the south coast of Greenland would not be so great as on the south coast of Iceland ?—No. 3376. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) On the east coast of Labrador you think it would be impossible to land a cable off Cape Mugford ?—I think it would not be safe to land a cable anywhere to the north of Nain where there is a missionary settlement. 3377. Are you sufficiently acquainted with the coast of Labrador to the south of that to be able to give any opinion ?—No, I know nothing about it. 3378. That may be of the same difficult nature as the rest you have seen ?—It may, and therefore points to the necessity of a previous examination. 3379. (Mr. Fairbairn.) Do not you think it may be possible to land a cable in a quiet bay or creek ?— I think looking at the chart that you might get into Hamilton Inlet from Cape Farewell I think very SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, likely that might be the case. You might thus keep the cable in deep water the whole distance. 3380. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Is not the coast of Labrador a very rocky coast ?—Yes, it is a sandy bottom mixed with outlying rocks and islands; all the soundings give sand, but there is a great number of rocks and islands sticking up amongst the sand. 3381. You might perhaps cheat the rocks ?—You would have to sound ycur way very carefully, but I think that the most promising looking place upon the chart from Cape.Farewell is to Hamilton Inlet. 3382. Do you know the Faroe Islands ?—No, I have passed them, that is all; we were very nearly running against them once, but were swept away by the strong tides. 3383. Is that coast a very rocky coast ?—Yes, very rocky. 3384. Are there any points standing out of the sea indicating reefs or anything of that sort? We could not see anything of the kind, except the whirlpools, which always indicate rocks under water, but we were only there for a short time; the accounts given of them make me fear that they would be very un- desirable places to touch at under any circumstances. 3385. Are not they Danish territory ?—Yes. 3386. And Greenland also is Danish territory ?— Yes. 3387. ( Chairman.) Have not the Danish Govern- ment granted a concession to lay a telegraph from Denmark to the Faroe Islands ?—Yes ; Sir John M'Neil told me that they had granted it to him. 1t appears to me that from Rockall to Cape Farewell, and from Cape Farewell to Hamilton Inlet is the best course. | 3388. You think that is the most feasible, but you do not seem to have much confidence in laying a cable in that direction ?—No, unless it was very desirable, in that case the difficulties might be over- come. 3389. (Chairman.) You think the difficulties are at least equal or even more than equal to laying a cable across direct to Newfoundland ? —Certainly, much greater. 3390. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) The bottom, hetween Newfoundland and Ireland, although not perfectly surveyed, has been to a considerable extent surveyed, and the depths accurately laid down by Lieutenant Morse ?—I am not aware of it. 3391. There is what is commonly called Lieutenant Morse's plateau ?—Those soundings were proved to be inaccurate. Captain Dayman obtained a very ac- curate line of soundings where the telegraph cable now lays, but would be no guide in the present in- quiry. 3392. Apart from telegraphic cables os well as with reference to them, do not you think it is of great importance that the Government should make thorough surveys of the depths of the Atlantic ?— I think it is most important, and almost a reproach to England, that the irregularities of the bed of the ocean are not as well known as the mountains and valleys of the continents. 3393. (Chairman.) What I understand Mr. Stuart Wortley to mean is, that a further line of soundings should be made from England to the coast of Green- land and Labrador and round the coast before anything was done ?—After ascertaining the points on Green- land and Labrador where the cable is to be landed, the line of soundings is of next importance. 3394. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Have you any know- ledge of the South Atlantie ; for instance, it has been suggested to take a line from Gibraltar across by St. Michael's and the Azores to the coast of Florida ? —I have no knowledge of that. 3395. Beyond general knowledge that it is liable to volcanic disturbance ?—I do not think there are any active volcanos just now in that region. 3396. In the Mediterranean, cables have suffered, or are supposed to have suffered, from volcanic action between Sicily and Malta ; how is that with regard to Iceland ; would there be any danger of volcanic 193 action from Hecla ?—I am not able to give an opinion upon that subject. 3397. There are no natural phenomena that indicate am aware of, 3398. No islands jumping up now and then, as they do in the Mediterranean, and disappearing again ? No, no such thing is known there. 3399. (Mr. Fairbairn.) There seem to be very great difficulties in taking a cable by Iceland and Green- land? Very great difficulties. 3400. And the ice appears to be the most formidable of those difficulties ?—Yes. (Admiral Austin.) Wherever you have ice drift it would be very unsafe to attempt to lay a cable without thorough sounding; it is very difficult to know what will be the action of ice in deep water when it is passing. 3401. (Chairman to Admiral Austin.) You have heard the evidence which has been given by Sir James Ross; do you concur with it ?—I concur generally with Sir James Ross, It is a most difficult thing to give answers as to what would be the effect of ice in its movements upon a cable laid near the shore, but at the same time I would observe that if a line of shoal ground could be found by way of Iceland on which the heavy ice and bergs might ground until suffi- ciently reduced to ndmit of their drifting freely over the cable in deeper water, the apparent advantage of being able to lay down each cable separately be- tween places of a moderate distance apart, either at the same time or at differeat periods, gives this a preference over the long route to Newfoundland. However, it 1s manifest that this can be alone decided by careful lines of soundings. 3402. (Mr. E. Clark.) Docs an iceberg bring up stones and material from the bottom ?—Y es, the stones are more generally from the shore. 3403. (To Sir James Ross.) Has it come within your observation that icebergs in reversing have brought up any of the bottom ?—Yes; I have seen mud sticking to them. 3404. Any large stones ?—I have seen stones and & quantity of mud, particularly when the iceberg has. been aground when it turned over. 3405. (Chairman.) In Kane's Journal there was a very curious account given of the effect of icebergs in transferring large boulder stones. He described seeing some large boulder stones on a glacier, just going to be carried off ?—That must have been on the upper surface, not taken from the bottom. i 3406. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do not icebergs, if they melt gradually away at the bottom, turn bottom uppermost ?— Yes. (Admiral Austin.) And they are very awful in their operation. 3407. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In what cases have you observed any of the bottom brought up ?—In some cases where the icebergs have been lying aground, when they turned over, I have seen mud and stones brought up. 3408. (Mr. Fairbairn.) When an iceberg breaks away from the coast, does not it take away with it large boulder-stones, if they are loose at any part of the bottom ?—Yes ; anything frozen into the detached mass would be carried away with it. (Admiral Austin.) The power of an iceberg in launching itself in the water, upon being forced out by the upper part, which has formed it, is something terrific. 3409. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What would be the distance from Cape Farewell or Fredericshaab to Hamilton Inlet ?—(Sir James Ross.) About 500 miles, speaking roughly. 3410. (Chairman to Mr. Allen Young.) You have heard the evidence of Sir James Ross—do you concur with it ?—I have no acquaintance whatever with the coast of Iceland, or the coast of Labrador. 3411. You have considerable acquaintance with Arctic navigation, I believe, and with the coast of Greenland ?—So far as having been we pes with ‚ Admiral Sir J. C. Ross, Admiral volcanic disturbance there ?—Not ordinarily that I 55 . Young, Esq. 1 Feb, 1860. eae Gree Admiral Sir J. C. Ross, Admiral H. Austin, C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1860. 194 Captain M'Clintock; that is the only time I have been there. With regard to Fredericshaab, the natives and Danish authorities told us that the ice never set into the harbour to endanger the ship- ping at all. There is generally a ship lying there during the summer. The harbour looked very ex- posed, and very open to seaward. I said, “In the “ event of a gale of wind, shall we lie safely here?“ 'They said, * No ice ever comes iuto the harbour." 3412. Does it ground outside ?—No ; the current, as Admiral Fitzroy has mentioned, shunts the ice off the points where it strikes the rock, and it goes away into the current again. A few pieces might come slowly round, but directly they come under the lee of the high rocks, they scrape against the rocks without touching the ground, till they come to the head of the harbour, and there they will lie quiet. 3413. Is the bottom of the harbour at Fredericshaab sand or mud ?—V ery soft mud. 3414. For what distance does that extend ?—' The mud extends four or five cables from the head of the fiord. 3415. What is there beyond that? Rocky bottom. 3416. Is not there a strong current sweeping along the coast? — The current is 14 miles in 24 hours. 3417. (Mr. Fairbairn.) Is that the same current that goes round the const of Greenland ?—Yes. 3418. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In going out you were at the south of Greenland in the month of July? — The end of July. 3419. In coming home you were there again about May ?—We came home in August. 3420. It would be about the month of June or July that you were off the south of Greenland in coming home ?—In coming home we were there at the begin- niug of September. 3421. Therefore you had not the opportunity of seeing with your own eyes what the ice was in the winter there ?——No, we had not. 3422. Did you understand that ships lay all the winter in the harbour without injury ?—The Danish ships do not winter there. 3423. In the winter is not the harbour filled with ісе ?—No, it is Just skimmed over occasionally; the natives use their kyacks all the winter. 3424. Is it your opinion that a cable could be laid safely in that harbour ?—Yes; the only risk would be in pushing through that pack into what I call in-shore water. 3425. Does the pack ground at all ?—I do not thik the pack does ground. | 3426. The difficulty would be in laying the cable originally to the ground ?—In carrying the ship to the land through this pack. 3427. After the cable was once at the bottom, you think it would lie safely ?— es, as regards the ice; the ice is not so heavy. 3428. Was the pack lying there when you entered? — Yes ; we pushed through it. 3429. Does it lie there all the summer ?—Yes, till September ; then it is all dissolved, and there is no ice till the following January. 8480. Is it blown north ward ?—It is supposed to have dissolved. The Spitzbergen ice is carried by the current to the northward, along the south-west coast of Greenland, into latitude ranging from 64? to the Arctic Circle, and the natives say that it there sinks. 'The natives are led to think that the ice sinks, from its sudden ‘disappearance from the coast; the probability being that it is there taken up by a wes- terly current, aided by the first off-shore wind, and is borne rapidly away to join the great ice-stream from Baffin’s Bay and along the shores of Labrador. 3431. When you were there in July, was the pack lying off the coast of Greenland ?—It was. 3432. At what time of the year does it disappear ? —It disappears in September. 9433. As winter appronches ?— Yes, because it is foreign ice, and in winter ceases to break away from the Polar regions, it does not belong to this const; this ice all comes from the Spitzbergen seas. MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE 3434. You say that it is melted in September; when does it form again It breaks away in January, and comes down the east coast. 3435. It is all foreign ice ?—Yes. 3436. (Admiral Austin.) Does not ice form at all during the winter ?—It might form in small pieces, but not to that extent. ( Sir J. Ross.) Only over the surface of the harbours. 3437. (Admiral Austin.) Ave not the whole of the straits frozen over? (Sir J. Ross.) No. (Mr. Young.) There is open shore as high as Hol- steinberg all the winter. 3438. (Chairman.) Do you concur generally with Sir James Ross's evidence, from your experience? Iam not acquainted with the coast of Labrador or Iceland. 3439. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) The result of your opinion is, that you do not consider it impossible to land a cable on the south coast of Greenland ?—I do not consider that there would be any difficulty after September, excepting from the violent winds. 3440. Do you think that there would be no risk to the cable during the time the ice is there I do not think so, if, as Admiral Fitzroy proposes, it was carried up to the head of the fiord. 3441. (Admiral Austin.) I do not suppose that you would be able to operate there after October or November, on account of the temperature ? — I do not think the temperature alone would be the obstacle. 3442. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) The Atlantic Company were advised against commencing any operations after the month of August *—I should propose to start from the coast of Greenland, to take advantage of any westerly winds. | 3443. (Chairman.) Coming towards Great Bri- tain ?—Going towards Iceland. 3444. Between Iceland and Scotland, would not that season of the year be rather unfavourable for operations such as laying a cable ?*—— There would be heavy westerly gales, no doubt, in the autumn. 3445. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What season of the year would be practicable for laying a cable between Labrador and Greenland ?—The same season, after September. 3446. І suppose all these regions are liable to heavy weather ?—Yes ; the violent westerly gales are all in your favour if you are sailing to the eastward. 3447. (Mr. Fairbairn.) The month of September would be the best for laying a cable, on account of the ice ?— Yes. 3448. (Mr. Bidder.) That drives you into the bad weather, and it may be so heavy that the vessel may have to heave to ?—I think if a vessel was lying in one of the fiords, with a watch upon the hill, she could go out at any season of the year, by taking ad- vantage of an opportunity. 3449. (Admiral Fitzroy.) If a ship can go out at any season of the year, what would prevent her from veering away a wire through a proper opening, either astern or in her bottom, she herself making a passage through the ice as she forces through it. Do you see any difficulty in her veering out the wire as she goes through the ice ?—No, the only danger is being beset in the pack. 3450. (Chairman.) Would there be no danger of the ice closing behind the ship, and cutting the cable ? — Yes, I think there would be that risk, if beset. 8451. (Admiral Fitzroy.) Do not you think that the cable would sink as the ship was going very slowly through the pack ?—You could pay out the cable in that way, but I do not see how you could be certain of arriving at any fixed point upon the coast. 3452. Starting from the coast ?—You could not go out in а given time ;* if you come out, and get into — ——— — — — — — * I meant to express my opinion that a ship could not depend upon starting seaward from a point on the south coast of Green- land on any fixed date during the summer ; but that, if all ready, and with a look-out from the greatest attainable elevation, a ship might dash out upon an opportunity, which would occasionally offer, and when but little ice would be off-lying.—4. Y. | | . SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 8453. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) You may be beset as the “ Fox” was, and dragged away many miles to the north ?—Yes. (Admiral Austin.) You cannot make your way through the pack ; you must follow the leads, which may be very circuitous. 3454. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Independently of the difficulty of making the coast, there would be the waste of cable in dodging backwards and forwards ? —Yes. 3455. (Admiral Austin.) In making a way through the pack, I recollect. an occasion when we were sup- posed to have passed 500 miles through the pack, and had only advanced 200 miles. 3456. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) You might lay 500 miles of cable where you only required 200 miles? (Admiral Austin.) Yes, it is so uncertain through the ack, 3457. (Chairman to Mr. Young.) What is the dis- tance thröugh the pack ?—It varies; it has been known to extend as much as 100 miles southward of Cape Farewell. 3458. What would be the smallest thickness of it ? —We passed within 20 miles of the south coast, and saw none whatever till we got round to Cape Deso- lation, and there we fell in with it. 3459. There is no pack at all off Fredericshaab ?— In July 1857 there was a pack of Spitzbergen ice, of some 20 miles in breadth, off Fredericshaab. We passed near the coast from Cape Farewell to Cape Desolation, without seeing more ice than a few light streams under the land; but on arriving off Cape Desolation, we fell in with the above pack, through which we bored, and by which we were beset, and bound for Fredericshaab, we were carried 30 miles to the northward of that port, before we could get into the land. (See Question 3463.) 3460. In such a case as laying a cable you start from Fredericshaab or Jullianishaab ?—You cannot depend upon that ; you might have ice over and over again in going direct from here to one of these places, the changes are so great. 3461. It would never be safe to commence laying a cable from Great Britain to one of these ports if vou were not certain when you arrived there of being able to go in No, it would never do to start from the eastward on to the coast with the cable astern with the chance of finding it clear ; after September I be- lieve you might, when there were not westerly gales to contend with, in which you would do nothing. 8462. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In this article you state that on one occasion when you were beset you drifted 65 miles: * October 17. We obtained good ob- * servations and found that we had drifted 65 miles“? “ —Yes, that was in two days; you must remember that we were beset in the moving pack at that time ; the whole pack was moving from the effect of a violent gale. 3463. Then when beset you might be taken that distance out of your course? With a violent gale: for instance, we meant to touch at Fredericshaab outward bound, when we fell in with this pack ; we pushed into it and were pushed 30 miles to the north before we could strike the land; we sounded on Talbert bank, which extended nearly 30 miles. 3464. I see that you say, “ After a zigzag drift out % to the westward until the 24th instant, we have 195 *- commenced a sudden drift,“ во that the operation of passing through drift-ice may be liable to be very cir- cuitous ?—]f you are beset in the pack you go before the wind generally, assisted by the currents. 3465. (Chairman.) Have you had any experience in sounding ?—No, none whatever, except for the ordinary purposes of navigation. 9466. ( Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Y suppose you agree оп general principle with the importance of having soundings in all these instances ?— Certainly. Dear Sin, Riversdale, Twickenham, Feb. 12, 1860. I RETURN you the proof of my evidence before your Committee upon the Greenland, &c. telegraph, and I Me made a few corrections necessary to explain my meaning in reply to your questions, and you will see by those correc- tions that I am sanguine of the possibility of laying and landing a cable upon the soutk-coast of Greenland by starting from the coast, but on the other hand I cannot think that a ship could depend upon carrying a cable to any desired position on to the coast in the summer season. But the changes are very great, and the quantity of ice is ever varying. The ice breaks away from the polar seas around Spitzbergen, and, coming down the east coast of Greenland, is usually first seen off Cape Farewell towards the end of January; it is heavy oceanic ice of all sizes and forms, but seldom exceeding 50 to 60 feet in thickness, and not a piece of it to be compared to a Baffin’s Bay or Davis Strait berg, but very different in character from the lighter ice formed in narrow seas or straits. The Spitzbergen ice drives along the south-west coast of Greenland up the west coast as far as latitude 64° and even 67° N., where it is supposed to be taken up by a westerly current across Davis Straits, and joins the vast stream down the west side of those straits and the coast of Labrador. The current which brings the ice also brings quantities of drift-wood from the rivers of arctic Asia and is known as the Spitz- bergen current; it has a velocity of from 12 to 14 miles in 24 hours. The limits seaward of this moving pack are so variable that it has been known in some seasons to extend for 100 miles off the land, while at others the south and south-west coasts have been found almost clear, but all attempts hitherto made to approach the east coast have failed. Now from the information gained by experience of former voyages, it would appear that there are occasionally breaks in this pack, that is to say, that from some change of wind, the ice may move along one part of the coast, while it is stopped on another part, and consequently an open space of water left; therefore I think that by watching an oppor- tunity, a vessel might readily pass out when one these breaks in the pack occurs. The fiords are all deep and all similar, and I doubt not that one might be found suitable out of the many on the coast. The fiords are mostly protected seaward by groups of islands, and the ice does not appear to drive into them with any force, and the water being very deep and the coast pre- cipitous, the ice does not ground, although a few straggling pieces may get up to the heads of the fiords and there lie quietly in the mud. The Spitzbergen ice is seldom seen after September, by which time it is pretty well dispersed or melted, and but very little ice forms on the south-west coast during winter. I think that we have a good many soundings in Davis Straits, at any rate in the parallel of 66° 30° N., the narrowest part of the Straits, where we have a fair idea of the depth of water across. ‘These soundings are principally by Parry, and appear in the Admiralty Chart, Arctic Sea, Baffin's Bay, Sheet 1. The greatest known depth in the above parallel is 388 fathoms, the water deepening from the banks on the east side to the west side of Davis Straits. We also obtained a few soundings in the“ Fox“ in these parts. Believe me, &c. Capt. Douglas Galton, R.E. ALLEN YOUNG. Admiral ROBERT Firzroy, F. R. S., examined. 3467. (Chairman.) Will you give the Committee your opinion upon the practicability of laying a cable between England and America by way of Iceland and Greenland? For several years I have been decidedly of opinion that a line by Rockall bank, by the banks to the southward of Iceland, the banks to the southward of Greenland, and the offing of Labrador and New- foundland is the best for a telegraph wire between æ.. - 5 5 * This was at the head of Baffin’s Вау. Europe and America. If I may say so without pre- sumption, I believe that mistakes have been made in the character of our wires. I think that the wire which should be used is a single copper wire of large size, with peculiar jointings that would make it easy to have any length, short or long, and which eould be joined with facility at sea. Copper wire, instead of being covered with gutta-percha or india-rubber or any t This was in Baffin’s Bay. Bh 2 Admirat Sir J. C. Rose, Admiral H. Austin, C. B., A. Young, Esq. 1 Feb. 1560. eee Admiral R. Fitzroy, F. N. S. Admiral R. Fitzroy, F.R.S. 1 Feb. 1860. 196 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE vegetable substance that is liable to decay under water, might be covered with a vitrified substance, a kind of varnish of the nature of the varnish on & plate, or the glazing on pottery ; for example glass, with a sufficient quantity of lead or other annealing mixture . to make it sufficiently pliable, might be used. A copper wire coated with a vitreous substance of that nature, would last under water any time, and would be quite as manageable and as plirble as a wire of any character hitherto used. I speak as a practical sailor only, I beg to observe, and not as an engineer; but from what I have been able to collect, 1 have no doubt whatever that the conductivity of a copper wire increases as its diameter geometrically ; whilst the inductive action only increases arithmetically. The induction increases unquestionably as the super- ficies of the wire increases, but the conductivity in- creases geometrically with the diameter ; the one, there- fore, may be increased immensely, while the other is com- paratively but little augmented. That argument, I apprehend, if true, in favour of as large a copper wire ns cau be used, makes all this iron coating a mistake. It is not only unnecessary weight added, and making the wire unnecessarily stiff and unmanageable, but this iron work will inevitably rust away in the course of two or three years. If it does not rust away in some places where it becomes buried in soft ooze and is covered over, it will rust away where it comes into contact with rocks, particularly the copper rocks which exist on many shores. I have known a ship's chain cable so damaged by lying upon copper in the bottom of a harbour in South America, that after lying there for two months, the chain-cable was unserviceable. Many links were eaten away by the galvanic action of the copper at the bottom, and the salt water, upon the iron. Of course, wherever there is a copper vein crop- ping out of the ground under water, a vitreous covering would protect the wire more than anything else. If an iron-covered cable were to lie over it, the iron work would be eaten away very quickly. There can be no doubt that the difference of duration of the iron- covered wires on different coasts—one lasting a very little while, and the other not appearing to be injured —is in a great measure due to the action of substances at the bottom upon the iron, independently of the nctual frietion, whatever that may be, supposing it lay upon rocks. 9468. Will you look at that cable (handing a speci- men to the witness). Would that obviate your objec- tion to the iron covering ?—So far as not being coated with iron; but all this would be chafed away in a very short time by the sharp edge of a metallic vein, or the edge of a basaltic rock. 3469. Would not even a vitreous covering, such as you propose to give to the wire, be chafed away ?—I think not. I think nothing would last so long as a sufficiently thick coat of flinty varnish, —silex. lime, and lead being perhaps the main ingredients. It would become like the covering of a plate, or piece of earthen- ware, only much thicker. It might be increased to any extent. Of course, the materials for a vitreous varnish are abundant. I would have such a covering as that of a piece of earthenware, only very much thicker and tougher. Many coats, one after another, might be found neceasary to protect the wire ; to make it as nearly like tough stone as it could be, con- sistently with the necessary amount of pliability. I would not lose sight of the pliability. Some stones, even some kinds of coral, are tough, hard, and pliable to a certain extent, sufficiently so for coiling in large coils. 3470. Have you seen any wire covered with such a material ?—No ; I merely suggest it. It is well known that the addition of lead to glass makes the glass pliable. There is another fact which is perhaps not generally known with respect to glass (to which a person now in this room can bear witness), that under water glass is much more pliable and managenble than it i» in air; so much so that with a pair of scissors you can cut thin glass under water without its break- ing. The glasses of compass bowls have been cut round in that way. 9471. Was that done with & common pair of strong scissors ?— Yes. 3472. Merely by putting it under water ?—Yes. I only offer these as suggestions. "There may be some- thing much better for covering the wire ; but, looking at the experiment in the Dlack Sea, the Balaklava wire, which was only a small single wire, and which answered well till it parted—looking to that fact, and to the unnecessary weight—saying nothing of the expense—of a covering of any kind throughout the great extent of an ocean where the wire lies at the bottom, sinks down into soft ooze (now found so generally), and is not exposed to much friction—I think an iron coating objectionable. If exposed to much friction, it should be coated, and particularly near the shore, with copper wire, but not with iron. Ou most shores iron will rust away; therefore the covering ought, if required at all, to be copper. Lightning and electricity are only different degrees of the same quality. In lightning conductors the joints are not brazed together. In the lightning con- ductors which are now let into ships’ masts, one part only touches the other ; they are not brazed together. I apprehend that there has been some unnecessary scruple as to the manner in which joints have been made, and as to having many joints. Now— it is the custom to soft-solder the different wires at various places. Suppose the joint of a solid wire were more like the simple joint of a common gold-chain (com- monly called а snap joint) and covered with a ferule soft soldering might also be used if necessary; or if found to answer without, which in a sufficiently large wire might be found to be the case—the diffi- culty and inconvenience of joining at sea would be readily overcome. 3473. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Are you aware of any invention which has been made public or patented of any vitreous substance such as you describe No, none. I never heard anybody suggest the substance. The glass that is used for toys made of spun glass, is sufficiently ductile. The glass lamp chinmeys supplied to lighthouses formerly were found to be much too brittle ; and the remedy then was to put more lead in them, to make the glass tough. ‘The glasses did not then break, but they became rather obscure when heated, which would not matter at all in this case. The glass became darkened when much heated. 3474. (Chairman.) What extent of elasticity have those glasses ? would it be sufficient to allow them to bend ?—Not so much, only enough to make them tough, not brittle; but you can give glass as much ductility as you can give a piece of copper of the large size necessary for a single telegraph wire. 3475. The more you increase the copper wire, the thicker must be your outer covering of glass ?— I think not exactly so ; but the more you increase the copper wire the less pliability you would require in the glass. The smaller the wire, the more it might be bent. 3476. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Do you think that a wire coated with the vitreous substance would run round ordinary puying-out machinery ?—If the mate- rial were sufficiently pliable, and the machinery suit- able. If the wire used were comparatively light and manageable, without any iron nround it at all, if gutta- percha or any other substance were used for insulating it,—with a large single wire of that kind, without any iron, it would be easy to run it round from Ireland* by those points I have mentioned : namely the extremity of Rockall Bank, the vicinity of the Faroe Islands, without touching them; by the banks near the south of Iceland ; by the vicinity of Cape Farewell (but not landing) ; then near Labrador, and so to Newfoundland. Such a wire should not be all in one length, but in several lengths, and in several vessels, * Blacksod Bay ? .SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. joining the wire together being a minor question: coiling it, and the manner of dealing with it in several vessels, being much easier than if all the wire were put in one or two ships. "The object of taking that route would be to get comparatively shoal water all the way. 3477. (Chairman.) What depth would you get ?— From such descriptions as I have been able to get on the subject (you are aware that the knowledge of these waters is exceedingly scanty) ; and from infor- mation obtained from Mr. Crowe, the Consul-General in Norway, who has had much communication with Iceland and the Faroe Islands, and has had a good deal to say to the fishermen who have gone from Denmark in that direction, and from information which the Dutch have of those localities, I conclude there are banks something like the banks at Newfoundland, only not so extensive, running off under water to some distance south of Cape Farewell, to some distance south of Iceland, and also from the Faroe Islands. It should be a primary object, I apprehend, to carry a line of soundings from the extremity of Rockall Bank to the depth of 200 or 300 fathoms, near the Faroe Islands ; then to a few hundred fathoms’ depth off Iceland, and so on by Greenland to Labrador and Newfoundland. It seems probable, from the soundings that have been hitherto obtained, that there are but small intervals of deep water, if any ; that it is quite possible you might go from Ireland, taking that round, to Newfoundland, without having deeper water than 1,000 fathoms. 3478. Should not we get a much longer line ?— One third longer, which if you increase the conduc- tivity of the wire, would not be objectionable, provided that it were laid out in different lengths, from different vessels, not all from one ship. "The conductive power of these little wires that have been used hitherto has been trifling ; the wires have been so very small that not only have they not had enough conducting power in themselves, but when heated by repeated electric cur- rents (as electricians know they must be), their power of conducting became less and less, and much of the delay occasioned in transmitting messages was due to the heating of the wires themselves by the repeated action of electricity. That I apprehend has been found to be the case; but I speak under correction. The land- ing of the wire, if necessary, at those places, could no doubt be effected by selecting the season at which they are open, at which sailing vessels now frequent them. There are traders between Iceland and Europe every year ; also to Greenland. By taking the wire in comparatively deep water, say 200 fathoms, until you get opposite the mouth of the selected fiord, and then, at the proper season (haviug arranged so as to hit that season), taking it up through the deepest part to the head of the fiord, and there covering it over to a sufficient dis- tance from the bottom, to guard it from any ice that might be formed, or move along the bottom of the place where the wire is taken, the object would be secured. 3479. In what way would you cover it? — After it had been fairly laid, I would cover it with earth, first, and then with heavy stones. | 3480. Have those fiords rivers in them, or are they merely still creeks of water? — There are watercourses, and very many cascades, from melting ice and streams running into them. 3481. Would not they be liable to disturb the cable ? —Undoubtedly. But you may select a place, and build over it to any extent; you may lay any amount of rocks over the wire when once it is covered with soft earth. A question was asked in this Committee the other day respecting temperature at various depths, and the means used for ascertaining it, to which I may as well take this opportunity of referring, because the instruments are in the room. For several years past the thermometers used for sounding at great depths have been fortified with additional glass tubes, for the purpose of preventing any possibility of the bulb being compressed ; and between the outer glass 197 and the bulb there is a certain amount of mercury. This is one of the instruments (producing a thermo- meter). I believe the statement by a witness the other day was to the effect that the thermometers used were not strengthened, and therefore their indications were not to be relied upon. There must have been some mistake ; they have all been of this kind lately, and were so in the“ Cyclops.” 3482. (Admiral Austin.) How is the mercury sup- plied from this tube ?—The interior bulb has spirits of wine ; this is merely an exterior guard, as it were; the mercury is outside the bulb containing the alcohol, it is merely аз a cushion between the outer case and the inner bulb—a kind of “ jacket.” 9483. ( Chairman.) Is there a vacuum in addition besides the mercury ?—There is a partial vacuum. Within the innermost tube there is a little air sufficient to act against the alcohol which is in the bulb. The instrument is like a once straight thermometer bent double or trebly. There are alcohol, mercury, alcohol, and a little air successively. 3484. What is the object of the quicksilver jacket? — When great pressure comes upon the middle part of the long bulb, with its outer cover of glass—when great pressure comes upon the weakest part, the interval between, being filled with mercury, tends to resist that pressure by diffusing the action along the whole length. 3485. The mercury is squeezed up? The mercury is squeezed up both ways to act upon all points in- stead of upon one only. Then again, there is another reason; if one were put outside the other with only air between, air being a non-conductor of temperature, error would be caused, therefore it becomes necessary to have mercury. 9486. Have you any records of the temperature at the bottom of the sea in different localities? —Y es, and they should be known in these regions; the re- cords made with good instruments have been in the Atlantic, north and south, and in the Indian Ocean. 9487. (Admiral Austin.) 'This instrument is & recent introduction ?—Yes. It was first made, at my suggestion, in 1856. This other (producing another) is a French plan, the glass being excessively thick, with the view of resisting pressure. There is also а cause of error from the vibration of the indices in hauling up ; they may gradually move either up or down, and probably have done so, occasionally. 3488. (Chairman.) Has any regular series of ob- servations been put in hand to be conducted at the present time with respect to the temperature of the ocean ?— None that I am aware of. The last were those made by Captain Dayman in the * Cyclops"; he did not take any recently in the * Gorgon," having another object in view. Captain Pullen has taken some in the “ Cyclops," now in the Red Sea—or the Indian Ocean. 3489. Did not Commander Dayman take some ob- servations upon temperature when he was sounding for the Gibraltar cable in the Bay of Biscay ?— He took soundings, not temperatures at depths. He took these when he was sounding the Atlantic. (Sir J. Ross.) Very valuable soundings they were, and very well done. (Admiral Fitzroy.) There is a very interesting chapter, the 17th, I think, it is in the eighth edition of Maury’s book on the specific gravity and tempera- ture of the sea, under various circumstances. The results of the experiments are worked out by Professor Hubbard, who is said to be a thoroughly competent person, and who has controverted some of the opinions that have been held by savants in Europe as to tho temperature of the sea. Its heat, density, and subjects of that nature, he has treated in the 17th chapter, which goes imme- diately to the question that Sir James Ross took so much trouble and interest about, and to which he was referring to-day, namely, the permanent temperature of the sea at а certain depth in т ези as 3 Admiral R. Fitzroy F.R.S. 1 Feb. 1860. Admiral R. Fitzroy, F.R.S. 1 Feb. 1860. — 198 well as the least temperature that has been obtained anywhere. 3490. (Sir J. Ross.) Do you remember what he considers the least temperature ?— Yes, he says 25° or 26°; that is the temperature at which he considers it is at the greatest density. It had been supposed, by the best authorities, that 89° is the greatest density of salt water. 39° has been proved to be the greatest density of fresh water. Professor Hubbard, however, thinks he shows cause for salt water being entirely dite ent, and for the greatest density of salt water being about 25° or 26°, 13° lower than the greatest density of fresh water. 3491. Are there any facts given to bear out the theory ?— The experiments are given in great detail: and the opinions of Herschel and others are contro- verted. 3492. ( Chairman.) Does һе not concur with Her- schel's opinion ?—He is at variance with Herschel, and with Forchammer, who made experiments at Copenhagen upon the density of water. It is a purely philosophical question, ably treated by Professor Hub- bard, who has been accustomed to such studies. Reverting to the question of the size of the wire. Perhaps it has been mentioned before in the Committee that there was, only a year ago, and may be still, great difference of opinion among electricians upon that very point. Last year some maintained that very small wires condueted electricity better than large ones. 3493. (Mr. E. Clark.) To what thickness do you propose to cover the wires with this vitreous sub- stance ?—According to the size of the wire; perhaps about two-tenths of the diameter of the wire. 3494. You will have an enormous inductive effect, with so thin a covering round a wire 7—1 do not apprehend that the vitreous covering would alter the induetive action notably, while it w vould be a nearly perfect insulator. For ages past, in some parts of the East (Cochin China particularly), buildings have been supposed to be protected against lightning in exactly the opposite manner to ours, namely, by lumps or masses of gluss on the tops of the most projecting parts. 3495. Has that any effect in preventing damage by lightning ?—They say in those countries (І have only the statements of persons who have travelled there) that no building so protected has ever been struck by lightning. Some of the lar gest structures in the East have such glasses, commonly supposed to be ornaments, on the tops of the pinnacles or highest parts, which have been put there as a protection against lightning. But without referring to that— insulation "by a small thickness of glass is a matter of every day occurrence ; it would only be carrying the property of glass as an insulator into effect, aud makiug it sufficiently pliable to answer the pur- pose of a coat upon the copper. 3496. Are you not aware that the insulator has nothing whatever to do in preventing induction. Supposing you have the glass the thickness of an ordinary Ley den jar, there would be no way whatever of preveutiug induction. of electricity; it is electricity which becomes present on the other side of the insulating material ?——I am quite aware of that, but venture to doubt your infe- rence in this case. The vitreous coating between the metal and the water would not be ordinary glass. The experiment has yet to be tried, and the mixture of flint and lead may be modified with other substances. I do not for a moment pretend to say what should be the exact mixture, but I believe, from what I have been able to collect, that the insulation may be com- pletely effected by a mineral medium between the copper and the water, as the gutta-percha, when used in a sufficient quantity, answers now. 3497. (Chairman to Mr. Siemens.) The better the insulator the greater the induction nlmost; is it not so ? —Generally. 3498. The more perfect the insulator the greater will be the induction ?—Yes, you сап only have in. duction strongly developed with a good insulator. Induction is not the escape MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN’ BEFORE THE 3499. (Admiral Fitzroy.) If there were no insu- lator at all, but a very large wire, what would be the result ? (Mr. Siemens.) You would have no circuits; the electricity would return immediately to the other pole of the battery, without going round by America, but being forced in that channel the induction is pro- duced. 3500. (Admiral Fitzroy.) Why do you use gutta- percha so as to insulate the wire as completely as possible ¢ (Mr. Siemens.) There are two causes operating against the speed of the electric current ; one is by dise ‘harge, by leakage, and the other is by ‘the absorp- tion of electricity by induction. One material may allow no escape at all, and yet absorb a large quantity of electricity by induction ; hence there would be ereat difficulty in speaking through that conductor. Another wire may be so insulated, with gutta-percha for instance, that a great proportion of the current would escape by leakage. That again would be a badly insulated wire ; but there are those two causes operating quite independently in different materials, and even in the same material. 3501. (Admiral Fitzroy.) You do now seek to in- sulate the wire perfectly by gutta percha ? (Mr. Siemens.) We speak better through a mo- derately insulated wire; for instance, we speak quicker through a gutta-percha coated wire than we should through an india-rubber coated wire, because the induction is less in proportion to the lenkage, but that leakage is not sufficient to interrupt rapid communication.* 3502. ( Chairman to Admiral Fitzroy.) I understand you to suggest that the cable should be in several vessels ; would not that necessitate making more joints at sea ?—Yes. 3503. Of course, in rough weather you would have a difficulty in making joints at sea ?—If the wire were divested of all that armament which makes it so heavy and unmanageable there would be no difficulty in passing it between the vessels with the aid of a light steamer going backwards and forwards. 3504. Even if there was a strong gale blowing? In a strong gale you must suspend operations ; you must wait for a time and use proper buoys; not large unwieldy buoys that would by the force of the wind ‘and sea tear away the cable, but light buoys of a peculiar construction, visible at a sufficient distance, and which would ride by the cable itself through any gale. 3505. Would not any buoy which was sufficiently exposed to be seen at any distance, be liable to create a great strain upon the cable from the pressure of the wind upon it, or could a buoy be devised which would not have that effect ?—Not if it were such a buoy as has been lately proposed for another purpose, namely, a glass topped buoy—which. would be seen glittering at a considerable distance in the day-time and would not be liable to be injured by water, but might remain for some time. 3506. You must assume that there are no currents? There are not currents of any importance in the deep ocean ; you do not find currents of any strength in the depths of the sea, except the Gulf Stream, and in a few other exceptional localities. Generally speaking, there is very little current in the open ocean. 3507. Taking the line for laying the cable which you suggest, are there not several points at which there would be currents of some strength ?—I think not. If you do not approach the land nearer than 200 miles, you will not feel much current. Supposing there are three or four hundred fathoms, near the land, and & strong current sets along the shore, you must increase your distance so as to avoid the strength of the current, and yet not have an unmanageable depth * Admiral Fitzroy ventures to dissent entirely from the theory of circuits, as above mentioned; and formerly held generally. For reasons ‘unnecessary here, he advocates the largest wires,—and most perfoct insulation possible. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. of water. You should endeavour to keep in about 800 fathoms, or thereabouts, probably. I would observe, that having a cable made of twisted wires appears to be very objectionable, because you cannot bring a strain upon the twisted wire, or relax any strain, without causing a ten- dency to turn it round aud round, and if it is re- laxed, of course, to make kinks. If you veer out a cable that has been twisted up, and which has been strained to a certain extent, it will immediately, as soon as the pressure is off, form into kinks under water. 3508. Must not any cable that is coiled receive a twist in it ?!—No, not if it has no twist in itself. The mere act of coiling a straight wire need have no tendency to twist it. The tendency to kink is owing to the wires being laid up like a rope ; and if it is indis- pensable to have several wires instead of one, I think they ought to be, as my brother seamen will under- stand,“ selvagee-fashion." They should be laid parallel to each other, aud united as much as necessary at short distances. 3509. Would you unite them in that way (handing a specimen of cable covered with plaited wire to the witness) ?—No; I am not speaking of the outside wires. I mean that the inner wires should lie parallel to each other, in lengths united here and there, and that there should be no twist ; ulso, that, if necessary to cover them on the outside anywhere with copper wire, it should not be twisted wire. 3910. The outside you would cover with copper ? —Yes ; I would have no iron anywhere. 3511. Does not copper stretch very much more 199 than iron, when a weight is put upon it ?—Y es ; but there is no objection, I apprehend, to that. 3512. If the core stretches, it becomes thinner at that point, and therefore the size of the conductor is diminished to that extent ?—I set out by advocating a copper wire much larger than has been used, so that the strength should be in the wire, and not in the covering. 3513. Would not copper wire if it were extended tend to fracture the outer covering ?—Undoubtedly. It the copper wire stretches much, while the covering is not as ductile or yielding as the metal itself. 3514. Would it not be difficult to get a vitreous substance which would extend in the sume way that a metallic substance would extend ?—Not if it were sufficiently annealed or prepared. 3515. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Is not all glass very elastic ?—Yes ; it may be tempered to a great extent by the mixture of lead or other minerals. 3016. But copper is not elastic, and does not pos- sexs the property, when it is stretched, of returning to its form again, which glass does ?— The glass being elastic, would not prevent its giving as far as the copper gives, and remaining soif held. Ifyou stretch a piece of india-rubber, and keep it stretched, it re- mains in that state. In the case of a wire, you would not let go; it would be stretched, aud would keep the covering stretched. Ilaving succeeded so well with the Balaclava cable, which was a single wire, I think that further steps should be taken in order to ascertain the possibility of a more extended use of a similar arrangement. Adjourned to To-morrow at Two o'clock. Thursday, 2nd February 1860. PRESENT ; Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. The Right Hon. J. Stuart WorrT Ley. Mr. С. P. BIDDER. Mr. LATIMER CLARK. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. EDWIN CLARK. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON IN THE CHAIR. LATIMER CLARK, Esq., Member of the Committee, examined, 3517. (Chairman.) I believe you are engineer to the Electric and International Telegraph Company and to the Atlantic Telegraph Company ?—Yes. 3518. You have had experience for some years, have you not, in the superintendence of telegraphic works ?—I have had the charge of the submarine cables of the Electric Telegraph Company since 1851, and I have had the charge of one or two other cables for other parties. 3519. You have generally been connected with electric telegraphs for several years ?—I have been exclusively connected with the subject since 1851. 3520. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Have you devoted your attention alinost exclusively to the subject as an engineer ?—] have devoted my attention as much to the electrical as to the engineering department since that time. 3521. (Chairman.) Have you had experience as an engineer in the manufacture and paying out of submarine cables ?—Yes ; I have never been present at the paying out of any ocean cables, but I have been present at the paying out of several shallow water cables. 3522. Are you acquainted with the break machi- nery which was used by the Electric Telegraph Com- pany ?—Yes, I saw it several times during its manu- facture, 3523. What is your opinion of it ?—I think it had some most serious defects ; one was that which has been noticed by other parties, namely, its great weight and inertia, and the difficulty there would be in chauging its rate of motion suddenly according as the vessels rose and fell from the motion of the sea. I think that evil was very much aggravated by the circumstance of the wheels being coupled together, so that thecable had no chance but to make the wheel revolve slower or quicker as the vessel rose and fell. There was another defect which I think has not been noticed by other parties, and which, iu my opinion, was a serious defect,—the friction-straps were con- trolled by weights which were hung upon them. Now those weights, by a well-known law in mechanics, become very much heavier every time the vessel rose in the sea, which was the very time when they ought to have become lighter, because at that time the cable ought to have been enabled to pay itself out more freely ; but instead of that, owing to the inertia of those weights as the vessel rose, they became very much heavier at the time when the vessel was rising. 3524. What would be about the weight of those weights ?—Judging from their appearance, I should think they probably might have weighed seven or eight cwt, but their effect would be very much magnified by the leverage or that which acted upon the cable. I have noticed, and other parties have noticed, that there was another serious defect in that break owing to its being coupled, that is tosay, if апу tar, dirt, or other matter got on any one of the grooves of the wheels, it caused them to be of unequal diameter, and formed one of the most powerful machines for breaking acable that is known in mecha- B b 4 Admiral R. Fitzroy, E.R.S. 1 Feo. 1860. L. Clark, Esq. 2 Feb. 1860. 200 L. Clark, Esq. nics, namely, winding a rope from a small drum on — 2 Feb. 1860. to a larger one. 3525. What grooves do you mean? — The grooves upon the pair of paying out wheels which were geared together, and therefore unless they were of perfectly equal size, the cable might be much tighter or much slacker on one of the wheels than on the other. Had the wheels been separate, that evil would, to a great extent, have been avoided ; and I think in any future break it would be very desirable, instead of using weights, that springs of some kind should be used. 3526. Have you in your mind any form of break which you would adopt ?—I have planned out in my mind a form of break which I think very superior. I should prefer to describe it to you in the form of a separate report on the subject if you would allow me to do so. 3527. What do you think of Mr. Longridge's break ?—He has two kinds of break; one is а cone. 3528. I mean the revolving cone ?—The revolving cone I do not altogetherlike ; I do not know what argument to use against it exactly. 3529. Do you dislike the friction without any re- volving motion ?—I do dislike the friction without revolving motion. I think Mr. Longridge's other break, by which he proposes to compress the cable between two moving surfaces, is very superior to the cone, and isan idea well worthy of more consideration. At first sight the cone break would appear as if it made the cable bend in very sharp turns. I admit that that is not really the case, but I do not like repeatedly bending the cable in the manner in which it would be bent in passing over the cone. 3530. Have you formed an opinion upon the effect of ocean currents in the paying out of light cables or heavy cables ?—I went into that subject very minutely with the late Mr. Brunel, and the opinion which we formed was one which I hold now, namely, that there is nothing whatever to be apprehended from the effect of currents in paying out cables, whether they are excessively light or excessively heavy, or even if the currents are flowing in opposite directions at two different depths, I think that strain, if it came on a cable held at both ends, would be perfectly irresistible, and that no cable could be practically manufactured which would for a moment withstand that strain. But any movement of the water pressing laterally on the cable would become converted into a longitudinal force. The cable has perfect facility of motion through the water in a longitudinal direction, and therefore would at once relieve itself from any strain which these currents would place upon it by forming itself into an S curve. 3531. Has a cable any longitudinal motion in the water when it has been laid down? Is not it rather the motion of simply being driven through the water vertically as it were ?—Theoretically it may be said to be a lateral motion or an oblique motion through the water, but in practice more cable is always paid out, especially in very deep water, and more especially still in the case of very heavy cables ; agreat deal more cable is paid out than the distance that is rnn. In practice it is always prudent to do it, so that the cable may not be taut either when it lies at the bottom or during its descent. 3532. To that extent the cable has a longitudinal motion ?-—Yes. to that extent. 3533. You think practically the currents have no strong effect upon a cable ?—I think practically the effect of currents may be entirely neglected, provided we allow the cable to pay itself out to a sufficient extent, to accommodate itself to the currents while sinking to the bottom. 3534. Do not you think that involves the necessity of paying out a very much greater length of cable than the actual distance crossed ?-—I think not. I think the difficulty is best met, practically, by carefully avoiding putting upon the cable anything like its breaking strain, so that whenever currents do begin to draw away the cable, the cable shall pass itself out from the break without much strain. And for that MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE reason, among others, I consider light cables much better than solid iron cables. 3535. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In deep water? In deep water, of course. 3536. (Chairman.) For a light cable, would you use a combination of iron and hemp, or do you agree with the view expressed by Mr. Jenkin, that iron is of no advantage whatever to a cable covered in the same way as the Gibraltar core is covered ?—In the extreme depths of the Atlantic & simple iron cable, or a piece of iron wire or bar of iron, would not be strong enough to bear its own weight; and, therefore, to that extent iron may be argued to be objectionable. But, notwithstanding that consideration, I am still clearly of opinion that the best cable that I have yet seen for being laid in deep water is a cable similar to that which you are proposing to employ on the Gibraltar line. I think that all experiments show that hemp and iron, and hemp and steel, combine well together, and that you get the full effect of their united strength. I think also that you want a certain degree of weight to enable your cable to sink steadily to the bottom, especially when it has to fall into the hollows and cavities, and not lie loosely across elevations. 3537. Therefore you require a certain amount of pliability in а cable — Tou do. I think that all experience has been against hempen cables. I am not aware that any one has ever been laid or has existed for any length of time successfully. I should not at all like to lay a pure hempen cable. 3538. Even if it were covered with marine glue or some other compound ?—Not even if it were covered with any compound. Another of the great advantages of the combination of iron and hemp, in the form in which it is about to be used in the Gibraltar cable, is, that the iron is protected from oxidation by the hemp which surrounds it. 3539. Do you think that the greater portion of the oxidation or rust to which the iron would be subject would not be washed out of the hemp ?—I am alluding rather to the oxidation before the cable is laid. There is no doubt that the Atlantic cable suffered very severely in some respects from the wires being rusted before it was laid, and that the risk of the operation was very much enhanced by that circum- stance. Now, if that cable had been so protected, that those iron wires could not have rusted, its full strength would have remained, instead of its having incurred the risk of some one spot in the cable being partially rusted through, and the strength at that point being thereby greatly impaired ; no such risk exists in the case of the Gibraltar cable. 3540. Have you considered the effect that would be produced, if, instead of placing the iron in stands, it were placed in lateral bars along the outside, in the same way that this cable is proposed to be done (handing a specimen to the witness) ?—I have done so, and I do not fully approve of it. One of the defects of placing the iron perfectly longitudinally is, that a cable so made does not bend quite so kindly and freely as one in which the iron is laid spirally, although I do not consider that that would be a fatal objection. "That system has an advantage in this respect, that the material is placed directly in the line of strain, which in a spiral cable it is not. Ina spiral cable it is placed somewhat obliquely, апа that is & disadvantage, because, if the core contracts, either by the compression of the water, by a strain placed upon it, or by any other cause, that contraction of the core would allow the iron covering wires to elongato, while the core itself has no power of elonga- tion, except that which is due to its own elasticity. To that extent straight iron wires are better than spiral ones; bat still, practically, it has been abun- dantly shown that the elasticity of any covered con- ductor, which is likely to be used in submarine operations, is very much greater than the elasticity of even a hempen cable. In almost every case the hemp, or the iron, or the outer covering will break before the insulated wire will be injured, and, there- SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. fore, I do not think the slight objection that exists to a spiral covering is sufficient to counterbalance the many advantages it has in flexibility, and in the security with which it retains itself upon the cable. 3541. Have you examined the proposed Gibraltar cable ?—I have. 8542. What is your opinion of it, first, as regards the outer covering of each portion, and next as re- gards the core ?—I think it is a very well designed cable; I think hemp and steel in something like the proportions which are used in that cable form the most useful combination that has yet come under my notice. 3543. For the deep sea portion ?—For the deep sea portion only. .8544. What is your opinion of the shore ends of that cable ?—My opinion of the shore ends is that, if anything, they are rather too slight. I have seen so many cases of injury to cables lying over rocks from their being too small, that I should, if anything, in- crease the weight of the shore ends of the cable. 3545. To what extent would you increase the ends which are to be in depths up to 100 fathoms ? Up to 100 fathoms I think I would use a cable weighing not less than 12 tons to the mile. Ido not know tho weight of the second portion of the Gibraltar cable, but, I think, beyond 100 fathoms, a weight of from four to five tons would be sufficient. 3546. To what depth would you use a weight of from four to five tons, between 100 fathoms and 500 ? — Up to 400 or 500 fathoms, I think an iron cable might be laid with advantage. "There are considera- tions of a military character quite independently of those connected with electrical and engineering points, upon which, of course, you are as well able to form a judgment as I am. There is no doubt that up to 400 fathoms a cable might be wilfully injured if parties knew where that cable lay, whereas if it were made very strong, it would be scarcely possible to make a rope which would injure a cable at that depth. A light cable, I believe, might be injured easily up to a depth of 400 fathoms. 3547. (Mr. Bidder.) Would you recommend extra weight for any other purpose *—I would not; the deep sea portion of the Gibraltar eable has one very serious defect in my opinion. If you take a piece of that cable, attach one end of it to an air pump and exhaust the air, the water flows very freely indeed among the conducting wires. I have no doubt in the enormous depths in which it is likely to be sub- merged—if it is submerged in its present condition— that water will find out either at the joints or at some other part of the coating some spot weaker than others, from whence it will burst through into the interior conducting wires. There can be no doubt that the pressure of the air within the conducting wires will be only equal to that of the atmosphere, or even if it were more, it would equalise itself with the atmosphere by gradually flowing up between the con- ducting wires. Now it is perfectly well known that in the pressure due to the depth of the Atlantic, water will flow tolerably freely through even such materials as cast iron and brass when they are at all porous, and therefore I should be extremely appre- hensive that the water would force itself in at some cavity or weak spot in the cable by continuing to flow right and left along and among the conducting wires, and would wear such a hole through the conductors as would entirely destroy the insulation of the cable. Indeed, in my own mind, I have always had a strong feeling that there is an extreme degree of probability that the Atlantic cable was injured in that manner. The points at which the two defects have occurred were exactly those at which the full effect of this phenomenon would take place, namely, just where the shoal water changes into deep water. I should most earnestly impress upon tke engineers of the Gibraltar line the importance of their either injecting oil or tallow or any other suitable material into those wires in order to prevent the possibility of there being a cavity inside into which the exterior water would force itself, and thereby damage the cable. 3548. ( Chairman.) Would not it be extremely difficult to force oil or tallow into lengths of a mile in the Gibraltar core ?—There would be no difficulty in forcing any liquid into that length ; melted tallow would only flow a very short distance in, but it would form nodes, and to some extent the communication with the exterior air would be mitigated; there would be no difficulty in filling it with Hughes' fluid, that would entirely obviate the evil of which I speak. 3549. Have you no fear that Hughes' fluid might act injuriously upon Chatterton’s compound ?—I believe it would act injuriously upon Chatterton’s compound. 3990. Would olive oil act injuriously upon Chat- terton's compound ?—I am not able to speak with confidence upon that point; it is & mixture of tar and gutta-percha. I fear that it would do so; if such be the case, it would be worth making experi- ments to see whether it would hurt the compound ; the Gutta-pereha Company could tell you at once what fluids affect Chatterton's compound. 3551. (Mr. Bidder.) If you have the cable cut up into lengths by nodes, would you in that space com- press the air so as to equalise the pressure ?—I think 80; the gutta-percha would be squeezed into the cavities until the pressure on the outside was equa- lised. There is another effect which has been per- ceived, and would be perceived in laying any spiral cable, namely, the twisting or the untwisting of the cable as it sinks through the water ; that is an effect whieh has been noticed and described by different observers; by some as a twisting effect, and by others as an untwisting effect; it is rather difficult to gather from their statements what effect really is produced, because some speak of the portion of the cable which has gone into the water, and others speak in reference to that portion which is between the water and the stern of the vessel. Ihave no doubt, however, that the real effect is the twisting of that portion of the cable which is above the water, and the untwisting of that portion which is below the water. I have lately taken a short piece of cable and put it on centres, so that it could revolve freely ; I placed it inside a tube perpendicularly, and allowed water to flow in at the bottom of the tube ; it rapidly passed round the cable, and on doing so I found all the cables that I tried revolved very rapidly, and with considerable force. 3552. That is a vertical cable ?— That is the water rising vertieally ; the cables rotating horizontally. 3553. The cable being vertical and the water passing it longitudinally ?—Yes, so that to the extent to which cables sink vertically through the water there would be a tendency of the character I have spoken of. 3554. (Chairman.) If the cable were being paid out vertically down to the bottom? Tes. 3555. If one end is held, and it is being gradually deposited as it goes away from the ship, in effect would the same thing take place ?—To whatever. extent it passes through the water, to that extent it causes it to rotate ; that has been very evident on all deep sea cables. 3556. (Mr. Bidder.) Do you think you may attri- bute that motion to the fact that when the cable is wound up in the coil on board, there would be a very heavy twist in the cable, and that twist would come out either in the shape of twisting or untwisting, simply in the act of being paid out again, reverting to its normal condition? — In the act of manufacturing the cable, the wires are laid in such a manner that there is no twist. When the cable is first laid in the tank in which it is tested, one turn is put in the cable at every coil that is made; when the cable is taken out of the tank, and passed along into the vessel, as the cable straightens itself, that turn is taken out, and in the portion of the cable between the tank and the vessel there is no turn or lay in the cable beyond that which it had when it was manufactured ; when it is Ce 201 L. Clark, Esq. 2 Feb. 1860. L. Clark, Esq. 2 Feb. 1860. forward state. 202 again laid in the ship, there is a turn put in, which again is taken out when it goes into the water. I do not think beyond that there should be any tendency to untwist, because cables, as they are now manu- factured, are not made by twisting up wires together, but by laying them into spiral Bois. 3557. You cannot lay a wire in a spiral form by any possibility without incurring a tendency to twist. Do you think it is possible that > you could lay a cable of 1,000 miles in coils of five miles, without taking it from the straight direction, and having a twist in it?—The cffect has been noticed in cables after having been laid in deep water and picked up again, that they are extremely liable to kink, which may be due to either of the causes which we have discussed. 3558. (Chairman.) Is the fault which you have mentioned in the Gibraltar cable the only one which occurs to your mind ?—I do not know of any other defect in the Gibraltar cable. I think it is a very excellent cable in every other particular. I would remark that the plan of welding the steel wires, I think, is rather objectionable. I think it would be very much preferable to lay two wires side by side, and whip them round with small wire, and then solder them, as is commonly done with conducting wires; & joint ‘of that character is quite strong enough to break the steel wires, and is much more reliable than a welded joint, which, in such a very small wire, is extremely liable to be imperfect. 3559. Have you considered the effect of pressure at great depths on gutta-percha ?—Some experiments are now being prosecuted by the committee with that object. At present they have not led to any results, owing to the machinery not being in a sufficiently I believe gutta-percha to be one of the most impermeable substances that has been used for insulation at present. I am of opinion myself that pressure at great depths would not at all cause water to permeate gutta-percha, but that the pressure would, on the contrary, condense the pores of the gutta-percha (the gutta-percha itself being virtually liquid under this enormous pressure), and would make it as impermeable to water under great pressure as it is under ordinary pressure, that is the opinion I have formed. 3560. Therefore you are of opinion that the insu- lating power of gutta-percha will not be in any degree affected by great pressure ?—I think all experience has shown that its insulating power is not at all affected by great weight, because there are many eases in which cables are still existing under very great pressure without any change whatever taking place in the insulation of the cables, nor have I ever heard any authentic case in which pressure has injured the insulation of & cable. 3561. Have you formed any opinion upon the causes of the failure of submarine cables ?—In shoal water there are numerous causes which need scarcely be mentioned, — anchorage, and, above all things, rocks; and I may also, perhaps, speak of rust as being а very common cause of injury; but in deep water, the chief injury, I should apprehend, would be from lightning, and from a phenomenon which constantly occurs in gutta-percha wires, which I believe now is confined to them ; it is this, that after lengthened use, especially after great battery power has been long sent through them, a small fault will sometimes display itself, "without any apparent cause ; that will not inter- fere with working at first ; but, after п time, the cur- rents will gradually enlarge the fault, and make it become so great as to stop all working. I never yet satisfac stovily, to my own mind, accounted for those faults, and therefore they remain, in my mind, a sort of shadow on submarine cables. I should be very glad if any explanation of theim could be given; at present, as far as I have seen, gutta- -pereh: is liable to have these small faults, commencing in it without any very apparent cause, and gradually enl: arge themselves till they stop the w orking. One result has been that we have had to lift cables „in shallow water, to eut out those faults, and replace tbem, which we have doue MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE without learning much from them, unless they have been made, as they have in very many cases, by light- ning. 3362. Do you consider that some action js going on in consequence of the current of electricity ?— We have always found, when we have cut these particular local faults out from cables, that the insulation of the remainder of the wire is as perfect and as good as when it was first submerged. At the present day our cables across to Holland, which were laid in 1853, after these local faults have been taken out of them, are quite as perfect in their insulation as they were when first laid. There is this liability to faults coming on in gutta-percha from which we never feel safe. 3963. Have you formed any opinion as to the best mode of obviating defects of that nature ?—I think we may hope that india-rubber, or perhaps Hughes' fluid, or Wray's compound, in combination with gutta- percha, or alone, may be found free from that peculiar defect. I have a great hope that it may be confined to gutta-percha alone ; but experience only can deter- mine that. I am at ‘the present time submitting a number of lengths of various kinds of cable to the constant action of a very powerful current, in the hope that we may learn which of those cables is most liable to that kind of injury, and also ascertain the cause of it. 3564. Is not this lability to injury diminished by increasing the number of coats of gutta-percha ?—I have no doubt it is greatly diminished, or perhaps en- tirely obviated, by either increasing the coats or by increasing the ‘thickness of the insulator. 3565. Do you think it would be sufficient to increase the thickness of each coat, and not to inerease the number of coats ?—I think an increase of the total thickness would probably obviate the effect, for we all know that the tendency of the current to burst through increases very rapidly as the thickness of the coat diminishes, 3566. Do you consider that this effect takes place from the current having burst through the outer cover- ing ?-—I think the curr ent first forms channels, through which it works rather more powerfully than it does through the generality of the cable, and having esta- blished a channel for itse f, it incessantly pours thr ough this channel, until at last the quantity of current that passes is sufficient to galvanize the channel, апа then the process of enlargement goes on rapidly. If I take one of these minute faults before it has grown to any magnitude, and put a powerful battery upon it, it would instantly burst through in the shape of visible sparks. 3567. Have you scen any cases of injury from light- ning to submarine cables ?—Injuries from lightning are very frequent both in submarine cables "and in underground wires, wherever they are in connexion with overground wires. I think the best remedy for this in submarine cables is to lay a considerable length of the telegraph near the shore in an iron-coated cable, and to place lightning conductors both at the margin of the sea where the submarine cable com- mences, and also at the end where the land cable commences. In that way some resistance is opposed to the lightning travelling on and causing injury to those parts which are beneath the water; the large injuries will probably occur near the sea. I have also designed a peculiar lightuing conductor, which I believe to be extremely "well adapted for burying in out of the way exposed places. 3568. What is the form of that lightning conduc- tor 7—16 is made by taking а slab of slate, drilling holes through it, and placing it upon a planed «lab of iron; pins of brass are then thrust loosely through those holes, so as to rest on the iron ; melted lead is poured over it, so ns to cement the holes solid; this compound of a cake of slate, with these points passing through it and resting on the iron, is then lifted up, and a piece of ordinary silk or oiled silk is placed between the slate, the points, and the slab of iron, and there supported. ‘The conducting wire is placed in SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. connexion with this slab with the points, 80 that any lightning would burst through the oiled silk, and make its exit to the earth. The whole of this apparatus 18 enclosed in а cast-iron box, luted in with pitch, and some quicklime is enclosed with it, so that the atmos- phere is always kept dry within. 3569. Have you tried that lightning conductor 2— Not practically, only experimentally. In its general form it corresponds with the lightning conductor which has been used commonly for many years past, the peculiarity cousisting in | the method of adjusting the points and the use of quicklime. | 3570. Can you give any account of your experience with respect to the injury of cables from rust ?—We have found that the portions of our cables that are thoroughly imbedded in the sand аге excessively durable ; in fact, scarcely any change whatever takes place in the iron coating, but wherever the cables are exposed to the constant action of sea-water, rusting takes place very rapidly. I have sometimes thought that the reason why the cables are so protected by sand alone, is, that the injury is caused either by & small quantity of oxygen which is in the water, or by minute proportions of iodine or other corrosive salts | which are in the sea-water, and which having once attacked the cable as it lies imbedded in the sand, destroy themselves by their action on the cable, and the sea- water which then remains in contact with the cable is no longer eharged with oxygen or with those corrosive salts. I have tried to obviate the injury which is caused to all iron cables exposed to sea-water, by coating them with a covering of yarn or tape, saturated either with asphalte or marine glue, or some protection of that kind, knowing, although it would be impossible absolutely to prevent sea-water injuring the iron, yet hoping that the effect which takes place in sand where the water is not allowed to change itself freely, would also take place with even an impertectly saturated covering of marine glue or asphalte. A sufficient time has not yet clapsed to enable me to form a correct opinion of the value of that process. 3571. What cables have been laid to which that process has been applied ?—The only cable yet laid coated in that way is a cable to the Isle of Man. 3572. Is there no difficulty in applying the outer covering of marine glue to the cable after it has been made — There appears none whatever. The con- tractors who applied this process at first attempted to do so by actually passing the enble bodily through a vessel of melted pitch. The result was that the first five yards that they passed through it contained a fault, and the general aspect of the thing was so frightful, that I begged of them at once to stop it, and to cover the cable in the way in which I originally recommended, which consists in revolving a tank of melted material round the cable as it rises up verti- eally, having bobbins of yarn revolving in the melted asphalte, paying off on to the iron cable as the whole mass revolves round it. In this way the temperature is never raised sufficiently to incur any risk of soften- ing the gutta-percha in the interior of the cable. No difficulty, whatever, was found in the application. 3573. Have any faults been detected since ?—No fault of any kind has appeared since; the cable was laid out with as much facility as any ordinary cable, and at rather a higher speed; in fact, at five miles un hour. 3574. Did you experience any difficulty from tho sticking together of the cable in the coils ?—No diffi- culty is experienced in that way; it is necessary to use wet sawdust if the material be asphalte, which would spontaneously adhere. With a material like marine glue such a precaution would not be necessary, for in its cold state marine glue would not adhere. 3515. What is your opinion of gutta-percha as an insulator ?—I have given my opinion generally upon that subject in speaking of the faults which occurred in gutta-percha, It does not stand very high as an insulator, in the condition in which it is ordinarily manufactured; its insulating properties may be very much increased by more highly drying it. I havo 203 seen some gutta-percha that the company purchased Z. Clark, Esq. from Messrs. Siemens, Berlin, which I believe was worked into an extremely dry condition, but I fear, from experience, that gutta-percha is liable to spon- tancous decomposition, or to oxidation, to a much greater extent than it is in the ordinary state. 3576. Was it manufactured for a cable ?—It was. 3577. In any peculiar manner ?—I believe it was merely very highly dried in the process of mastica- tion, but I have no positive ground for that belief. 3578. Was it equally ductile ?—It was not quite so ductile as gutta-percha in general; it was rathor harder and much blacker in character ; gutta-percha, when at all exposed to the air, is like most of these substances, extremely perishable, and even when buried in dry ground tht oxygen affects it most rapidly, and it soon becomes brittle. I have found that by immersing it in oil it appears to remain un- injured for an indefinite time. I have a wire which ras laid in 1851, in a leaden pipe full of oil, which has undergone, apparently, no change whatever. I have also found that where covered in the manner adopted by Mr. Edwin Clark, which was that of covering it with tape and tar, that the change appears to be greatly arrested, though not entirely prevented. I have still further extended that system by embed- ding gutta-percha wire in melted asphalte, or any similar cheap compound, and I have found that in that way, so far as my experience at present goes, gutta-percha may be made to last for an indefinite time without change. 3579. Do you apply the melted asphalte in the same way that you do in covering a cable No; in some instances I have applied the asphalte by merely laying the gutta-percha wires in troughing and pour- ing in the melted asphalte in a nearly cold state round the wires. 3580. What temperature do you consider safe for the asphalte?—A temperature of 100°. In other instances I have placed the wires, which have been previously laid up in the form of a coiled cable, in a tank of iron made air tight, and then exhausted the air by an air pump so as to get a tolerably perfect vacuum, then I have admitted the asphalte in a melted state from another tank, and allowed it to flow in among the wires. I then lifted them out quickly, scraped off the surplus asphalte, and afterwards covered the wire with coarse tape so as to form a compound cable. I am now experimenting further on that principle, which I thiuk promises to be very useful. 'The dauger to be avoided is having the asphalte so warm as to destroy the centricity of the conducting wire. 3581. Have you pursued that system for under- ground wires only ?—For underground wires, not for submarine cables. 3582. Would not there be great difficulty in getting at any wire in which there was a fault if you wished to take up the line It would be necessary probably to destroy all the wires in endeavouring to repair any one at that partieular spot. I should mention that the asphalte I have used has always been partially fluid ; even when quite cold it is never brittle. 3583. How do you prepare the asphalte ?—I softened it either by grease, oil, or Stockholm tar, till it has the proper consistency. 3584. (Professor Wheatstone.) The French plan is to place naked wires in asphalte, keeping them about an inch apart. All the street work in Paris is done in that way ?—There is а long account of that system in the “ Annales Télégraphique,” which gives me the impression that they have not yet found it perfect. I have endeavoured to adopt that plan my self in this country, but I find its expense very con- siderable. I was not successful in the experiments, and I am waiting to see the result of their experi- ments in Paris. 3585. ( Chairman.) Would it not be a much cheaper mode of laying the wires ?—Not so much cheaper as you may suppose. I think my own plan, which con- sists in using wires thinly covered with some insulator, Cc2 2 Feb. 1860. L. Clark, Esq. —— 2 Feb. 1860. spoken. 204 such as gutta-percha or india-rubber, is preferable to the French plan of using naked wires, because 1t dispenses with the necessity for keeping them so scrupulously apart. 3586. (Professor Wheatstone.) It was found that at half an inch apart they did not succeed, but they succeeded perfectly if they were placed about an inch apart ?—The quantity of asphalte required to place them an inch apart would be more costly than the price of ordinary gutta-percha covered wire. | 8587. (Chairman.) Can you give the Committee any further information upon the subject of the failure of gutta-percha in land lines ?—No, nothing strikes me at present. 3588. What is your opinion of india-rubber as an insulator ?—It stands very high indeed as an insula- tor, and its specific inductive capacity is very low; therefore as a material it is peculiarly well adapted for use in submarine cables, and it has the great advantage that high temperature does not injure it. I have seen many pieces of it ina state of decomposi- tion from a cause which at present I do not under- stand. By some it is attributed to the action of the copper, by some to the use of greasy wire in the manufacture, and by others to the use of an inferior india-rubber. I have had specimens which were laid down by my brother, Mr. Edwin Clark, in 1850, in several tunnels on the Lancashire and Yorkshire and North-Western railways. I have also examined specimens which were laid in the Box tunnel long prior to that time. All those specimens have cotton placed round the copper wire before the india-rubber is placed on it, and I find that no particular decay has taken place in these wires, and they give me the impression that india-rubber will eventually prove to be a highly permanent material. 3589. Provided it is separated from the copper wire by some other material ?—Yes. I have also seen specimens which Mr. Siemens has brought from St. Petersburgh, in which the india-rubber was in contact with the copper wire without any effect of the kind I have spoken of having taken place. I am compelled to suspend my judgment as to the cause of that defect; if that cause can be discovered and the evil obviated, india-rubber will be found a very use- ful insulator indeed. 3590. (Professor Wheatstone.) Is it not the East India rubber which is so defective, the South Ameri- can being much better. In the opinion of many persons the cure of the defect you have spoken of is to be looked for in a proper selection of the material? —Yes ; I have found that the East India gum turns into the form of treacle when lying about in the office, but the bottle india-rubber, which we use for rubbing out pencil marks, never undergoes that change. I called Messrs. Silver's attention very earnestly to the defect when they first began to make public their process of covering wire with india-rubber, and they assured me that they were fully alive to the import- ance of using the very best gum, and that they never on any account used any but the very best Para india-rubber. But in wire manufactured by the same parties since that period I have seen that effect take place which leads me to suppose that it is not due to that cause, as their attention had been so earnestly directed to it. 8591. ( Chairman.) Have you seen any plan which is perfectly satisfactory to you for covering wire with india-rubber ?—' The plan of which I should most approve is the plan adopted by Messrs. Silver, in which, after laying on the india-rubber in a spiral form, they submit it to heat. The union appears to be very perfect, and if the gum be not injured by too much mastication, I believe it will be found very permanent. 3592. Have all the specimens of wire which have been sent to you by Messrs. Silver been found per- feet? More or less perfect, and some remarkably so. I except, of course, the treacly change of which I have I think that a combination of india-rubber MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE covered with gutta-percha would form a very excellent submarine cable. 3593. Would you put the india-rubber next the copper wire ?—Yes ; next the copper wire, so that in the event of an accidental elevation of temperature, there may be no danger of the wire coming to the outside, an evil that occurred to a large extent in the Atlantic cable and some other cables which I have seen. The low specific inductive capacity of india- rubber would make it a very nice material. 3594. Have you considered the properties of vul- canized india-rubber as an insulator ?—I have seen a good deal of vulcanized rubber in two forms. One prepared by Mr. Daft and the other by Mr. Hooper Mr. Hooper's wire is made in several forms ; one form is a perfectly elastic vulcanized india-rubber ; another form is perfectly hard vulcanite ; a third form is intermediate between those two, and seems to be much preferable to either of them. In all its forms its insulating power is extremely good, and its induction is as low as with india-rubber. The brittle character of vulcanite is a serious objection, because & violent kink would break it, but Mr. Hooper has endeavoured to obviate that by putting between the vulcanite and the conducting wire a stratum of india- rubber not vulcanized. I believe he has found much difficulty in arranging this. 3595. Does he put that next the wire ?—Next the copper conductor; it is a stratum of simply spirally laid india-rubber. He does this in order to effect a secure joint, for at present it is generally stated that it is impossible to make a joint in vulcanized wire; but both Mr. Daft and Mr. Hooper assert that they can make perfect joints, and I have seen one joint made by Mr. Hooper in vulcanized wire, which appears to me & very complete and perfect joint. The effect of sulphur on the copper is very manifest in all the specimens which I have seen except two. One of those two is a wire prepared by Mr. Hooper in a manner which I do not understand ; the other is a wire prepared by Mr. Daft, and is made of brass. Mr. Daft has observed that brass does not seem to be acted upon by sulphur in the same manner that copper is. Mr. Hooper is, at my suggestion, getting copper conductors coated with brass, in order to obtain that benefit from the use of brass. He has also, at my suggestion, tried the use of tin and zinc on the con- ducting wire, but I do not think they will have the effect of preventing the action of the sulphur satis- factorily. 3596. Do you expect much from vulcanized india- rubber on the whole ?—I am sanguine that vulcanized india-rubber will some day be found very suitable for submarine cables, if they get over the difficulty of the action of the sulphur on the copper, and can make perfect joints. I think it is the finest material known for submarine cables ; it is almost impossible to injure it by twisting or by breaking. 3597. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Is not vulcanized india- rubber more liable to decomposition than pure gutta- percha or pure india-rubber ?—I have seen specimens of valves, which have been used in steam engines for two or three years, in which no effect whatever has been produced by the sea-water; in the open air elastic vulcanized india-rubber seems to me very liable to decomposition. I think when it is embedded in sea-water, it will be found, as far as I am aware, very durable and permanent. 3598. (Professor Wheatstone.) In the course of a few years it becomes excessively rotten. I left in Paris, in 1845, a parcel of papers connected together with india-rubber bands ; when I returned every one of them was rotten ?—All compounds of gutta-percha and india-rubber appear to me to decay very rapidly, when exposed to the open air, especially to sunshine, when they oxidize rapidly. I have tried many ex- periments, by immersing them in water and various other liquids, and I find everything which keeps. oxygen from them prevents any change, and I hope the sea-water will have the same effect on vulcanized india-rubber. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 3599. (Chairman.) Have you observed that vul- canized india-rubber cuts or splits when it is brought in contact with sharp edges under water ?—I have noticed the facility with which it can be split with a knife under water. 3600. Have you observed in valves that it has com- pletely split to the core, upon the mere rectangular edges of the valve boxes ?—Yes; that effect has occurred, after repeatedly binding upon the edges of the valve boxes, and I have noticed it; but even so split, it has appeared to me as strong and as good as when it waa not split. 3601. Not as an insulator ?—It would be useless as an insulator. 3602. Have you had any experience of Mackin- tosh's process of curing gutta-percha or india-rubber, by slightly vulcanizing it on the outside, so as to render it impervious to moisture? — I have seen specimens so prepared by Mr. Mackintosh, but I have not made any experiments upon them. I am not able to form an opinion upon them at present. Chloride of sulphur has the effect of vulcanizing in cold very effectively, and it is probable that it may be usefully employed in vulcanizing india-rubber cables ; but I have no further knowledge of it. 3603. What is your opinion of Chatterton’s com- pound as an insulator ?—Chatterton’s compound is а very high insulator indeed, and its specific inductive capacity is rather low. 3604. Is it more favourable than india-rubber ?— About the same as india-rubber. I laid a cable down more than a year ago to Holland, and in order to test the use of Chatterton's compound, two of the wires were prepared with two coats of the compound, and two were perfectly plain gutta-percha ; through all the testing of the various coats of wires used in that cable, I found uniformly the insulation of that wiro which was prepared with Chatterton’s compound was twice as good as that with plain gutta-percha. I found also that the discharge from it was about half as great ; and now that the cable has been laid down, there still remains nearly the same proportion between the two wires ; that prepared with Chatterton’s com- pound has less induction and is a better insulator than that without it. In the course of experiments now being made by the Government, wire has been prepared with 10 layers of Chatterton’s compound and 10 lavers of gutta-percha laid on alternately, and its in- sulation is much higher than that of any gutta-percha that I have ever seen, and its induction very much lower. 3605. Does it rank as high as india- rubber? Not quite so high as india-rubber, so far as my observations have at present gone. ; 3606. At what temperature has it been tried? At present all our experiments have been made at ordinary temperatures ; but all the wires are now having ice placed upon them, and in a few days the temperaturo will be 32°, and will be gradually raised up to a temperature of 95° or 96°. 3607. What is your opinion of Hughes’ fluid as an insulator ?—The insulation of the cables covered with Hughes’ fluid is very excellent, and the induction ex- tremely small, and therefore it seems a useful material. Its property of closing up any slight wound or defect in the gutta-percha would appear to me to be very valuable, and one very well worth consideration. If there be any truth in the belief entertained by some people, that water, under great pressure, can be forced into gutta-percha, the use of Hughes’ fluid would entirely obviate that evil, because it would enter into the pores of the gutta-percha instead of water. 3608. You think it is a desirable coating for a gutta- percha covered core? — I think it well worthy of practical experiment. I have formed a very high Opinion of it ; it appears to me to give a very cheap cable of large diameter, very perfect insulation, and low induction. I have noticed that Hughes’ fluid appears to me to improve the density of gutta-percha, and not in the least to injure it. 3609. Do you think you have had sufficient ex- 205 perience of Hughes’ fluid to be able to form an opinion upon it ?—We have had no practical experience of it; but from all I have seen I entertain a very sanguine opinion of its merits. : 3610. Does it at all combine with the gutta-percha ? —1 does appear to combine with the gutta-percha ; but in doing so it much improves its teuacity, and its insulating properties also ; and therefore I think the combination will be an advantageous one rather than an injurious one. I have requested Professor Hughes to endeavour to find a fluid which will not change india-rubber ; and he states that he has done so for an india-rubber covered wire ; if it could be trusted in contact with any such fluid inside, a gutta-percha tube would appear to form a very nice cable; it would be necessary to be careful in making the joints to entirely separate the different portions of the cable into nodes, aud not to allow free liquid communication through the whole length of the cable; at each joint I would make it of solid material. 'The manner in which Hughes’ fluid closes accidental wounds in the gutta- percha is very striking. 3611. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) What is this liquid material ?—It is a kind of tar, prepared in the distil- lation of a peculiar sort of anthracite coal or shale used in Scotland for making gas; it contains no naphtha. 3612. (Chairman.) What is your opinion of Mr. Allan's cable ?—I do not approve of the principle. 3613. What are your objections to it ?——Mechani- cally I think it objectionable to let the strain be transferred from the interior conducting wire to the insulator. You run great risk of crushing or injuring your insulator when any heavy strains are transferred through it to any extreme points of bearing. 3614. In paying out ?—In paying out or in resting on rocks afterwards ; secondly, I think electrically it is а great mistake to use such a material as steel, which has very low conducting power, while we have such an excellent conductor as copper available. 3615. Have you paid any attention to Herder’s cable ?—We are having specimens of Herder’s cable made, in order to experiment upon them ; but I do not think we shall find any useful results trom them. I think the experiments on which he bases his opinions are rather fallacious. | 3616. Have you examined De Berg's cable ?—I have seen specimens of it only. 3617. Have you formed any opinion upon it ?—I have formed rather a favourable opinion from what I have scen; it is a hemp cable, and I think it is the nicest of the parallel laid cables that I have scen. I should be afraid of it, because it is entirely a hemp cable ; such a eable lying across rocks at the bottom of the sea, if it should happen to do so, would by the very slightest action of the current very soon saw itself in two, and it would be extremely likely to lio in cateraria across elevations on account of its great lightness, when a heavier cable would sink down and lie closer to the ground. 3618. Would it not be eaten by marine animals? From the evidence I have heard given marine animals only occur at depths of 400 fathoms, at least, marine animals of such a character as could injure a cable, and down to those depths I would certainly carefully protect any eable by iron. | 9619. What is your opinion of the size and pro- portions of the Atlantic cable ?—Undoubtedly the copper conducting wire was much too small. At the early formation of the company, before it actually was a company, the projectors asked me to see sonio samples which they had prepared. One of them had five or seven very small wires, separated from each other in one beddiug of gutta-percha. I pointed out to them how impossible it would be to use such a cable, and begged of them to use only one wire, and that avery thick one. They only partially accorded with my views, and adopted the present thin con- ducting wires. The experiments which led to the adoption of that small wire are well known, and I need not make any remarks upon them, because the C c8 L. Clark, Es, 2 Feb. 1860. Z. Clark, Esq. 2 Feb. 1860. 206 error which caused that adoption is now very well understood. I think generally all experience shows that it is very advantageous to use a very thick con- ducting wire, and not so very thick an insulator. Speaking commercially, you gain more rapid speed by increasing the conductor than by increasing the insulator. 3620. To what error do you allude ?— The error made by Mr. Whitehouse in supposing that small con- ductors would work more quickly than large ones. 3621. Have you made any experiments on the conductivity of copper wire ?—None especially ; but at the early formation ef the Atlantic Telegraph Com- pany, when it was first resolved to make the Atlantic cable, I wrote an earnest letter to the manager of the Company, Mr. Cyrus Field, and to the manager of the Gutta-percha Company’s Works, Mr. Statham, begging of them to be careful not to use anything like brass wire, pointing out the very low conductivity of brass wire ; I was led to do so from having accidentally wound a coil with brass wire instead of copper wire, finding it differ in an extraordinary manner from a similar coil wound with copper wire, I wrote to them earnestly to be aware of having a wire of bad con- ductivity ; I believe it was that letter which led to the great attention which has since been paid to the subject. | | 3622. Have you had any experience of the great differences of the conducting power of copper wires ? —I have frequently drawn pieces of copper wire taken from various cables, such as the cable laid in the Mediterranean, from our own Hague cables, and from the Atlantic cable, and compared them with the copper wire which is now used by the Gutta-percha Com- pany, and I found an extraordinary difference in the conductivity ; all our resistance coils, which were made to accord with the kind of copper then in use, are now entirely wrong, owing to the use of greatly improved copper by the Gutta-percha Company. But some specimens of copper which I received from the Gutta- percha Company as late as three weeks ago gave a conductivity of only 75 per cent., when pure copper would have given 100, so that even now their wire is not all uniformly good. 3623. Have you a standard for the conductivity of copper used by the Electric and International Com- pany?—We have no standard in that Company, but Dr. Mattheson has lately been making some experiments on the various qualities of copper, and he has supplied me with a standard coil of pure copper wire, on which I now base the calculation I have made as to the con- ductivity of the Gutta-percha Company’s wire at present. 3624. Have you made any experiments on the effect of temperature on the insulation of cables ?— None, except that I have noticed generally how rapidly the insulation falls as the temperature rises, and in laying out submarine cables, in common with every one else, I have always noticed how strikingly the insulation improves as the cable goes out from the warm ship into the cooler sea. | 3695. Have you studied the effect of different thicknesses of coating on submarine cables ?—The induction between flat plates is known to vary directly as the distance between those plates, and, I believe, in submarine cables the same law prevails, but in measuring the spaces you must not take the surface of the conducting wire or the surface of the gutta-percha, but the mean of those two surfaces, and then dividing that by the thickness of the dialectric, you get, I be- lieve, the law which rules that phenomenon ; if you call C the circumference of the outer dialectrie, a little e the circumference of the conductor, then if you add those two together, take half the difference, and divide that by T (the gutta-percha), which we will suppose to be the thickness of the dialectric, it gives you the law. The formula may be thus expressed:— Cre MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE All these measurements, I think, are very much in- terfered with by that phenomenon which Faraday called penetration, and which Snow Harris called absorption, and which is so well known under the name of residual discharge in Leyden phials. І am endeavouring earnestly to ascertain the law of this effect, which seems a very interesting one. 3626. Does not it vary very much in different sub- stances ?— Yes, in the 20-coated cable to which I have previously alluded, it exists to an extraordinary degree; we find, if we charge that cable for a minute or two, and then at intervals of a minute, keeping placing it in contact with our galvanometer, it will con- tinue to give about a degree or & couple of degrees of deflection for the space of 30 or 40 minutes, or even longer, continually creeping out & new charge every time. Other materials appear to have very little of that property, I believe. Advantage may be taken of that to find some suitable material. 3627. Has Chatterton's compound that property to a large degree ?— Our experience has not yet informed us of that. J am carrying out a series of experiments with flat plates, by the use of frictional electricity, and tabulating all the materials. 3628. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Have you tried sealing wax ?—No. Shellac and bees-wax has it in a high degree, india-rubber in a low degree, and vulcanized india-rubber in a low degree. That effect does not at all agree with that of induction or insulation, and it forms quite a separate law of its own. 3629. (Chairman.) Have you noticed the effect of what are called false currents in coiled submarine cables ?— Yes, very frequently ; the effect is very apparent in cables coiled in small diameter. I have seen it in a coil of 20 feet diameter; but it is not at all apparent in large coils ; nor do I think it a phe- nomenon of any importance in telegraphy, except while experimenting before the cables are laid down ; it is the result of the action of one coil upon another, as originally pointed out by Faraday. It is very easily shown on small coils; but I think it is of no importance. 3630. Have you made experiments on the effect of earth currents in working through telegraph lines ?— I have very often witnessed them, and have taken much interest in them. I have devised a machine for the purpose of balancing that force and counteracting the effects. The machine consists of any ordinary magnet or needle, which is surrounded by coils of thick wire in connexion with a single cell of battery. A handle moves horizontally on a table, and when that handle is in a central position it makes no con- tact with this cell at all ; when it moves to the right hand, it causes this cell to work through the thick wire coil in one direction ; and when it is moved to the left hand, it causes it to work through the thick wire coil in the other direction. If you move it further and further to the right hand or to the left hand, it throws into circuit a gradually increasing re- sistance coil, so that when it is worked to the extremo right it allows the current to work through the thick wire on short circuit, or when it is moved to the ex- treme left it allows the current to work on short circuit ; when brought nearer and nearer to the cen- tral position the current has very little resistance from the small wire. In that manner you get the means of truly balancing the changing force of earth currents as they arise. I have noticed some extra- ordinarily violent effects at different times from earth currents ; but they have never been so excessive as they were during 1859. We have even had them at such a pitch of high intensity that they caused visible sparks to pop between the terminals when touched. 3631. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Have you applied this instrument ?—Not yet, but I have one ready. ` 3632. (Chairman.) What is the strength of the earth currents as compared with battery power ?—1 have never myself been able to measure one that would overpower a stronger battery than one of 36 cells ; but Mr. Varley has measured one as high as SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 70 cells ; and on the occasion I speak of, when visible sparks occurred, which they did abundantly, both in this country and on the continent, the tension must have been equal to the power of many hundreds of cells. 3633. Is the weather peculiar in which earth currents are observed? They are invariably accom- panied by the aurora borealis. I have not traced out any law concerning them, but I have made prepara- tions for measuring their intensity by the use of a Peltier electrometer the next time they occur. 3634. Is there any peculiar senson of the year when they are observable ?—Only sq far as they depend upon the aurora borealis. 3635. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Are earth currents uniform in their direction, or is there any general law concerning their direction ?—I can trace no law as to their direction ; at times they are most powerful east and west, at other times north and south ; in five minutes they frequently change their direction to the right or to the lett. 3636. (Professor Wheatstone.) The 28th of August was the great day on which almost all the telegraphs were stopped, not only in Europe as far as Rome and Naples, but also in Australia ?—Yes. 3637. I believe a short line which goes from the House of Lords never was affected ?—I have seen numberless instances of a line two miles in length being powerfully affected by these currents. On the occasion of which you have spoken, the short lines under the streets of London were powerfully affected by these currents. 3638. (Chairman.) Are the north and south lines affected more than east and west lines ?— No, one storm will have its direction north and south, and another east and west. 3639. (Professor Wheatstone.) The inspector of the French telegraph says, that their lines were much more affected cast and west, but that does not appear to hold good in this country ?—No ; I have urged on the Astronomer Royal the importance of the Government laying two or three wires radiating from the Royal Observatory, with copper plates at each end. I have pointed out that three wires will virtually give six points of the compass, four wires will give eight points, and by combining their effects you will get sixteen points of the compass. I believe on a line of 10 or 12 miles the effects of earth currents would be visible daily. I think that many of the effects that are now observed by means of a suspended magnet are really due to the passage of these cur- rents. I have frequently written to Professor Airey to tell him that we had violent deflections of our needle, and he has invariably replied that he also has had violent deflections of his magnet. 3640. (Chairman.) Have you made any experi- ments on the comparative absorption of electro-mag- netic currents and battery currents ?—I have not had an opportunity of doing so, but I believe they are essentially similar in their character, and that any magnetic current may be insulated by a voltaie battery; I have charged a cable with an electrifying machine, raising it up to the same tension that would be given by a battery of, sav, 100 pairs of plates, and I have found that the discharge from that cable is exactly the same in its force and character as that from 100 cells of voltaic battery ; so that I believe there is no dif- ferenee between frictional electricity and magnetic electricity or voltaic electricity. 3641. Are you acquainted with Professor IIughes's machine for printing in type through cables ?—Y'es. 3642. What is your opinion of it ?—I think it may turn out a useful machine, it has the great advantage that it prints one sign with every wave, or with every current. 3643. What is the principle of its construction ?— The principle of its construction is this : he keeps one wheel revolving at a certain rate and another wheel at the distant station revolving at the same rate carrying types; every time he sends a current from the rear wheel he arrests the distant wheel for a 207 moment and causes it to print the character which is passing at that instant. In order to keep these wheels revolving synchronously, he employs an ingenious method of causing a tooth to descend, so that if his distant wheel has got a little in advance or is a little behind his own wheel, this tooth in its descent not only prints a letter but brings back his wheel to the right point, and in that way, practically by using & spring pendulum to control the velocity of his wheels, he ean print for many hours without an error; I have seen him work for several days between London and Liverpool with that machine, though not without errors, still the errors were so few as to lead me to hope that it might give very good results. I have seen a letter from one of the companies in America which employs his machine very extensively, in which they speak in the very highest terms of its operation. 3644. At what speed will it work ?—I have usually seen it work about 20 or 25 words a minute, but the letters I have seen from the telegraph companies in America state that they frequently work 35 words a minute and sometimes even 40. 3645. (Professor Wheatstone.) Is Hughes’s machine superior in its action to the printing telegraph in- vented by M. Tayleur ?—I think it is very superior to Tayleurs. "Tayleur was the first, so far as I know, to employ the spring pendulum as the controlling power for the speed ; but that machine rested at zero. It then automatically sends one current, which sets the machine in action, and the second current is given afterwards, which arrests the wheel at the moment the right letter is passing ; after having printed it, the wheel revolves again to zero, and stands there until you send another current. In Hughes’s machine the type wheel revolves perpetually ; in fact, it is fixed to a heavy fly-wheel, and he does not arrest the type wheel at all; but he causes the paper to be brought up by a small pad in contact with the type wheel in running motion when that particular letter is passing the pad. He also makes very clever use of the auxiliary current to adjust the tension of the cable between the intervals when he is sending positive and negative currents. For example, if he has been sending a long negative current, he sends a momen- tary positive current automatically before the next current is sent, in the manner introduced by Mr. Varley. Also, at the further end of the cable he has a great gain, for if the cable has been receiving a negative current, he automatically, for an instant, puts a positive current into the cable, which sweeps out all the negative current from that half of the cable which would be some time clearing itself spontaneously at the near end ; so that he assists the cable in clearing itself of the previous current automatically at each end. 3646. Has Hughes's instrument ever been tried on & submarine cable ?—Not on a greater length than 240 miles ; on that length it worked extremely well and very rapidly. А 3647. Have you no doubt of its success on а long submarine cable ?—I could not speak so confidently as to say that I have no doubt of its success, but I mn very hopeful of its being found a most useful and rapid machine. Professor Hughes's machine acts, I think, with an almost weaker current than any other machine I know; he employs an electro-magnet, which is magnetized by a permanent magnet; the armature is down nearly in contact with the electro- magnet, which is a spring of so much force that it will almost overpower the permanent magnet ; under these circumstances the feeblest current sent through causes the machine to print. I have scen IIughes's machine work when an ordinary galvanometer would give no indication. 3648. Will it work with as delicate a current as Professor Thomson's marine galvanometer?— should say more, from what I have seen. 3649. With a more delicate current ?——I am not able to say ; it is a most instantaneous machine. 3650. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Would not the induc- tive effect on cables of 2,000 miles be quite fatal to it? Ce 4 L. Clark, Esq. 2 Feb. 1860. Z. Clark, Esq. 2 Feb. 1860. Captain J. Washington, R.N., F. It. S. 9 March 1860. 208 —No, it will act much slower. You must allow a certain margin of time for the current to have its effect on the magnet ; it would act to the same degree faster than an ordinary machine as it would on a short cable. Of course it would not act so fast on the long cable, because you must allow a much greater margin for the current to make itself appear distinctly positive or negative. 3561. (Chairman.) Is there not great difficulty in causing the magnet to remain in the nearest position to the armature, or the armature in the nearest position to the magnet, if there is the least residual current in the cable ?—Professor Hughes employs the residual current as one of the forces which keeps the armature down to the magnet, and it is the feeble , MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE current destroying this residual magnetism that really works his magnet; he really works on the residual current. It is the doing away with this residual magnetism which causes the magnet to fall back, and the machine to print. From the observations I have been able to make of the working of the machine, I am much more favourably impressed with it than I was disposed to be when I just examined it as a machine to be used in connexion with submarine cables. 3652. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Does Professor Hughes's patent belong to the Electric Telegraph Company ?— No, it does not. : 3653. To himself alone? — I believe to himself alone. Adjourned. Friday, 9th March 1860. PRESENT ; Captain DOUGLAS GALTON. The Right Hon. J. Stuart WORTLEx. Professor WHEATSTONE. Mr. EDWIN CLARK. Mr. VARLEY. CAPTAIN DOUGLAS GALTON In THE CHAIR. Captain JOHN WASHINGTON, R.N., F.R.S., examined. 3654. (Chairman.) You hold the office of Hydro- grapher to the Admiralty ?—IF do. 3655. I believe you have paid considerable attention to the subject of deep sea sounding, and to the physical geography of the sea ?—From the position I hold as Ilydrographer to the Admiralty, all those soundings have been under my immediate direction. 3656. The Committee wish to obtain your opinion upon the relative practicability of three routes for laying submarine cables between the British Isles aud America. The first is the route from Ireland or Scotland, by Iceland, Greenland and Labrador ; the second is the route which the Atlantie Telegraph Company have taken; and the third the route by the coast of Spain, the Cape de Verde Islands, the northern coast of South America, and thence by way of the West India Islands to the United States. Will you first give your opinion upon the northern of those routes ?—The route from Scotland by the Faroe Islands, to Iceland, Cape Farewell and Labrador, from the convenient length of the different steps looks very tempting ; and were there no such difficulties to encounter, as ico and rapid currents, I should bo disposed to recommend it. But looking to the kuowledge which we have, confessedly rather im- perfect, of those countries my present opinion is, that it is quite impracticable. 3657. Do you think there would be any difficulty with respeet to theefirst step in that route to the Faroe Islands ? Not the least difficulty. 3658. Is there any ice found near there? Probably not of any consequence. 3659. On the south coast of Iceland is there any ice ?—On the south coast of Iceland you would en- counter ice. 3660. Does the ice hang upon the south coast of Iceland ?—No ; during the summer the ice is away. 3661. Is there not along ridge of basalt which runs out to some distance from the south coast of Iceland, which might be injurious to а cable laid upon it from the attrition ?—Probably there is, but I am not immediately aware of it; by consulting our largest charts we shall be able to ascertain the fact. 3662. From Iceland to Labrador, would there be any strong current to encounter ?—Not a strong current, I think, but there would be a great deal of ice ; the east coast of Greenland is blocked up with ice, comparatively speaking. 3663. Both summer and winter ?—Both summer and winter, the greater part of it. 3664. Is not it the case that there is always а considerable amount of pack ice on the south point of Greenland, and on the western coast ?—] do not think the ice remains in the south-western fiords of Greenland during the summer. I have no practical experience, but from recollection it does not. You must have had much better evidence upon that subject from Sir James Ross and other Arctic navigators who can speak to the point ; but my impression is, that the whole of the fiords are clear during the summer, and are blocked up during the winter. 3665. Would it be your opinion that the prevalenco of ice during the winter along that coast would be injurious to a cable after it was laid ?— Yes. 3666. From the grounding of the ice, I suppose? Yes. 3667. The next step in that route is between Greenland and Labrador, how far do you think that would be practicable ?—I do not think there would be any difficulty beyond, as I said before, partly the ice and partly the currents. We do not know the maxi- mum depth of water that I am aware in Davis's Straits, but I do not contemplate that it exceeds 1,500 fathoms, and that is of no great importance. 3668. In none of those steps do you think that the depths of water would be any grent difficulty ?—I think not as far as we know ; but the Committee will be well aware that we have very incomplete sound- ings indeed in that direction ; in fact, I may say, that we are quite ignorant of the whole affair, and if it were proposed to lay a cable, the first step would be to sound it thoreughly ; and without that being done, no opinion worth having could be offered in my judgment. 3669. We will now go the Atlantic Company's route. Of that I believe you have very complete soundings ?—From the coast of Ireland to Newfound- land we have a complete line of soundings, and as far as my information extends at present, we know of no better line than that. If you will allow me, I should like to remark with respect to the former route to Cape Farewell, I think Sir James Ross stated the other day before the Committee, that he had made some soundings, which were deposited at the Admi- ralty. Ihave before me the chart on which those soundings are laid down, but in no case was bottom reached ; and, therefore, I do not think the soundings are of any very great value; at any rate, they are not sufficient to do away with the necessity of thoroughly Pd SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. sounding out the line in case the laying of a cable in that direction were likely to be attempted. 3670. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you know the greatest depth of soundings attained by Sir James Ross in that quarter ?—2,000 fathoms of line, and no bottom in one case ; that is about half way between Rockall and Cape Farewell. ‘The others were chiefly 1,000 fathoms of line, but no bottom. 8671. (Chairman.) Do you know the nature of the bottom generally in those parts to which Mr. Stuart Wortley is alluding ?—The bottom was not reached in any case. 3672. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Then you have no knowledge of the nature of the bottom — Not the slightest. I have heard a report that a United States vessel has sounded the coast of Greenland, but I have never seen the results of the soundings. 3673. (Chairman.) Was that Colonel Shaffner’s vessel ?—I believe it was. 3674. You have complete records of the bottom be- tween Ireland and Newfoundland, I believe? Com- plete, and in no case is there any exception to the bottom being ooze ; therefore it is fair to presume that the bottom extending to Iceland and Greenland would be the same. 3675. The ooze, I believe, is small shells ? Soft mud and very small comminuted shells ; so small as to be almost invisible. 3676. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) There is a very sudden dip, is not there, about 200 miles from the coast of Ireland ?—There is a dip of 1,000 fathoms at 200 miles from the coast of Ireland. 3677. (Chairman.) In what length would that dip be; it is almost impossible to say, I suppose ?—Yes. There is a section from which you may infer it. 3678. Were the soundings taken very near to each other at that part ?—The soundings were not taken to within a few miles of each other. 3679. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you mean a few miles longitudinally, or latitudinally ?-—Longitudi- nally. 3680. Have there been any soundiugs, if I may so express it, latitudinally on the one side and the other of the Atlantic line ?—No. 3681. Would it not be advisable, before any new attempt were made, to see whether the dip is equally abrupt to the north and to the south ?— That might be done, but it would be a very troublesome affair. 3682. (Chairman.) That would be best done, I suppose, by means of three ships *—Yes ; if it is to be done expeditiously it must be done in three ships. But I question whether the results would be worth the trouble. The only use of three ships would be to do it quickly; they would not be in sight of each other. The lines must be taken out, I should say, 100 miles apart to get a result of any consequence. If you look at the chart of the Atlantic ocean you will see that the rock of Rockall lies about the same distance from the main that the dip on the Atlantic line lies. Now it is possible that the tail of the bank on which Rockall is situated might afford shallower water, but it would be going too much out of the straight line, and I do not think it would be at all worth the trouble. It would be going north-west, and then again south- west to get into the line, which would increase the distance considerably, and not be worth the trouble, because the deep water must be reached at last. When you speak of that sudden dip on the coast of Ireland, it appears sudden on all the sections that we have, but those sections are extremely exaggerated. But really that dip is not a bit steeper than any of our common roa ls. Ido not think it is so steep аз the road up Shoot. :"s Hill. 3683. (Mr. Stua.: Wortley.) The soundings show the dip, do not they *-— The soundings show it, allow- ing for the interval. There are no exact soundings on the spot to demonstrate it ; but, judging from the interval from one deep sounding to another deep sounding, the slope would not be very much more than the slope of Shooter's Hill. 3684. (Chairman.) You do not think there is any 209 probability of its going down in a sheer precipice ?— Not the slightest. 3685. Then the detritus would have filled up any- thing of that sort ?—Yes. In fact there are no such abrupt cliffs in the bottom of the sea. 3686. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Have we knowledge enough of the bottom to ascertain whether that slope consists of a gradual slope or a jagged one ?—We have no means of ascertaining that ; it is extremely improbable, the bottom being ooze, that the slope should be anything but a gradual one. Ooze could not stand in abrupt cliffs in the same way as rock. 3687. (Chairman.) What appears in the sound- ings ?—In the soundings, at 550 fathoms, it is marked * rock or stone.” 3688. From that you can bring up nothing? Merely the impression of the stone. I do not suppose that any stone was brought up actually. 3689. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Between the sound- ings at 550 fathoms, which is rock, and 1,750 fathoms, which is marked ** shells," what distance would there be ?—My impression is that it would be 20 miles. 3690. (Chairman.) Do you think it would be desirable, supposing any further attempt were made to lay a cable there, to ascertain more accurately the character of the bottom ?—No ; I do not consider it at all necessary. 3691. You have entirefaith in those soundings ?— No soundings could be more carefully made than Commander Dayman's soundings were made. We have not a more careful man in Her Majesty's service. 3692. Even at that point you would not wish to have more soundings taken to ascertain whether there is any precipice?—As a matter of curiosity it might be done. 3693. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Would it not be easy to take soundings between 550 and 1,750 fathoms where the rock changes to ooze, to ascertain the nature of the soil between those two points ?—There is not the slightest difficulty. It could be done in a very short time. A week of fine weather would settle the whole question upon that point; and I think that it would be desirable to expend & week's labour upon it, if it were only a matter of curiosity ; but I do not think it would make any difference in the laying of the cable. 3694. If the whole of that interval between 550 fathoms and 1,750 fathoms turned out to be rocky bottom there might then be a question whether the whole of that part of the cable should not be stronger than that which is to be laid where there is ooze ?— It might be so, though it is extremely improbable. 3695. From that point where the dip occurs, across very nearly to the coast of Newfoundland, there lies what has been called Lieutenant Maury's plateau ?— Yes. 3696. That is, speaking generally, ascertained to be level, is it not ?—-Speaking generally, it is so. 3697. Is it at all ascertained to what depth that level extends north and south ?—Speaking very generally, there are variations of 1,000 fathoms ; that is to say, а variation of nearly one-half of the whole depth of Lieutenant Maury's plateau. 3698. Does the plateau vary to that extent in several places or in only one ?—In one place. 3699. We do not know what the breadth of that plateau is, if it is to be called & plateau ?—No ; the word “ plateau," I think, is misleading. I think it would be better to reject it, as Lieutenant Maury has done. 3700. Maury's line, we will call it; we do not know the breadth of the line of soft bottom ?—No. In fact, we have a solitary line across the Atlantic ; it might be very desirable to run other lines, if there were any proposal for going further with the sub- ject. 3701. I suppose there is no other view, with re- ference to the naval establishment of this country, which would render it desirable for the Government to make those further researches except for the sake of telegraphy ?—No, I think not; so far as the science d Captain J. Washington, R.N., F.R.S. 9 March 1860. Captain J. Washin ton, R.N., F. R. S. 9 March 1860. ascertain the physical features of the globe, as well under the waters as above them. : 3702. Does the employment of Her Majesty's vessels in that kind of survey involve any great addi- tional expense ?—No great additional expense; very little more than the cost of the sounding line. 3703. Is not the taking of soundings.a very good school for seamen and young officers ?—Extremely good ; and I may add. that other nations are taking the initiative in this work. I believe the United States, if they have not already done it, are about to sound a line across the Pacific; they have sounded, I believe, a line from the coast of California to the Sandwich Islands ; and I have heard also that they have continued a line on to Japan. 3704. Do you mean the Government of the United States ?—Y es. | 3705. Is the Government of the United States in the habit of publishing their soundings, or do they keep them secret ?—-They have published all the soundings taken in the Atlantic very liberally indeed; they were published at the expense of the Govern- ment, and the work has been distributed to all the public bodies in England. "E 3706. (Chairman.) Will you now give the Com- mittee your opinion upon the southern of the three routes I have mentioned, which has the advantage of enabling the cable to be laid in much shorter lengths than the Atlantic route. be from some point on the const of England or Ireland to Cape Finisterre, or near Cape Finisterre, passing down the coast of Spain, probably calling at Lisbon, Cape St. Vincent, and Gibraltar ; thence passing from Cape St. Vincent to the Canary Islands, and thence to the Cape de Verd Islands ; thence to St. Paul, and thence across either direct to the northern coast of South America, or to some island near that coast ?—In the first step, as the Committee will be aware, between Ireland and Cape Finisterre, the maximum depth which we have ascertained is 2,600 fathoms. | | 3707. The bottom there is tolerably favourable, I believe ?—The Committee have the soundings ; mud and sand in all the cases in which the bottom is marked. "D ea 3708. Along the coast of Spain the bottom is equally favourable, I believe ?—Yes ; wherever marked, it is mud and ooze. Е 3709. In some parts it is marked “coral ;” is that coral broken up ?—It is all broken up. | 3710. What information have you beyond Cape St. Vincent towards the Canary Islands ?—None at all ; not a single sounding. | | 8711. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What would be the distance from Gibraltar to the Canary Islands ?— About 600 miles ; from the Canary Islands to Cape de Verd, about 600 more; from Cape de Verd to St. Paul, 800 or 900 miles; and from St. Paul to the coast of America, about 1,200 miles. 3712. (Chairman.) On what parts of that route have you any information ?—I am not aware that we have any soundings except immediately in the vicinity of the Cape de Verd Islande and approaching to St. Paul. We have soundings of 2,000 fathoms within 50 miles of the Cape de Verd Islands. | 3713. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What is the nature of the bottom ?—It is not marked. 3714. (Chairman.) Do you believe that there is any very gréat depth beyond 2,000 or 3,000 fathoms in that part of the Atlantic? —I do not think there is anything exceeding 2,500 fathoms in any part of it. | | 3715. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Has it been sur- veyed across ?—No line has been sounded, but both the Canary Islands and the Cape de Verd Islands have been surveyed as groups of islands ; but no con- nexion between them till we approach St. Paul, and there we have 2,000 fathoms and 1,000 fathoms at &bout equal distances up to the island of St. Paul. The immediate route would :210 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE of navigation is concerned, there would be no use in 3716. The Canaries are Portuguese, are not they Р it, but it is always a matter of legitimate curiosity to —The Canaries are Spanish. 3717. The Cape de Verd? — They are Spanish also. 3718, And St. Paul ?—St. Paul, I believe, is Por- tuguese, if it belongs to any one ; it is a mere rock. 9719. ( Chairman.) Are you aware whether any im- pediments are likely to be met with in the way of volcanic islands ?—I am not aware, but I think that it is not at all impossible. 3720. Inthe neighbourhoods both of the Cape de Verds and the Canaries ?—Yes, it is quite possible. 9721. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you consider the line to which you have been referring within South America ?—No ; St. Paul's is exactly on the equator. 3722. Where do the trade winds first begin ?—The north-east trade wind is always found in the latitude of 30°, say off Madeira. 9723. On that line you would have the advantage, generally speaking, of fine weather all the year round ? — Les, there is no doubt of that; there would be no difficulty in sounding that line. ( 3724. (Chairman.) And no difficulty in laying a cable ?—No difficulty ; I think the north-easterly trade wind is very fresh and strong at times, but it is a fair wind. I do not know that that is in favour of laying the cable ; still it would be a fair wind, and, perhaps, rather against laying it. 8725. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) It is an equal wind ? —Yes ; I think a wind ahead is rather better than a fair wind ; I should prefer it in laying a cable if it were not very strong. 3726. It would not be liable to storms ?—Not liable to storms certainly, but there is a strong fresh breeze and a fuir amount of sea. 3727. When you approached the north coast of South America or the West Indies you would be liable to hurricanes, would you not? Not so far south as you are going ; no hurricanes extend there, I think, the hurricanes confine themselves to the West Indies, and all the latter part of the line would be laid in the region of calms, where you may ensure fine weather all the year round. | 3728. You would avoid also the Gulf stream ?-— You would avoid the Gulf stream partly, but there is what are called the equiuoctial currents setting in to the westward slightly ; nothing of any importance. It might be desirable to go to St. Paul's, but it is making a very large angle if you went to the coast of South America, unless you went far south of the coast of South America. . 9729. (Chairman.) Do you think there would be no greater depth between the Cape de Verd Islands and the coast of South America than there would be between the Cape de Verd Islands and St. Paul? No, I think not ; tho only sounding we have is 2,700 fathoms by Lieutenant Lee, of the United States’ navy ; I do not think it would exceed that. 9730. There is another route to which I have al- luded, namely the route from England to the Azores, and from the Azores to the coast of North America ; I observe that the route between England and the Azores has been sounded ?—It has been sounded very carefully, and we know the greatest depth to be 2,375 fathoms. 8781. Have you any information as to the sound- ings between the Azores and the coast of North America ?—Yes, for about 300 miles to the west of the Azores, where we have also 2,800 fathoms. 3732. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) And 8,000 fathoms in one part ?—-No, there is no bottom there. There is a sounding of 3,000 fathoms and of 3,700 fathoms without bottom, but it does not follow that there would not be bottom. 3733. Between England and the Azores there is bottom all the way, is there not ?—We ascertained the bottom at no greater depth than 2,500 fathoms ; and generally speaking the bottom was ooze where- ever it has been brought up. 3734. (Chairman.) Have you any information as to the soundings between the Azores and Bermuda ?— SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Nothing further than I have mentioned, about 300 miles to the westward of the Azores ; but the general belief is that that is about the deepest water in the Atlantic ocean ; I do not know that there is any real foundation for it. It is the general supposition that a deep gully extends from Nova Scotia in a south- easterly direction from 3,500 to 4,000 fathoms deep. 3735. Is there a limit to the depth at which sound- ings can be taken with any degree of certainty ?—I have no doubt that there is a limit ; but as far as we have gone yet, I think there would be no difficulty in sounding in 4,000 or even 5,000 fathoms. i 196. But we have no soundings taken in that depth as yet ?——Yes ; if I remember, Sir James Ross made а sounding in deeper water, but I am not quite sure of its established accuracy ; he believed it to have been accurate, but there are doubts, seeing that it was made with spun yarn, which we believe to be a very inefficient mode of taking soundings. We have almost reduced sounding to a system now. Ihave here an abstract of all the soundings that have been made, showing the line employed, the weight used, the mean time of sounding from 400 to 2,000 fathoms, and the extreme range of the intervals of time. Now the result of that table shows that using seine twine, which some persons advocate extremely, and an iron weight, we find that it oceupied 36 minutes in sinking through 1,000 fathoms, that is from 400 to 1,400. Using albacore, which is nearly the thickness of a lead pencil, with a weight of nearly 2 cwt., we got the same depth in less than half the time, in 17 minutes. Now we assume that the more rapidly we can get the line down, the better for our purpose, therefore I may say there is no difficulty in deep sounding with a proper line and a proper weight, It involves the sacrifice of the weight and the line, but that is of very little importance compared with the accuracy of the sounding. : | 3737. Do you sacrifice the whole of the line ?— No, part of it; we try to haul it up, but when it breaks we put up with the loss. | | 3738. Does the weight become detached on reach- ing the bottom ?—Not in those experiments that I speak of, nor do I recommend it if accuracy is to be insured. | 3739. What is albacore made of?—Hemp; it is merely rather stronger than the common sort of cod fishing line; it is commonly used in our dockyards, and has gone by that name ;. we can make any length of it, owing to the vertical machine used by Newall of Gateshead, which is a great advantage, because we get rid of the joints and the friction. "The great object in sounding is to have the smoothest possible line on the reel, so that it will run freely, and as heavy a weight as it will bear, to make it run down as rapidly as possible, but sufficiently strong to allow it to be hauled up from the ship or boat, so as to ensure its being up and down. With care it can be done in a ship, and when the line is strictly up. and down, we get the very best sounding ; then we break the line and care nothing for it. If we wish to ascer- tain the bottom at any place, that is done by a separate operation, and we do not care about the depth.; we take first a separate sounding for the depth. It is undesirable to try to. do too much to bring up the bottom and ascertain the depth. 3740. Is the friction of the line sufficient to break it in coming up from the bottom, or do you manage to bring up a portion of the bottom ?—It is not the friction, it is the weight added to the friction. When we want to ascertain the bottom, we care nothing about the depth ; the line runs out, and we let it take its course. With a lighter weight it takes more time to go down, and it is more troublesome. . We use a stronger line for the purpose of ascertaining the bottom, and bring it up. We make separate experiments for bringing up the bottom, and ascer- taining the soundings aceurately. The result of our experience is that that is the best course to pursue. ` 3741. (Mr. Stuart: Wortley.) Lou take the depth 211 and the nature of the bottom by separate operations ? — Yes, by. separate operations. 3742. Are not the Azores proverbially volcanic ? —Yes; proverbially. It is notorious that off the Azores an island has appeared and disappeared. I should think it very undesirable, therefore, to select that route. 3743. Would not these soundings, if they were revised, vary from the last soundings ?— Possibly in the immediate vicinity, but nothing material at a distance. — I would strongly deprecate Jaying an electric cable in the vicinity of а known. volcanic region. | . 8744. Can you tell the Committee the length of the leap from the Azores to Bermuda ?—1,800 nautical miles, in round numbers. 3745. (Mr. Varley.) Is not the island of St. Paul volcanic ?— Yes. I was asked the question whether I would go to St. Paul's. I would not recommend it as a step. On the contrary, I was about to say, that you not only make a very large angle, but you go into a volcanic region, which is undesirable. 3746. Is not Teneriffe volcanic ?—Y es; the whole of this group of Islands. One of the Cape de Verd islands has been named by the Portuguese Fogo, or * Fire," evidently showing what it is. 3747. ( Chairman.) Then of all the routes to Ame- rica, the one which you think best adapted for the purpose of laying a submarine cable is the Atlantic Telegraph Company's route ?—By far the best is that which has already been selected by the Atlantic Telegraph Company. | 3748. (Mr. Varley.) In some of the old charts an island is shown a little to the south of the present Atlantic cable, about 500 or 600 miles from the coast of Newfoundland. Do you think that that island, which is stated to-be very small, really exists, or that it is a mistake ?—Certainly it does not exist. I observed, in a report made to the Atlantic Telegraph Company, as to picking up the cable in Bull's Arm Bay, on the coast of Newfoundland, it was stated that the cable had been very much injured: by the rocky bottom. I think there must be some mistake about that. On seeing it in the paper, I sent for the ori- ginal chart, on. which the greatest portion of the cable is carefully laid down, and there nothing like rock appears. The soundings were made by Captain Otter very carefully, and I have no reason to doubt them. ! 9749. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) The statement of Captain Kell to the Atlantic Telegraph Company is not that the bottom is continuously rocky, but that in the course of the 10 miles he pieked up there were portions of the bottom that were rocky, and others that were soft ooze and sand. Wherever he found that there were rocks, the eable was greatly injured by friction or by chemical action, and wherever he found sand or ooze, the cable was as good as when it was first laid down. So that it does not neces- sarily imply that there is a continuous rocky bottom there, but that there are ribs of rock crossing the bottom at various points ?—It is possible, but it is not &hown in the soundings, as far as I recollect. I observe that there are stones marked in two or three places, —“ stones and shells." There is “ rock," I see marked in one place. I think, too, it was said that Bull’s Arm Bay was not the best spot for laying the cable. Now, I must be permitted to say, that Bull’s Arm Bay is a very sheltered spot, entirely free from ice; icebergs cannot get into it, whereas, if the line were carried in aay part of the open coast of Newfoundland, which I think was recommended, there would be great danger of its being interfered with by icebergs. 3750. The suggestion made by Captain Kell, who examined the coast in the month of October, was that the cable should be taken to a place called New Per- licombe, which is not on the open coast of Newfound- land, but nearly opposite St. John's ?—If any other equally sheltered spot can be found, I have no doubt it will do as well. Dd2 Captain J. Washington, A.N., ER S. 9 March 1860. —— ——M 912 MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE Captain 3751. Do you think the Government would be dis- 3766. (Chairman.) Have vou considered the J. Washington, posed to make any soundings to the north and to the soundings taken between Gibraltar and Malta by N. N., F. ft. S. south of the spot where the Atlantic cable is laid to Commander Dayman — Les, I have them all before 9 March 1860. great depths 7—1 am sati-fied that the Government me. is so disposed to do everything in their power to ad- vance telegraphy, that I am certain it would be nted. 3752. (Chairman.) Can you ascertain at all in sounding whether there is a very small depth of mud upon a rock or not ?——No ; we get merely the super- ficial character of the soil. We might send an iron spear possibly to the bottom, to a depth of one foot, if that would be of any service. 3753. Generally speaking, the soundings are surface soundings ?— Les; surface soundings gene- rallv. 3754. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Although soundings may have been taken which show that there is a soft bottom in Trinity Вау or Bull’s Arm Bay, there may be rock a very short distance under the ooze ?— There may. 3755. If the cable lay there for some time, and it was subjected to any motion, would it not work its way down to the rock *—Yes. 3756. That might reconcile, therefore, the two accounts ?—It might. In shallow water there would be no difficulty, I conceive, in driving a spear into the rock. 3757. What do you call shallow water? Under 200 fathoms; beyond that I think it would be doubtful. 3758. (Mr. Varley.) Several portions of the cable recovered from Newfoundland show abrasion ; the wires have been worn completely through, and in some cases the ends have been driven into the gutta- percha ?—It is quite possible, as I have suggested, that there is rock underlying the superficial stratum of mud which we bring up by our soundings. 3759. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Are you aware of any sub-oceanie currents or anything that would cause a motion of the cable at that great depth of 200 fathoms ?—No. 3760. If a cable were broken and recovered from 175 fathoms, and apparently it had been subjected to friction, are you aware of anything that would cause motion at that distance in the water ?—I do not believe there is any current there. Is it possible that an ice- berg can have touched it ? 3761. There are no icebergs in that part at all ?— I am not aware of any current, nor do I think that any current exists at that depth to affect the cable in the manner described. 3762. One is at a loss to understand what could give motion to the cable at that depth to affect it ?— Yes; nor do I believe in the existence of currents at that depth of any consequence. 3763. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Do you think that light mud would be deposited on the rock if there were any currents ?—It is highly improbable ; certainly not a sufficient stratum of light mud. The rock would be washed as bare as the face of a cliff. I may say that I am a general disbeliever in the strength of currents as has been asserted. I do not believe the currents ever had the slightest effect upon the Atlantic cable in any way or anywhere. 3764. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In your opinion, when you get to great depths, you would have abso- lute quietude and repose ?—Absolute quietude and repose. In illustration of that, I may mention that on one occasion Commander Dayman, in sounding at 2,400 fathoms, paid out purposely 300 or 400 fathoms of line more than the depth, and those 300 fathoms, by a great chance, came up in a tangled coil upon the top of the weight. So remarkable was it that we thought it right to give a drawing, which is given, and accompanies his report. I thought it a conclusive proof of the absence of currents, and such has always been my belief. 8765. Whereabout was that ?-—About halfway across the Atlantic. I have no doubt his printed report is before the Committee. 3767. Is there not some discrepancy between those soundings and the soundings previouslv taken both in the Straits of Gibraltar and in the line near Pante- laria ?— There is near. Pantelaria; but I should be disposed to reject the former soundings, and adopt the more recent ones. 3768. You do not think any volcanic action can have taken place there? — Хо; I think all the soundings above 150 fathoms formerly were very loose indeed, and not to be trusted. It is only very lately that we have learned to sound in great depths bevond 200 fathoms. 3769. Do you also think that the previous sound- ings taken in the Straits of Gibraltar should be re- jected I do. 3770. Where there is a difference of 400 fathoms ? —Yes ; reject them entirelv, except those taken by the French, which coincide exactly with Commander Dayman’s, except in one spot where they appear to have overlooked a remarkably shallow ridge, which runs, [ may say, from Cape St. Vincent to Cape Spartel. 3771. Is not the bottom of the Straits of Gibraltar bare rock in parts of it ? —Apparentlv. 3772. Would not that rock interpose great difficul- ties to the maintenance of a cable ?—I think it might, and the notoriously rapid currents in the Straits of Gibraltar. 3773. What is the velocity of that current ; four miles an hour ?—That is the maximum, I think. 3774. Is not that surface velocity Les. 3775. Of course, at the bottom it would be less than that ?—Probably much less. When I spoke of currents previously, I alluded to the Atlantic Ocean. In any strait, like that of Gibraltar, or the straits in the immediate neighbourhood of the Shetland Islands or Iceland, the currents are very strong. 3776. (Mr. Farley.) Is not the current through the Straits of Gibraltar always in one direction ?— Always. 3777. Therefore the current would probably be less liable to interfere with a cable when it is down than if it changed in its direction ?—I do not think it would much signify afterwards ; the current must be either east or west. I do not think it would signify which way it was, or if it were both ways. 3778. The great fear from currents is where a cable lies across а rock, and the current is going backwards and forwards, see-sawing the cable, and ultimately eutting through the iron covering, even when very thick iron is used ?—In that case it would be better in the same direction; but I have very great doubt of any current having that effect in any depth of water. 3779. Would not there be great difficulty in going over that shallow ridge which the French seem to have missed to get to Gibraltar ?—If it extends as far as Cape St. Vincent, but I am not aware that it does; I do not think that there is any shallow ridge which you would have to cross of any importance ; I alluded rather to one very shallow spot of 45 fathoms, which the French have quite missed ; it is so near the coast of Africa, that it could be easily avoided in laying the cable. 3780. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In an early part of your evidence I understood you to say that you thought on the east coast of Greenland there was no current ?—I am not aware of any very strong current in the east coast of Greenland ; the ice is heaped up on the east coast of Greenland, but that may be as much by the wind as by the current. 3781. I find in an account given of the late expedition by Captain M‘Clintock, written by one of the officers of the “ Fox,” there is this statement, When near * the meridian of Cape Farewell, by falling in with * the driftwood annually brought from Arctic Asia by * the great current known as the Spitzbergen cur- SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. “ rent, the shattered and mangled state of these pine * logs bearing evidence of their long water and ice- “ bound drift." Are you aware of the nature of the Spitzbergen current j Yes; but I should say that less than half a mile is the maximum rate of it, if it is as much. When I spoke of a rapid current, I meant something much stronger than that; it is not ofa rapid nature at all ; there is à current setting out of Davis's Straits, we know that icebergs are brought down, and we know from the drift of ships, that their drift is only a few miles à day. 3182. Limagine of course when the writer speaks of a great current and the shattered and mangled state of the timber, the current must be very violent ?— I think we could tell the rate of that current from various experiments made with bottles thrown over- board. 3783. That is not an impediment to which you would attribute any importance with reference to lay- ing a line of cable ?—No ; the mangled state of the fir trees might be caused by abrasion against the ice and the rocks. The experiments with bottles are very interesting, and the Committee will be glad to learn that the United States are taking it up in a very liberal manner. І am not aware that it is done by the Government, but Mr. Blount, a well-known chart seller at New York, is now distributing to all ships that go forth from that port, bottles to be thrown overboard in the current, with statements where they were thrown overboard ; and he has requested the Admiralty, amongst others, to receive the accounts that are brought in and to transmit them to New York. The English have done it for some time, but there is now another and very active labourer in the field. 3784. ( Chairman.) Has the English Admiralty supplied bottles 2— The Admiralty has for a long time done that. 3585. You have mentioned you did not think that there was any volcanie action going on in the Medi- terranean to the south of Pantelaria, do you think there is any volcanic action between Pantelaria and Sicily ?—I did not mean to say that these was no volcanic action ; but I do not attribute the difference in the soundings to volcanic action; we know that Graham’s bank has been thrown up within the last 30 years. 3786. That is to the north of Pantelaria ?—Yes ; all I mean to say is, that the difference in the sound- ings is not due to volcanic action, but is due to dis- crepancies in the soundings themselves 5 I think it is a very dangerous piece, and the telegraph wires will be constantly getting out of order. - 3787. Even if they pass to the south of Pantelaria * — I think it is to be feared ; I think it is a dangerous line; passing between Pantelaria and the coast of Africa, I think, would be better. You would be in the region of deep water as close to Cape Bon as pos- sible. 3788. Are you aware whether there is any volcanic action near Cape Bon ?—None that I remember ; I think the further you keep out from Sicily, the safer your line will be ; I think you may look at Etna as the centre of the volcanic action. 3789. Near the Lipari Islands there is volcanic ac- tion, is there not ?. Yes; but you should keep as far from Etna as possible, I should say. 3790. Are you aware whether there is any distinct volcano to the south of Pantelaria ?—Not that I re- collect at this moment. 3791. With regard to the American sounding appa- ratus which brings up the bottom as well as tells the depth, called Brook’s apparatus, has that any defects, do you think ?—1 am not prepared to say that it has, but I prefer the mode Ihave mentioned by separate operations. 3792. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) In the mode of sound- ing you have mentioned, is the weight too heavy for the line to bring it back ?—Yes ; our great object is to run the line out as rapidly as possible, therefore we 218 put about two hundredweight on to a cord line to get it down as rapidly as possible. 3793. By having a weak part at the bottom of the line, you only lose a small part of it ?—No, we make the line equal ; it just breaks where it pleases. 3794. (Mr. Varley.) Do you not haul in the line as far as possible ?—We haul it up till we get it up and down. One observation is, with reference to the interval of time, carefully watching the running out of the line every 100 fathoms. The second operation is to get the line up and down, that is an important circumstance. 3795. You could not do that if you used the American apparatus which detaches its weight ?— No; because if the weight is detached we have no power of getting the line up and down, which we think more important, and more to be relied upon. 3796. Of course the line runs out for some time, simply by momentum ?—No doubt. It is a pity that we cannot do it by machine; that Massey's machine is not sufficiently correct to enable us to register the soundings, but we do not find it sufficiently correct yet. The time may come when that machine may be made perfect ; but even that, with an error of some 300 fathoms in 2,700, is correct. 3797. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) With regard to the soundings near Newfoundland, you are aware of the line which the Atlantic cable at present takes to the north of the banks ?—Yes. 3798. Can you tell us whether there is any deep water tothe south of the banks, or rather to the south-west of the banks, so that it can run up to the coast of Labrador without going to Newfoundland ? Is there deep water through that channel ?—-No ; we know the depth, 200 fathoms. Captain J. Washington, R.N., FR. S. ۰ 9 March 1860. 3799. That would be safe from fishing lines I. suppose ?—Y es. 3800. And from anchors ?—Yes. 3801. There seems to be a passage by which a cable might be brought round to Nova Scotia ?—Yes ; if 200 fathoms would do, certainly it might be brought to about the Gut of Canso, and I think it might be well worth considering, because then the cable would be under the shelter of the banks of Newfoundland, from any drift ice that could damage it. 3809. You are hot aware of any danger from ice that would be likely to preclude entering at that point ?—No, I think not. 3903. It would be an additional length, would it not ?—Yes ; an additional length of nearly 300 miles, and more perhaps ; in that case it would take the line generally more to the southward. 3804. (Mr. Varley.) Would you not be obliged to o a good deal to the southward to avoid the banks of Newfoundland ?—Yes, you must go 300 miles to the southward. 3805. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) In coming from the Azores it would be possible to take that line ?—Yes, it would be the best line to take, and I think as short as the Newfoundland, because it would not do to cross the bank. 3806. (Chairman.) Are you aware of any process at the bottom of the sea, below depths greater than 100 fathoms which would be likely to injure a cable when once laid ?—Nothing below 200 fathoms. 3807. What would be likely to injure a cable down to that depth—animal life ?—No, I am not aware with regard to the northern line, icebergs or anything of that sort would probably affect a cable at 200 fathoms. 3808. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Do you know the greatest depth to which any known iceberg has ex- tended ?—No ; I have in my possession a drawing of an iceberg 1,000 feet above water. I suppose that would be 5,000 feet below water. 3809. Is not an iceberg usually twice its depth under water ?—Five times, I think, is the proportion if itis what is called salt-water ice; of course it wil not be all salt water, because it is formed on Jand, but if there is a great deal of salt in it, I А ке that Captain J. Washington, R.N., F.R.S. — 9 March 1860. 214 it is five times as much under water as it is above. I speak under correction. 3810. Do you mean that the submerged part would be as five to one ?—I am not sure about that; it is more than three to one. 3811. I think we may collect, speaking generally, you are of opinion, that further investigation of the bottom of the Atlantic is desirable, with & view, at all events, to telegraphy ?—I think it is. 3812. You think it would be a legitimate and worthy use of the national ships to obtain that infor- mation ?—Quite so. | 3813. (Chairman.) Do you think the northern route by Greenland offers sufficient chance of success to be worth going to any trouble, with respect to laying a submarine cable in that direction ?—My in- dividual opinion is certainly not; but it is right to say, that I have not studied the question as much as many others may have done; Sir James Ross and others, for example, and their opinion is far more valuable than mine. I am giving my impression rather than anything else. I have not had time to go into the question ; but I must say that I think the ice and icebergs are very formidable matters to deal with. 3814. The ice is the only difficulty we have to fear in the northern route, and not the currents or the depths of water ?—No. I think the depths would not be greater than you have already had in the Atlantic, if so great. 3815. (Admiral Fitzroy.) When you referred to Iceland, you were not uware of any soundings or examination having been made by any person to the south of Iceland, or of any survey having been exe- cuted within a few hundred miles of the island ?— No, except the Danish survey of Iceland, which I have before me. I know of nothing else, except Sir James Ross's attempts at soundings, in which he did not get bottom. : 8816. What I mean is, that no survey has been made by this country of that part? None. 3817. Then that line, from the south of Iceland to the south of Greenland, is unexplored, so far as we know ?—Quite. 3818. Then, again, from the south of Greenland to Labrador is also unexplored ?—Quite so, as far as I am aware. | 3819. With regard to currents in the ocean gene- rally, when you say that there are no currents at the bottom of the ocean, you do not mean to include what we call soundings ordinarily at a depth of 100 or 200 fathoms; there may be currents over those compara- tively shallow places, although there are none in the depths of the ocean?—Just so. I meant to limit myself to the depths of the ocean. 3820. The instance mentioned by Mr. Stuart Wort- ley, was 175 fathoms depth near the land; but your general opinion as to depths of the ocean would not include instances of that description ?—No, certainly not. 3821. We know that there are currents passing up and down the coast, and particularly near projecting points ?——When I spoke of currents, I think it was rather deep water currents, and Mr. Stuart Wortley alluded to superficial currents, about which there cannot be a doubt. 3822. But his question, as I understood it, had especial reference to the chafing of the cable at a depth of 175 fathoms ?—I think it quite possible that it may have taken place; but I should hardly expect in & quiet place like Bull's Arm Bay, there should be any current passing up and down sufficient to abrade & cable at & depth of 175 fathoms ; I think it impro- bable, but I will not say it is not the case. 3823. Captain Cochrane in his soundings in various parts of the Gulf stream, found evidence from the great change of temperature of strong currents from the north, the upper current running from the south ‘at а depth of 500 to 1,000 fathoms ; he found the lower stratum of water at a temperature entirely MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE different from that at the surface, from which he in his soundings inferred a current below ?—I quite ad- mit that there is sufficient current to diffuse the temperature. When I spoke of currents, I rather meant strong currents which would affect a cable ; that there is sufficient current to diffuse a stratum of water at a different temperature is quite certain. 3824. Why I refer to that particular point is, on account of the opinion entertained by some, that the polar current comes round Newfoundland, meeting the Gulf stream, and passing either by the side of it along the shore, or underneath it; some say that it passes down the coast, others say it goes under the Gulf stream. The reason for thinking that it goes under the Gulf stream is because at a considerably lower latitude, and even near the Florida Strait they find a very low temperature at a considerable depth ?—I am quite disposed to think that it does pass under. There is quite sufficient current to diffuse the temperature, but not a current of any very great strength, I think. 3825. The other point to which I was desirous of adverting, was the American soundings, which have been made by Brook's sounding apparatus, asit is usually called, not only in the Atlantic, but in the Pacific. Are we not considerably behind the Ame- ricans in deep sea soundings ? Are not the soundings that have been made by our ships in the last year or two, for iustance those made by Captain Dayman, however good in themselves, few in comparison with what the United States Government have made during the last five or six years ?—I am quite willing to admit that the British Government is in arrear as to the number of deep sea soundings made; but I think as far as accuracy is concerned, we are far in advance of any other nation. 3826. I understand that you decidedly prefer the method you have described, as having been adopted by our ships lately, to the American method ?— Certainly. | | 3827. Do you remember how anxious your pre- decessor was some five or six years ago to have deep sea soundings taken in various parts of the world ?— I well remember it. 3828. It was a fixed idea with him. You may not remember my having been spoken to by him to under- take some deep sea soundings of that kind, but I refer to it to show that the intention on the part of the Admiralty was to carry out such an exploration of the bottom of the ocean, two or three years nt least before the United States Government took it up ?— Iam quite aware that that was the intention and wish of my predecessor Sir Francis Beaufort, and had his wishes been complied with, the British Government would have sounded out the Atlantie, and all the questions respecting telegraphy would have been set at rest, had only his foresight and his judgment been listened to. | The following document was handed in by Captain Washington : 3rd March 1860. With the view of illustrating the experience gained by prea experiment in measuring the depth of the ocean, have drawn out, in a tabular form, a series of results showing the periods of time occupied by various weights and lines in sinking from 400 to 1,400 fathoms, a space of 6,000 feet as found by American naval officers (see Lieut. Maury Sailing Direction, 8th edition) and myself. The simple method of deep sounding by time with weights and marked lines, first successfully adopted by Rear Ad- miral Sir J. C. Ross in his expedition to the Southern Atlantic sea, appears to be the only trustworthy one yet devised, and ill probably continue with any imperfections attaching to it until & mechanical contrivance for self-re- gistering free from the defects of that invented by the late Mr. Massey shall be discovered. The principal condition required to ensure and certainty in results obtained by these means is rapidity of descent, and we may in some measure judge of the relative value of each experiment by the regularity of descent shown in the gradual increase of the time intervals noted. These intervals with similar weights and lines should correspond SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. with each other in different experiments, but they have never been made to do so exactly, probably in consequence of un friction in the reels employed; in ike manner the periods of time occupied by similar weights and lines m sinking through a given large space, such as 6,000 feet, are not always the same, and appear to be least discordant with each other when the periods of time are least. The American officers employed very small and lght lines and round shot, and sounded from boats as enjoined by Lieut. Maury. : Му own soundings were taken from the ship when out of the influence of surface currents, and a comparison of the results may tend to increased confidence in this practice, which is less liable to interruption from wind and sea, and is not difficult with the assistance of steam. А Summary No. 1. ‘Time Intervals, Maury Sailing Directions, pp. 135, 138. | 1 | | Lieut. Lee, U.S.N. Lieut. Berryman, ent Berryman, — 33 Ibs. shot, small U.S.N., 2, 33 lbs. „2, шше to 1,400 shot, small line, shot, small line, homs. 400 to 1,400 fathoms. 400 to 1,400 fathoms. m. 8. m. s. | m. 8. 1 96 45 25 12 25 39 2 27 46 24 03. | 24 31 3 98 51 26 12 | 28 17 4 27 24 26 11 | 24 30 5 19 09 26 06 | 94 55 6 19 30 28 10 | 26 55 7 26 49 25 295 | 26 56 8 29 30 24 35 26 08 9 | 298 45 94 40 25 45 10 26 06 26 41 2 23 20 11 26 59 31 57 / 96 03 19 29 44 27 48 24 15 13 23 47 24 20 | 25 33 Sums: 341 05 341 20 | 333 00 Means 26 14 26 16 25 57 i — M a—À шә — — | | Ext. range 29 44 | Ext. range 24, 20, | Ext. range 23m. | 19°9=10m 858. 31, 57 = 7m. 378. 20s., 28m. 17s. | | =4m. 57. | i; i Summary No. 2. Time Intervals. — — Com. Dayman, Com. Dayman, R.N., H.M.S. on M.S. Fire i ane. e line lbs, contract not 400 to 1,400 fathoms. | fathoms. m. B. m. 8. m. B. I 26 54 18 31 21 3 2 23 17 18 30 18 12 3 26 06 17 18 21 23 4 26 11 17 42 19 20 5 23 43 18 21 17 15 6 26 58 16 48 17 45 7 25 04 17 20 20 13 8 28 05 17 07 15 58 9 24 56 17 04 18 46 10 26 57 17 04 17 12 11 28 07 18 53 12 29 43 16 44 13 27 16 19 15 14 27 23 15 26 04 16 25 18 17 28 45 18 | 29 10 19 29 14 20 27 48 2] 26 51 22 28 38 Sums | 151 28 75 40 241 59 Means 26 53 17 34 18 32 Ext. range 23,17, | Ex. range 16, 48, | Ex. range 15, 58, | 29,43—6m. 268. | 18, 31 = Im. 438. 21, 03 = 5ш. 058. — E mi In the following table, derived from the preceding and other sources, we have the comparative kac oia of descent of different weights with several kinds of line, and by dif- ferent authorities, and also the extreme discrepancy in each series of experiments, from which it appears that the least velocity obtained was with seine, twine, and weights of 13 Ibe., and the greatest with albacore line and 188 Ibs. of 215 sinker, the irregularities before noted between several results Captain wth the same means diminishing in proportion to the J. Washi quickness of descent. : Weight. Line i employed. — nge | from 400 A ol in- Descrip- | i 400 : =| tervals Authority n | tol, = tion. lbs.| fathoms. of time. Beine twine - | Iron head- Dog line Deep sea line | Iron - | 96 Small line | Shot - | 38 (American.) Ditto 2 shot 64 Ditto Do -' Contract line | Lead - Albacore line | Lead - 13 Shot (iron) | 68 m. 8. 5| 7 49 2| 1 6 14 10 16 m. 86 29 26 26 26 25 18 17 — co m © ي‎ y Ot ay JOSEPH DAYMAN, Commander R.N. DEAR Sir, Я IN returning you the enclosed proof which you were 80 good as to send. me, I send you also a copy of an old memorandum, found among my ancient papers, relating to а submarine volcano off Iceland, a subject which I perceive has formed a branch of your recent inquiry. Should it be of no consequence, you will perhaps be at the trouble to return it to me at your convenience. I have no doubt that there are others (eruptions) in the same direction, as it is immediately off that of the coast whereon Hecla is situated, and although laid down in the Danish chart, the account of it may be interesting. I see some of the evidence refers to Rockall. As this can never form a station, I am at loss to discover what benefit will arise by taking a cable there. There is a rise and fall there (according to Admiral Vidal, see N. M.) of 12 feet, and of course such a sea as might be expected, that I think would mutilate a cable without remorse. Notwith- standing what has been said about icebergs (and I see a good deal here and there in the proof), it is my humble opinion that all attempts to keep a cable in an efficient condition, on either of the coasts mentioned, subject to the visitations of icebergs, will end in disappointment. No doubt one may he laid down on a favourahle opportunity, but how long will it be available? So long as ice above and volcanic fumes below let it alone: but such visits are ever uncertain. | You are aware that the neighbourhood of the Azores is a prolific district for volcanic display, especially east of Terceira. I might point out places where the ground has been disturbed, but 1 should think their well-known vol- rame nature is sufficient to prevent a cable ever being taken there. | Between them and Newfoundland there is a shoal sound- ing of 100 fathoms, which has been so well authenticated by a naval officer as being on volcanic ground, that al- though it is not more than 10 or 12 miles from a sounding of 3,000 fathoms, and no bottom, of Captain Dayman, this cannot displace it. Teneriffe itself, over 12,000 feet above the ocean, has a sounding (without bottom) under 300 fathoms, at a similar distance. It is a very great pity the Atlantic is not better sounded than it is, especially between Newfoundland and Ireland. | I had much confidence in our early soundings, until the Americans showed us there were between 2,000 and 3,000 fathoms where we had laid down 6,000, so that I have no faith in those obtained by Sir Francis Beaufort’s method, carried out by Sir James Ross and Sir E. Belcher, and even Captain Denham's deep sounding of 7,000 fa- thoms between Tristan d’Acunha and the River Plata, has been reduced, very properly, by Lieutenant Maury to 4,000; but most unfortunately not before it was quoted by the late Mr. Hallam, as the greatest depth known. But tbis was even made with American line, showing how necessary experience is in such matters, and throwing our ropeyarn soundings sadly into the shade. But pray excuse this long story from | Yours truly, Capt. D. Galton, R.E. A. В, BEECHER, Capt. R.N. On the 13th of March 1830, a smoke was discovered rising out of the sea to the S.W. of Cape Reikjanes, at the distance of 35 or 40 miles. As during the end of the D d 4 R.N., F.K.S. 9 March 1860, Captain J. Washington, R.N., F.R.S. 9 March 1860. 216 e month, the weather was calm and the sky clear, the smoke was seen rising to a prodigious height, and seen from Reikjavig, it appeared like a large cloud. This continued for a couple of months, and some individuals pretended to have seen it emit fire, which appears doubtful on account of the distance; but the volcano threw out vast quantities of burnt stones and brimstone, which were driven on shore. The volcano was seen again for sometime during the next winter. C. WiLLIAM SIEMENS, 3829. (Chairman.) Y believe you have some addi- tional experience to detail as regards the superinten- dence and electrical conditions of deep sea cables. Since your last evidence was given you have acquired some information as to the Singapore line and the Red Sea line ?—I have. With regard to the Singa- pore, Banca, and Batavia line I have received a detailed account from my representative who accom- panied the expedition respecting its electrical condition before and after laying. I will give the important data respecting it. The line consists of two sections, the Singapore and Banca line, 264 nautical miles, and the Banca and Batavia line 286. The line throughout its length is in very shallow water. 3830. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What do you call very shallow water ?—I believe the depth does not exceed 25 fathoms. Before the cable was submerged it was carefully tested, and having always adopted the system of expressing the insulating property of the gutta-percha covering in units of resistance and the opposition of the copper to the current in units of resistance, (in order to be free of all variations of batteries and of instruments), in measuring this cable we found in 100 miles of cable the copper had a resistance of 819 units and the gutta-percha a resist- ance of 291,529 units, that is to say for every one fraction of the current that passed through the gutta- percha 356 passed through the copper conductor. 3831. ( Chairman.) That is on board ship ?—Yes. The same test was made when the cable was laid, and the result was that the resistance of the copper was 824 and the resistance of the gutta-percha 190,000 or there was a loss of the current of 1 in 231 against 1 in 256, showing that the insulation had slightly decreased after it was laid, and the gutta-percha was slightly more conductive, but the total loss expressed in per cent. did not exceed *43 or less than one-half per cent. 3832. Do you know what was the temperature of the water ?—Unfortunately I have no correct data to go by. A fortnight after laying the same test was goue through again and the resistance of the copper was 837 and the resistance of the gutta-percha 181,840, showing a loss of 1 in 216 or *46 per cent. These tests prove that the conductivity of the gutta- percha rather increased in and shortly after the laying. The Banca and Batavia line gave very similar indi- cations. The copper had a resistance of 816, and the gutta-percha had a resistance of 346,933 before laying which represents a loss of 1 in 425. After laying the resistance of the copper wire was 883, and the resistance of the gutta-percha 259,584, which is a loss of 1 in 312. Showing that the loss in this case was less than before, but the per-centage of loss in both these cables is exceedingly small if compared to cables previously laid. 3833. Do you think there was any fault in this cable ?—Not then, but after the line had been com- pheted a fault suddenly appeared according to the calculation of my representative who was there 190 miles from Batavia. "The cable was taken up at that spot and being underrun for one mile it was found to be broken by an anchor. 3834. Was not there a complete stoppage to the communication ?—-A complete stoppage. As an instance of ascertaining a fault to a great nicety that is an important fact. 3835. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) The fault was calcu- lated beforehand, and turned out to be correct within MINUTES OF EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE Mr. Gunlogsen attempted to determine the position of this volcano by angular measurement taken on shore. This operation assigns to it the same position as the submarine volcano which, in 1783, made a new island appear to the S. W., in about 63° 30’, and 23? 37' W. of Greenwich; and where still exists the sunken rock called Blind Flugleskiar, upon which the sea was seen breaking, in 1829, from the Danish sloop of war ** Najaden," Captain Kinch, when that vessel was passing very near it. Esq., further examined. a mile ?—The ship went to the spot indicated, and the fault appeared within a mile from that spot. 3836. (Mr. Varley.) Was the ship within sight of land ?—I cannot say whether any land was in sight at that point. You may call the calculation nearly absolutely accurate. | 3837. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) What distance was that fault calculated ?—190 miles, the total length being 286 miles. This fault having been just recti- fied, a second fault appeared suddenly at 112 miles from that spot by calculation. Measurements were taken to ascertain this fault, and they gave a result that it would be at 112 miles distance ; but there was great difficulty in taking the indication, because there were very strong currents of polarization, and it was found when the cable was picked up that the fault lay 5 miles further on. It appeared afterwards upon examination that the cable had been again broken by an anchor, a great length of the copper wire had been laid bare, having been stripped out of the gutta-percha, and the oxidation of the copper had greatly interfered with the indications. 3838. (Mr. Edwin Clark.) Was the whole of the cable covered with iron ?—Yes ; it is nearly identical with the Red Sea cable. 3839. ( Chairman.) Will not that cable be liable to great injuries ?—It will always be liable to injury. It should be all shore end, the sea being so exceedingly shallow ; otherwise there should be stringent rules enforced against anchors dragging there. I do not see how the cable can last for any length of time without requiring repairs again. 3840. (Mr. Stuart Wortley.) Where does the cable run from and to?— It runs from Singapore to Banca, an island off Sumatra, and from Banca to Batavia. 3841. Is it in shallow water all the way ?—All the way in exceedingly shallow water. eee If it be found inconvenient in practice to increase both the | Е - 06/32 of discharge. | wire and insulating covering proportionably, greater advan- 7. Mr. Godefroy : tage will be obtained by increasing the diameter of the wire than the thickness of the gutta-percha, for while the latter À compoundof gutta-percha and pounded cocoa-nut shell - - - 3/32 remains the same, the inductive discharge increases only as the square root of the diameter of the wire, while the force of the current increascs as the square of the diameter; whereas, if the diameter of the wire remains the same, and the thickness of the gutta-percha be made to vary, the strength of the current will remain the same, while the induction will only decrease as the square root of the thick- ness. If the resistance of the battery be considerable, the advantage arising from the thickness of the wire will not be so great. 9. On the Influence of the Insulating Material on the Amount of Discharge. Gutta-percha is the insulating material which has been hitherto almost exclusively employed in the manufacture of submarine and subterranean telegraphic lines. Wires coated with india-rubber have, however, in some places been brought into use, and recently numerous patents have been obtained for compound materials, into which either gutta- percha or india-rubber largely enters, or for interposing other substances between the wires and the gutta-percha or india-rubber coating, or between different coatings of these materials. To ascertain the comparative advantages and disadvan- tages of these various materials with respect to their inductive and insulating properties, the manufacturers of them were requested by the Committee to furnish, for the purposes of experiment, wires one mile in length and one- sixteenth of an inch diameter, coated according to their respective processes. ‘lhe following is a list of the manu- facturers who responded to the application, and upon whose coated wires the comparative experiments were made :— Thickness of coating. 1. The Gutta-percha Company: An improved preparation of gutta-percha Standard gutta-percha - - - Do., with coating of double thickness - Ten coatings of gutta-percha, alternating with 10 coatings of Chatterton’s com- pound - - - - 3/32 3/32 6/32 6/32 2. Messrs. Silver and Co. : Masticated india-rubber, cut into narrow slips, which are coiled spirally round the wire, and are cemented by a heat not exceeding that of boiling water - A- - - - 3°86/32 Do. - B- " А - 5/20/32 Do. — С - - — 6 25/32 3. Messrs. Hall and Wells: Three coatings of pure india- rubber covered externally with vulcanized india-rubber thread, with cotton thread interposed between the wire and the coating ~ А - " One coating next the cotton covered wire of pure india-rubber, three coatings of manufactured india-rubber, and one externally of vulcanized india-rubber thread - B - - 3/32 3/32 4. Mr. Leonard Wray : és A compound, consisting of india- rubber, shell-lac, powdered flint, and gutta-percha - - - - 6/32 5. Мт, Hughes: Two coatings of gutta-percha, with a viscid substance, said to be prepared from coal, interposed between tbe two coatings 2 A : : 6/32 Ás standards with which to compare the lines above enumerated, two wires coated with ordinary gutta-percha, one 3/32 and the other 6/32 of an inch, were similarly experimented upon at the same time. In the following table the wires coated with different materials are arranged according to the thickness of their coatings. In all cases the copper wire was one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter. Column A. gives the discharges according to my own experiments, А battery of 512 elements and the galvano- meter were employed. I made a great number of experi- ments to measure the discharges from these lines, employing batteries of different powers and galvanometers of various kinds: the results were in satisfactory accord- ance, especially so far as the order of the inductive capacities was concerned. Column B.—Another series of measures of discharges. These results are taken from Mr. Bartholomew's tables, temperature 52° F. A battery of 128 elements and the galvanometer were employed, Column C.—Loss of insulation for dynamic electricity at 52" F., extracted from Mr. Rowland's table. Column D.—The number of minutes and seconds in which the line lost half its charge of static electricity. Taken from Mr. Bartholomew’s table; temperature 52° F. | | Thickness of | coating, unit =1/32 A. В, C. D. of an inch. o [*] o ГА "n Silver’s C. - ” - 6°25 4'5 102 0° Improved gutta-percha С. - أ‎ 6 45 |107| Q9 11 15 Wray's - - - ш 6 45 11˙4 0° 50 0 Gutta-percha alternate 6 6 14'4 43 | 6 40 Hughes'- - - . 6 6 15°1 | 1073 0 40 Standard gutta-percha- - 6 6 15˙5 6°16] 0 55 Radcelite's B. - - 6 6'0 | 16°68 | 14°16 | 0 30 RadelitYe’s A. s - 6 7 17°0 | 10°16 0 29 Silver's B. — - - 5'2 5 11:2; 0° 23 2 Silver's A. - - „ 3°86 6 — — — Improved gutta-percha B. 3 7 15°8 | 4°6 4 57 Improved gutta-percha А. - 3 6°5 16˙1[ 6° 3 85 Hall aud Wells’ BB. . 3 6°5 |162| 3° 3 42 Hall and Wells’ A. . 3 8°25 | 22°4] 9° 0 51 Standard gutta-percha + • 3 9 20° | 15° 0 18 Godefroy’s . ° = 3 9°5 | 22°4 | 18°16 | 021 The extra thickness of Silver’s india-rubber covered wire C was due, to an external covering of tape. By comparing the results given in the preceding table several interesting conclusions may be deduced. l. That india-rubber surpasses all other materials in the smallness of the amount of its inductive discharge and the perfectness of its insulation. In the former respect a coating of india-rubber is fully equal to a coating of ordinary gutta- percha of double its Шы and in the latter respect its comparative advantage is still greater. 2. That two other materials, viz., Wray’s compound, formed by the addition of other highly insulating materials to india-rubber; and the newly manufactured preparation of pure gutta-percha, closely resemble india-rubber in both particulars. J. That two artificial compositions, formed by the addition of other highly insulating materials to india-rubber or gutta-percha, viz., Wray’s compound and the improved gutta-percha, closely resemble india-rubber in both these respects. 4. That the mixture of imperfectly conducting materials with gutta-percha, as carbon in Mr. Radcliffe’s composition, or pounded cocoa-nut shell as in Mr. Godefroy's, has the disadvantage of greatly reducing the insulation and in- creasing the induction. 5. That the interposition of cotton thread between the wire and india-rubber coating, as in Hall and Wells? pre- paration, also considerably increases the induction and diminishes the insulation. The induction is augmented, because the cotton thread, which is a bad insulator, in- creases the surface of the conductor; and the insulation is impaired, not only because the insulating coating is dimi- Nu 3 APP. No. l. Report by Professor Wheatstone. Influence of pee on the amount of discharge. Influence of pressure on the inductive discharge and insulation. Influence of interposed resistances on the time of charging or discharginge 286 nished by the thickness of the cotton, but probably also in consequence of the greater inductive action. "The inter- position of cotton between two layers of gutta-percha is equally disadvantageous, as is proved by the experiments on Mr. Hearder's short line of 440 yards. See Table II. 6. That the interposition of a viscid insulator between two coatings of gutta-percha neither decreases the induc- tion nor improves the insulation of the line. If Mr. Hughes’ process should be found to possess any advantage, it will be in the tendency of the viscid fluid to fill up air holes or flaws in the gutta-percha coatings. | ; 7. Generally speaking the more perfect the insulating roperty of the material is, the less is its inductive capacity. There are, however, several apparent exceptions to this rule among the experiments quoted, but there are so many causes to affect the experiments on insulation, that we are not warranted to infer, from these exceptions, the entire independence of the two properties. 10. Influence of Temperature on the Amount of Discharge. Table II. shows the influence of temperatures varying from 32° F. to 92? F. on 29 coated wires of different de- scriptions. I will confine myself to a few remarks on the resulta there given. | | The imperfectness of insulation increases with the tem- perature, but there is a great difference in the rate of increase, according to the insulating substance which is made the subject of experiment. Silver's india-rubber maintains an insulation almost perfect up to 92? F., whilst gutta-percha is very considerably affected. The degree in which other substances are affected will be seen in the Table. Е Temperature does not, in general, appear to affect the charge in an immediate manner. In most of the lines in which the insulation is but slightly influenced by tempera- ture, the amount of charge remains apparently the same; but when the augmentation of heat occasions a loss of insulation, the charge also increases with the temperature. Wray's compound is the most remarkable exception to this rule; between 32? F. and 92? F. its insulation is very little affected, but its induction varies about 3°. On the contrary, Silver's india-rubber, which retains its high insulation with little or no change, preserves nearly the same amount of discharge from 32° F. to 165° F. From Mr. Bartholomew's tables it is obvious that the amount of the discharge is generally less than that of the charge. This difference increases as the temperature becomes higher, and if the temperature remains the same, the difference is greater in proportion to the loss of insula- tion. It cannot be doubted that this difference between the charge and discharge arises solely from imperfect insulation, whether owing to the quality of the material or the increase of temperature. The charge is effected instantaneously, and the current arising from imperfect insulation is added to it; while the discharge is made after a short interval, during which some portion of the charge has had time to escape. In the best insulating lines, as Silver's C., Wray's, and the improved gutta-percha C., the difference is un- apparent at any temperature. | 11. Influence of Pressure on the Inductive Discharge and Insulation. It does not appear evident that pressure exerts any influence on the amount of the inductive discharge. Com- paring together the results recorded in Table VII. of the experiments made with the wires not subjected to pressure with those made with the same wires when the water in which they were immersed was subjected to a pressure of three tons on the square inch, there appear to be greater discrepancies - between the experiments made under the same circumstances of pressure at different times than there do between the comparative experiments made under pressure and without pressure. The influence of pressure on the static insulation is, however, very decided. Pressure greatly improves the insulation, but its effect is more obvious as the material is a worse insulator. There appears to be less difference in india-rubber, when subjected and not subjected to pressure, than upon any other of the materials experimented upon. 12. Influence of interposed Resistunces on the Time of charging or discharging. When the charge is communicated to the wire through a very considerable resistance intervening between it and the battery, or when the discharge is effected through a great resistance to the earth, the time of charging or discharging the wire is very greatly augmented. EE E APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE A wire from one of the was attached to a binding screw on an insulated maho frame, the other pole communicating with the earth ; to another binding screw, about half an inch apart from the first, was attached the end of an insulated wire two miles inlength. 'l'he charge was allowed to accumulate in the wire during different intervals of time, and the discharge current was conducted to the earth through the long wire galvanometer (B) After 1 minute the deflection was 12° 4 minute ж 19° 1 minute 2 32 2 minutes 55 429 4 minutes » 55? The experiment was not tried beyond. When the ma- hogany frame was removed from the circuit the deflection was immediate and beyond 90°, In like manner, on interposing a very imperfect con- ductor between the charged! Wire and the earth the dis- charge was retarded so as to last upwards of two minutes. The effect was particularly striking, and presented some instructive particulars, when the discharge was effected through one of Mr. Gassiot’s small vacvum tubes. From these experiments it might be inferred that the interposition of a galvanometer wire, especially when it is of great length, would sensibly retard the time of charging or discharging. It no doubt does retard it, but when the current is so instantaneous as only to produce a momen deflection of the needle the same quantity affects the needle in the same manner whether the time of charging or dis- charging be greater or less. A direct experimental proof of this is given in $ 6. The following experiment is also in accordance with this explanation. One mile of wire 2/3 was charged by a battery of 144 elements, and then discharged to the earth through the long wire galvanometer (B); the needle deflected 67°. Four, eight, and 16 miles of similar wire were successively inter- posed between the galvanometer and the earth, but in all oe discharge occasioned precisely the same deflection of 67°. ` Great as was the resistance of sixteen miles of wire added to that of the galvanometer wire (stated by the constructor to be equal to 300 miles of ordinary telegraphic wire), it was very small in comparison with the resistances first men- tionéd. When the time of charging or discharging is less than the time of deflection of the needle that deflection is a measure of the quantity of dynamic electricity in the instan- taneous currents; but when the time is greater, as in the first quoted examples, the quantity is to be measured by the intensity indicated by the permanent deviation of the needle multiplied by the time. 13. Discharges from one end of a Wire when the other com- municates with the Earth. The current produced by discharging to the earth the static electricity of a charged insulated wire has been con- sidered in the preceding sections, and it has been shown to be governed by simple and well-ascertained laws. But in the actual transmission of telegraphic signals this condition of the insulation of the wire at its remote end never obtains. When a telegraph is in operation the wire is always con- nected with the earth at its opposite extremity. e state of tension is in this case never arrived at, because the current continues to flow, and at the moment of discharging the wire only one portion of the electricity at that moment existing in it is discharged through the new ath, the other portion passing from the opposite end of ilie wire to the earth, with which it is permanently connected. It is of great practica] importance that the proportion of the dis- charge from a wire connected with the earth, as compared with the discharge under the same circumstances from the same wire disconnected from the earth, should be deter- mined. For this purpose I instituted a number of experi- ments with the wires with which the previous experimenta were made; but I met with the most anomalous results, from causes to which I shall hereafter refer. I therefore found it necessary, in order to obtain reliable results, to make the comparison on an actual submarine or subter- ranean telegraphic line. With this view, W. Andrews, Esq., the Engineer of the Submarine Telegraph Company, kindly placed at my disposal four subterranean wires extending from London to Dover, a distance of 89 miles. They were insulated by gutta-percha, and enclosed in the same protec- tive covering. The instruments employed in the ensuing experiments were the following :—The torsion galvanometer ; a l'eltier's electroscope ; and the discharging key, Fig 1. The poles of a battery of 512 elements Discharges from one er d of a wire when the other com. municates with the earth. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. wires were marked respectively 2, 4, 5, and 10; and & battery of 81 Daniel's elements, whicn had been some time in action, was employed. The electroscope applied to a short wire attached to th copper terminal of the battery, while the zinc terminal was connected with the earth, gave a deviation of 11°. When either of the wires, No. 2, 4, or 5, insulated at its opposite end, was attached to the battery, and the electroscope touched at the point of junction, the deviation remained the same, viz., 11°. The wires retained no charge when removed from the battery. The battery, however, supplied the electricity of tension faster than it was dissipated from the wires. The battery was very imperfectly insulated ; the elements were contained in porcelain jars standing in wooden boxes with covers. To ascertain the leakages of the respective wires for dynamic electricity, the torsion galvanometer (E) was inter- osed in succession between Nos. 5, 4, and 2, and the Lottery, the opposite ends of the wires remaining insulated. The following were the deflections and corresponding degrees of torsion : — Deflections. Degrees of torsion. No.4 - - . - 8I? - - 570 No.2 - - - - 514° - - 80 No.5 - - - - 47° - - 61 No. 4 leaked, therefore, above three times more than No. 5, the force of the current being as the square root of the torsion. I then proceeded to ascertain the amount of discharge from each wire when insulated at its opposite end. "The same torsion galvanometer was employed to measure the instantaneous deflections, and the charging and discharging was effected by the discharging key, fig. 1. ‘The following were the results :— Instantaneous Detlections.* No. 4 - - 72, 85, 80, 87 No. 2 - - 130, 130, 130 No. 5 - - 141, 140, 141 It is obvious here that the wire which was the worst in- sulated gave the smallest amount of discharge, owing, no doubt, to the escape of a portion of the charge. It appears also from the above experiments, that when the insulation is imperfect, the amount of the discharge is less constant. The ends of the wires at Dover were then connected with the earth, and similar experiments were made, with the following results :— Instantaneous Deflections. No. 4. - 18°, 20°, 31°, 20°. No. 2. - - 17, 18°, 20°. No. 5. - - 145, 12°, 18°, 12°, 15°. The amount of discharge is much less than when the opposite ends of the wires are insulated, in the case of о. 2 it is about seven times less. There is also greater variability when the insulation is tolerably good, and imper- fect insulation, instead of reducing the discharge, appears to augment it. The discharge from a perfectly insulated wire connected with the earth is by no means so accurate a mea- sure of the inductive action as the discharge from a charged wire disconnected from the earth. Wishing to make similar experiments with a double length of wire, Nos. 2 and 5 were connected together at Dover, without communicating with the earth there; the two ends of the conductor were, therefore, at London. The battery and key were first applied to the end of 5, and afterwards to the end of 2; in the first case the end of 2 remained insulated, and in the second case the end of 5. The following measures were obtained :— Instantaneous Detlections. The end of 2 insulated; the bat- tery and key applied to the end of 5 - - - 242, 200, 220. The end of 5 insulated; do. to the end of 2 - - - 175, 172, 166. The first gives an amount of discharge nearly double that of a single wire, as might be expected; the second * When a torsion galvanometer is employed, the force of the instanta- neous current is not as the chord of the angle of deflection, as in the case of an ordinary galvanometer ; but, as I lave ascertained by experiment, it is directly as the angle of torsion with a small constant subtracted. ` 287 shows a result considerably less. The cause of this dis- crepancy, from the complicated conditions of the experi- ments, 1t is difficult to explain; the wires were not equal in insulation, and they might exert some inductive action on each other from being close to each other in the same sheaf. Corresponding experiments were then made with the on previously insulated communicating with the earth, | The end of 2 connected with the earth ; the battery and key applied to the end of 5 . - - 979, 84, 110°, 112°. The end of 5 connected with the earth ; do. to the end of 2 - - - 70°, 69°, 71°. The diminution of the discharge from the earth con- nexion, though considerable, is not so great as when half the length of wire is employed. ‘The same proportion is kept between the measures obtained when the battery is applied to the ends 5 and 2 as in the preceding experi- ments. l4. True and apparent Discharges. I will now revert to the anomalous results which occur when it is attempted to obtain a discharge from a wire in connexion with the earth, under the same circumstances as when the discharges are made from charged wires pre- viously insulated at their two ends, as detailed in sec- tions l-9. In general, strong deviations of the galvanometer are produced very much stronger than those resulting from the charge of the same wire when insulated at its ends; but these deflections are capriciously variable, occurring some- times in the deviation of the true discharge current, and at other times in the opposite direction. ‘These effects have been observed by Mr. Webb, and Mr. Fleming Jenkins, and they have also attracted the attention of Professor W. Thomson. All these gentlemen attribute them to a conflict between the true discharge and a discharge of an inductive effect arising from the mutual action of the coils of the wire upon each other; the experiments from which they have drawn their conclusions having been made on large coils of insulated wire. To ascertain the real causes of these perplexing pheno- mena, I instituted a series of experiments, which determined the following points :—lst, the length of wire remaining the same, the deviations of the galvanometer increased with the electro-motive force of the battery up to a certain limit. When the electro-motive force was small, i. e., when one or two elements were employed, the deviations were generally constant in one direction ; but when it was increased, the variations of direction became very capricious. 2nd, I compared the true discharge from wires of 1, 8, and 16 miles in length, insulated at their ends, with the apparent dis- charge from the same wires in connexion with the earth. The following Table shows the results :— | No. of Elements of the Battery | One Mile. | Eight Miles. | Sixteen Miles. DuC NES Um ps 7 | ao True Discharge. 32 5 10 He pi 10 20 128 2°5 | 20 41 cid 3 41 87 Apparent Discharge. 1 | 90 | 70 | 25 While the true discharge increases with the length of the wire, the apparent discharge decreases; the latter therefore cannot depend on an inductive action. It has been proved in section 13 that the discharge from a wire with its end in connexion with the earth is much less than that of the same wire disconnected from it ; but the above Table shows that the apparent discharge from one mile of wire, when one cell of the battery is employed, is incomparably greater than the real discharge from the same wire when 32 or even 256 cells are brought into action. 'The real origin of these currents will become evident, if instead of momentarily depressing the discharging key, which is all that is necessary in experiments on the real discharge, the key be kept permanently depressed; a series of Nn4 App. No. 1. Report by Professor Wheatstone Anomalous results which occur in ob- taining a discharge from a wire in conneXion with the earth, when made from charged wires previously insulated at their two ends. App. No. 1. Report by Professor Wheatstone. Anomalous results which occur in cb- taining a dis- charge from a wire in connexion with the carth when made from charged wires prev ously : insulated at their two ends. The magnet’c Rheomceter. 288 APPENDIX ТО REPORT OF THE changes will then be observed which will leave no doubt of the cause of the phenomena. In the following experiments a battery of 512 elements, the galvanometer (A) and the discharging key, fig. 1, were employed ; the copper pole of the battery was connected with the earth, the zinc pole tol ; one mile of wire 2/3 in the water tank was connected with 2, the other end remaining insulated; the binding screw 5 of the galvanometer was connected with 3, and the binding screw a with another earth wire different from that of the battery. The real discharge current was ascertained to be /?:2 towards the left. The insulated end of the mile of wire was then connected with the earth, 512 elements still continuing to be employed. Pressing the discharging key, and keeping it depressed for some time, a very strong deflection of the needle of the galvanometer towards the left occurred, striking the pin at 90°; the needle then fell continuously, but occasionally with slight interruptions to- wards 0?, but very much more slowly than the needle left to itself would fall; it took 28 seconds, and then slowly deflected, with occasional jerks towards the right, and acquired a permanent deviation of 36°. The key may be relieved so as to disconnect the wires 1 and 2 from each other without completing the connexion with the battery ; if this be done before the inversion has taken place, that 1s, before the needle has receded to 0°, on renewing the contact the needle will again move towards the left, showing that the effect has a certain permanence in the wire 2; but if this contact be interrupted, and then restored after the deflection has taken place towards the right, the deflection always remains on the right, provided the battery contact be not renewed. Similar experiments were tried with 256, 128, 64, 32, 16, 8, 4, and | cells of the battery. The greater the number of cells the greater is the first deflection of the needle towards the left, and of longer continuance. With one cell the first deflection towards the left was 80°, it fell in a second or two to 0°, and afterwards attained a perma- nent deflecticn of 15° towards the right. If the wire 2 has been charged with a considerable number of cells, and a strong permanent deviation towards the right been attained, charging it with fewer cells, and then discharging it through the galvanometer, will occasion no deflection towards the left, the first effect from a few cells not being sufficient to overcome the second effect from a larger number. The following experiment places it beyond doubt that the inductive influence of the coils of the cable in the tank on each other had nothing to do with the effects in question. I substituted for the coiled mile of insulated wire in the tank four feet only of uncoiled wire; the first deflection of the needle was 90° towards the left, which was followed by a permanent deflection of 65° towards the right; a similar experiment was made with a single cell with like results, the deflections only being less. The cause of these effects is the polarization of the plates or masses of metal connecting the ends of the wires with the earth. The first effect is produced by the polarization of the terminal which connects the telegraphic wire with the earth, the second by the polarization of the terminal which connects the galvanometer with the earth. When the wire is sufficiently long for the discharge current from it to affect the galvanometer, the first effect is a complex one, the dis- charge current being added to the current of polarization. The electro-motive forces of the currents arising from polar- ization can never exceed that of one or two cells of a voltaic battery, and as the strength of these currents diminishes with the length of the wire, they are not observable in long telegraphic lines unless very delicate indicating instruments be employed. 15. The Magnetic Rheometer. The method, already described, of measuring inductive charges and discharges by the momentary deflections of the needle of a galvanometer, requires the employment of bat- teries of considerable electro-motive force, or wires of great length, in order that the charge may be accumulated, or {лшн of extreme multiplying power. It is desira- le to have a means by which short lengths of wire may be conveniently experimented upon, and I have employed ith advantage for this purpose Marianini's rheo-electrometer, or magnetic rheometer. A description of this instrument, and the details of numerous experiments made with it to measure the momentary currents resulting from the dis- charge of a Leyden jar, will be found in * Memorie di fisica “ sperimentale scritte dal Professore Marianini dopo il * 1836." The instrument I employed was thus con- structed :—Two yards of insulated copper wire, 1/120th of an inch in diameter, were coiled round a cylindrical bar of soft iron, three inches in length and one-eighth of an inch in diameter, This bar was fixed horizontally over a graduated circle at a М angle to the line joining its zero points ; at the centre of the bar there was an aperture to allow the free passage of a silk fibre, from which was suspended an extremely delicate magnetic needle, weighing less than half a grain. At the top of the glass cage the upper end of the fibre was attached to a pin, which, by means of an adjusting screw, might be raised or depressed without causing it to rotate, in order to regulate the distance from the needle to the electro-magnetic bar. The ends of the coil of wire were connected to bind- ing screws placed outside the frame, and the graduated circle with the bar was moveable by means of a lever 5, ү beneath the frame, in order that the zero point might e accurately brought to the magnetic meridian without moving the instrument bodily. Four small pins c, c, were fixed on the circle in the vicinity of the bar, in order to prevent the contact of the needle with the bar, which it would be otherwise sometimes difficult to disengage from each other. The mode of using this instrument is as follows :—The zero line of the scale is brought, by means of the lever, into the magnetic meridian ; if then the bar is entirely deprived of magnetism, the needle will place itself in that direction. On a discharge being made through the coils, the bar becomes magnetic in proportion to the amount of the dis- charge; the two poles of the needle are attracted towards the two ends of theelectro-magnet, causing an instantaneous deflection, and subsequently a permanent deviation, owing to the residual magnetism, to a less amount. "To prepare the instrument for & fresh experiment the bar must be deprived of its magnetism, which is easily effected in the following manner :—One of the poles of a very weak single cell of a voltaic battery is to be attached to one of the binding screws of the instrument, while the other pole is to be brought into successive momentary contacts with the other binding screw, the current being in the opposite direction to that which produced the magnetism of the bar; each contact causes the approach of the needle towards zero, and when it has arrived at that point the magnetism of the bar is completely destroyed, but should the zero be over- passed the same operation must be repeated after inverting the current. With this instrument the following experiments, among others, were made :— A Leyden jar, having 380 square inches of tin-foil surface, was charged by a Daniell’s battery of 512 elements. On discharging the jar, the rheo-electrometer showed 10° instan- taneous and 4° permanent deflection. One hundred Iu of the standard wire, coated with dam perhe. and immersed in water, were charged by а attery of 60 elements; when the discharge was made through the rheo-electrometer, a deflection of several degrees was shown. In this case the discharge current-could not be detected by any of the galvanometers employed in the course of these investigations, except the Suspension galvanometer (F) with 30,500 coils employed in Mr. Bar- tholomew's experiments. The permanent deflection occasioned by the discharge from one mile of the standard insulated wire when charged by 144 cells of the battery was 8° · 25, 16, Means of accumulating the effects of Charges and Discharges. The deflection of the needle of a galvanometer increases Means d with the number of discharges in a given time so long as Si een f charge and discbarge. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. the time of a single discharge is less than that of a single contact; when a greater rapidity is attained, the deflection remains constant, for then, although each charge or dis- charge occupies a less time, there is a greater number in the same time, and these two circumstances compensate each other. A succession of instantaneous currents, therefore, produces а permanent deviation of the needle of à galvano- meter as а continuous current does, provided that the above condition be fulfilled, and that they follow each other so rapidly that the needle has not time to fall in the intervals between them. It is, therefore, possible to accumulate the effects of a succession of charges or discharges, and to produce a very considerable deviation of the needle of a galvanometer, when а single charge or discharge would scarcely produce any appreciable motion. For this purpose I have constructed an instrument which I call the accumulating discharger, which will also be found useful for a great variety of other experiments. | n \ O I JU | ll II { | N | zi [ mw Es „жүз T prar d ài 1 — d y E] E i ` | | RELY Fig. 4, A, B, is a mahogany board; C and D, two brass pillars which support an insulating plate of ebonite, in which are fixed six brass binding screws 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. А vertical axis carries a small fly wheel E, a pulley F, and, at its upper end, a circular disc, atthe circumference of which is attached two ebonite links G, H, freely moving round their common axis; the other ends of these links are attached respectively to two brass arms, which have the pins of the binding screws 2 and 5 for their axes, and each carries a cross piece terminating with springs, which, during the motion of the instrument, press alternately against the binding screws 1 and 3, and 4 and 6. The distances of the springs and pins are so adjusted that each contact lasts during one-fourth of a revolution of theeccentric. A catgut band connects the pulley F with the multiplying wheel K, which is provided with a handle for the purpose of setting it in motion. When this wheel is turned, the eccentric is caused to revolve rapidly, and, in consequence .of the arrangements above described, the binding screws 2 and 5 are brought alternately, in rapid succession, in metallic contact, the former with the binding screws 1 and 3, the latter with 4 and 6. With this instrument, as constructed, it is easy to make 68 double contacts in a second; by employing extra multi- plying wheels, a far greater number may be obtained ; and, if needful, mechanism with a maintaining power may de employed to regularize the motion. By connecting, in various manners, the poles of the battery, the wires to be experimented upon, the earth, and the galvanometers, or other measuring instruments, with the binding screws of this apparatus, it may be disposed for obtaining a variety of different results, some of which I will briefly enumerate. 1. To accumulate the charges of a wire. Connect 1 with the earth, 2 with the insulated wire to be charged, 3 with the galvanometer, which is then to be con- 289 nected with one of the poles of the battery, the other pro- ceeding to the earth. T'he instrument being put in motion, when the arm connects 2 and 3, the wire becomes charged, and the needle of the galvanometer is acted upon by the electricity in motion; when it connects 2 and 1, the electricity in the wire is discharged to the earth without acting on the galvanometer. The wire is thus alternately charged and discharged, but the accumulated charges only dis act on the galvanometer. If the earth wire be removed from 1, and the time of charging is less than the duration of a single contact, as is generally the case, no effect is produced on the galvano- meter, except from the first contact, because the wire afterwards remains permanently charged. 2. To accumulate the discharges of a wire. eooo 3 Connect the insulated wire with 2; interpose the galva- nometer between the earth and 1, and the battery between the earth and 3. The contacts with 3 charge the wire, and the alternate contacts with 1 discharge it. The galvano- meter being placed between the earth and 1, is affected only by the accumulated discharges. With the short wire galvanometer A and 512 cells, the following results were obtained :— Wire covered with Wray's compound, 170 yards - 3° - 20? With the long wire galvanometer (D) and 512 cells, the accumulated discharges from two inches of gutta-percha covered wire, coated externally with tin-foil, were rendered evident. | Wire with Hearder's covering, 440 yards - The following results were obtained with the nine experi- mental wires of different diameters, and gutta-percha coat- ings of different thicknesses. The measures were made with the torsion galvanometer (E), and two cells of the bat- tery only were employed. Three readings were taken for each wire. 2 4 8 po de 70 | 90 3 4:7 7°0 9:0 4:6 70 i 9:0 e $3 | 49 TO 6 | 31 49 7 0 3.149 70 | — ٤ 2.0 3˙0 475 12 оо 3,0 45 20 | 30 , 45 Ио ES E s | With the ваше measurin instrument no indication would have been obtained with a single discharge. . - Experiments were made to ascertain if, by this means the discharge currents could be rendered evident from one or two miles of wire, without any insulating covering sus- pended freely in the air by means of the ordinary insulating posts of a telegraphic line. For these experiments the long wire galvanometer (D) was employed. With 512 cells of the battery, and two miles of wire, a slight tremor only of the needle was observed on a single discharge; but the intermitting discharger occasioned a permanent deflection of 75°; this, however, was by no means constant; repeti- tions at different times during the same afternoon gave 65? 70°, 70°, and even 40°. There is not the same steadiness in these results as when a wire with an insulating covering, and immersed in water, is experimented upon. Si experiments, both with two miles and one mile of wire, were made, employing different battery powers; but with the same variable results. All the measures in the following Р were obtained within the four hours in the same ay :— Oe Apr. No.l. Report реро оу Wheatstone. Means of 5 Arr. No. 1. Report by Professor Wheatstone. Means of accumulating thedischarges of a wire. 290 NuMBER oF CELLS OF THE BATTERY. 512 128 64 32 | | | | 40 | 13 15 75 332 10 | 2 miles 65 | 40 | /0 | | 70 | | 92 28 11 4 | 60 9 | ] mile 65 10 | 55 7 5 70 | | | | The accumulated discharges from one mile of gutta- percha covered wire immersed in water, when 64 cells of the battery were employed, gave 65? with the same galvano- meter. During these experiments trials were made of the insula- tion of the aérial wire. The insulation for dynamic electri- city measured by the same galvanometer employed for the discharges was very variable; the escape would sometimes be nil, and after the lapse of some time would attain to /2? when 512 cells of the battery were in action.* This amount of loss would vitiate any result obtained by repeatedly charging the wire, for the rapidly reiterated contacts of the battery with the wire produces an effect similar to that of a permanent contact, and the needle of the galvanometer would be affected by the current arising from the escape of electricity along the wire; it would be difficult therefore to distinguish, in this case, what portion of the effect should be attributed to the current arising from imperfect insula- tion, and what to the current produced by the charges. But with repeated discharges the case is different, the action on the galvanometer is then entirely due to the discharges of the electricity retained in the wire after contact with the battery has ceased. The state of insulation for static electricity of the aérial wire was also ascertained during those experiments. The tension of the battery of 512 cells was shown by a Peltier's electrometer to be 58°. When two miles of the wire were connected with the battery, the same tension was main- tained. On removing the battery from the wire and electrometer, the index of the latter fell immediately to 42^, and after the lapse of two minutes to 40°; this experiment was repeated with nearly the same result. 3. To accumulate the charges and discharges of the wire separately at the same time. Connect the insulated wire with 2; interpose a galvano- meter between the bri and 3, and another similar one between the earth and 1. 4. Effect of the alternate charging and discharging of a wire upon the needle of a galvanometer. e (C Connect the earth with 1; interpose the galvanometer оа * It must be observed that the galvanometer employed in these ех- periments was one of extreme sensibility, and that this amount of esca would be insensible with the instruments ordinarily employed in tele- graphic oommuuication. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE between 2 and the insulated wire; and connect 3 with one pole of the battery, the other proceeding to the earth. If the charges and discharges be of equal intensity, we might expect that the rapid succession of the currents in оо directions occasioned thereby would produce no change in the position of the needle of the galvanometer; and such is the case when either current separately deviates the needle only a few degrees. But a very лош effect takes place when the current is stronger. The needle then assumes indifferently à permanent position on either sidc the zero point; thus with a battery of 512 cells, a wire one mile in length, and the short wire galvanometer (A), this deflection was 75°. It will soon be perceived that the direction of the deflection is determined by the initial im- pulse. The cause of this singular effect is not difficult to explain. When the needle of the galvanometer is parallel to the coil, currents in either direction act with equal energy, though in opposite directions, on the needle ; but when the needle is in any other position, the currents in opposite directions act with unequal energy upon it, and the effect is the same as if it were influenced by two series of alternating currents of different intensities. I had formerly observed a similar effect in experimenting with Becquerel's differential galvanometer; this instrument is provided with two intermingled coils, each of which transmits a current in the opposite direction. ‘The differen- tial arrangement of an ordinary galvanometer, which I have described in my memoir on ** New Instruments and Pro- * cesses for determining the Constants of a Voltaic Cir- * cuit," * is, however, free from this defect; the neutrali- zation 1$ in that arrangement effected in the coil itself, and all action on the needle is prevented; whereas in the other two instances the needle is influenced, either successively or simultaneously, by two actions in opposite directions. In the preceding cases, where the wire is charged by one of the poles of the battery only, no more than three of the binding screws are employed; were the use of the iustru- ment limited to these experiments, the other three binding screws, with the parts in connexion with them, might be dispensed with. But some very useful and interesting information may be obtained by charging the wire simul- taneously by the two poles of the battery; &nd then it will be requisite to bring more of the binding screws into use. I will briefly indicate a few of these applications. 5. Currents produced by discharge from one or both ends of the wire after its separation from the battery. Connect the battery poles with 3 and 6, the insulated wire to 2 and 5, and interpose the galvanometer between the earth and either ] or 4; or galvanometers may be inter- posed between both. This experiment must be made with a very long wire. The contact of the battery poles with the two ends of the wire give rise to discharge currents in the same direction with respect to the wire; the severance of the wire from the two poles of the battery, and its subsequent contact with the earth wires give rise to return discharge currents. 6. To ascertain what portion of its charge one charged wire communicates to another. , * Philosophical Transactions, 1843, Part II. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE One of the poles of the battery being in communication with the earth, the other is to be connected with 1; the wire to be first charged is to be connected with 2, the two ends of the wire to be secondarily charged with 3 and 5, and the galvanometer is to be interposed between the earth and 4. A wire coated with any insulating material may in this manner have its charge divided with an equal wire, or with one the inductive conditions of which are different. By employing copper wires of the same lengths and dia- meters, the relative specific inductive capacities of different insulating materials may be determined. 7. To obtain an intermitting current from the accu- mulated discharges of a Leyden jar or condenser. Connect one pole of the battery with 1 and the other with 4; the Leyden jar must be insulated, and a wire must con- nect its inner coating with 2, whilst another wire must unite its outer coating with 5; the galvanometer must be interposed in a wire uniting 3 and 6. 8. The accumulated discharges from a Leyden jar may be converted into an intermitting current, even when one of the poles of the battery communicates with the earth. The following is the arrangement for effecting this pur- pose :— t Interpose the battery between the earth and 1; let a wire proceed from 2 to the inner coating of the jar, while the outer coating communicates with the earth and 3; the gal- vanometer must be interposed between 3 and the earth. The “accumulating discharger"" was completed and used in April 1860. Mr. Latimer Clarke's “ inductometer’ described in the “Engineer” of September 28th, 1860, which resembles this instrument in many respects, and was suggested by it, was not made by the Messrs. Elliots until the beginning of September 1860. Mr. Siemens has also constructed a self-acting instru- ment for obtaining a rapid succession of charges and discharges, which he exhibited at the meeting of the British Association at Oxford in July 1860. Though I was unaware of the fact at the time, an instru- ment for accumulating discharges for a special purpose (the same as that described in paragraph 7), was invented in 1849 by M. Guillemin," and this gentleman has recently applied the same principle to measure the accumulated discharges from short lengths of coated telegraphic wires, covered externally with tin-foil.f To M. Guillemin, there- fore, the priority of this useful method must be conceded. An ACCOUNT of some EXPERIMENTS made with the SUBMARINE CABLE of the MEDITERRANEAN ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.—By CHARLES WHEATSTONE, F. R. S. From the Proceedings of the Royal Society, March 29, 1855. The following results were obtained between May 24 and June 8 in last year with the telegraphic cable manufac- tured by Messrs. Kuper & Co., of East Greenwich, for the purpose of being laid across the Mediterranean Sea from Spezia, on the coast of Italy, to the island of Corsica. ‘The manufacturers, in conjunction with Mr. Thomson, the engineer of the undertaking, kindly afforded me every facility in carrying on the experiments. The short time that elapsed between the opportunity presenting itself and the shipping of the cable for its destination, prevented me from determining with sufficient accuracy some points of importance, respecting which I was only able to make pre- liminary experiments; but the following, which I was able to effect with the means at hand, may possess sufficient interest to be made public. They present, perhaps, nothing theoretically new, but I am not aware that experimental verifications of some of these points have been made before. I assume that the reader is acquainted with the experiments of Dr. Faraday, described in the “ Philosophical Magazine,” N. S., Vol. VII., p. 197. The cable was 110 miles in length, and contained six copper wires, one-sixteenth of an inch in diameter, each separately insulated in & covering of gutta-percha one-tenth of an inch in thickness. ‘The whole was surrounded by 12 thick iron wires twisted spirally around it, forming a complete metallic envelope сені, of an inch in thickness. A section of the cable presented the six wires arranged in 8 circle of half an inch diameter, and one-fifth of an inch from the internal surface of the iron envelope. The cable was coiled in & dry well in the yard, and one of its ends was brought into the manufactory. The wires were numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and the ends in the well were indicated by an accent; the ends 1’2, 2'3, 3'4, 4'5, 5'6, were connected by supplementary wires, so that the electric current might be passed in the same direction through all the six wires joined to a single length, or through any lesser number of them, the connexions being made at pleasure in tbe experimenting room. The rheomoter employed was an insulated voltaic batte consisting of twelve troughs, each of twelve elements, whic had been several weeks in action. First SERIES, The following experiments show that the iron envelope of the compound conductor gives rise to the same phe- nomena of induction which occur when the insulated wire is immersed in water, as in Dr. Faraday’s experiments. Experiment 1.—One end of the entire length, 660 miles, was brought in connexion with one of the poles of the bat- tery, the other end remaining insulated. ‘The wire became charged with negative electricity when its end touched the zinc pole, and with positive electricity when it communicated with the copper pole. A current, indicated by a galvano- meter placed near the battery, existed as long as the charge was going on, and ceased when it arrived at its maximum. (The feeble current attributed to imperfect insulation, which continues as long as the contact with the battery remains, is here left out of consideration.] When the wire was charged, and the discharge effected by a wire communicating with the earth, the current produced was in the same direc- tion, whether the discharge was made near the battery, or at the opposite end; i.e., the current in both cases proceeded from the wire to the earth in the same direction. Experiment 2.—On bringing one end of the wire in contact with one of the poles of the battery, the other pole having no communication with the earth, the wire remained uncharged. A very slight and scarcely perceptible tremor was observed in the galvanometer needle interposed between the battery and the wire. Experiment 3.— To each of the poles of the battery was attached a wire 220 miles in length, and similar galvano- meters were interposed between the two wires (the remote extremities of which remained insulated) and the battery. So long as one wire alone was connected with the battery no charge was communicated to it; but on connecting the other wire with the opposite pole, both wires were instan- taneously charged, as the strong deflection of both needles rendered evident. On bringing the free end of one of the wires in communication with the earth, it alone was dis- charged, the other wire remaining fully charged. 222 a A :::: ыш = ее ((( * Courant dans une pile isolée et sans communication entre les deux poles. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Nov. 12, 1849, 1 Comptes Rendus, Oct. 8, 1860, 291 App. No. Report by Professor Wheatstone. Means of accumulating the effict of charges and discharges. Experiments made with the sub- marine cable of the Medi- terrancan electric tele- graph. APP. No. l. Report by Professor Wheatstone. Experiments on the Medi- terranean electric tele- graph cable. 292 SECOND SERIES. periment 4.—One pole of the battery was connected with the earth and the other with 660 miles of wire, which had an earth communication at its opposite end; three gal- vanometers were interposed in the course of the conductor ; the first near the battery, the second in the middle of the wire, i. e., 330 miles from each extremity, and the third at the remote end near the communication with the earth. When the connexion of the battery with the wire was com- pleted, the galvanometers were successively acted upon in the order of their distances from the battery, as in the ex- periments recorded by Dr. Faraday. When the earth con- nexion at the remote extremity of the wire, on the contrary, was completed, the disturbance of equilibrium commenced at this end, and the galvanometers successively acted in the reverse order, i.e., the galvanometer which was the most distant from the battery was the first impelled into motion. In the latter case, before the completion of the circuit, the needles of the galvanometers had assumed constant deflec- tions to a limited extent, owing to a feeble current arising from the uniform dispersion of the static electricity along the wire. | Experiment 5.—The two extremities of the 660 miles of wire were brought into connexion with the opposite poles of the battery. When one of the ends previously disconnected from the battery was united therewith, the galvanometers at the extremities of the wire, and consequently which were at equal distances from the poles of the battery, were im- mediately and simultaneously acted upon, while that which was in the middle of the wire was subsequently caused to move. When the wire disconnected in the middle instead of near one of the poles of the battery was again united, the middle galvanometer, which was the most remote from the battery, was the first acted upon, and those near the poles subsequently. The comparison of the two above-mentioned experiments show that the earth must not be regarded simply as a con- ductor, which many suppose to be the case. Since in the first experiment there were not many yards’ distance between the two earth terminations, did the extent of ground be- tween them act only as a conductor, the two galvanometers at the extremities of the wire should have acted simul- taneously, as in the second experiment, and as would have been the case had a short wire united the two extremities which proceeded to the earth. THIRD SERIES. Experiment 6.—One pole of the battery was connected with the earth, and the opposite pole with one extremity of the 660 miles of wire, the other end remaining insulated ; a delicate galvanometer was interposed near the battery. Notwithstanding there was no circuit formed, the needle showed a constant deflection of 334°; the feeble current thus rendered evident is not so much to be attributed to imperfect insulation, as to the uniform and continual dis- persion of the static electricity with which the wire is charged throughout its entire length, in the same manner as would take place in any other charged body placed in an insu- lating medium. The strength of the current thus occa- sioned appears to be nearly, if not exactly, proportional to the length of the wire added, as the following table will show; the first column indicates the number of miles of wire subjoined beyond the galvanometer, and the second the corresponding deflections of the needle. Miles. Degrees. 0 — . 0 110 Е 2 - 6} 220 - — — 12 330 — - - ]8 4410 : - 233 550 - - - 28 660 - š - 3l Experiment 7.—One end of the 660 miles of wire was now allowed to remain constantly in contact with one of the poles of the battery; but the galvanometer was successively shifted to different distances from the battery. The strength of the current was now shown to be inversely as the dis- tance of the galvanometer from the battery, becoming null at its extremity, as shown in the following table. The first column shows the distance from the battery at which the galvanometer was placed, and the second column the cor- responding deflection of the needle. | Miles. Degrees. Near the battery - 33% 110 - - - 31 220 - - - 25 330 - - - 15 440 - - - 12 550 - - - 5 660 - - - 0 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE The deflections of the needle of the galvanometer em- ployed in these experiments were, when they did not surpass 36°, very nearly comparable with the force of the current. This I ascertained in the following way :—1 took six cells of the small constant battery described in my paper, ** On * new Instruments and Processes for detertnining the Con- * stants of a Voltaic Circuit," printed in ће “ Philosophical * ‘Transactions for 1843," and placed in the circuit formed of 660 miles of wire, the earth, and the galvanometer, succes- sively 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 cells. Leaving out of consideration the resistances in the cells themselves and in the earth, which were very inconsiderable in comparison with that in the long wire, the force of the current should be approxi- mately proportionate to the number of the elements; and since the deflections of the needle nearly indicated this pro- portionality, as the following table will show, it may be assumed that the force of the current, when the deflection of the needle did not surpass 36?, nearly corresponded with the angular deviation. | Cell. Degrees. ] - - - 6 2 - - - 14 3 А - - 19 4 Б - - 28 5 - - - 32 6 " Z - 36 From the preceding experiments (6 and 7), it seems to result that whatever length of wire is connected with the battery, if a galvanometer is placed at the farther extremity of the wire, and a constant length added to the other termi- nation of the galvanometer, its indication remains always nearly the same. Thus, the galvanometer indicated 63° when it was placed close to the battery, and 110 miles of wire were subjoined beyond it; and 5? when 550 miles were interposed between the battery and galvanometer, the same length, 110 miles, being subjoined. In like manner, when 220 miles were added beyond the galvanometer placed near the battery, the indication was 12°, precisely the same as when 440 miles were interposed and 220 added. So also when 330 miles were added, the deviation of the galvano- meter was 18?, and 15? when 330 miles were interposed and 330 added. I have no doubt that the correspondence would have been closer had it not been for the fluctuations of the battery. | It would appear from this that whatever be the length of wire attached to the insulated pole of a battery, it becomes charged to the same degree of tension throughout its entire extent, so that another insulated wire brought into con- nexion with its free extremity exhibits precisely the same phenomena in kind and measure as when it is brought into immediate connexion with a pole of the battery. Some im- portant practical consequences flow from this conclusion, which I will not develope at present, as I have not yet had an opportunity of submitting them to the test of experi- ment. Note on the Submarine Telegraph, from a Pamphlet published by Mr. Wheatstone in 1855. A submarine electric telegraph was, from the commence- ment of Mr. Wheatstone's experiments, a prominent object in his thoughts. He has several letters, dated in the spring of 1837, from gentlemen acquainted with his plans, re- ferring to this project. The first occasion on which any allusion to this subject appears is in the Fifth Railway Report of the Select Committee of the House of Commons. Mr. Wheatstone was examined before this Committee on February 6th, 1840; and Sir J. Guest, who was previously acquainted with his plans, put the question, * Have you <“ tried to pass the line through water? to which he replied, ** There would be no difficulty in doing so, but the experi- * ment has not yet. been made." The Chairman (Lord Seymour) then asked, * Could you communicate from Dover to Calais in that way?" His answer was, I think it perfectly practicable." Shortly after this, having been furnished with the necessary e information by his friend Sir Francis Beaufort, and received much useful counsel from the late Captain Drew of the Trinity Board, Captain Washington, and other scientific naval friends, he prepared his detailed plans, which were exhibited and explained to a great number of visitors at King’s College, among whom were the most eminent scientific men and pee authorities. He also made the subject known in russels. In a notice of his new telegraphic instruments, by Prof. Quetelet, published in the “ Bulletin of the Académie Royale de Bruxelles for October 7th, 1840, it is stated, — On sera sans doute charmé d'apprendre * que l'auteur a trouve le moyen de transmettre les signaux Note on the submarine, , telegraph. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. * entre l'Angleterre et la Belgique, malgré l’obstacle de “la mer. Son voyage se rattachait en partie à cette im- * portante opération, qui mettrait l'Angleterre en rapport * immédiat avec notre pays, la France, la Hollande, * PAllemagne, et méme la Russie." And in “Le Fanal,“ a Brussels paper of September 30th, 1840, it is observed,— * M. Wheatstone pense qu'il est possible de communiquer * avec son appareil entre Douvres et Calais; il répète en * ce moment ses expériences à l'Observatoire de Bruxelles, * en presence de plusieurs savans littérateurs.” Mr. Wheatstone's plans were also shown in 1841 to some of the most distinguished scientific men in Paris, who came to see his experiments at the College de France. In the agreement entered into by Mr. Cooke and himself in April 1843, it was stipulated that certain limitations therein expressed “should not extend to prevent the said * Charles Wheatstone from establishing electric telegraph * communication between the coasts of England and * France, which he is hereby expressly authorized to do if * he shall so please, and for his own exclusive profit." The agreement made with Mr. Cooke in October 1845, by which he undertook that the Company to whom he was about to sell the Patents should assist Mr. Wheatstone in carrying his project into effect, is given at length in the text, p. 5l. The Abbé Moigno was in England in the spring of 1846, whilst Mr. Wheatstone's experiments were in preparation, and he published an account of what he had seen in * L'Epoque" of October in that year. This notice he afterwards reproduced in the first edition of his“ Traité 293 : de Télégraphie Électrique” (Paris, 1849). It is as fol- OWS:— “ M. Quételet avait annoncé, dés 1840, que M. Wheat- stone avait trouvé le moyen de transmettre les signaux entre l'Angleterre et la France, malgré l'obstacle de le “ тег. J'ai vu de mes yeux, j'ai touché de mes mains la conducteur qui, en se reposant au fond des mers, unira étroitement les côtes d'Ángleterre aux côtes de France. Ce conducteur est parfait, il remplira pleinement son but; tout homme sérieux qui l'aura vu et touché comme mol ne pourra pas méme conserver l'ombre d'un doute sur un succés devenu palpable. Avant deux mois, des machines puissantes l'auraient produit dans toute sa longueur, mais partagé en section de deux kilométres et demi. Huit jours suffiraient aux officiers de marine, qui s'y sont préparé par une étude approfondie, pour le mettre en place, et aprés quelques semaines Paris et * Londres se toucheraient ; il n'y aurait plus ni abime, ni distance, le génie de l'homme aurait tout vaincu.” In consequence of Mr. Cooke's non-fulfilment of his engagement, and the proceedings on the part of the Com- pany referred to in the pamphlet, Mr. Wheatstone was obliged to relinquish an object which had been a cherished one with him for many years. The Company, instead of giving him the assistance he relied upon, placed obstacles in his way, and his previous arrangements with Mr. Cooke precluded him from attempting to accomplish it through other channels. The result was that, for a time, the subject was in abevance; but five years afterwards it was taken up from Mr. Wheatstone's starting-point, and was successfully accomplished by the enterprise and skill of other parties, unconnected either with the Company or with himself. APPENDIX No. 2. Кесте REPORT BY Мв. LATIMER CLARK. Section. On quantity and tension - - - - 1-13 On the transmission of a current through a wir - 14-31 On the effect of temperatur eon the conduction of cables 32 On the effect of pressure on the conduction of cables - 33-37 On insulation and leakage - - - - 38-52 On the effect of temperature on insulation - - 53 On the effects of external pressure on insulation - 54-58 On the effect of lengthened application of the battery power on insulation - - - - 59-62 On the retardation of signals - - - - 63-91 On the measurement of induction - - - 29-98 On the etfect of variation of battery power on induction 99 On the effect of variation of the conducting wire and the thickness of the insulator on induction - - 100-112 On Quantity and Tension. I. In describing the following experiments instituted to discover the phenomena and laws which regulate the trans- mission of electric currents through subinarine cables, & clear definition of the sense to be attached to the words quantity, intensity, and tension, as here applied, is first necessary. 2. The term quantity has a well understood meaning; it conveys an analogous idea when applied to electricity, to that which it does when applied to water or to a gas; thus, iwo similarly charged Leyden jars, or two miles of submarine cable, contain twice the quantity that one does, and if the charges of both can be placed into one, the quantity remains unaltered, the only thing affected being the intensity or ten- sion. If a pair of galvanic plates one inch square give a certain quantity of electricity in a unit of time, a pair of two square inches will produce twice the quant. provided the plates are connected by very short and thick wire, for if connected by a very fine or long wire, the quantity will be smaller, and if not connected at all, none will be produced. In the latter case the quantity produced will be exactly that uantity which the connecting wire can convey from one to the other, and hence it arises that the quantity produced by a battery is generally proportional to the length and size of the connecting wire. 3. The effect exerted by electricity is in almost every case proportional to the quantity of electricity in action, and has no relation whatever to its intensity or tension. On quantity alone depends the action of all telegraphic apparatus, which operates with more or less vigour according Section. On the effect of variation in temperature on induction - 113-115 On the specific inductive capacity of different materials 116-117 On the effect of variation in pressure on induction - 118-122 On the comparative induction of iron and copper con- ductors - - - - - - 123-168 On velocity of transmission in cables - - - 169 -206 On electric waves - - - - - 207-218 On the properties of different insulating materials — - 213-238 India-rübber, unmasticated - - - - 239—247 Masticated india-rubber - - - - 248-270 Vulcanized india-rubber - - - - 271-278 Wray's compound - - - - 279-295 General observations - - - - - 296-305 to the greater or less quantity of electricity passing through. If we increase intensity, we do so only with the view of making a larger quantity pass through the line, the quantity increasing in the same ratio that the intensity increases. Electroscopic attraction and repulsion have not been hitherto considered by writers on electricity to be in any degree simply dependent on quantity, but to depend on the tension, or, as it is termed, the intensity of the charge ; but a careful examination of the phenomena can scarcely fail to lead to the conclusion that the force varies directly as the tension, directly as the quantity, and inversely as the distance. 4. Intensity signifies difference or degree of tension, or that effect which is produced by increasing the number of cells in a battery; but in its more popular acceptation it has a very different value, and the effects of quantity are entirely confounded with those of intensity. For this reason I have throughout the remainder of this report discarded the word intensity and used only the word tension, a term which will, I think, not be liable to any misinterpretation; it has the same signification as the potential, as employed by Green and Professor W. Thomson, or as electro-motive force. 5. Every condition and quality of electricity is expressible by the relations of quantity and tension, and they are equally applicable to all its states, whether static or dynamic. 'The earth is always referred to as the standard of tension. 6. The earth, however, does not always exhibit the same tension at all places, nor does it always have the same tension at any given place. What are familiarly known to telegra- phists as ** earth currents" in their wires are evidences of this, and are produced by the flow of electricity between Pp App. No. I. Report b Prolene: Wheatstone. Note on the submarine telegraph. APP. No.2. Remarks Mr. L. Clark. On quantity tension. APP. No. 3. Report by Mr. L. Clark. On quantity and tension. 224 -two points on the earth's surface, whieh аге, at the time in an unequal state of tension; this flow continues until the tension has equalised itself. During the prevalence of aurora these electrical compensations proceed incessantly, and sometimes rise to a magnificent scale. Vast floods of electricity flow through the earth and the ocean, chasing each other to and fro in the most capricious manner, the currents being sometimes so great as to fill the telegraph lines with currents as powerful as those yielded by a battery of 300 or 400 cells. | 7. The mean tension of the earth, however, when free from. these exceptional disturbances, may be taken as a standard of tension, its zero, like that of heat, being un- attainable; we cannot determine the absolute tension of electricity, and, therefore, in speaking of the tension of objects, we mean their relative tension. | 8. Wherever there are differences of tension and con- ductors there are currents of electricity set up, and these continue until the tension has equalised itself, and this in- equality of tension is the essential condition and cause of electric currents. If we connect the negative pole of a battery of, say, 100 cells to earth, its positive pole instantly exhibits a tension of 100 elements plus, or above that of the earth ; if we reverse the battery, its negative pole presents a tension of 100 elements minus, or below that of the earth. 9. If a battery of, say, 200 cells be perfectly insulated, it is impossible to predicate what may be the tension of either of its poles; all we know for certain is, that the tension of its positive pole is 200 elements above that of its negative, and that the tension regulerly increases from cell to cell. If we touch any part of the battery with an earth wire, that part instantly acquires the same tension as the earth ; thus, if touched at the centre, its poles are respectively 100 elements above and below that of the earth ; if at 50 cells from the positive end, the poles respectively acquire tensions of 50 plus and 150 minus, and so on ; all this time no current is- flowing and the tensions are purely statical. 10. If one end of a long piece of wood or string be applied to the pole of & very powerful battery of, say, 500 cells, and the other end to the ground, the one end will have the same tension as the battery, the other will have that of the earth ; and if we apply an electrometer at succes- sive points along the rod, we shall find every possible degree of tension exhibited from that of the battery to zero. This is an exact illustration of what takes place in a ` telegraph cable (see 28). | | 11. The amount of electricity which flows through a wire depends wholly on the relative tension of its two ends, and not on its absolute tension with respect to the earth. For example, a single cell of a battery connected by a wire transmits a given quantity of electricity when it is in its ordinary condition, and its tension therefore zero. If this element and its galvanometer. be placed on the prime conductor of an electric machine, and the tension of the whole system be raised to two or three thousand elements above that of the earth, the quantity of electricity which passes is not affected, nor is the indication of the galvano- meter. Again, if we connect а powerful battery with a very long wire, and place a galvanometer in circuit, first at the ‘end near the battery, and afterwards at the end near the earth, or in any other part of the wire, we shall find its de- flection precisely the same in all positions, although the tension at the extreme ends has been shown to be so different. We thus see that the indications of the galvano- meter are not at all affected by the absolute tension of the point of the line at which it is connected. 12. If we form a galvanometer with only one turn of very thick wire, and note the deflection caused by one cell of mo- derate size, and then successively increase the number of cells, arranging them in series, we shall not, by so doing, find any increase whatever in the deflection of the needle, for the thick wire conveys freely all the electricity which one cell can pro- duce, and the additional cells can only increase the tension, they cannot increase the quantity. If, on the other hand, a vanometer be formed of a great number of turns of very Ee wire, the deflection will be immensely greater with nu- merous cells. With a great length of fine wire the tension of one cell is only sufficient to transmit a small proportion of the quantity which it is capable of producing; by in- creasing the number of cells, however, the tension becomes sufficient to overcome the resistance; and whatever the length or fineness of the wire, there is some number of elements sufficiently great to cause as much electricity to pass in a unit of time as the one original plate caused to pass through the thick wire. | " 13. With dynamic electricity, the quantity of electricity which passes in a given time determines the amount of galvanic deflection, or electro-magnetic attraction, or che- mical decomposition, or of the attraction of one current upon another, or of heat generated in a wire or 8 voltaic arc, and the difference of tension determines the velocity of electricity, E .: : APPENDIX TO REPORT. OF THE or, in other words, the quantity which. flows through в circuit in a given time. e tension, therefore, indirectly enhances all the phenomena above mentioned. With static electricity, the quantity of electricity on a given surface determines the amount of electroscopic attrac- tion and repulsion, and it determines the degree of tension, while the tension reciprocally determines the amount of attraction and repulsion, and also the quantity of electricity which will be stored up inductively on a given surface. And in all the above cases the degree of action varies, ceteris paribus, in simple proportion to the quantity, or, in the case of repulsion, to the quantity and tension combined. On the Transmission of the Current through a Wire. 14. We come now to the consideration of the laws of the transmission of the current through a long wire or cable, neglecting, in the first instance, the consideration of induction. It will be of the greatest assistance to the reader, in thinking of the electric curient, to regard it, which it probably is, as the flow of a fluid or matter like water, imponderable, it is true, but having a material existence, and following definite laws, like other fluids. In fact, if we could deprive air of its elasticity, or water of its weight, the laws of their motion would be almost identicel with those of electricity. | 15. Sir Humphrey Davy first stated that the conducting power of a metallic wire was inversely as its length and directly as its section, and this law has been confirmed by subsequent investigations. Ohm deduced the same laws from theoretical investigation, and beautifully explained the motions of the galvanic current. . 16. 'The principal points in Ohm's theory in relation to telegraph circuits, are— l. That the quantity of electricity which passes through a wire in a given time is directly proportional to the differ- ence of tension at the two ends of the wire. 2. That the quantity is inversely proportional to the length of the wire, so that two miles of wire will only convey half as much as one mile; or, two wires, side by side, each ten miles in length, will convey the same quan- tity as one wire five miles in length. 3. That the quantity is directly proportional to the sec- tional area of the wire, or, in other words, to the square of its diameter, or to its weight per mile. 4. That the quantity is directly proportional to the spe- cific conductivity of the material of which the wire is composed ; or, as it is frequently stated, it is inversely proportional to its specific resistance. Thus, the conduc- tivity of ordinary copper is about five or six times as great as that of iron or steel, and consequently a copper wire, of a given size, will convey six times as much electricity. 5. The tension of a wire is highest at the positive pole of the battery and lowest at the negative Bele and falls uniformly through its whole length. 17. If T represents the electro-motive force, or the differ- ence of tension at the two ends of the wire, L is length, and S its sectional area, then the quantity of electricity assing— P g _ TS — — will be L If we take the specific conductivity of the material C into account, the formula becomes— | _ TSC =- It is, however, more usual to regard the conductivity inversely, or as specific resistance R, the formula then becomes— If the cells of the battery are very large, the tension varies almost exactly as the number of elements e, and it is usual in practice to substitute this number for the tension T, the value of which is not readily obtained in practice; the formula is then— | Q5 : | ^ LR | The resistance of the ае itself has to be taken into account when dealing with short circuits, but the tele- graphist may generally neglect this resistance. A coefficient for temperature might also be added to the formula. 18. The foregoing laws apply equally to metallic wires, and to all other conducting, and so-called non-conducting materials, for all conduct to a certain extent and all obey the same laws. Ohm introduced the system of referring all resistances to a common standard, as, for example, to a copper wire of a given section; and taking a length of this wire which offered the same resistance as any circuit which he wished to: measure, he called that length the re- On the traz mission of the current through a wire. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, duced length of the circuit.: It is now more commonly spoken of as the resistance of the circuit, and is in con- stant use in telegraphy. | Copper is usually employed as the standard, but its conductivity is liable to vary greatly from impurity. Silver and mercury have also been employed. Gutta percha might be usefully employed as a standard for insulating materials if its quality were more uniform. | 19. The quantity of a battery Q varies as aq, tha: is, as the surface area of the plates a, and as the specific quan- tity q, or that quantity which a given surface can produce іп a given time with a minimum resistance; the specific quantity varies greatly with different metals and different liquids, even although their specific tension (when no cur- rent is passing) and resistance are the same; it is also affected by temperature; the quantity of course varies in- versely as the resistance, or as 29. т 20. The efficient working value of any current varies as T Q, or as its tension and its quantity combined. The work done, or effect produced, will vary as Q directly, as before explained ; d it will also vary as T directly, for if a current of a given tension will decompose an ounce of water in @ given time, or work an electro-magnet with a given force, then & current of ten times that tension will decompose simultaneously ten ounces of water in ten sepa- rate vessels, or will work ten such electro-magnets at once. 21. According to Ohm's law the quantity of electricity conveyed by a wire varies directly as the battery power, or as the difference of the tension of the current at the two ends of the wire, or at any other two points in its length. It is essential, however, that the area of the plates of the battery should be so large as to suffer no sensible diminution of their tension fsom the abstraction of the current by the conducting wire ; this is a condition seldom or never obtained in practice. With the ordinary sized battery plates (about four inches by three), and а tension of 200 cells, the addi- tion of a circuit equal to 2,000 miles of ordinary No. 8 line wire will produce & reduction in the tension of the battery current equal to about 10 cells, and a circuit of 100 miles will reduce the tension or the effective working power of the battery from 200 to 100 cells. This is a very im- portant consideration, and is. almost universally lost sight of by practical telegraphists, who too frequently assume that, because they are using a battery of 100 cells, they are working with the tension of 100 elements. It should be borne in mind that with a battery of 100 cells the full ten- sion of 100 elements can only be rigorously obtained while the poles are disconnected; if they be connected by an ordinary conducting wire, although it be even 1,000 miles in length, the difference of tension of the two poles is very sensibly diminished, and as the wire gets shorter and shorter, or it may be thicker and thicker, the tension falls, until at last, when the connecting wire is at some certain length, the 100 cells only maintain a tension equal to, say for ex- ample, one element; and at this length the 100 cells cause exactly the same quantity of electricity to flow through the wire and produce the same deflection as one cell would do, if that cell were of infinitely large dimensions. If the con- ducting wire be still shorter, the tension becomes pro- portionately less, until. with an extremely short and thick connecting wire the battery exhibits no tension at all ; in fact, whatever rise in tension the battery commences to form is 200 CELLS MILES 800 Э E ‘206 CELLS 26. December 23, 1859.—A battery (P N) of 200 cells was prepared; the positive pole was connected with the earth; Jy he negative with. a series of resistance coils of a 1 equivalent to 800 miles of No,,16 copper line wire. is battery we will term the primary. battery. A secondary battery (р n) was: also prepared and joined on to the same 295 instantly destroyed by the flow of the electricity through the conductor. These effects are well exhibited in the follow- ing experiments :— | | 22. December 23, 1859.—A carefully insulated battery P N (see Fig. 26.), of ‘200 cells, was arranged with its positive pole to earth, and another similar battery p n, of equal size and tension, was arranged beside it with its positive pole also to earth, and their two negative poles were joined together 1nd connected to a line wire A B, formed of resistance coils. A delicate vertical galvanometer C was placed between the secondary battery p n and the line wire. The line wire A B was then disconnected, and the batteries were therefore opposing each other, and had they been equal, no current would have passed through the galvanometer. From some accidental inequality in their tensions, it required 205 cells in the secondary battery p to balance 900 cells in the primary. Pa | E 23. The line wire А B (having a resistance of 800 miles of No. 16 copper wire) was now &dded, and a current from both batteries passed through it, that of the secondary battery deviating the galvanometer 35? ; the number of cells in the secondary battery was now ‘gradually reduced until the needle became vertical, and no current passed from it through the galvanometer. 'l'o obtain this result it was necessary tó reduce the number of cells from 205 to 191, and the ten: sion of the battery while giving off no current was now just equal to that of the primary after it had supplied the flow into the line; if one cell were added, i£ began to send a feeble current into the line; if one were taken off, the primary battery was enabled, after supplying the line, to send a feeble reversed current back through the лс battery. The followin: table gives similar results wit various lengths of the line A B, the primary battery being constantly maintained at 200 cells. ‘The resistances repre- sent miles of ordinary No. 16 copper wire :— — — | Number of Cells Resistance of Nau Cells | 259 е Line А Роло D. - secondary to the Primary Battery. Battery. Primary Battery. 200 | 205 Infinite. 200 191 800 miles. 200 | 189 700 „ 200 | 187 600 „ 200 | 183 500 „ 200 180 400 ,, 200 | 173 300 „ 200 | 162 200 „ 200 | 135 | 100 = 200 103 50 „ 200 70 25 „ 200 0 0 ” { | — — — — — 25. In the preceding experiment it is shown that with a battery of 2 anything between 200 elements and nothing, the greater or less difference being dependent on the length or size of the conducting wire; but whatever the difference may be, if the wire be of uniform section, the tension falls regularly and proportionately throughout the whole circuit. This is illus- trated in the following experiments a GARIN line in the manner described in the preceding experiment. They were now jointly connected on to the 800 miles of line, and of course a current from each of them ‘flowed through the wire. The number of cells in the secondary battery (p n) was now gradually reduced until no cur- rent passed through the galvanometer. In this state of P p 2 cells the actual working tension might be. 'APP. No. 2 Report b Mr. L. Clark. On the trans. mission of the current through a wire. Arr. Nc. 2. Report b Mr L. Clark. On the trans- mission of the current through a wire. 296 things the primary battery transmitted its full current through the line in exactly the same manner as if the secondary battery had no existence, the tension of the secondary battery being exactly the same as that of the line itself at the point of its connexion; the number of cells necessary to counterpoise the tension at this point was 192. If 191 cells were used, the primary battery had sufficient tension to overpower and send a slight reverse current back through the secondary battery, deflecting the galvanometer to the left; and Satie other hand, if the number of cells were increased to 193, the tension of the secondary battery was a little in excess of the line at the point, eg feeble current passed through the galvanometer into the line de- flecting it to the right. Having thus established the ten- sion at this point, 800 miles from the distant end of the line, the secondary battery was now connected at 400 miles, and its tension was of course sufficient at this point to send a powerful current into the line. The secondary battery was now reduced until its tension exactly equalled that of the line at this point, the needle of the galvanometer giving no deflection; the number of cells requisite to effect this was found to be 94, or half the previous number. ‘The same operations were repeated at 200 miles from the end, and here the number of cells requisite was 47, or one-fourth of the original number. At 100 miles the number of cells required to equalise the tension of the line was 23, or one- eighth of the first number. At 50 miles the number re- quired was 12, and at 25 miles 6; at O miles of course there was no tension, and the feeblest battery power would have sent some current. The results are given in a tabular form below, and they show conclusively that the tension in a line wire of uniform section varies directly as the distance from the end of the wire connected with earth or inversely as the distance from the battery Number of Cells in Secondary Battery required to counterpoise the Distance of Secondary Battery from the end of the Line connected with Earth. Tension of the Line. 800 miles. 192 cells. 700 ,و‎ 167 „ 600 ,, 143 ,, 500 ,, 118 ,, 400 ,, 94 ,, 300 ,, 70 „ 200 „ 47 „ 100 „ 23 „ 50 „ 12 ., 25 „ 6 „ 28. The following diagram will illustrate this law geometrically :— Let b z represent a line wire through which a current is flowing, and let the perpendicular a b represent the tension in the line nearthe battery as determined experimentally in the manner just described. 'l'he tension at the distant end z, where it is connected with earth, is of course 0. ‘The tension then at d, or at any other point along the line, such asf, ^, &c., will be directly proportional to the length of the perpendiculars c d, e f, or g h. a © ë 9 ыру у аи у ——— [fi E 29. The above is à geometrical representation of the same battery applied to a line wire of the same length, both its ends being connected with the battery without the use of an earth circuit. In this case all the positive tensions, as a b, c d, &c., are represented by perpendicular lines above the line wire, and all the negative tensions are represented by other lines, as lm, n o, &c., below the line. As the line wire and battery are of the same length as before, the difference of tension at the two poles of the battery will be the same as before, that is to say, the sum of the two perpendiculars a b, p q will together equal the length of the perpendicular a b in the preceding figure. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE 90. If we assumethe whole tension of the battery to be 20 and the tension of the centre pair of plates to be О, then the tension at the point a b will be 10 plus or positive, and that at the point p q 10 minus or negative. At the middle of the line, or zz, the tension will be 0. In other words, if we were to apply a galvanometer at the point b, we should obtain a current flowing from the wire to earth with a tension of 10; if at f, we should observe a current flowing to the earth with a tension of 5. If, on the other hand, we were to apply the galvanometer at p, we should perceive a current flowing from the earth into the wire, with a tension of 10; if at the pu l, the current obtained would have a tension of 5 cells, ut at z we should get no current whatever. 31. It will be seen that the tension of the line wire relatively to the earth depends entirely on the position of the earth wire E. We js shown it conpected at the middle of the battery P N, but if we remove it to the end N we alter all the conditions immediately. The tension at q becomes zero. The tension at a b, as in the first figure, ecomes 20. The tension of z, instead of being 0, becomes 10. In like manner if we connect the earth wire to the other end of the battery at P, then the tension at a becomes 0, the tension at N becomes 20 minus, and the tension at z 10 minus. On the Effect of Temperature on the Conduction of Cables. 32, This influence is very sensible and even powerful. According to Becquerel,* a copper wire when raised 180°, viz., from 32° to 112°, has its conductivity diminished from 100 to 70°9, or, what is the same thing, its resistance in- creased from 100 to 140°9. This is about one per cent. in- crease of resistance for every 4*4 degrees increase of tem- perature, or an addition of 0022 of the original resistance for each degree Fahr. of elevation. The effect of this increased conductivity is sensibly felt on overground telegraphs at night, and must of course affect the speed of transmission in cables lying in tropical waters. Some experiments on this subject were commenced, but owing to an accident led to no reliable result. On the Effect of Pressure on the Conduction of Cables. 33. As it was desirable to ascertain what effect the super- incumbent weight of the ocean might exert on the conduc- tivity of deep submarine cables, a length of 220 yards (one- eighth of a mile) of gutta-percha wire containing a copper conductor path of an inch in diameter was enclosed in hydraulic pipes connected with a force pump as described at section 118, and by the differential arrangement known as Wheatstone's parallelogram, f the resistance of this wire was accurately balanced by that of a similar length of wire not under pressure. 34. In this condition the current dividing itself, passed through both wires, and since they both had the same resist- ance the аы in both was equal. A pressure of 3 tons on the square inch was now applied, by means of the hydraulic press and force pump, to the wire in the pipes, but, con- trary to expectation, there was not any sensible alteration in the conductivity of the wire; the pressure was repeatedly applied and removed suddenly without effect. To test the sensibility of the appliances in use, the length of the wire under pressure was increased from 220 yards to 220 yards and 3 inches; this addition produced a very sensible in- crease in the resistance of the wire, which was readily ob- servable on the galvanometer; even 2 inches produced a visible deviation. ‘The pressure of 3 tons on the square inch is equivalent to that of & depth of 2,550 fathoms of sea water. In an Atlantic cable 3,000 miles in length, the alteration of conductivity due to the superincumbent pres-e sure would therefore not be equal to that produced by an addition of one mile to its length. 35. The only metals adapted for use in submarine cables are copper, iron, and steel. Aluminium, from its lightness and strength, might be in some circumstances avery valuable material, but its cost precludes its introduction. : Aluminium, according to Dr. Matthiessen,t has a con- ductivity of 33°76, silver being 100, and ordinary copper from 80 to 90, the specific gravity of aluminium is about 2:5, that of copper beng about 8:5. Iron wire, from its cheapness and strength, is almost universally employed for overground telegraphs. Its conductivity is about 13:1, silver being 100, but owing to ite low conductivity, its sectional area has to be increased five or six times to make its conductivity the same as that of copper, and the con- * Traité d' Electricité, vol. i. p. 87. + Phil. Trans., June 1843. 1 Phil. Trans., December 1889. On the effect of pressure on the con- ducting wire of cables. Ou insulation and leakage. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. sequences are that about five times the weight of material has to be employed, and since the area exposed to induction is increased in the ratio of the surface, the insulating coating has to be enlarged in proportion. 'lhese disadvantages quite preclude its use in submarine telegraphy. ‘The same disadvantages appertain to steel wire, which has & con- ductivity of about 14:4, although from its great strength it would be a desirable material. 36. The best material practically available is therefore copper. It has long been known that the conductivity of metals is frequently very much affected by a small portion of alloy, as was shown by Sir William Snow Harris. Inthe early history of telegraphy, from the shortness of the circuits employed, this fact was totally disregarded. When, how- ever, the Atlantic Telegraph Company was formed, I called attention to this circumstance, and pressed the impor- tance of taking steps to ensure that no brass or zinc should be alloyed with the copper employed for the intended cable. Professor W. Thomson, F.R.S., wrote a paper upon it in the Proceedings of the Royal Society for June 1857. The con- ductivity of the whole of the wire employed in the Atlantic telegraph was in consequence carefully tested. Dr. A. Mat- thiessen has recently published papers in the Phil. Trans., and has made experiments on this subject for the committee, his valuable report is included in the appendices. 37. Dr. Matthiessen proposes a process for purifying copper by the injection of hydrogen gas into the fused metal, the cost of which has been roughly estimated at about twopence per pound, or ten shillings per mile, for ordinary telegraph wire. The extreme importance of this subject will be appreciated by remembering that by in- creasing the conductivity of a telegraph cable 10 per cent. we increase, in the same ratio, the number of messages which can be transmitted through it in a given time. On Insulation and Leakage. 38, Insulation is evidently merely the converse of con- duction, and the insulation of a cable means really the resistance to conduction of the material of which it is com- posed. For the sake of brevity we shall hereafter speak of the loss of insulation, of the conduction of the exterior coating of a cable, as the “leakage.” In a moderately well insulated cable the leakage will, itis obvious, with the same tension of the battery, vary directly as the length. 39. In considering the cffect of variation in the thickness of the coating, it must be remembered that the nature of conduction is the same in all bodies, and that it follows the same law in shellac or in gutta-percha as in copper, the differ- ence being only one of degree. In regarding, therefore, the effect of the increase of thickness of coating in a cable, we may consider the material a conductor, as we should do in the case of iron or copper. Let us then confine our attention to an inch of an imaginary cable, and assume the diameter of the copper conducting wire to be an inch, and the thickness of the coating also an inch, the total diameter being three inches. According to the well-known law of Ohm (viz., that the amount of electricity passing through a conductor varies directly as its sectional area and inversely as the length), the leakage from one inch of this cable may be assumed to be the same, while it forms part of a cable, as it would be if it were unrolled from the copper wire, that is to say, it would conduct the same quantity of electricity as a truncated pyramid of the same material, having the area of its base equal to the external surface of our cable (nine inches), and of its summit equal to that of the surface of our conductor, that is to say, three inches, its height being assumed to be everywhere one inch. Now this pyra- mid has the same conductivity as a cylinder of the same mean sectional area and the same height, that is to say, as & cylinder of five inches sectional area and one inch in height. 40. Let us now consider what would be the effect of doubling the thickness of our external coating, and see what extra resistance it will add. Our imaginary inch of cable will now be five inches in diameter, the area of the internal surface of the newly added portion will be nine inches, and of the external 15 inches, the mean will be 12 inches, or the resistance of the new To will be equal to that of a cylinder one inch long and 12 inches in area. The resistance of the inner cylinder will, of course, re- main unaltered, and the resistance of this cylinder is to be added to that of the former one ; now both the coatings are of the same thickness, viz., one inch, but the last coating has an area of 12 inches instead of five, and their respective conductivities are inversely as these numbers, viz., as 5 to 12; our second coating, therefore, although of the same thickness, does not oppose so much resistance, or even half 297 so much resistance, as the first; and by following this reasoning we can perceive that each successive addition to the thickness of the insulator has less influence than the M preceding, and that by doubling the thickness of the coating of the wire we do not, by any means, double its insulation, or, in otber words, halve its leakage; and if we pursue the calculation further, we shall find that no thickness what- ever will prevent the conduction altogether. It results from this, that whatever the quantity of gutta percha put on the cable, it can never be made a perfect insulator. 41. The foregoing law expressed in other language is as follows :—Let s be the area of the interior surface of the insulator in contact with the conducting wire, and S the exterior surface of the cable, and ¢ the thickness of the coating, the conduction will vary as the mean sectional area of the outer and inner surfaces divided by the thickness, or— S+s 2 t In order to make the formula applicable to a complete cable,* we have to add co-efficients for the specific conduc- tivity of the material, for the length, and for the tempera- ture. 42. Some curious results follow from the above law. In the first place, if we double and triple the diameter of the conductor, and, at the same time, double or triple the thickness of the insulator, the insulation will remain con- stant, because in this instance the mean sectional area and Si thickness constantly bear the same proportion to each other. Again, if the conducting wire is infinitely small, the in- sulation of the wires would be the same whatever the thick- ness of the gutta percha, for s being infinitely small may be neglected ; and since 2 and t both vary in the same propor- tion, the conductivity orinsulation remains constant. In the large table at section 44, under the column 7 will be found the conductivity calculated according to the above formula, for each sample of wire, and in illustration of the above we may refer to wires Nos. 1 and 5. The diameter of the copper is very small in both cases, but the thickness of the gutta percha is in one сазе jV and in the other 12, the ex- ternal diameter of the one being a quarter of an inch, and that of the other more than three-quarters. At first sight it might be expected that the insulation would be very different, but, according to the formula, their calculated conductivity is only as 5 to 3° 5, and their observed insula- tion, as given in the column of averages, confirms the calcu- . lation. Again, on the principle previously explained, the wires Nos. 1 and З should give the same insulation, which is found to be the case. 43. Since the leakage of a cable or its conduction follows the same law in gutta percha as in metals, it varies directly as the tension of the battery or the number of cells. A few experiments were made on this subject, but it is not neces- sary to record them. It has been previously shown that in a cable connected wit the earth at one end and conveying a current, the tension is at the maximum near the battery, and falls gradually and regularly to the end connected with earth where it is at zero. In estimating, then, the leakage of such a cable, we must first find the tension of the wire near the battery (section 26), and deduce therefrom the tension, and, consequently, the leakage at all or any of the other points of the wire. 44. The subjoined tables give the results of a long series of observations upon the insulation of cables of various materials made by Messrs. Bartholomew and Rowland for the Committee, at temperatures varying from 32° to 92°, and with different instruments; the length experimented upon was in each case one mile. (See section 48.) These experiments are given at full length in the Appendix. n Table II. the observations were made at the temperature 92° and 52°, by two different observers, with different instru- ments. Their freedom from slight error, through working in a moist atmosphere, cannot in either table be guaranteed, nor are the values of the deflections directly comparable with each other,they may nevertheless serve for rough com- parison. The following description refers to Table I. * The term cable signifies any length of wire covered with an insu- lating coating. Pp 3 Arr. No. 2. Report by r. L. Clark. On insulation and leakage. App. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. 298 . APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE TABLE No. I.—IxaULATION of VARIOUS WIRES at various Temperatures, from 32° to 92°, 8-|$4 45 | Ё m به‎ $ = EE a | S $5 Ea Mean of Average Dimensions all given in EL 23 335 a |several Observations. Temp. | Temp.| Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. iux 32nds of an Inch. = 2 ri Lar t — 82°. | 92. | 52°, S pe ФС Positive Current, "ee Saji 734 — |55 5 EE EE $28 Suspended Galvano- 2 meter, 128 cells (Mr. Bartholomew). | Horizontal Galvano- | 50? | 4'9 meter, 512 sells (Mr. rre 1. PLAIN Gv TTA PERCHA - | 2| 8 | | | Tension fell to 3 in | 35 | 393 18 15 9 5 4 seconds, viz., 512 | | i cells to 256 cells | PN (Mr.Bartholomew). | (| Suspended Galvano- E `0 0 1°0 1°5 2'5 54 meter. " Horizontal Galvano- | 1'3 1'4 02 1:2 15°7 | 25°3 | 80°6 061] 11˙7 2. PLAIN GUTTA PERCHA -| 2 meter. | Term Tension fell to 3 in | 213 134 55 26 13 7 5 seconds. е е, ( 2 Galvano- - | 0 4 9 | 2*1 4'8 9*5 с meter. | 5, PLAIN Gurra PeRCHA-| 4| 6 Horizontal Galvano- | 3*0 | 40 13˙2 | 1476 | 27:0 | 408 | 51:0. | 101 | 20°5 Tension fell to $ in 95 86 87 18 10 5 5 seconds. | | | | — — — — — — Î — — DE DCN S C CREE — ! — en er | Suspended Galvano- | - 3 6, | 1*0 2:2 4'4 9*7 meter, ' indi | 4. PLAIN GUTTA РивонА-| 8 | 6 ni Galvano- | 4°2 4°1 14°9 17°0 | 2773 | 41°1 m | Ww 20. Tension fell to & in 102 72 39 20 | 14 7 $^ seconds, | | > ( Suspended Galvano- 2 | `0 °8 `8 | l'6 2*5 5'4 > Horizontal Gal | 0 | 70 7 14'9 | 94 orizon vano- | 1 " 3 0 1 5 | 38°6 9°6 13'0 5. PLAIN GUTTA PERCHA - meter. | Tension fell to 3in | 69 48 23 19 10 6 5 seconds. | | | 8 Galvano- 2 34 64 1°9 8*6 77 aT 6. Average of the above Horizontal Galvano- | 29 11˙3 |195 | 22°6 |343 |41 | $111] 178 GUTTA PERCHA wires - meter, Tension fell to z in 103 33 19 11 6 5 seconds, * 7. Gurta PERCHA Con- Fr Galvano- | 4 0 0 4 8 | 10 d . meter. PANY'S SPECIAL MATE- HorizontalGalvano- | 0 5'0 3*5 5*0 RIAL А. Composition un- known; resembles Gutta meter. FP Tension fell to $ in 254 405 245 109 54 42 28 seconds, ——— — — — 8. GUTTA PERCHA COM- PANY’S SPECIAL MATE- RIAL B. Composition un- Suspended Galvano- 2 meter. Horizontal Galvano- 0 move M e meter te in lay- Mt why А ers of Chatterton's Com- "n m to in 85? 298 177 102 60 30 pound lk А 9. GUTTA PERCHA CoM- 4 . м F З $ PANY'S SPECIAT, MATE- таре Galvano- 3? 0 0 9 0 0 RIAL C. Composition un- Horizontal Galvano- `0 `0 `0 *95 *95 0 0 °06 known; laid onin coatings alternating with thin lay- ers of Chatterton's Com- pound - - - - meter. Tension fell to $ in 1050 seconds, 675 720 760 450 597 — — — - - Suspended Galvano- 0 " 3 Г MATERIAL А. Composi- ر‎ эчле, 7 1'4 £22 | 6 tion unknown ; 3 Horizontal Galvano- 2*0 10*2? 14'0 | 91°8. | 268 T'0| 11'8 essrs. Hancock meter, ME В с, Tension fell to tin | 25 30 їз | 7 | 8 mically prepared seconds. Кары Galvano- 1 8 r3 |.rs | 2:2 | meter, à; W рен Compo Horizontal Galvano- | 3°5 14:2? 15'0 | 25°0 | 81°8 - | “47 above | meter. won as © (Np. 10), - Tension fell to ġin | 25 30 18 8 6 ‘seconds, 12. GODEFROY’s SPEC fate Бул Gute Suspended Galvano- |- “6 *8 ss | 42 | ~ Pag » meter. > per rm ag mtr oe 39 Horizontal Galvano- | 3*5 18:3 28'7 [aro | 49:1? (0-07 23˙2 per cent. Ground Co- ape ' tell " coa-nut Shells, and 10 per Tension to tin 85 22 5 b cent, India Rubber, laid seconds. on in two coatings - - * Cane = el 8 ded Gal | RIN ABLE, cov 4 & & 2 with Gutta Penha in "metet, Vj Say: — 8 a layer Horisontal Galvano- 4 4'0 20'3 330 | 52°6 | >20°0| 17'9 , meter. ' with Tar воре the Tension fell to $ in | 260 40 17 10 8 May189- - - - , 14. Twenty alternate coat- Suspended Galvano- | 3 0 2 "6. |, 10 І ings : ten of. . meter. " | Gutta Percha, alternat- Horizontal Galvano- | 0 А °4 51 | 65 | sz |baot $2 ing with ten coatings of Chatterton's Compound - 9 meter, about Tension fell to in] 900 | 798 400 seconds, | : . Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 299 intervening space being Table No. I.— Insulation of various Wires, & c. — continued. * PP. No. 3. — E "ram | Report by = — | Be РЕ | | Mr. L. Clark. > — © үч | | aarm سو ب ج‎ - ABEL. g! | | | +— Tuo { BENT ш EEFE: жее A тешр. Tenn ee Dimensions all given in S£ ad E 25 а | several Observations. | Temp. Temp.] Temp. pup "9р Dias usa pag at all 32nds of an Inch. A PE EE А, — | 32. | 49. | 52. | em. | 72. | 88. | 92. | 52°. „© Же gao Positive Current, | | | | Temps. 5з Ei 53 | | 98242325 | | Sé zri9a6 | Р | a н m E а. гаа: ا‎ Чч е О, VUE | } | | | " | — — — 15. HUGHES' FLUID CABLE | ) | | fis | | we | wire covered with ruo | | 7 8 Galvano- "21 ы th "3 `0 1°2 42 | 9'5 coats of Gutta Percha, | | meter. | | | | and enclosed loosely in an | (o | ¢ | 24 4 | | Horizontal Galvano- | 1°0 1*6. ¦ 10°3 10°06 25°5 |391 | 49°2 | -10°1] 183 exterior Percha tube, the | di | | meter. | | | | | Tension fell to in 200 | 102 40 14 8 5 5 filled with a fluid re- | | | seconds. | | sembling ta | | | | | | - |— үшын йак йа — Seas A ee и есет — — — — 16. Syn and Co:s Іхріл | 8 tele T Ww : b A . í 4 - (| Suspended Galvano- 1 1 NI 0 0 1 0 SUE e BEN Egi h й , - is } | iz M EAE е *( | e * 1€ A’ *& \ . LI into strips, wound spi- | ba | 5:24| 2177 | 41 4| Soe alvano- | 0 | 0 ) | 0 12| 40 | 1°25 | 4°6 7 rally:on in many layers, | Tension fell to }in | 348 832 1382 1967 | 630 382 270 |) and rendered homoge- | | \ |. — | | | neous by heat - - - | | УЧ = | | nO a INDIA | | | Г | Аатын: к oU. ^. `0 0 0: 1 76°P UBBERC. (For descrip- meter. | | | tion see No. K a ә | 62 | 24˙6 3-994 | ser ia ahi | °0 о | 7j 77$ °۵0 12? 0 0 0 terior was cove wi F, | | meter. | au adherent coating of | | | | | Tension fell to } in | 453 |1740 | 4740 | 2270 850 450 230 | Cotton Felt - =) | 1 seconds. , | | | | — — — — — — — — ſ— — — — ااا‎ 18. HALL and WELLS’ IN- |) | | | | — DIA Зава, ti Wire | | ( Buspended Galvano- 3 3 | 0 4 4 1'3 4'9 ) covered with Cotton, ant | meter. | peg чу? 8 Fd men | |, 3 15 5 | | oom Galvano- | 2*0 | 3*2 | 9'0 9*4 11:0 | 2778 | 43:0 |&85°1?| 14'4? 0 ra India Rubber | | meter. masticated, then covered | | | Tension fell to 3 in | 148 | 98 | 52 56 24 12 | 6 | with vulcanized India | | | | seconds, | | Rubber thread. | | | 19. Harr and Watts Іх- N | | | DIA RUBBER B. Copper | | | | Wire an? 16) ратта | | | 4 8 Galvano- 900 0 » 8 1 3 | 5 with Cotton. e first meter. | | | — T - e" 20 | ү? 3 i | 8 | ا ن‎ CRINE W |20 | 3:0 | 32 4'2 6:2 | 7:8 3*1 3:7 bottle India Rubber not | | ° | meter, - | masticated, then with | | || Tension fell to 3in | 88 | 330 | 232 250 266 85 | 49 masticated Rubber and | | | Seconds. | | elastie thread as above | | | | DUE ED | | | | =5 | poete pe rec b pm rl — pre — -—— ا‎ —-—¼ — — 20. WRAY'S SPECIAL Ma- |) | | | Sus . | ; ; . ; : ы : | Suspended Galvano- | 1 1 0 0 0 1 4 mud А ,, | on i p , ‚| | i alvano- 1 0 ° E powdered Flint, and 2 6 | 24 | 4 4| ö vano * М | 0 3*0 re | ro 19] r2 about one-ninth Gutta | | Tension fell to 4 in | 10°000 | 9°100 | 3000 2027 520 240 128 Percha, in several layers, | | (| seconds. | coated by a die -= c | | | ү | | — —! dno suse — — — — Ja б | Sas „йет к = а В ета = асале e ——— 1 — — | — — — 21. Wray’s SPECIAL Ma- |) | | | TERIAL B., 176 yards only. | | m three Goines — | { "— Galvano- E LL - Е - - Е: 'omposition as A., bu | | meter. = | 4 4| Horizontal Galvano- ~ | ^ - - - - - - 0 cha; applied in strips by | | meter. А, | pressure; then one coat | Tension fell to $ in шый mod 10*800 | 15°300 | 6*600 |2580 450 of the same material as | seconds, | | | | | A. put on by а die ma- chine- - „ Pe | | oe CLE eC Mar. | Mar. | Mar. | April | April | April | April | Ma MO, rs 1 | 30 5 13 19 i5 20 — — Dates of the Observations - er. Te | without any Gutta Per- | 6 24 | | | | SE d | TABLE No. II.—INsuLATION of VARIOUS WIRES. Battery Power, 512 cells; Pos. to Cable. Mr. L. Clark, | Мт, di Row- | Mr, L, Clark, n Suspended n [оп Suspended Gelvano- Horizontai Lai 1860. | тебет. T meter. Temp. 92°. Temp. 92°. Temp. 52°. 1. Plain Gutta Percha, X, 46°5 53°8 9. Gutta Percha Company's *- 2 53°38 Special Material CG. 457 | 55 | Average 45° 53˙3 5°7 °0 1 7. Gutta Percha Company's 8*0 5 | | 10. Radcliff’s Material A. - Special Material A. | 2 5 87 (Injured.) 8. Cuna Tona Com "в 2 178 — Sed | 11. Radcliff's Material B. - — 27°0 | pecial Ma А : . = . 27 18:0 | Qnjured) 27 — | $ 277 17:8? 1°3 28°8 7°65 Arr. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. On insulation and leakage. 800 Table No. II.— continued. | Ф Mr. L. Clark | Mr. О. Row- Mr. L. Clark й киы land on neha o akne: | Horizontal Pron 9 Galvano- е 1860. meter, сер meter. April 27. April 26. May 23. Temp. 929. | Temp. 929. Temp. 520. Godcfroy’s Material- 433 49 4 9 40 4277 410 49°2 42°9 49°0 1577 14. Twenty alternate Coat- 5:9 8'0 ings. 5°9 8˙3 5*9 5*9 8:0 5°9 8'1 5 15. Hughes’ Fluid Cable - 4570 4970 RN 49:8 40* 0 4°0 49:3 40 0 49:2 4°5 16. Silver and Co.'s India 4 i 1°25 Rubber B. E 1۰9 °4 Фо“. E 1°25 4 1'2 *1 17. Silver and Co.'s India °3 °0 Rubber C. 2 `0 15 15 0 2 `0 °0 18. Hall and Wells’ India 43°4 43°7 Rubber A. (probably 43°4 44°0 faulty). 456 43:8 41'0 435 43:9 32°5 ä —5ðw . 19. Hall and Wells’ India 3°0 7'8 Rubber B. 2*7 80 . 2*8 977 7*7 2:8 | 78 6 26. Wrays Compound `7 2 8 175 55 65 2 6 | 1°9 1 45. The three first columns speak for themselves. The fourth column contains the mean sectional area of the insulat- ing material a, and is obtained by adding the circumference of the conductor to that of the exterior circumference of the insulator, and dividing the product by two, on the principle explained at section 39. The fifth column is headed 7 and is obtained by dividing the mean sectional area by the thick- ness as given in the third column ; it represents the calculate conductivity of each of the wires, supposing them to be made of gutta percha. Where the observed results, as given in the last column of averages, do not agree with this calculated formula, the difference must be set down either to defects, or to errors in the observations or to the difference of the specific conductivity of the material; and if we neglect the errors of observation, the specific conductivity of each material may be known by comparing its observed conductivity with that given by the calculation in the column. The sixth column contains three headings opposite to each material. The top series, headed Suspended Galva- nometer," were taken by Mr. E. G. Bartholomew, at different dates and temperatures, while making observations on the induction of wires, and are extracted from a table which will be found in another part of this report. The were taken with a suspended galvanometer, wound with 30,500 turns of coil wire, but since the battery power used was comparatively sınall (128 cells), the readings are gene- rally so low that but little dependence can be placed on them for comparison. 46. The second series of observations, headed “ Horizontal Galvanometer," were made by Mr. O. Rowland, with the special object of determining the insulation. The galva- APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE nometer on which they were measured is a horizontal galvanometer, manufactured by Mr. Henley; the needle is 3°18 inches in length, 242 inches broad, and 017 inches thick. It is supported on a fine steel axis between agate bearings, and theindex is a light steel wire; the graduated circle is 5 inches in diameter. ‘The two coils are of the ordinary construction, and the checks are formed of hard vulcanized india rubber or vulcanite; they are each 5'6 inches long and 1˙4 inches broad externally. The depth from top to bottom is 2°35 inches. ‘The coil wire is of copper, number 40 gauge, or about 002 inches diameter, and the number of convolutions is probably about 15,000. Its resistance is about equal to that of 300 miles of the ordinary number 16 copper wire. Although the needles are not astatic, it is an instrument of great delicacy. As it was not used as a sine galvanomcter, the indications are not strictly proportionate to the quantity of leakage, and they must only be regarded as approximate. The difficulty of making correct and accordant observa- tions on insulation are much greater than would be supposed. In order to render the leakage measurable, it is necessary to use a very high battery power; in the present instance 512 cells were employed, and with this high tension the care re- uired to prevent conduction over the surface or through the material of substances usually considered insulators is so great that the best experimenters are extremely liable to fall into error, and few, indeed, are coinpetent to make such ob- servations with reliable accuracy. Such substances as ivory, and dry wood, as mahogany and deal, are wholly inadmis- sible. India rubber, glass, and even vulcanite and gutta percha, unless carefully and frequently dried or varnished, acquire a film of moisture and an invisible deposit, which are sufficient to give sensible indications on the galva- nometer and vitiate observations. Errors are readily caused by the accidental proximity and motion of iron or other magnetic bodies, and there are variations in the battery power, and in the magnetism of the galvanometer, and many other sources of error so numerous and insidious even in experienced hands, that the results given in the tables must be considered as approximate only and not strictly to be relied upon. 47. 'The third series of observations on each material was taken, like the first, by Mr. E. G. Bartholomew. Each wire was charged by contact with the battery of 512 cells, and the static tension noted by the divergence of an accurate electro- meter. ‘lhe battery was then removed, the number of seconds were counted which elapsed while the tension, as indicated by the electrometer, fell to half its original amount, that is to say, from 512 to 256 cells. This is a very useful and accurate method, and the only one available in many cases, as many cf the wires were so perfect in their insula- tion, that not the slightest leakage could be detected by the galvanometer. ‘The electrometer or instrument by means of which the observations were taken is almost identical with that known as “ Peltier’s electrometer,” and is de- scribed further on under the name of Milner's electro- meter. ‘The principle of measuring insulation, by the fall of the static tension, as given on the electrometer, is one of great convenience and value, and has the advantage that in theory, and to a great extent in practice, it is independent of the length of a cable, and the observations of insulation are the same for one foot as for one mile. ‘The inutility of the ordi- nary galvanometer for such observations will be apparent by the inspection of some of the observations in the table. It will be seen that in some cases the leakage was so small as to take three or four hours before half the charge given by 500 cells escaped through the insulating coating. 48. The remaining columns of the table speak for them- selves, and give the temperature at which the several observations were made. 'lhe increase was extremely gradual, and occupied in all two months, so that there was ample time for the wire to acquire the same tem- erature as the water. The wires were all laid in a tank in loose coils about 2 feet 6 inches in diameter, and the water in the tank was first cooled by ice to a temperature of 32°, and then slowly raised by the gradual circulation of warmer water with agitation day and night, the whole experiment occupying two months; the two ends of each coil were brought up through the floor into the experiment room, and the wires attached to terminals fixed on a broad sheet of gutta percha. This plan answered sufliciently well at first, but in a short time the surface of the gutta percha got soiled, and it became necessary to remove the ends of the wire and leave 12 inches of their length standing free, the ends being varnished with & composition of shellac dissolved in alcohol.* The india-rubber wire had a great tendency * The best varnish for such purposes is made of amber dissolved in chloroform; spirit varnish is apt to contain a little water. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. to attract moisture on the surface, in the same manner as glass, and it became necessary in all cases to renew the varnish frequently. In making each observation the cable was first charged by direct contact with the battery, the wire being detached from the galvanometer to avoid the disturbance caused by the first entrance of the charge; it was then attached to the galvanometer, and the amount of the current passing through the galvanometer into the wire after contact had continued 20 seconds was noted; this manipulation was performed by a key. 49. The insulation of the several kinds of wire will be more particularly referred to when we come to treat of them individually. The difference inthe degree of insulation is very marked ; gutta percha and some of its compounds, including Rad- cliffs, Godefroy's, Hearder's, and Hughes’ Fluid Cable, stand lowest in the scale, and form a group, all the mem- bers of which have about the same amount of insulation. ''he wire with 20 alternate coatings of Chatterton's com- pound has a much higher degree ot insulation. 'l'he special material of the Gutta Percha Company is remarkably excel- lent. 'l'he remaining group contains those wires which are of india rubber or have india rubber in their composition. The lowest in the scale is Hall and Wells’ india-rubber wire; but as the insulation of india rubber is known to be very high, the dcfective insulation of this wire may possibly be due to some mechanical cause rather than to its electrical conductivity. The india-rubber wire of Messrs. Silver and Co. appears to stand next, the group is completed by Wray’s compound and the wires of vulcanized india rubber manu- factured by Messrs. Hooper and Co. and Mr. Daft, neither of which latter appears in this table. For convenience of comparison a column is given showing the average insula- tion at all temperatures; but in forming an opinion too much reliance should not be placed on this column alone. 50. The galvanometer, in the manner in which it is ordi- narily used, is an instrument which has but a small range, and the value of a degree at different angles of deflection is extremely different. As the ncedle is more deflected from its parallelism with the coil, three circumstances co-operate to weaken the electro-magnetic influence; first, the forces do not act at right angles to its length, but obliquely; secondly, the distance of the needle from the wire rapidly increases ; and, thirdly, the opposing power of the earth’s magnetism or gravity (as the case may be) becomes greater in the ratio of the sine of the angle. All these causes combined make it impossible to institute a numerical comparison between the different indications of the ordinary galvanometer, such, for instance, as th'bse given in the table at section 44. If the instrument be employed as a sine galvanometer, two of the foregoing sources of variation are removed, namely, the distance of the needle from the coils and its angle with respect to them; and the third element, varying as the sine of the angle of deflection, ullows the relative value of the indications to be easily calculated; but the sine galvano- meter possesses the disadvantage of having a very small range, much less, indeed, than when used in the ordinary form. Ifthe instrument be made an astatic galvanometer, either by the use of two needles or the employment of an external permanent magnet to neutralize the magnetism of the earth, the foregoing effects are immensely increased and defy all calculation. | 51. Thefollowing method, however, of using the galvano- meter can be confidently recommended, not only for tele- graphic purposes, but for all other scientific measurements, and is one which will probably some day come into general use. Although the sine galvanometer is best adapted for the purpose, it is by no means essential. Any ordinary gal- vanometer may be employed, whether astatic or otherwise. The method is as follows. Let a galvanometer be chosen sufficiently delicate to indicate a sensible deflection with the most feeble current that has to be measured, and ascertain the resistance of the cois in the usual manner. Fix upon some deflection, say 10? as the standard. When a more powerful current is passed through the instru- ment, the deflection will of course be greater, but instead of reading this greater deflection, join an ordinary resist- ance coil to the two terminals of the galvanometer in such manner that a portion of the electricity may pass through the resistance coil as well as through the galvanometer, and by increasing or diminishing the length of the coil, alter its resistance, until the needle of the galvanometer stands at the same angle as before, and note the number of miles of resistance in the coil. Then, by the well known law that the quantity of electricity passing through two circuits is inversely proportionate to their resistance, we have a very exact means of comparing the value of the two observations. Thus, for example, if the wire of a gal- vanometer gives a resistance of 80 miles, and if the coil 301 also gives a resistance of 80 miles,.we should be sure that the quantity which passes through the galvanometer would be the same as that which passed through the coil. The total quantity would be twice as great as before. But let us suppose the resistance of the coil had been 40 miles instead of 80, the electricity passing through the two would divide itself in an inverse ratio to these numbers; that is to say, 40 parts go through the galvanometer and 80 through the coil, and the whole of the electricity passing may be supposed to be divided into 120 parts, and of these 120 parts we know from the nature of the experiment 40 are equal to the quantity of electricity which we originally set out with. ‘Therefore the whole of the electricity passing through the galvanometer and coil or through the two cir- cuits may be represented by 122, if 40 represent the original current; that is to say, the total quantity is three times as great. Another instance. Let the resistance of the gal- vanometer equal 80 and that of the coil 240, then the pro- portion of galvanometer and coil will be 240 and 80 respec- tively. ‘The total strength of current is obtained, as in the former instance, by dividing the sum of these two quantities by the quantity which passes through the galvanometer, that is to say, 240, or 14. Or let the resistance of the coil be now taken as one mile, then the proportions through galvanometer and coil will be as 1 to 80, or total , or 8] times as much as in the first measurement. To put the subject into the form of a rule: the quantity of elec- tricity passing through the galvanometer will be represented by a fraction, of which the resistance of the coil forms the denominator, and the sum of the resistances of the coil and galvanometer forms the numerator. 52. The foregoing method is obviously applicable to the measurement of quantities of electricity, however large; such, for instance, as the leakage of 1,000 miles of cable, and it is preferable to the method of measuring leakages by resistances, because it can be readily comprehended by the mind. ‘Thus, by the latter method, the leakage on a mile is represented by the resistance of many thousands or per- haps millions of miles of wire; while the leakage of 2,000 miles of cable, instead of being represented by a larger quantity, is represented by a much smaller one. But by the method described the leakage will be directly proportional to the mileage, and thus the difference of lengths of cable can be readily compared with each other. A certain length of the wire should be set aside as a constant standard of reference, and the battery power may be varied to make its leakage constant. A method similar to this will be described under the heading Induction. It is weil to measure the resistance of the instrument anew each day, as inequality of temperature produces great: changes. It is not often that the altered resistance of the galvanometer has to be taken into account, but when neces- sary, it 1s obtained by the usual formula; viz., multiply the resistance of the galvanometer by the resistance of tlic coil, and divide the product by the sum of the two resistances. Thus, in the last case quoted, the joint resistance of the instrument and resistance coil would be 987, or, 80x 1 x01] = *087 miles. On the Effect of Temperature on Insulation. 53. It is well known that the conductivity of copper and other metals is very greatly diminished by increase of temperature. It is singular that all the substances em- ployed as insulators have, without exception, the reverse property, their conductivity being increased by heat. Both properties conspire against telegraphy in hot climates: the copper wire conducts less electricity and the leakage be- comes greater. 'l'he amount of increase varies materially in different substances, but is apparent in all In gutta percha the increase is so serious as to render that material ill adapted for use in the waters of warm or tropical cli- mates. It is constantly noticed, that in submerging cables, as they pass through the ship’s hold into the cooler water, the insulation improves. The cause of this increase and the laws which regulate it аге not understood, but the effect appears to go on increas- ing up to and beyond melting point. ‘The tabular state- ment at section 44 will give the means of judging of the amount of this increase in different materials. But even at the highest climatic temperatures many of the cables exhibit such a very high degree of insulation that there is no diffi- culty in establishing efficient telegraphs in any climate. The table annexed shows the difference between the insu- lation of gutta-percha cables, each one mile in length and of similar dimensions, at the respective temperatures of 52° and 92°. ‘They are measured on a horizontal galvanometer with 512 cells, positive current, but from the nature of the Qq AP». No. 2. Report b Mr. L. Clark. On insulation and leakage. On the effect of tempera- ture on insu- lation. APP. No. 2. Keport by Mr. L. Clark. On the есе of tempera- ture on insu- Jation. On the effects of external pressure on insulation. 302 instrument they are not numerical comparable. They were taken by Mr. O. Rowland, Deflection at | Deflection at Diameter of Thickness of I Copper Wire. Gutta Percha. i 7 poa Ы 92. Inches. Inches. Tu Tu vu or 4 6 JT "Y ar 24 зт тү Average - 22 — On the Effects of External Pressure on Insulation. 54. It became a matter of much interest to ascertain what might be the effect of the enormous external pressure to which deep sea cables are necessarily subjected, and many experiments were made on this point. ‘The uniform result obtained was that the insulation was greatly and instantly increased, or, in other words, the conductivity of the insu- lator was diminished by pressure, and the improvement in insulation thereby induced appeared permanent, so long as the pressure continued to be applied, but no longer. Wires of different materials were subjected to pressure for length- ened periods, but in no case could any evidence of perma- nent injury or change be obtained. India rubber in a masticated state is known to be absorbent of water, but the effect did not appear to proceed with greater rapidity under pressure than under ordinary circumstances. Very great difficulty was experienced in conducting these experiments satisfactorily, principally owing to the difficulty in making the joints. ‘The impression derived from them was very decided that there is no reason to apprehend any difficulty in deep sea telegraphy, as regards the insulation of the material generally, or of the joints. A great number of ex- periments will be found in another part of the Appendix, which were conducted under the care of Mr. O. Rowland, but the following, among others, were performed by myself. The apparatus is described further on, and is figured in one of the plates in the Appendix. 55. (3rd May 1860). A length of No. 16 copper wire, covered with Wray's compound, of the diameter of 4 inch, and 220 yards in length, was drawn into the hydraulic apparatus described at section 118, and the ends being secured, a pressure of three tons on the circular inch — 8,556 lbs., or 3 tons l6 cwt. on the square inch, was applied by means of the force pump. This pressure is equivalent to a depth of 3,190 fathoms of sea water. A battery power of 512 cells was applied, and the insulation measured by the fall of the static tension as shown on а Milner's electrometer.” ‘The deflection of this instrument with a tension of 512 cells was 524°. The time was noted in which the needle fell from 52 to 49°, the tempera- ture was 47°, and the time midnight. Before the pressure was applied the length of wire covered with Wray's com- pound took 12 minutes in falling from 524° to 49°. The pressure was then applied, and the «nsulation immediately measured again, and it now required 25 minutes for the tension to fall, as before, from 524° to 49°; the insulation was twice as perfect as before. ‘The pressure was then re- moved, and a third observation was made, when it was found to occupy 18 minutes in falling to the same tension. 50. The following experiment was made on a piece of gutta percha wire 110 yards in length and of the same dimensions. ‘The pressure applied in this case was three tons on the square inch, or equivalent to 2,555 fathoms of sea water. ‘The teinperature was 54 and the time mid- night. ‘The insulation was measured by the Milner's elec- trometer, and the time was noticed, during which the tension fell 10°, this was equivalent to a fall of the tension from 512 cells to 351 celis. Before the pressure was applied five observations were made, viz. :— Time ocenpied in falling 10? on Milner's Eleetroiueter. 22 seconds. оӊ 23 2.3 23 „ APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE A slight but unknown pressure was then applied, and the time of falling increased to 33 seconds; a little more weight was put on and the time increased to 60 seconds; with a further weight the time increased to 75 seconds; the weight was then taken off and three observations were made, and each gave 25 seconds as the time for falling 10°. A portion of the weight was again added, and another observation gave 87 seconds. The whole pressure of three tons on the square inch was now added and three observa- tions taken, which gave— Time of falling 10°. 110 seconds. 100 „ 115 „ The pressure was kept on 15 minutes and taken off for seven minutes; five observations were then made, the results were as follows :— Time of falling 10°. 22 seconds. Diy) amy dur 99 22 23 LI] E 23; y The pressure being again put on, three observations were taken of the time, which were as follows :— Time of falling 10°. 120 seconds. I28- „' 132 „ The pressure was continued 15 minutes and was then re- moved for 10 minutes, when five more observations were taken, with the following results :— 2 Time of falling 10. 24 seconds. 27 وو‎ 26 „ 27 „ 57. In another experiment made on the 3lst of July, 220 yards of gutta-percha wire were submitted to pressure in the same manner as before. Before the pressure was put on three observations were made on the insulation, in each case the time occupied in falling 10? оп” Milner’s electro- meter was 15 seconds. A pressure of three tons on the square inch was then applied, and the insulation imme- diately taken again; in three successive observations the time of the tension falling 10? was 52 seconds. The pressure was then removed, and three more observations gave— Time of falling 10°. 17 seconds. 17 » 16 „ 58. In one of the above cases the insulation of the gutta percha was increased five times, and in the other three times, and this effect was constant in all experiments, though not quite uniform in amount. The special material of the Gutta Percha Company gave similar results. India rubber improved also in the same manner, but it required care in measurement on account of surface moisture. These experiments, when conducted with the ends of the wire exposed to the air, could not be relied upon; it was necessary to lead them into a metal box with a glass cover, dried by chloride of calcium, and containing the electro- meter, which was read through the glass, suitable air-tight sliding wires being provided for making and breaking the contact. On the Effect of Lengthened Application of the Battery Power on Insulation. 59. It has been observed from the earliest experience that the conductivity or leakage of a percha cable is greatly diminished if a positive current be applied for a considerable length of time, and, on the other hand, it is increased by the continued action of a negative current. No satisfactory explanation of the cause has been given; one supposition is, that it 1s owing to the electrolytic de- composition of the water contained in the percha, and the consequent opposite polarization of the copper wire and the earth plate, the one being covered with a film of, perhaps, “nascent " hydrogen, and the other with oxygen, forming an opposing influence to that of the battery; but this On the elect ot length- ened uppli - cation ot the battery power on induction. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 303 would not sufficiently account for the change; itis accom- and 13:6. The negative current was now applied for 30 Arr. No. 2. panied by a weak spontaneous discharge after the removal minutes, viz. :— Report by of the battery, and its study is interesting, as it may throw D ca ce eS ee light on some of the causes of failure in cables. De- De- oic chee 60. (May 23.) A mile of percha wire nds of an inch flection flection e e of in diameter, containing а copper conductor nds of an — of — of the battery inch in diameter, was submitted to the influence of a battery | Galvano- Galvano- nducuon for several hours, and observations made every 30 seconds. meter. meter. " a —————— The following table will sufficiently explain the results. 'l'he battery power employed was 512 cells, and the leakage First application of | 18:9 End of 15th minute | 21°1 n application of the positive current was 19? on negative current. „ 16th „ 211 end Seed мош е p ауе сне End cf 1st minute - | 1975 „ 17th وو‎ 21°2 spe : „ 2nd . [ 20:0 „ 18th „ 21˙2 „ use ОО „ 9th „ 21'2 | وو‎ 4th » z 20°2 ” 20th » 21°2 De- De „ oth „ 20:2 „ 2181 T 21:2 flection flection „ oth „ -| 20:3 „ 29nd „ 21:3 — of — of 5 7th 99 т 20 4 ^» 23rd 77 21 °4 Galvano- | Galvano-. „ Sth „ - | 20°4 „ 24th „ 91:4 meter. meter. „ 9th „ =| 205 „ 25th „ 21:4 „n алинин es — Е] 10th [1] T 20 ч 5 97 26th 99 21 R 4 „ lith „ ] 20:6 „ 27th „ 21:5 First application of | 19'0 | End of 14th minute 12:9 „ 12th „ - | 208 „ 28th „ 21:5 the battery with 15th 12°8 „ 13th „ - | 9 „ 29th „ 21˙5 t y | » s " oe „ lath o, - | 21-0 „ 30th „ 21:5 ve curren is j , End of half minute- || 18:9 „ Mth „ 12:3 The battery was now applied for 60 minutes longer, „ lt „ -|| 178 „ d8 „ 12°1 during which time the leakage gradually increased to 22°0, - 9nd К | : which appeared to be its maximum. „ 2nd „, 16˙7 „ 19th „ 12.0 | = 62. The battery was again reversed and the positive 3rd -| 58 20th 12۰0 : P ” Hn » » » current applied for 30 minutes, viz. :— ” 4 99 т 15:5 77 21st 99 11:8 | „ 9th » - 14:7 „ 2201 „ 11:6 De- De- „ é MEL „ 23rd , | 5 ко . | flection „ tbh „ =| 14! „ 24th „ 11:4 G ud VEO Ta E „ sth „ 140 „ 25th „ 11:3 meter. meter. 9th a 7 15:7 , 26th 11:2 : ae ii : | f S i First application of | 20°1 End of 15th minute 15°6 „ loth „ 134 „ 27th „ 11۰1 positive current. „ 6th „ 15 ˙4 „ lth „ 13:2 | » 28th ,, 11.1 End of Ist minute - 19:5 „ Ith „ 15:2 _ E | „ ond „ -| 19:0 18th 15-0 x. J2th. وو‎ 13:0 . „ 29th „, 11*0 ” 3rd „ -| 5 : 19th И 14-8 » 13th gy 7 13:0 | 5 30tb э 11:0 » 4th » 7 18*0 | » 20th » 14:6 F El „ oth „ 17:7 „ 216 „ 14-4 puede cepe (( „ Gh „ е | „ 22nd „ 14:3 The battery was now disconnected, and the cable put to T e NC | 16:8 . 1 m " у earth one minute, it then gave 11°8°, and after being to " 9h „ - | 16:6 | ” 25th . 14-0 earth a minute more 11:92, showing that the effect of the „ loch „ | ˙4 öh 14-0 positive current was passing away rapidly ; it was then left „ nth „ 162 „ 27th i 14-0 disconnected for five minutes longer, when the leakage was „ 12th „ 160 | „ 28th К 13-9 found 12:8. During the interval spontaneously formed dis- „ th „ -| 15:9 „ 29th „ 13-9 charges were taken from the cable every 30 seconds, the „ lath „„ - | 15:8 | „ 30th „, 13-9 swing of the needle being at first 2°, and decreasing regu- "E X RON larly to about 1°. ‘There appears to be a relation between the decreasing strength of these discharges and the falling The deflection appeared to attain its minimum after а off of the olarization of the cable. The battery was further application of the battery for 50 minutes, when the now applied for one minute, and the leakage fell to 12 5. deflection was reduced to 11°0, exactly one-half the number 61. The cable was connected to earth for three minutes, of degrees attained with the opposite current. The cable and the connexions of the battery being chan ed, the Was connected to earth for 15 minutes, and then gave, with negative current was applied to the cable, the deflection the positive current, 11 °2, decreasing in one minute to 11 1. On the application of the negative current it immediately‏ س gare 15:1, increasing to 15:2; the experiment was then‏ Negative current first applied - - 15:0 iscontinued.‏ End of = minute : 2 15 p | On the Retardation оў Signals.‏ ien Ж ; _ - 15:6 63. 'ТҺеге is no phenomenon in electricity that has a more On the re-‏ » ээ ээ important bearing on the electric telegraph than that of in- tardation o The poles were again reversed, and the positive current duction, and none which interferes more with the conl- signals. at ite first cus ave 15:0, and at the end of half a mercial success of telegraphic enterprise. If it were not for minute 14 The poles being again changed, the negative this evil presenting itself in the form known as retardation nt was applied for 10 minutes; the leakage was as of the current, any telegraph cable, however long, could be follo 9 0 worked at almost any speed; and although much may be "n | done to reduce its effects, there is at present no known First application of negative current - 16:3 method of avoiding them altogether. The effects of induc- End of lst minute - - 16:1 tion were foreseen long before the telegraph came into з 2nd » $ х - 16:0 practical use. » ord „ - - - 16:3 64. In April, 1850, M. Werner Siemens first described „ 4th وو‎ - - - 16:4 the effects of induction as еу had been observed by him „ oth وو‎ - - - 16:5 in the subterranean lines of Prussia. These effects were „ Sth وو‎ - - - 167 the reception of charge and its retention after the cessation „ ith „ - - - 16:8 of contact with the battery. „ Sth „, - - - 17:0 65. Theretardation of current.—the peculiar feature, how- „ th „ : - - 171 ever, which forms the great difficulty in modern telegraphy, „ Ioth „ — - - M'4 — was not encountered or foreseen by him. This phenomenon | was first witnessed by myself оп the 20th of March 1852 The cable was discharged and left disconnected 15 during some experiments made by me at the works of the minutes, it then gave no spontaneous discharge, but the Gutta Percha Company, in the presence of Dr. Scoffern insulation on the first a plication of the negative current and other gentlemen. was 19:5, and continued the same after 30 seconds’ applica- On that occasion 100 miles of wire were immersed in a tion. The positive current now gave 17°5, and at the end canal, and 175 miles were stored up dry in the manufactory of 30 scconds 1675, decreasing in a few minutes to 15:8 and n endeavour was made to work a: electro-maguet and Qq2 ў АРР. No. 2. Report b Mr L. Clark. On the re · tardation of signals, 304 Bain’s printing apparatus through the whole length. In doing so it was found there was no difficulty in working even with a very small battery power through the whole length, but it was instantly noticed that the current took a very perceptible time in travelling the 100 miles. The ex- periment was varied in several ways, both with the electro- magnet and with Bain's instrument, but the result was uniform, that when even the current had to travel through the whole length of the wire before acting on the magnet, retardation was perceived. In one experiment the battery and the electro-magnet were placed at one end of the wire, and the contacts were made and broken at the other; but although the battery and the magnet were close together, the same retardation was perceived. It was noticed also that the marks made on the Bain's printing paper by the current were not only slow in appearing, but often their appearance, instead of ending abruptly and instantaneously as they do in the overground lines, the mark tailed oif gradually to a point. 'lhe cause of the phenomenon was at once perceived to be induction, and to verify it the 100 miles in water were detached, and the 175 miles on dry land used alone, and, as was expected, no retardation whatever was perceptible. 66. Before entering on the consideration of the laws which govern induction in submarine wires, it will be useful to describe the phenomena as they present them- selves in practice. ‘The following experiments down to section 91 were performed by myself in the autumn of 1853. They were so interesting and novel that Professor Faraday and Professor Airy were invited to witness their repetition, and they endl wid other gentlemen in October for that purpose. In January 1854 the former gentleman made them the subject of a lecture at the Royal Institution, and from this circumstance they are frequently but erroneously quoted in electrical works as Faraday's researches on submarine cables ; that eminent philosopher was, however, careful to state the source from whence he derived them. (See Exp. Researches, vol. iii., p. 503.) 67. One hundred miles of No. 3 gutta-percha wire were immersed in a canal, the distant end of the wire was per- manently disconnected from the earth. "е near end was also disconnected, but had a galvanometer attached, which indicated any current which passed into or out of the wire. The battery was arranged with one pole permanently con- nected with the earth. The other pole of the battery was now brought into contact with the line wire. ‘The galvanometer was immediately and. very violently deflected to the right by a current passing into the wire, but this current ceasing almost immediately, the needle resumed its nearly vertical position and remained quiescent. The connexion with the battery was now broken, and the galvanometer having no current passing became perfectly vertical. Things being in this position, that is to suy, both ends being disconnected from the battery, the near end was connected with the earth; the galvanometer was now de- flected in the opposite direction by a returning charge quite as violently as in the first instance, proving that a charge had been retained in the wire. 68. Another experiment was made similar to the pre- ceding, except that the discharge was taken from the distant end of the wire instead of from the end at which it had been introduced. ‘The galvanometer was deflected in the same manner and direction as before, nor was any difference observed in its amount of deflection. 69. All the arrangements were the same as before in every respect, except that the 100 miles of wire, instead of being in water, were lying in coils in a dry store-room. | When the pole of the battery was brought into contact with the wire in the manner described in experiment 83, no deflection whatever could be perceived, nor could any dis- charge be obtained on making connexion with the earth, thus proving that the presence of a conducting medium was necessary on the outside of the wire, and that the phenome- non was caused by induction. 70. One pole of the battery being put to carth, the other was placed in contact with one end of the 100 miles wire, in water, and also with one end of the 100 miles of dry wire, the distant ends of both wires being connected with earth, with a galvanometer on each wire to indicate the quantity of current passing ; the battery current dividing passed half through the dry wire and half through that in water, and no difference could be perceived in the strength of the current passing through tac /l. In another experiment 18 plates of copper, each about 4 feet x 3 fect, were laid one upon the other, being separated from each other by thin sheets of gutta percha (of the thickness of writing paper) ; they were then connected into two alternate groups of nine plates, half of them being connected with the copper, and the other half with the zinc pole of a battery. (‘The surface of each group of nine plates was about equal to three miles of gutta-percha wire.) On making connexion a distinct charge was seen to enter the APPENDIX TO REPORT-OF THE plates, and & discharge was received from them after the battery had been disconnected, but the indications were feeble; one of the groups was connected to earth instead of the battery pole, the opposite battery pole being also to earth. ‘The results were the same. /2. At another experiment, made at Lothbury, October 15, 1853, the length of wire in circuit was 1,490 miles, of which /0 miles were in dry boards, the remainder being in iron or earthenware pipes buried underground along the railway between London and Manchester. í num The gutta percha was a full quarter of an inch in dia- meter, and the interior copper wire 4';th of an inch; each wire was lapped round with cotton tape dipped in coal tar and then dusted with fine sand. One hundred miles of the copper wire have 8,250 feet surface. | | The wires were loosely bound into a bundle of eight wires by twine, and drawn into the pipes, thus forming eight in- dependent circuits from London to Manchester, which were all joined up into one circuit of 1,490 miles. The battery power used was 508 cells of Daniell's battery, each plate 4 inches square. LONDON, Р ei и, @ E e E 2 Pj 4 All the eight wires were joined up into one continuous length, viz., the zinc pole of the battery to earth, the copper pole through a galvanometer to the line wires, thence to Man- chester and back twice, and through a second galvanometer, again to Manchester and back twice, and through a third galvanometer, and then to earth. On making contact with the battery, the needle of the first galvanometer was deflected with great violence for an instant, and immediately after- wards settled at an angle of nearly 90°. After a lapse of a full second or more the needle of the second galva- nometer was deflected in the same direction, not with vio- lence, as in the case of the first, b.“ rather slowly, and tardily settling to an angle of about 40? or 50°. Again, after a stiil longer interval the current appeared to reach the third galvanometer, the needle deflecting feebly with a slow movement, but increasing gradually, apparently by jerks or pulsations, till it remained at an angle of 15° or 20°. On disconnecting, the first galvanometer fell back first, the second and third last. 73. In a further experiment the same arrangement was much as above, except that the third galvanometer was disconnected from the carth, so that the current had no outlet at the distant end of the wire: On making a contact with the battery as before, the needles of the first and second galvanometers were successively deflected to the same extent and in the same manner as before; but the third galvanometer, having no outlet beyond it, of course suffered no deflection. On now making contact with the earth, at the third galvanometer, a considerable discharge of the pent-up electricity took place, deflecting the needle powerfully (in the same direction as the others), but the first discharge subsiding immediately, the needle remained, as before, quiescent at an angle of about 15° or 20°, LONDON, « MANCHESTER. B G G - 74. This experiment is similar to the former one, except that there is no earth connexion used, the poles of the battery being connected directly to the exterior galvano- meter, A and C forming a closed circuit. On making connexion with the battery, both the exterior galvanometers A and C were violently deflected in a parallel direction by a charge of positive and negative electricity evidently passing into the respective wires, the needles afterwards continuing deflected strongly in the same direction. The intermediate needle B was not deflected until after an in- terval of a full second or more, when it settled quietly in the same direction without any jerk. In repeating the preced- ing experiments the poles of the battery were reversed, and the battery power diminished, but without any marked difference in the results. When the battery connexion was broken, and the galva- nometers A and C connected together, a powerful discharge returned through each of them, deflecting them in a reverse direction to that caused by its entrance. 75. Ihe experiment was repeated with only 800 miles wire and 144 cells battery. A and C were revulsed by the SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, returning discharge, as before, and after a short interval B also fell back to its position with some abruptness. 'The experiment was then repeated, but when the battery was disconnected the ends A and C were not joined together. In this case the needles A and C of course fell vertically by their own gravity. After a considerable interval B full back slowly to its vertical position, and without the abruptness mentioned in the last paragraph. In all these experiments the exterior galvanometers A and C were powerfully and instantly deflected, but it was not till after a lapse of a considerable interval (more than a second) that the intermediate galvanometer В was detlected (it being separated from each of the other galvanometers by 750 miles of wire); its deflection was not sudden, but rather tardy. In repeating the preceding experiments, the poles were changed, and the power diminished, without any decided difference of results. DISCONNECTED EARTH 76. In another experiment one pole of the battery was put to earth permanently; the other pole was put into contact with one end of the wires (all joined on to each other — 1,490 miles) by a finger key, which when pressed down put the line wires into contact with the battery, the current JE through the galvanometer into the line wire. ‘hen the spring returned up again the battery connexion was broken, but at the same time a contact was made with the earth, and the induced current returned out of the line wire through the galvanometer and the key to earth. On depressing the finger kev a powerful charge passed through the galvanometer (this was partly due to the im- perfect insulation of the wires, which admitted a consider- able escape to earth, but principally to a current of induced electricity flowing into and charging the wire, the latter effect ceasing immediately, but the former remaining per- manent), and the needle deflected violently in one direction. On raising the key the return current. deflected the needle still more powerfully in the opposite direction, at the same time completely reversing its poles. This was repeated many times. ‘lhe return charge or inductive discharge was also taken after intervals of four or five seconds. In the Gutta Percha Company’s works this return current was in one case very evident after a lapse of five minutes, during which time the wire (100 miles) had been totally discon- nected from the battery. ; E A ae O 77. In another experiment the line wire was charged as before, and the battery connexion at A having been broken, the distant end was suddenly put to earth through a gal- vanometer B. ‘The discharge was not so powerful as when taken at the near end, but was of the same character, so that if a positive current were sent into the wire, the return current was positive from whichever end of the wire it were taken. The return current did net leave the wires instantly, but coming with great violence at first, diminished gradually but rapidly to nothing. /8. A current was sent through both galvanometers A and B, with the line wires intervening ; both needles were ultimately deflected to the right, B moving much slower and more feebly than A, as in experiment 72. When the battery was disconnected at A, the return current had two opportunities of escape, viz., to the earth at A, and to the earth at B. The greater portion returned through A, throw- ing the needle violently back to the left; but a considerable current continued to pay out at B. holding that needle over for & second or more in the saine direction that the original current had deflected it, the needle À settling to its vertical position a little sooner than B. 79. In the following experiment no galvanometers were used, but the currents were indicated on a strip of paper, moistened with a solution of prussiate of potash and nitrate of ammonia, kept moving by clock-work at the rate of about 2 feet per minute. "lhree iron needles rested on the paper as it travelled, and whenever a positive current passed from the needles into the paper a blue mark was formed. The apparatus used for sending currents was the same as that described in experiment 76 (with a slight addition for sending an indicating current), and had the following properties. When the finger key F was depressed, the battery was thrown on to the line wires, at what we shall term the “near” end. The distant end had at all times connexion with the earth through the needle B, so that a current passed from the near end through the line, and became apparent on the needle at the distant end. When the finger key was allowed to fly up again the connexion with the battery ceased, but at the sametime the near end of the line came into contact with the stud G, and thus had access to earth through the near needle A. In this, the normal state of things, both the near and distant ends of the line were in contact with earth through the respective needles A and B. The third needle, C, was only used by means of a small local battery to indicate the exact moment of the depression or raising of the finger key. All the needles made marks in parallel lines along the paper. (In a subsequent experiment there was also a fourth needle in connexion with a pendulum, which made a dot on the paper every second to indicate time.) BAILEN свеса? (ncaa exp) INOICAVING CURRENT $c 80. The finger key was depressed so as to charge the line with a positive current, and was held down 10 seconds. On first doing so no current whatever was apparent on the needle at the distant end, but after 14 second a faint indi- cation became apparent, which increased to the end of the third and fourth second, when the blue line became of uniform intensity, being not greater than would be formed by two pairs of plates on short circuit. At the end of the 10th second the battery current ceased at the nearer end, but the current continued to flow uniformly out of the distant end until the 12th second, fining off gradually to invisibility between the 14th and 15th second. But at the end of the 10th second the near end of the line was put to earth as well as the distant end, and, accordingly, & current of great power returned out of the line, burning a hole completely through the paper, afterwards diminishing gradually till between the 18th, I9th, or 20th second, when all traces of it disappeared. This current continued, therefore, to flow four seconds after the distant current had ceased. (The distant current also flowed about the same time after the battery current ceased.) 8l. In. this experiment the return current possesses great power at its first contact with the earth, diminishing instantly to a more moderate character, but at the end of “^з of a second it appears to assume a second maximum of intensity, forming a well defined spot (see figure), which is perfectly uniform in the time of appearance in every experi- ment. It may have some connexion with the pulsations observed in experiment 72. After this node the current di- minishes with uniformity to nothing. Ifthe key be depressed but a short time so as not to charge the line wire fully, this node appears sooner after contact with earth, even down to ith ofasecond. When the current was held on three seconds instead of 10, the node appeared after 4^;ths of a second, and so on. 82. When the current was sent into the wire for two seconds and allowed to return for two seconds, this being repeated several times, the current appeared at the distant end in а constant stream, varying slightly in its force, but never ceasing to flow. When the current was sent and allowed to escape at rapid intervals (by keving rapidly), no mark whatever appeared at the distant end. 83. Two naked iron wires suspended in the air between London and Liverpool were connected together at Liverpool and attached to the machine, thus forming a circuit of about 500 miles. Each wire communicated with the earth at London. Qn sending a current along the wire it ap- peared at the distant end almost instantaneously, and ceased to flow alinost at the same instant that it was stopped at the near end. Even this slight loss of time might be accounted for by the fact that about eight or ten miles of the wire were laid under ground in the streets of London, Manchester, and Liverpool, besides passing in wooden troughs through & great many wet tunnels. ‘There was a slight tailing off or tapering of the marks of the distant current both at its commencement and termi- nation; and when the key was raised, a return current it. the form of & well defined dot; both which phenomena may be attributed to the proportion of under-ground work, The evening was wet when this experiment was tried, and with the intensity of the battery power there wouid doubtless be some escape of the current from one wire to the other without passing through Liverpool. This circumstance would slightly atfect the results of the experiment. 84. A current was sent on two of the wires, their ends at Manchester being disconnected from the earth. A very Qq 3 305. APP. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. C. ark. On the re- tal cation of signals. APP. No. 2. — Report by Mr. L. Clark. — On the re- tard ation of signals. On the mea- surement of induction, , delicate horizontal galvanometer was interposed between two other neighbouring wires and the earth, to see if any inductive charge entered or left them when the current was made, or interrupted on the original wires; the current arising from partial contact between them, about 37°, was suflicient to prevent any decisive observation when the current was sent; but when it was interrupted, the needle fell quietly back to zero without any jerk or indication of an induced current. 85. A charge was now given to 800 miles of wire at the near end A, as in experiment 77, the distant end B not being connected to earth. On suddenly receiving the charge from the end A, it was found to be a great deal more power- ful than that from B. 1f, however, an interval of two seconds were allowed to elapse after the disconnexion of the battery, the charge appeared to equalise itself perfectly, and was as strong at one end as at the other. The comparisons were made by inclining the needle of the galvanometer, while resting against a stop, to such an angle that the discharge had barely power to deflect it a little further in the same direction. 86. A charge was now given to 400 miles of wire through а series of very powerful resistance coils of very fine wire. The discharge was not so powerful as when the wires were charged direct from the battery (see section 128). 87. Four hundred miles were now connected with the earth at each end, resistance coils being interposed between the battery and the earth at the near end. On disconnecting the battery, as in experiment 76, no return discharge was evident on the galvanometer, the whole charge appearing to escape at the distant end. On lessening the resistance con- siderably, the discharge began to become evident. Signals could be made on a galvanometer at the distant end at the rate of two a second. The coils were afterwards interposed between the battery and the line, but the results were similar. 88. Four hundred miles of wire were joined up as before, without resistance coils, the battery and galvanometer being permanently joined to the line at the near end. On making and disconnecting contact with the earth at the distant end, signals could be given on the galvanometer at the other end after intervals of three-eighths of a second, the needle moving at first with a slight jerk. This is similar to the American method of printing, in which electro-magnets are used at the opposite ends of the line from the batteries, or batteries in constant action distributed throughout the line. 89. Four wires with an intermediate battery were charged in the same manner as in experiment 74, and when charged the battery was removed, leaving the two portions of the line at A and C separated. On now connecting the half A with the earth through a galvanometer, it was found to contain a charge of positive electricity, and in the same manner the other half C gave a discharge of negative electricity. 91. In May 1854, at the separate request of both Pro- fessor Faraday and Professor Airy, an experiment was made on 800 miles of subterranean wire, to ascertain what ditfer- ence of velocity was occasioned by varying the number of cells of the battery. The arrangements described in section /9 were used, the fourth needle being used to mark a dot on the paper every second. The battery power was gradually varied from 3] cells to sixteen times 31 cells, or 516 cells ; the time occupied before the first appearance of the current was about half a second, and it was sensibly the same for all the tensions tried, the only difference visible being in the strength of the mark on the paper. ‘The quantity of the current was also varied by connecting the batteries laterally instead of in series, and the effect, contrary to ex- pectution, was apparently a slight diminution of the velocity of the current. On the Measurement of Induction. 92. The causes of the foregoing phenomenon were well understood. The in nal conducting wire in each of the cases above stated ang ers to the inner coating of a Leyden jar, :he water or moist earth on the exterior answers to the outer coating. When the battery is applied to the length of the wire, with its end insulated from the earth, a charge is given precisely similar in its nature to that in the Leyden jar. But whereas from the small size of the Leyden arrange- ment we require a tension of 200 or 300 cells to make cffects apparent, the enormous area of the Leyden arrangement, as formed by a mile of wire, enables them to be very manifest. On an ordinary galvanometer, even with a ten- sion of oniy one cell, if the wire be disconnected from the battery and allowed to remain insulated, this charge will! remain in the wire for a length of time dependent on the degree of insulation of the wire. In some cases it has been known to remain sensible in the wire for even one or two davs. "US. In determining the quantitative laws which govern re 306 ` APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE thc aecumulation of electricity in cables of varying dimen- sions, the first necessity which presents itself is that of obtaining the means of measuring the quantity or amount of induction with accuracy. A great deal of attention was devoted to this subject before this difficulty was satisfactorily overcome. The amount of discharge from a cable as measured by the swing of the needle of a horizontal galva- nometer was the method usually employed and ultimately adopted. As the question to be determined was, whether the quantities of electricity represented by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4 would deflect the needle through arcs having the same ratio to each other, and if not, what that ratio might be. Ifthe question be examined theoretically, we have to regard the needle as a pendulum, and the velocity with which it is deflected from its normal position is equal to that with which it returns back again past the centre, and this is known to be proportional to he chord of the arc of vibration. Upon endeavouring to apply this law in practice, it was at once observed that different galvanometers gave very different results, and therefore it became necessary to determine the matter experimentally. With this object a great many galvanometers were examined, and in most of those in which the needle was suspended by a fibre, it was found that when small arcs were used the number of de- grees of swing or the arc of vibration was nearly pro- portional to the amount of induction. There were con- siderable variations in different instruments, but in one particular galvanometer the above law prevailed to such an extent that even in an arc of 60? or 70° its swing was almost exactly proportional to the force of the induced current. This instrument was therefore employed afterwards ex- clusively for these observations. 94. This instrument is of ordinary construction, but is of unusually large size. It was manufactured by Mr. W. T. Henley.* The following experiment was taken in order to ascertain the effect of the increase of tension on the amount of induc- tion in wires, but it will serve at the same time to illustrate the degree of reliance which may be placed on the galvano- meter, and on the relative value of its indications at different arcs of vibration. 95. Four similar coils of gutta-percha wire were placed in water, each coil being one mile in length. The copper wire was about th of an inch in diameter, and the gutta percha of sufficient thickness to make the whole diameter about a quarter of an inch. The battery power employed in the experiment varied from 4 cells to 256 cells, being in- creased successively from 4 to 8, 16, 32, 64, 123, and 256 cells, and in each case the swing of the galvanometer was taken with coils of wire 1, 2, 3, and 4 miles in length attached. The battery was suddenly thrown into con- nexion with the wire by means of a key similar to that described, and figured in experiment 76. As the charge entered the cable it caused the needle to swing to the left, and the number of degrees was carefully noted. The key was held down in each case 30 seconds, and during this interval] the connexions of the galvanometer were reversed by means of a rheotrope, and the needle was rendered stationary, so that when the key was afterwards allowed to spring suddenly back, the return current or discharge pass- ing out of the wire to earth caused the needle to swing a second time in the same direction, the object being to avoid any inequality which might arise from the adjustment of the instrument, the form of the coils, or the position of the needle. The results of some of these experiments are given below. It must be remembered that the charge on enter- ing the wire is increased by the amount of leakage or con- duction through the percha, and therefore the dis- charges which are free from this error are more to be relied on than the charges; this is especially the case when the battery power is considerable. A comparison of the results obtained sufficiently proves that this particular galvanometer, up to a limit of at least 70 degrees, gives oscillations which are strictly proportional to the amount of induction; the deviations from this law being so small as to be within the limits of errors of experiment, it was there- fore exclusively employed throughout the whole of the subsequent investigations. ‘The needle is not magnetised to saturation, and 1s so well tempered that its mugnetism has never sensibly varied throughout the whole series of experiments, although it has repeatedly had currents from 512 cells accidentally transmitted through it. Its oscilla- tions are 10 in 33 seconds. The whole of the observatious in this report are therefore, unless otherwise stated, taken on this instrument, and are given without any correction. * The index is formed of a thin strip of whalebone. The needle is of very thin steel, 32 in. long, and rather less than z in. broad It is sus. pended by a single fibre of silk, 10 inches in length. Fach of the frames Which support the coils of wire is 7 inches Joug and ot inches deep, and the clear space for the wire is 11 inches. 'Pheinstrutont is wound with several thousand turns of fine silh-covered wire towa inches in diameter audits electrical resistance is equal to 325 miles of ordinary No. 16 copper wire. It is covered with a glass shade, and furnished with the usual faciiit.e» for adjustment. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 207 96. TABLE of the Induction of Four similar Miles of Gutta Percha covered Wire, with varying Battery Power. Diameter of Avr. No. 2. Copper 3; Thickness of Percha ; External Diameter 45; ; Current on ЗО Seconds before discharge; ‘Temperature 555 30th Dee. 1859. * Report bv Mr. L. Clark ——ö— ä—ä—? Ec ir ill ciue — —U— IU EE rie d ee‏ کے —O43—‏ مس 3 Miles. | On the mea. sureinent of Battery Power. 1 Mile. 2 Miles. E NM 6 M mE vU dn Neg. to Cable.) : А : i (Neg ) “Charge: Discharger: Charge. | Discharge. Charge. Discharge. Charge. Discharge. 4 cells 3k 1:0 1:0 1:9 2:1 3-0 2:9 4:0 3:8 1۰0 1:0 1:9 2۰0 3:0 2:8 3:8 4۰0 0۰9 1:0 1:9 2:0 3-0 2:8 4-0 3-8 1:0 1-1 2-0 1:9 3-0 2:9 3:9 3-9 0:9 1:0 1-9 2۰0 3۰0 2۰8 3۰9 4۰0 Average 96 1:02 1:92 2:00 3:00 2:84 3:92 3:90 8 cells - - - - - 2:0 1:7 3:6 3:8 5:9 6:0 7:8 7.7 2۰0 1:8 3:8 3۰8 5:9 6:0 7:7 7:9 2۰0 2۰0 3-9 3:8 5:9 5-9 7:9 79 1:9 2-0 3-9 3-7 5:8 6:0 7:8 7˙8 1:9 2-0 3-9 3-8 5:8 5:9 7˙7 7:7 Average 1:96 1:90 3:8 3:78 5:86 5:96 7:78 7:80 16 cells - - - - - 4-0 4:0 7۰9 7-8 11:9 11:8 15:7 15:4 3:9 3-9 8:0 7:8 11:9 11:8 15:6 15:6 | 3:9 3۰9 7:9 7-8 11:8 11:7 15:8 15: | 4:0 4:0 7:9 7:8 11:9 11:8 15:6 15:4 3-8 3:9 8-0 7:8 11:9 11:7 15:6 15-6 | Ес. | Average - - 3:92 3:94 7:94 7:80 | 11:88 11:76 15:66 15:48 32 cells - - . - =! 82 7:5 15:5 16:0 23-8 23:1 31-0 31-0 8:1 7-8 15:8 15:8 24:0 240 31:5 31:2 8:3 7۰7 16-0 16:0 23:9 23:9 31:0 31:0 - 8:0 8:0 15:9 15:8 23:5 23:5 31:6 31:6 7:9 8:0 15:9 16:0 23:5 23:6 31:0 31˙2 Average — — 8:10 7:80 | 15:82 15:92 | 28:60 23:48 31:22 31:20 64 cells - - - - -| 15:9 15:7 31:3 31:0 47:0 47:0 63:5 63*0 15:5 15:5 31:6 31:0 47:1 46:8 63:5 62:8 15:5 15:5 31:4 30*8 47:2 46:3 63-6 63:0 15:5 15:5 31:4 31:0 47-9 46-8 63 · 0 63-0 15:3 15:4 31:3 30۰9 47:3 46:4 63:2 62˙8 Average -| 15:54 | 15:52 | 31:40 30۰94 | 47:16 | 46:66 | 63:36 | 62:92 128 cells — 1 31˙0 ә | 30:9 64:0 © 63:0 10: ¢ |=101 153°0 166-0 31°0 „ 310 63:7 ~ 63:0 1011 2100 157-0 159-0 31-0 K 31-0 64:1 & | 63:3 | 100° S = 99: 31-0 = 30-6 64:0 2 63-1 | 100: = +0° 31:0 È 30-6 64:0 8 63-0 100: A ET Average - = | 31:00 30:82 | 63:96 63:08 100 · oa | 100-00 | 256 cells - - - - 6108 o 61:8 | 62:1 5 62:1 | 62:0 S 62:1 62:9 + 62:2 Jan. 5, 1860 | 62:0 9 62°0 Average -| 62:02 62:04 | | Charge of each mile of wire 31°2 31:5 31:5 31-0 taken singly, 128 cells. 97. The use of a suspended needle would be insufferably tedious fur these observations, if recourse were not had to some means of checking the vibrations and bringing the needle to rest; this is, however, readily effected by the use of a very feeble magnet, such as the point of a slightly magnetised penknife, directed, not towards either end of the needle, but towards its centre, so that the attraction of one end of the needle equals the repulsion of the other; and although the oscillations are rapidly checked, no pendulous vibration is communicated to the needle. ‘The dexterity which is acquired by practice in the use of this contrivance is surprising ; it is not an unusual thing to bring the needle, while swinging in an arc of 20°, to absolute rest by one single dexterous application of the magnet, and two or three alternate applications of the point and heel of the knife at gradually increased distances will at all times effect the same object. 98. It m be stated, once for all, that a great deal of personal skill and experience are required in the conduct of these experiments, as well as inexhaustible patience. The experiments were chiefly performed at the factory of the Electric Telegraph Company, in Gloucester Road, Camden Town, which closely adjoins the goods station of the London and North Western Railw ray Company. Unfortu- nately the disadvantages of this position were not sufficiently foreseen, for the continued passage of the engines engaged in shunting the trains had a most vexatious influence on the indications of the galvanometer, and, even at a distance of 20 or 30 yards, would cause a sensible deviation of the needle, sometimes amounting to as much as two degrees. In the more delicate experiments, such as those on short lengths of wire under pressure, this evil was so great that it was frequently necessary to suspend the experiments. In- deed, the causes of error are so numerous and so easily overlooked, that very few persons are capable of performing such experiments satisfactorily. On the Effect of Variation of Battery Power on Induction. 99. Having obtained the means of measuring with satis- factory accuracy the amount of induction, the first point investigated was that of the effect of varying the battery tension. ‘The table just referred to (section 96) contains experiments on this subject, and it will be seen that the amount of induction varies directly as the tension of the battery, as shown by the observations taken with tensions varying from 4 cells up to 256 cells. These results were confirmed by numerous other experiments, the details of which it is unnecessary to give. The law was prov ed to hold good, even with the extremes of Û ec and 568 cells, (2 d 4 On the effect of variation of battery power on in- duction. APP. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. On the cffect of variation in thc diameter of the con- ducting wire and the thick - ness of the insulator. 308 On the Effect of Variation in the Diameter of the Conducting Wire and the Thickness of the Insu- lator on Induction. 100. The determination of the extent to which the amount of induction is dependent on the relative size and proportions of the wire and its covering was one of the most important in the whole investigation. Although the laws which govern the amount of induction in the two cases are entirely distinct, it is more convenient to treat of them together. In order to arrive at this determination, five separate lengths of experimental wire were, in the first instance, manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company, each one mile in length. In three of them the thickness of the coating of gutta percha was varied in proportions of 1, 2, 4, the diameter of the copper wire remaining constant. ‘lhe other two miles, taken together with one of the preceding miles, formed a series in which the diameter of the copper wire was varied in proportions of 1, 2, 4, while the thickness of gutta percha remained constant. Subsequently four more lengths were manufactured in order to make the series complete, so that there were, in all, nine sizes, in three series. ‘Their dimensions, and the results obtained with them, are given in the following tables :— 101. TABLE of Induction of Wires of varying size covered with Gutta Percha of varying thickuess. Battery Power 64 Cells, Daniell’s, Positive to Cable. Dimensions given in 32nds of an Inch. ‘Temperature 54°. Feb. 24, 1360. Thickness of Dielectric. be n ww os з, 6. 12. = S © e 9 85 $ i F EL Dis- |2 Dis- 4 | Dis- < 2 Charge. charge. E Charge. | charge. 5 Charge | charge. 3 A - x 6 | asa |e, 11-4 | 113 | 0 8˙7 | 8-7 |0 16 15.5 % 119 11.3 . 8&8 | 86 |0 5 | M5 % 11˙3 11-4 0 87 8U | 0 2. | 157 | 155 (°1 ma | 11°38 ES 861 87 0 155 | 16% % M3 | 113 % вв | во |:o 155 | 15'5 % 113 | irz | % 87 | 87 |0 1 EI 15°46; |1131 11:30 | 8:68 866 карык cre Энд арЫ ae ME = 3 25.4 | 250 14810. % 108 | 11-7 0 25.4 | 950 3 16:5 | 164 % 12˙0 | 1U8 |w | 954 | 95-0 3 165 | 165 |'0| 120 | ors | °0 4. 953 | 250 »2 106 | 165 0 n | 271-8 |0 J'3 | 950 |:2) 107 | 165 оо lU9 | 118 | °0 25°5 | 35:0 | °3; 164 | 164 |:0| 1199 | 11-8 | °0 25°38 | 25°00 16°58 | 16°46 11:91! 11:78 $v1 | 32:77 5 255 | 954 |:2| 166 [| 167 1 331 | 326 |°5| 257 | 254 |) 170 | 1697 |a sro | 326 155, 256 | 254 |:2| 170 | 104 | °2 а. 329 3245 956 | 254 2 197 | 107 2 350 | 326 |55| 254 | 9x4 |:2| 167 | 166 | °1 $29 32.6 5 255 | 954 2 16.7 | 100 | °2 | 32:98| 32°58) | 25:55| 25°40 16:78 | 16°61 102. ‘TABLE of Induction of Wires of varying size covered ry with Gutta Percha of varying thickness. Battery Power 64 Cells, Daniel's, Negative to Cable. Dimensions given in 32nds of an Inch. Jan. б, 1860. — ——Á—— — — — — — — oe | | 3 | Thickness of Dielectric. U EE т сс TE os 3. x 6. : 12. : Gs e e Фф ЕЙ Dis 4 Dis 2 | Dis 5 БС lo ° - Se 8 m т charge. 3 Charge. charge. E Е charge. Е 16:8 | 154 11:6 | 21:8 | 10° 9:0 - 16:1 | 159 118 | 11:3 . 10:2 9:0 16°2 | 15:8 |'1| 1r8 | 11°38 | 4| 10:0 9'0 1˙1 2. 162 | 16 11:9 | 11:0 10*0 8*8 16:4 | 15:6 11%8 | 11:0 10°0 9'2 16°34; 15°66 11°78; 11°16 10°12; 8°96 17°4 | 17°0 170 | 17°0 171 | 168 | °6 4. 17:4 | 165 17:3 | 167 17:24 | 10:80 20:8 | 9255 26076 | 25-6 23,7 | 954 1 8. 2&5 | 25:5 20'S | 26°0 | 26-68 | 25 60 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE 103. TABLE of Induction of Wires of varying size covered with Gutta Percha of varying thickness. Battery Power 128 Cells, Daniell’s, Negative to Cable. Dimensions given in 32nds of an Inch. Jan. 6, 1860. & | Thickness of Dielectric. o | j A 5 5 EE! A i 32:7 | 312 | эз 99*4 20:2 | 17:4 32°4 | 31°38 23°8 225 20°2 | 17-8 328 | 311 3 | 23°8 | 995 |'8 | 90:1 | 18°0 |1°9 2. 33:77 | 31°4 23:8 | 93:7 20:3 | 17:8 32:8 31:6 | 23°3 22 5 20:3 17:8 5 E E | 32:64 | 31:30 23°72 | 22:52 2022 17°76 —X | ا‎ ee — — — — —— | —— | — | 38570 33°3 | 350 | 334 | 348 | 83°53 1 4. 34°8 | 330 35°0 | 3378 34:93 | 33:30 52:8 | 51°0 52°7 | 51°0 52°8 | óU2 | °9 8. 52:4 | 513 53:4 50˙8 5 M 52:02| 51:10 | 104. The three foregoing tables are virtually repetitions of each other, but taken with varying battery power. The two latter tables were the first that were made, and are only given for comparison. Where the battery power is large and the cables do not insulate perfectly, it is obvious that the swing of needle produced by the charge will be in- creased by that due to the amount of leakage, for this reason the discharge only should be regarded. ‘Ihe first of the three tables, which is at once the most complete and most reliable, was taken with every precaution, and a rheo- trope was used between the observation of charge and dis- charge, so that both were observed on the same side of zero. When due allowance is made for leakage, it will be seen by this table that the amount of charge and discharge are sensibly equal. For the sake of reference and for the convenience of in- spection, we take the average induction measured by the discharge in the subjoined condensed table :— Diametro? | Thickness of Dielectric. Copper Wire. 1. | 2. 4. 1 15°46 11°30 8°66 2 25°00 16°46 11°78 4 32°58 25:40 16:61 105. ‘The examination of this table will show that with wire of ordinary dimensions the amount of charge or of induction may be taken as varying inversely as the square root of the thickness of the coating of gutta percha, and also directly as the square root of the diameter of the copper conducting wire. Thus, if we compare the induc- tion of the series of wire having the thickness of dielectric No. 4 with that having thickness No. 1, we shall find the induction in the ratio of 1 to 2 approximately; and if, on the other hand, we compare the series having the respective diameters of the copper conductors 1, 4, we shall find the ratios to be as | to 2, similarly with those of the intermediate wire or series. It will follow from this law, that if we increase the diameters of the conductors and the thickness of dielectric in the same proportions, the induction would remain constant, and this is found to be the case when we compare the wire of diameter l and the thickness ! with that of diameter 2 and thickness 2, or of diameter 4 and thickness 4, or the wire of diameter 2 and thickness 1 with that of diameter 4, thickness 2. In fact, the results are closely accordant with this law, that in gutta-percha wires the amount of induction varies as the square root of the diameter of the conductor, and inversely as the square root of the thickness of the dielectric ; or I = d t 106. Now in air the quantity of electricity accumulated under induction between two opposing flat surfaces varies inversely as the thickness of the plate of air intervening, and not as the square root of the thickness ;* it was an interesting point, therefore, to ascertain whether this singu- lar departure from the usual law was due to the cylindrical form of the coating in percha wires, or whether the law of * Sir W. S. Harris, Rudimentary Electricity, 3rd edition, p. 140. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. variation with different thicknesses of percha was different to that in air. Some experiments made with frictional electricity, and described at section 292, had indicated that the latter supposition was correct, and it was confirmed by the following experiment :—I obtained several plates of percha three feet square, and flat plates of metal of the same size, and by means of the differential inductometer described at section 109, the induction was measured at different thicknesses, by ascertaining the lengths of percha wire which under the same circumstances gave the same inductive capacity. A plate of metal was placed on a table, then a plate of percha and a second metal plate, then another plate of percha and a third metal plate; the top and bottom metal plates were connected with the earth, and the induction of the centre plate was measured with a battery power of 256 cells, with the following results :— Thickness of Plate of Percha | Equivalent Length of Percha above and below Wire, No. 2 size, with Metal Plate. No. 16 Copper Wire. One-eighth of an inch. 165 feet Two-eighths 55 97 وو‎ Four-eighths Уз | 58 ,, 4 inches. When plates of air were used instead of percha, the induction at the distance of one-eighth of an inch was ual to that of 69 feet 4 inches of wire, and at the distance of four-eighths of an inch it was equal to that of 16 feet 6 inches of wire. This last result is in tolerably close accordance with received views, but in the case of percha plates the results approximate more nearly to those obtained with cylindrical wire, as given in section 105. ‘There is probably some thickness at which the induction of plates of air and percha would be the same. It is evident that the variations with different substances would be represented by curves, and their further study is a point of much interest. 107. The law alluded to in section 99, that the induction of & cable is directly proportional to the number of cells of the battery, affords & method of testing the induction of wires which may be convenient to the telegraphist who has not at hand a galvanometer whose indications are known. If we note the deflection given by & known mile of telegraph wire with the known number of cells, and if we take another mile of wire and vary the number of cells until it gives the same deflection on the same instrument, the relative induc- tion of the two cables will be inversely as the number of cells. Very great reliance may be placed on this ready method of comparing the induction of cables. Another method of measuring induction is to give a known charge, say 10? to a given length A, and place it momentarily in contact with the unknown wire B of similar length, so as to divide the charge between them and then to measure the charge left in each of them. ‘The charge will divide itself in pro- portion to their relative inductive capacities. 108. Messrs. Siemens have employed an instrument for measuring the induction of submarine cables, in which they use a reversing key driven by an excentric which gives a rapid succession of charges or discharges from a cable. These charges in passing through a galvanometer cause a permanent and nearly steady deflection of the needle, which may be read with great accuracy. "The instrument is de- scribed in a paper read before the British Association in . July 1860, and is alluded to in another part of this report. It 18 obvious that the amount of this deflection of the needle depends entirely on the number of charges trans- mitted through it in a given time, and the system necessitates the use of & mechanical arrangement, by which these charges may be transmitted with perfect synchronism and that at different periods. This is by no means an easy thing to attain with accuracy, and the necessary machinery is both inconvenient and costly ; and when attained, a certain calculated correction has to be made in order to render the different readings of the galvanometer comparable. Pro- fessor Wheatstone has modified this machine by driving the excentric by a multiplying wheel, and has thereby made its indications surprisingly delicate; when driven rapidly, with a battery power of 500 cells, it will readily exhibit on a galvanometer the succession of discharges from 12 inches of wire 44th inch in diameter, suspended in an apartment. The writer has adapted the system of rapid motion to a differential instrument, with three reversing keys, and has thereby constructed a differential inductometer, which will probably, when better known, be generally adopted by telegraphists for the measurement of induction on short or rimental lengths of cable. 09. The ordinary induction or discharging key which forms the principle of this instrument is well known ; it 309 has long been the custom to increase the sensibility of the indications on a slowly oscillating galvanometer, by keying ; rapidly and sending a great number of charges through the instrument during each oscillation of the needle to one side, and waiting quiescent during its return. The instrument in question operates on this principle, but is provided with a battery reverser, and is thereby made differential in its character. The instrument transmits positive and negative currents alternately through the galvanometer, and these are always equal in number what- ever the speed of the instrument; the positive currents all come from one piece of cable, and the negative currents from the other, with which it is to be compared; and if both pieces have the same dimensions their opposite effects on the galvanometer will neutralize each other, and the needle will remain stationary; but if the inductive capacity of the two wires is unequal the needle will become deflected to one side or the other. Fig. 1. IT 110, The arrangement is shown in the figure above, in which the pulley a carries an eccentric and rod, which at each revolution cause the arm 5 to vibrate to and fro, carrying with it the insulating rod of vulcanite which forms its axis, and three silver springs c, d, e (one of which onl is shown), which are fixed at different points along the iod: as shown in figure 2, and are insulated from each other. These springs at each vibration alternately make contact with’ the other two platinum points f, f, which are about one-eighth of an inch apart, and are also insulated from each other. ‘The points and springs are each connected with terminals, which are not shown. "This comprises the whole machine. Its operation will be understood by referring to the diagram, figure 3, in which the three springs depending from the vibrating rod are again shown, but, for the purpose of clearness, in different planes. A and B are connected with the short lengths of wire under comparison; the centre spring D being connected with the earth; P, N, is a battery connected with four of the points in the manner shown, and most carefully insulated from the earth; G is a very sensitive galvanometer, having one of its terminals connected with the two remaining points, and the other with the earth. It will be seen that when in the course of vibration all the springs move to the left, the cable B is in a position to receive a negative charge from the battery, its positive pole being to earth through D, and that the cable A, which had received a positive charge at the previous vibration, is now in a position to discharge itself through the galvanometer to earth; and similarly when the springs move to the right, the cable B sends its discharge through the galvanometer, while A obtains a fresh charge from the battery. But since all the discharges of A are positive, and those of B are negative, their effects tend to neutralize each other. The needle of the galvanometer therefore remains stationary so long as the induction of the two lengths is equal, but inclines to the right hand or left if there is any inequality. Rr App. No. 2. rt dy Mr I. Cork. On the effect of variation APP. No. 2. Mr. L. Clark, On the effect of variation in the dia- mreter of the conductin wire and the thickness of the insulator. 810 111. The indications become still more delicate if a length of about half a mile of well insulated wire be substituted, for the galvanometer, and all the discharges from both the small lengths of the cable be thrown into this. If the cables are perfectly similar, the charges of positive and negative electricity being equal, will exactly neutralize each other, however long the machine be turned; but if either of them reponderates, the excess will gradually accumulate in the arge wire, and will become evident when this latter 1s occa- sionally connected with the galvanometer, its character being at the same time indicated by the direction in which the needle swings. Its effects are still further increased by only making connexion with the galvanometer synchro- nously with its swings. By these means, with a battery of 500 cells, and & galvanometer with 30,500 convolutions of wire and rapid rotation, the extra immersion of half an inch of telegraph wire, or even the approach of the hand, were rendered readily perceptible. An eighth of a square inch of tin-foil on a coated pane will also affect the galvanometer, 80 that the instrument is well adapted for comparing the electrical capacities of globes. cylinders, plates, &., of vary- ing dimensions, and for determining the specific inductive capacities of different materials. Аз no standard unit has yet been generally adopted, it is convenient in practice to keep a standard of, say, 100 inches or more of wire of any convenient size, and to ascertain what length of any new wire is equal to this standard. ‘The inverse proportion will give its relative inductive capacity. It is even more conve- nient to have a standard fixed in the base of the instrument, and a piece of tin-foil a few inches square between two planes of coated glass will be found large enough for this purpose. 112. The connexions of the instrument may be readily varied so as only to send positive currents into each cable, their direction on returning through the galvanometer being alternately reversed ; this change of connexion is effected by substituting the galvanometer for the battery in the preced- ing figure, and putting one pole of the battery permanently to earth. It obviates the necessity for the perfect insulation of the batteries from earth. On the other hand, both the charges and discharges of a piece of wire may be made to pass in succession in the same direction, and thereby to conspire in their effect upon the needle. The machine may also be employed for sending rapidly reversed currents.* APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE On the Effect of Variation in Temperature on Induction. 113. As it was known that variations in temperature had great influence on the conduction of insulating materials, it was not unnatural to expect that it might have an equally powerful effect upon induction. This has not, however, proved to be the case. The inductive capacity of almost all the materials experimented upon appears to be increased by increase of temperature, but only to an inconsiderable extent. The experiments on this subject were made at the same time :as those on the insulation of wire, and the arrangements are fully described in section 48. Wires covered with gutta percha and other insulating materials were immersed in a large tank of water, as has been already described, and the temperature artificially regulated, the induction being observed at each successive increase of 10? from 32? to 92°. The measures were taken in the manner described at section 95; and the following very necessa precaution was taken in order to eliminate errors which might arise from the variations in the magnetism of the needle and the tension of the battery. Two miles of gutta- percha wire, Nos. l and 2 in the table, were placed in a separate cistern, and kept throughout the whole experiments at a temperature of 32° by ice. These wires were used as a standard of comparison for each series, and the indications of the galvanometer were compared and adjusted by their means. their indications the same in every experiment. The varia- tions in the tension of the batteries were so considerable, that experiments taken at different dates without this pre- caution could not be relied on. 114. On examining the subjoined table, it will be found that all the wires give a slight increase at a higher tempera- ture, except the“ special " wires of the Gutta Percha Com- pany and the india-rubber wires of Messrs. Silver and Co. The wire most affected by temperature appears to be Hughes’ fluid cable, but even in this case the amount is small. The india-rubber wire of Messrs. Hall and Wells show, apparently, a much greater change; but this was probably occasioned by the mechanical construction of the wire, the water penetrating but slowly through the fibre of the exterior coating. Some of the other wires appeared to undergo а permanent increase, as, for example, that called Wray's compound. The cause of this is not understood. 115. TABLE of Induction of various Telegraph Wires at different Temperatures. Length of each Wire one Statute Mile; Battery Power 123 Cells, Daniell; Positive to Cable; Measurements taken on a Galvanometer with suspended Needle | Discharge only recorded. ER | as 88 ы con "— ez S3 _ io The Dimensions are all OF jag d 8 given in 32nds of an Inch; | 5 2 | 55 | БВ. Temp. Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. E the Length of each Wire SS |а ke 32° 42°, 52° 62°. 72°. 92° 59°, one Statute Mile. v3 |. Я 5 8 | сы Ss E 285.8 cp Ф ЛЕЧЕ ! 1, PLAIN Gutta PERCHA (A.) | 30۰0 | 30:1 30*1 30°1 30°0 30°0 , —Kept always at 32° as a 30°0 ;, 30:3 30:0 30:2 30:2 30°1 standard of comparison. (Temperature 30-0 | 30°1 30°2 30°0 30°0 30۰0 always 32°.) 30:0 | 30:2 | 30-1 | 30:0 | 30-0 | 29-9 | 30۰۹ 30*0 30۰1 30۰1 30۰0 30۰0 2 | 3 0 30.14 30:10; 30°08 300 30:00 2. CHAT TERTON' s COMPOUND * 30:3 30° 4 30:3 30-2 30:4 .(D.)—Kept always at 32° | 30*4 30:6 30:4 30.1 30,1 asastandard. Copper wire (Temperature 30:4 30:5 30:3 30:3 30˙0 of this and the preceding always 32°.) 30°4 30°7 30°3 30°0 30°2 No. 16 gauge. (See No. 6.) 30°4 30°6 30°3 30-2 30:2 2 3 8 12 30:36| 30:56, 30:32, 30:16, 30:18 3. PLAIN Gutta Prncna.— 31:5 31:5 31:4 31:8 32:2 One of the wires used for 31*6 31°4 31:2 31:7 32:2 observations on the effect of 31°4 31°4 31°4 31°7 32°4 variation in size. 31:5 31:3 31:6 31:4 32:3 31:4 31:7 32:3 2 3 60 31:50, 31:40| 31:40 31:66, 32:28| 31:28 | 31-59 кае 5 06 30:0 30:0 29:7 30°0 30'2 32:0 J— Ordinary wire be- 29-8 | 30-0 | 29:8 | 29:7 29-9 | 32-1 longing to the Electric 29 · 8 29-8 29°9 30°0 30*0 32:1 Telegraph Company; the 29:9 30.0 30-0 29:8 30۰0 32۰2 wire No. 16 gauge. 99.7 30.0 30۰2 32۰1 | ——————— —ᷓ—— | | A — 2 29۰84) 29:95| 29۰85| 29:90| 30۰06 32:10 * Tbe instrument is manufactured by Messrs. Elliott, Brothers, of Charing Cross. The number of cells was varied, so as to make On the effect of variation in tempera- ture on in. duction. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 311 115. Table of Induction of various Telegraph Wires at different Temperatures, &c.— continued. м , 5 The Dimensions are all 5 = < S| 3 8 given in 32nds of an Inch; | є P | 9S | É. Temp. | Temp. | Temp. Л the Length of each Wire 88 А29 72°, 92°, 52°, < one Statute Mile. 85 28 °° B | f 5 35 24 5 88 [G8 © 5. PLAIN Сотта PERCHA.— One of the wires used for observations on the effect of variation in size. 14 | 22:76| 22-75 aa - 22 aa · as 22 | 23:46| 22.60 22-75 —— | — ——w' —2ꝑÄĩꝑ2 n 6. CHATTERTON’S COMPOUND (D.)—Wire of gutta percha in two coatings, with a thin layer of compound (gutta percha and Stockholm tar 7) Upon the wire and between KZK 4. دا‎ T ? the two coats of percha. Copper No. 16 gauge. 8 | 29۰84| 29۰75| 29:85, 29:56 29:88 7. Gurra PERCHA Co. “s SPECIAL MATERIAL (A.)— | Composition unknown. Re- sembles gutta percha, — — — . — |e п — — ыа | а — — — — | —— —— | — ——À 8. Gurra PERCHA Co.’s SPECIAL MATERIAL (B.)— Composition unknown; laid on in coatings alternating with thin layers of Chatter- ton's compound. 9. Gorra PERCHA Co.'s SPECIAL MATERIAL (C.)— Composition unknown; laid on in coatings alternating with thin layers of Chatter- ton's compound. 10. Rapciurr’s SrrCIII. МА- Stated to be pure gutta percha only, chemically pre- pared. — | m M ——— ډډ‎ ь. 11. Races SPECIAL Ma- TERIAL (B.)— Composition as above (No. 10.) 24:56 12. GODEFROT’8 SPECIAL МА- TERIAL.—Called “ Gode- froys Improved Gutta Percha,” a mixture of gutta percha and ground cocoa- nut shell. | — ا‎ — — —— — —— — 33:52, 33-76| 33'60 34-10, 35:26 34'04 | 33:96 13. HREARDER'S) SUBMARINE CABLE.—Covered with gutta percha in two coatings, with a layer of hemp fibre. Satu- rated|with tar between the coatings. (See Phil. Mag., May 1859.) only.) 9°4 9°3 (440 yards, or mile] 9:2 9:3 9:3 AP No. 9. Nr. T. Clark, 312 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE 115. Table of Induction of various Telegraph Wires at different Temperatures, &c.—continued. The Dimensions are all iven in 32nds of an Inch ; the Length of each Wire one Statute Mile. 14. Twenty ALTERNATE CoariNGs.— Ten coatings of gutta percha alternating with ten coatings of Chat. terton’s compound. (See No. 6.) 15. Hucues’ FLUID CABLE. —Wire covered with two coats of gutta percha and enclosed loosely in an ex- terior percha tube, the in- terstice being filled with a fluid resembling tar. 16. SILVER & Co.’s INDIA RUBBER (B.)—The india rubber masticated, cut into strips, wound spirally on in many layers, and rendered homogeneous by heat. 17. SILVER & Co.’s INDIA Rosser(C.)—(For descrip- tion, see No. 16.) The ex- terior was covered with a thin adherent coating of cotton felt, not included in measurement. 18. HALL and WELLs' INDIA RUBBER (A.)—Wire co- vered with cotton thread, and lapped with spiral layers of Para india rubber masticated; then covered with elastic vulcanized india rubber thread wound very tightly. 19. HALL and WELLS’ INDIA RUBBER (B.)—(For de- scription, see No. 18.)—The first layer of pure cut Para bottle rubber, not masticated. The vulcanized thread in measurement. 20. Wray’s SPECIAL Ma- TERIAL ( À.) —A mixture of india rubber, sbellac, pow- dered silica or alumina, and a little gutta percha, in two or three coatings. 21. Wray's SPECIAL Ma- TERIAL (B.)—Same com- position as No. 20, with the omission of the gutta percha 176 yards, or ть mile only. Dates at which the observa- tions were taken. Number of (Daniell's) ele- ments employed. u| | | i | | NN | | | | е В.р 5 | ' | | SE ВЕ | O «9| | SHI ow | É | Temp. Temp. Temp. | Temp. | Temp. | Temp. Temp E ка А 22 sx | 42. | sv. | e. 795. | 92. | 52. 33 38 28 | | Е ЕЕЕ | | 5 а Беат | | | | © | | | | | | 20-6 | 20-6 | 20-6 | 21:0 | 21:0 . 22:5 | 22:8 | | 20-4 | 20-7 | 20:7 | 20-9 | 21°3 | 22:5 | 22:2 | | 20:4 | 20-7 | 20-8 | 21-0 | 21:4 | 22-6 ; 22:3 | | 20:4 20:8 20:7 | 920-8 21:1 , 99:7 | 22:2 i | 20-5 20-9 91-1 | 21-3 : 99:7 | 22:3 | J ⁵ ⁵ ⁵ RENE RENE COEM SU: MEME | | a4. 60 2 6 | 14 | 20:46| 20:70| 20:74. 20 · 6a 21 · za 2a · 6% 22:26 21:23 i | 535 | | 21:4 | 21:6 | 223 | 922-0 | 226 | 25-0 | 91:5 | 91-5 | 21:5 | 29:2 | 92-0 | 23-0 | 25-0 | 21:5 | 21:4 | 21.7 | 22:3 | 99-1 | 22:6 | 95:0 ¦ 21:5 | 21.[3 | 21:7 | 32:4 , 22:1 22.7 | 25-0 | 21:5 21:3 22:4 | 92:1 | 22:8 | 25:0 ' 21:5 | ERE СОСЕ MEME I NNNM | | | | 2 | 6 | 14 | 21-зв| 21:62| 22-32 22-06| 22:74, 25 oo 21:50 | 22-37 GE cee’ EQ Rn (ae С (GG OE Шр MOD ici | | 15:9 | 158 | 15°8 | 15-7 | 15°6 | 157 — 16:0 15:8 | 15:9 | 16:1 | 25:7 | 157 | 15-9 | 15:9 | 15°8 | 15:8 | 16:1 | 15°6 | 15:6 | 15:8 | 16:0 15:9 | 15:8 | 161 | 15:7 | 15:6 | 15-8 | 15:9 | 15: 16:1 | 155 | 157 | 15:8 | 16-0 2 | 5:24 [12۰48 | 15:84 15-82| 16:04 | 15.64 15-64 15: во 15:96 | 15-82 | 14-4 | 143 | 146 | 141 | 13:9 | 1041 | 14-3 144 | 143 | 146 | 14:2 | 13-8 | 13-9 | 14-3 | 14:4 | 143 | 1466 | 14-1 | 13:9 | 14-2 | 14-3 1455 | 142 | 14:5 j 143 | 14:0 4.0 | 14-4 | | 14°3 14°7 | 14:2 | 140 | 14°0 14°2 к= NK ЖЕ Wat MEE 88 9 | 6-2 14 · 40 | 14:28 — ЕЕ, 13:92, 14:06 | 14:30 | 14:25 NONU БИЕК VER ЕЕЕ NEM биси y ß ae 29-6 | 318 | 340 | зто | 39-5 | 453 | 44-0 29-6 | 31.7 | 34-2 | 37-0 | 39:7 | 45:2 | 44-1 99-6 | 32-0 | 34:0 | 36:8 | 40-3 | 453 | 44:2 29-7 | 32-0 | 33-9 | 37:0 | 40-4 | 45-6 | 44-3 29-5 | , 86-9 | 39:9 | 452 | 44-0 2 | 29:60| 31: ud азба a6:94| 39-96 &в-32| 4414 37-40 | | 21-8 | 93:31 | 23:7 | 244 | 36:5 | 31-1 | 31-2 22-0 | 23-0 | 93:9 | 24:5 | 96:7 | 31:4 | 31-3 99-0 | 23:0 | 23-6 | 24:5 | 267 | 31:3 | 31-5 22۰0 | 93:0 | 93-6 | 24:5 | 26:6 | 31°3 | 31-3 22-0 24-4 | 26:6 | S1:4 | 31:4 2 21۰96) 23:02| 23۰70) 24°46| 26۰62| 31:30 | 31۰34| 26-06 15:5 | 15-8 | 15:8 | 160 | 16-4 | 19:8 | 18:7 15-6 | 15:7 | 16:2 | 15:7 | 164 | 19:8 | 18-5 15:6 | 158 | 16:0 | 16-1 | 16:4 | 19-8 | 18:6 1557 | 15-9 | 16-2 | 16:0 | 165 | 19:8 | 18:5 15:7 16:3 | 16:0 | 16:5 | 19°8 | 18:4 2 15-62| 15:80 16:10| 15:96, 16:44 19:80| 18:54 | 16:89 1:6 1:8 1:7 1۰7 9:1 1۰9 1*6 1:9 1-6 1:6 9-1 2۰0 1*6 1:7 1:6 1:7 2۰0 1:9 1:6 1:6 1-6 1:8 2-0 9-0 1*6 21 | r9 2 | —— аза 1:62| 1-68 РЕ 1.94 1:77 ————— | —— ا‎ —— ——— —— —) (— 1860. March 5 March 23 Mareh зв April 7 April 13| April 26 | May 22 | — | — 128 cells | 132 cells | 132 cells! 132 cells 121 5 осе 130 cells | | | — | abe | | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 313 . 755 . : | The temperature was 54°, and the time midnight; the Arr. No.2. On the Specific Visi Ў E суо p erent ressure employed was 3 tons on the square inch, which Report b; On the spe- сена ıs equivalent to 2,555 fathoms of sea water. ‘The battery Mr. L. Clark cific inductive 116. The variation of the amount of induction through power was 512 cells, and the instrument and arrangements On the emet capacity of different material, to which Faraday has given the name of жеге the same as those described at section 93. Before of variation i i 1 i 1 "av х : : : in pressure materials. specific inductive capacity, was first noticed by Cavendish, the application of pressure 12 observations were taken, and on Inductiod. it was re-discovered by Professor Faraday, and is described the amount of induction was as follows :— | in а series of papers contributed to the Royal Society in 1849. At the date of Faraday's interesting researches it Amount or INDUCTION. could little be foreseen that such an obscure phenomenon 70 7:3 should be destined to become one day, as it has now, a 7:2 7.4 consideration of high national importance, and one which 7:2 7:4 has a direct and most important bearing on the commercial 7:2 7:3 value of all submarine telegraphs. 7˙2 7:4 In table 115 will be found instances in which wires of 74 7:3 similar dimensions, but of different materials, give induction A : varying in proportion from 16 to 23; and it follows from verage - 7:27 this, that one of these wires ina given time would send . А muc nearly 50 per cent. more messages than another, a con- Thirty minutes were occupied in making some experi- sideration of the first importance. ments on insulation, after which the pressure was applied 117. An examination of the table and а comparison of and 14 observations were taken as follows: the sizes of the wires will show great variations in the specific inductive capacity of different materials; gutta percha, especially; the modification of it called Godefroy's 75 7 6 compound, gives a higher induction than any other of the i cables examined. Next in the series is Radcliff's special material; then come gutta percha, with coatings of Chat- terton's compound, and Hughes’ fluid cable; next the wire of gutta percha with 20 alternate coatings, and Hall and Wells’ niia ube wire. The lowest inductive capacity is shown by Wray's compound, the *‘ special materials ” of the A - 7 50 Gutta Percha Company, and the india-rubber wire of arm Silver and Co. This table will be again referred to and the The pressure was suddenly taken off, when the induction respective values of these wires considered when we come to was as follows :— treat of them individually. AMOUNT OF INDUCTION. DOs ren Grn Orda Qd ел Сл Ja 8 8282 2 E cd AMOUNT or INDUCTION. On the Effect of Variation in Pressure on Induction. On the effect 118. Theeffect of variation of pressure upon the induction 0 of submarine cables is an inquiry of great interest, for the on induction. pressure of the ocean at great depths is extreme, and its influence on the insulation of cables is very considerable. It appears, however, from the experiments made, that it exercises but a slight influence upon the inductive capacity of materials, not more in fact than might be fairly attributed A veraps 7-43 to their compressibility an consequently diminished size. 78 рее The apparatus employed in this investigation has been i А before идеа to der the head of insulation, and is 8 pressure was адаш pur on, апа по figured in another part of the Appendix. It was chiefly designed by the writer. It consists of a small hydraulic press loaded with weights to maintain the requisite pressure, and of two parallel iron pipes, each one-sixtcenth of a mile long. to contain the wire under experiment. The press is formed of an upright steel piston exactly one inch in diameter, working in a cylinder of wrought iron, and having a stroke of 18 inches. It is guided in its motion by a cast- Average - 7°55 iron frame. Оп the top of this piston is placed a saddle, — from which depend four chains carrying a scale pan, in The pressure was then suddenly taken off, and the de- which were placed iron weights. The pipe leading to this flections taken were— apparatus is connected with two parallel hydraulic pipes of wrought iron in which the wires under examination were placed. ‘These pipes were each 110 yards, or one-sixteenth of a mile in length, and when not in use were open at both ends. Нен were laid side by side оп а platform, which ANN NINIS کر خی‎ э L M бл — or p mE‏ په UT O nn‏ »© ~l e 222 бл Ф Ф Ф was about three feet higher аё the distant end than at the press, to allow the ready escape of the air. The wires under examination were drawn into these pipes, and the ends made Average - 7:40 secure by a stuffing box of gun metal, a figure of which is — given in another part of the Appendix. 121. May 3, 1860.— The following experiment was made with a wire 110 yards in length, covered with Wray’s com- pound. Diameter of wire . Thickness of the insulation 27 . Battery power 508 cells. Pressure 8,556 lbs. to the J / square inch, being equivalent to a depth of 3,190 fathoms. The following was the induction before pressure was 119. Under high pressure these joints gave a great deal applied :— of trouble, and the india rubber and gutta percha in warm | Z weather would ooze bodily away before the pressure like a 4 liquid. It became necessary to prepare ends of hard vul- 4°6 canised india rubber to withstand the pressure, but these 47 frequently gave way by cracking. At other times dry : cotton was stuffed into the box round the wire before thie Average 4:6 introduction of the loose cylinder, and the joints made in this way were perfectly water-tight, but the pressure neces- sary would almost always cause the india rubber to ooze 4:9 away from the copper wire, the cotton taking its place, and 4:2 destroying the insulation. 4:9 120. In the following experiment 110 yards of gutta 4:3 percha covered wire, the copper 7; in. diameter, the gutta percha zî, іп. in thickness were secured in the hydraulic 2 pipes in the manner described. 2 „ APP. No. 2. Report b Mr. L. Clark. ` On the effect of variation in pressure : on induction, On the com- arative in- uction of iron and cope er con- uctors. 314 The pressure was instantly taken off, when the induction fell, showing 3:9 LÀ e Average - 3°95 The pressure was put on again, when the induction was— | Average - 402 ^ — 122. India rubber treated in the same way gave, before pressure was applied, an average of 45, and during pressure 4 3. Similar results were also obtained with a wire of the Gutta Percha Company's special material. These experiments show & sensible increase of induction during pressure, and appear to indicate a slight permanent increase after the pressure is removed. It 1s possible this is due to the condensation of the material and its smaller size. Some attempts were made to verify the conjecture by pens 4-inch cylinders of the material in a cast-iron ydraulic press with suitable means for measuring their compression, but they failed from the repeated bursting of the presses. On the Comparative Induction of Iron and Copper Conductors. 123. From the well-known fact that electricity under in- duction dwells only on the surface of conducting bodies, and that its quantity is the same whatever may be the material of which the conductor is composed, it might have been assumed that the induction with iron or steel wires would have been the same as with copper. It was never- theless thought necessary to make one experiment on this subject, and a mile of iron wire of the same dimensions as one of the experimental copper wires, was covered with gutta percha by the Gutta Percha Company for the purpose of comparison. Its diameter was -4 in.; thickness of gutta percha -2; in., and total diameter 19 in. The induction of 'this wire was compared with that of the copper wire of similar dimensions with a battery of 128 cells, and the results are given below. The weight of the gutta percha on the copper, as furnished by the Gutta Percha Company, was 134 lbs.; that on the iron 150 lbs.; and this difference in thickness is perhaps sufficient to account for the discrepancy in the amount of induction which is observable in the table. The insulation of the iron wire was rather more perfect than that of the copper, the leakage of the one being 1 3, and that of the other 3:7. This, however, would not sensibly affect the induction, The battery current was positive. Discharge Discharge from One Mile of from One Mile of Copper Wire, Iron Wire. 45'6 43:7 457 43:8 45:7 43:8 45:8 43:7 45:7 43°7 45:8 43۰8 45°71 43°76 124. The subject of the following experiment was to ascertain whether the amount of induction received from a cable would be altered by causing the discharge to pass turough a second length of cable. A mile of ordinary gutta-percha wire, <ê in diameter, was connected in the usual way, and the discharge with 128 cells was noted. The observations were— 31:52 The discharge of the same wire was now caused to pass through a second mile of similar wire before it reached the Average ú APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE instrument, so that the tension had an opportunity of dif- fusing itself and becoming lower. The discharges were— 32:0 31:7 32:0 31:9 Average - The connexions were now altered in such & manner that the discharges did not pass through the second mile, this last, however, being connected with the same terminal of the galvanometer as the first mile, so that the discharge had theopportunity of temporarily entering the second mile. The results were similar to the last. | 31:7 32:0 Average - 31:85 125. The next experiment is somewhat similar in character. Two separate miles of gutta-percha wire, copper , external diameter , were experimented on. For convenience we will term these wires A and B. The battery power was 128 cells. Date llth March 1860. The induction from A alone was— 39:4 38:9 39-0 39:3 H Average - Induction from B alone :— woo ts 8 5 2 تہ د یہ م‎ | | е | “I e Average - 38 B was then charged and quickly connected with A, and the two together connected to the galvanometer, so that the charge, after dividing itself between the two wires, passed through the galvanometer. The discharge was, however, sensibly the same, viz. :— BESS 8385 8 eo Average : B was next charged and joined for an instant to A, then separated, and the discharge of A taken. The induction was— З e TETAS X — © © tà Average = А was then charged and momentarily connected with B, and separated. The discharge of A was— 20 . SSS Om oO H Average - А was now charged and connected with 20 miles of cables of various descriptions, joined together in & bunch, and the discharge from the whole taken on the galvano- meter, The induction was— 2 Go Go 02 S S S S ©» O ес» л 8 | Average е. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 315 A was next 1 and its charge divided with 20 miles charge and discharge had to pass through this length of Arr. No. 2. as above, and the discharge taken from 20 miles only. The wire before reaching the cable. — induction was Me . Cl. 37 ˙0 | кок ы i Charge. Discharge. On the com- . ‚87 bi Я parntive In- A was charged, and divided with 20 miles as above, and e the discharge taken from A only. The discharge was copper 9-0 conductors. 2:0 A was again charged, and the discharge, before reaching the galvanometer, caused to pass through a mile of gutta- percha wire, as in section 145. The induction was 39 · 0 39۰0 A was charged, and the discharge caused to pass through 20 miles of wire joined up in a continuous circuit, and interposed between A and the galvanometer. The induc- tion here was— Average - 38 126. Another wire, C, was discharged in the same manner as the foregoing, through 22 miles of wire, giving the fol- lowing results :— | Average - C was now discharged direct through the galvanometer, but the 22 miles of wire were previously connected together in the form of a loop, with both ends at the same terminal of the galvanometer as C, so that the discharge had an opportunity of temporarily entering the 22 miles of wire before passing through the galvanometer. The discharge was— Average . — 127. The general deduction to be drawn from the fore- going experiments is, that the effect of the discharge on the galvanometer is not sensibly absorbed or altered by being allowed to pass through or enter into an additional lengt of wire, although we are sure, from the resistance of the galvanometer, which was equal to about 325 miles of ordi- nary No. 16 copper wire, that the discharge must at least have been for a time locked up inductively in the second wire. In fact, in the experiment in which one wire was charged and joined to the other, and then both put to the galvanometer, we are certain that this was the case. The effect on the galvanometer was somewhat increased by this division of the charge, but the increase was no greater when 22 miles were added than with one mile. Another thing we learn is such as might have been expected, namely, that when the given charge is divided among several lengths of wire it distributes itself among them all in the direct ratio of their inductive capacity. If all the wires are of similar dimensions, then the proportions of the charge in each will be equal. A similar result is shown in experiment 85, in which the discharge from 800 miles between London and Manchester, and which was of course at first much more werful near the battery than at the distant end, equalised itself throughout the whole wire when the charge was allowed to remain insulated in the cable for a few moments, and the discharge became as powerful from the distant end as from the end near the battery. 128. The following experiment affords an illustration of a law very similar to the preceding, and which may be thus stated. i^ a perfectly insulated cable be connected with a battery the charge will ultimately attain the same maximum, whatever be the length of the cable or whatever be the re- sistance of the intervening conductor. This law is easily illustrated, even in extreme cases. Thus a considerable charge may be given to a length of cable through the inter- vention of two feet of ivory, or through a piece of deal 3 feet long, or through a piece of dry string. e following case, however, is on & more practical scale. One mile of plain gutta-percha wire was charged with a battery power of 128 cells, a resistance equal to about 700 miles of line being interposed between the battery and the cable, so that the — 88888 دن‎ A en c Qo & g The same wire was now charged with the same battery, and connected direct to the galvanometer without any resistance. It will be seen that the induction, as given below, is sensibly the same as it was when it passed through 700 miles of resistance. Charge. Discharge. 30:4 30:7 30:1 30:7 30:4 30:4 30:6 30:9 30:4 30:6 30:38 — — ` 80:66 129. The wires employed in these experiments were all wound in coils of about 2 feet 6 inches in diameter. In the gutta-percha wires the coils were so loose that the water readily penetrated to every part of them, and it might be safely assumed that the static induction would be the same coiled up as when laid out in straight line. The india-rubber wire was, however, coiled so neatly and closely on the wocden drums, that it became doubtful whether the water on the exterior could enter between the coils and give free postage to the current of electricity leaving the exterior wire. o ascertain this а coil containing about half a mile of Silver and Co.’s india-rubber wire (No. 17 in the tables) was placed in a canal, and the induction measured in the usual way with a battery of 128 cells. The discharge given was— ооо оо с A o ч “I Average — The cable was then unwound and laid straight in the canal, and the induction again measured; the results were 898888888 O 1 e Pow to Average — 130. The wire used in the preceding experiment was covered with a thin coating of felt, which possibly facilitated _ the admission of the water to all parts of its exterior. Another cable of similar dimensions ( external diameter) of naked india rubber, 916 yards in length, very closely wound on a wooden drum, was therefore placed in the canal; in this condition its induction was as follows :—' Discharge. — punt — pd pd pd — pm — pat (mud pd умей —— ä — HRE Average — Arr. No. 2. Report b Mr I. Clark. On the com- arative in- uction of iron and copper conductors. 316 The same cable was then unwound and laid at full length in the canal, under which circumstances the induction was as follows: Average The increase, which was inconsiderable, might probably be ascribed to errors of observation. 131. In all the experiments hitherto described our atten- tion has been directed to the induction existing on the interior copper conductor. It might have been inferred from analogous experiments with frictional electricity, that the amount of external induction was exactly equal to that taking place internally, but the following experiments are not without interest. A large tub of water was carefully insulated by suspending it on slings of gutta percha, and about half a mile of gutta-percha wire 44nds in external diameter, with a copper conductor ½, was placed in it. The battery power used was 256 cells. The negative pole was connected with the earth, and the induction was measured in the usual way with the apparatus described at section 93. | In the first experiment the wire was placed in the tub E 132. The connexions were now changed in the manner shown in the above figure, and the current from the battery, instead of being sent into the wire, was sent into the water in the tub, while the wire was connected through the gal- vanometer with earth. In this, as in the other experiments, the connexions of the galvanometer were reversed between the charge and discharge, so that both were taken in one direction, and it is scarcely necessary to remark that in com- paring the charge and the discharge, we should add in each case the leakage to the latter. The observations taken under the new conditions just described were as follows :— Charge. Leakage. Discharge. 27:7 1:7 26:0 28.0 2*0 26:0 28° 1 2:0 26:0 27:9 2:1 25۰9 27:92 1°95 25°97 133. The galvanometer was now removed from the coil of wire and placed in circuit with the wire leading to earth, so as to measure the amount of electricity passing from the tub to earth. The battery was connected directly with the wire. The results were now— Charge. Leakage. Discharge. 28:4 2:0 26:0 28:1 2*0 26:0 28:0 1.7 26°0 28:0 1:8 25:5 — — — ——2ꝑ—2 ETE € 28.12 1:87 | 25:88 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE and the charge and discharge from the wire measured, the tub being at this time insulated from the earth. The measurements taken were— Charge. Leakage. Discharge. 7 2 6 7 3 5 7 25 55 — ———• ö ’ꝗ ——32—— ͤ —Ü—EL— — MÀ n The charge in the above experiment was of course caused by the induction of the surrounding walls and ceiling of the room. The water was now connected with the earth, and the observations repeated. "The results were— Charge. | Leakage. Discharge. | 28'4 1°8 26° 4 28°38 | 1*8 262 28'3 | 1°7 26'3 28° 2 | r7 26-4 28° 30 | 1°72 26°32 134. The galvanometer was now removed into the posi- tion shown in the above figure, so as to measure the amount of electricity passing from the battery into the water. The cable was connected to earth, and the measurements taken in each case show the amount of electricity entering the water of the tub. | | — ! Charge. Leakage. Discharge. | | | When cable not | 7 '3 | °6 to earth. | 7 3 °6 ! 287 2*4 26-9 When cable to 28°7 2°4 26°0 earth. 28°9 2°4 26°2 28°6 2°5 26'0 Average 28' 72 2* 42 26'1 135. The connexions were now replaced in the manner deacribed at section 131, but the positive and negative poles were alternately put to cable. The following tables give the results :— | — Charge. Negative to 27°7 cable. 28°4 Average 28°05 "e 28'6 Positive to cable { 28°3 28°45 Average Negative to {| 28° 1 cable. 28°3 | Average | 28'2 ш 228 ˙4 Positive to cable { ! 98°32 Average | 28' 30 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 136. The foregoing experiments sufficiently prove that . the amount of the current which enters the cable is exactly equivalent to that which leaves its exterior, and is, of course, of the same denomination. In the first experiment the electricity which entered the cable was a little in excess of that which left the tub, but the difference is perhaps sufficiently accounted for by the possibility of error in the observation. Inthe third and fourth experiment we see that the electricity entering the tub is in excess of tlíat which left the cable, but here we have no difficulty in ascribing the difference to the induction of the tub itself upon the surrounding objects, which, as we have seen, amounted nearly to a degree. 'l'he results appear, generally, to be the same with negative as with positive electricity. It is instructive too to consider, in these experiments, the changes of tension which take place. When the battery is connected with the tub it raises it, of course, to its full tension, and the insulated wire having no exit for its elec- tricity, acquires exactly the same tension, but with electri- city of the opposite 3 When, on the other hand, the battery is connected with the wire (the tub being insulated), a somewhat different result takes place. The tension of the wire is, of course, that of the battery, but the quantity of electricity disengaged from its exterior having, in the tub, a large surſace to diffuse itself upon, is neces- sarily at a tension somewhat lower than that of the battery, and the larger the tub the lower its tension; these changes of tension, however, have no effect on the indications of the galvanometer, this latter only indicating the quantity which passes through it, which quantity will be precisely equal to that entering the wire. In & cable submerged in the sea the quantity of electricity set free by a positive charge in the wire of course diffuses itself throughout the ocean generally, and in the same manner the electricity called to its surface by a negative charge is abstracted from the whole electricity of the ocean. 137. The following experiments, though they have not much interest, may be worth description. ‘The tub was charged positively, and the consequent induced cbarge in the cable was allowed to pass off to earth. The cable was then disconnected from earth and the water discharged, leaving, of course, the cable negatively charged. On now applying the positive pole to the cable through the galvano- meter, the charge was, from an obvious cause, double the amount of that given under other circumstances. In two experiments thus tried the deflections were 53? and 52°. n similar experiments performed in November 1854, two tubs were employed, with a coil in each tub; the two coils were connected together, and the battery was applied to the water in one tub and the galvanometer to the water in the other, or the water in the two tubes was connected, and the battery applied to one coil and the galvanometer to the other; the results were precisely similar to the above. The deflection on half a mile of wire hung up wet in a coil in a store room was quite perceptible on the galvano- meter, amounting to 6. A wet cloth thrown over the coil gave the same induction, viz., *6. When the wire was connected with the earth the cloth gave an induction of 15:0, and when the cloth was connected to earth the wire gave 14 5. A piece of canvas eight feet square was wetted and held out in the open air, on insulating bands of gutta percha. The induction, measured with 512 cells, was one degree. The canvas was then held in a store room as far removed as possible from the walls and ceiling: the induction was now more than two degrees; it was then folded into a small compass, and the induction became too small to be per- ceptible. 138. It became a point of some interest to determine whether there might be any essential difference in induction derived from different sources, as, for example, from a battery, from a magnet, and from a frictional machine. For this purpose one mile of india-rubber wire was taken and charged by a battery of 64 cells, which gave, on a Milner's electrometer, a tension of 94 degrees. ‘The induc- tion of this wire was measured in the usual way, and the observations gave, on the galvanometer, a swing of 18° 17° 17° 18° The battery was then removed, and a frictional machine, with a plato two feet by six inches diameter, was connected to the wire. The machine was in very bad order, but after about 50 turns the wire showed, on the Milner’s electro- meter, a tension of 94 degrees. The discharge was now 317 taken on the galvanometer in the usual manner, and the induction in four experim o EN 19° 17° 18° thus indicating that at the same tension the cable gives the same induction, whatever be the source from whence the electricity is derived. 139. The following experiments have a great similarity to those described under the heading “ Insulation," but they are important as illustrating accurately the distribution of induced electricity in a long submarine cable. 000 MILES RESISTANCE 4 MILES OF CABLE The figure above represents a battery and induction key connected with a series of resistance coils, equal to 800 miles of line wire. The key is so arranged that when it is pressed down the battery current passes through the whole 800 miles of line to the end, but when raised by its spring no current passes. Four miles of gutta-percha wire were immersed in water, and connected successively at different points along the 800 miles of line, with the intervention of the galvanometer, the battery power employed being 64 cells. When the key was suddenly depressed the current traversed the resistance coils, and a certain portion passed through the galvanometer and charged the four miles of wire up to & certain tension, which tension was, of course, the same as that of the line at the spot at which the 1 nometer was connected. The current passing through the galvanometer into the cable caused a deflection proportionate to the tension of the current. The deflections at the successive distances are recorded below: Date of experi- ment, January 7, 1860. — Charge. Discharge. Leakage. 57:0 55:9 57:2 55:6 At 800 miles — 57:0 55-8 7 | 56:5 55:7 56:8 | 55*6 J Average - 56*90 55:72 49:4 48:6 Г 49:6 48:6 || At 700 miles - 49:4 49:0 °8 49°6 48°6 49°4 48 6 49°48 48:68 (| 42:5 41:2 42:4 41:2 At 600 miles > - 49.2 41*4 °8 42°3 41:3 42:4 41°2 42°36 41°26 | | 35-0 34:5 35:0 34 · 2 At 500 miles — 34:9 34-2 “4 34:8 84-0 ; 34-8 34-0 Я 34°90 34°18 28°0 26°8 27°6 26°6 At 400 miles - 27 · 8 27 0 4 27:9 270 27:5 27:0 27:76 26:80 21*4 20*5 At 300 miles -{ 91-4 90-6 } 5 20°55 | 21-40 Ss Arr. No. 2. Report by Mr. I. Clark. On the com- arative nduction of iron and copper con- ductors. App. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. On the con- arative nduction of irou and copper con- ductore, 318 : 14°4 13°4 At 200 miles $ { 1455 1353 | i 14°35 13°45 А 1*2 6 6 At 100 miles — 1 7.9 6-6 ps 7:20 6:60 | 3-8 3:2 . At 50 mile - - 1 3-8 3:9 1 3°80 3°20 А 1:9 1*6 At 25 miles — 1 1-9 1'6 } 1 1:90 1°60 == | At 0 miles š š °0 °0 | { If we ard the amount of induction at the respective points, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 miles, we shall see at a glance that they are almost exactly proportional to the distance from the end of the line, each deflection being double the preceding one. The following experiment is almost identical with the foregoing one, the only difference being that the current was allowed to flow steadily and constantly through the 800 niles of wire, and the connexion was made by suddenl bringing the galvanometer and cable into contact wit different parts of the line wire. ‘Ihe results are given chiefly in confirmation of the preceding experiment. The battery power was as before, viz., 64 cells, and the positive to line. The key in this experiment was, of course, con- nected to the cable instead of to the end of the line wire. ` —— — — — | | | 1 56:8 55*8 Г 56:5 55*6 At 800 miles - - 57:0 55:8 7 57-0 55-9 || 57-0 556 |) 56' 86 55°74 ا‎ (| 46 484 |) || 5 48° 6 At 700 miles — -4| 4975 49-0 ۰9 || 494 48°4 (|. 6 48:4 |) 49-59 48° 56 42 41 | f 42 41 | At 600 miles b 1 7 42:1 41 421 41 42°04 41°00 34°7 34-2 34°6 34°0 |. 34° 6 34-0 : At 500 miles 34:8 34:0 | 350 34'0 At 400 miles » m Charge. | Discharge. | Leakage. Charge. Discharge. Leakage. · ‘APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Charge. Discharge.| Leakage. 21'2 20:2 21:0 20:5 ; 20'8 20:5 3 At 300 miles 20:9 20:4 210 20° 3 20-98 20' 38 14°0 13°6 14°0 13-6 ] | ; 14°0 14°0 2 At 200 miles - - 13°9 13° 6 А 13*9 13*8 13°96 13° 72 6°9 7'0 7*1 6°8 ; _ 6°9 6°8 9 At 100 miles 7:0 6'8 | 7*0 6'8 6°98 6°84 3°6 3°4 3'7 3'4 . E Е " 3'7 3'4 1 At 50 miles 37 3*4 3'8 3'3 J 3°70 3° 38 | L9 200 a ER РА i At 25 miles { r7 | 1°9 ! 80 1795 At miles - Е - In practical cases and in very long lines the leakage would slightly modify these results. 141. Havin ascertained that the amount of induction in any given section of cable was directly proportionate to the distance from the battery, it was thought desirable to ascer- tain in what proportions the discharge of each given section would divide itself between the two ends of the cable after connexion of the battery had been broken, and both ends connected to earth. It might, of course, have been foreseen that the amount of discharge would be in the inverse ratio of the resistances, and the following experiment confirms this. Resistance coils equal to 1, miles of line were taken to represent a line, the resistance including that of the galvanometer, which formed part of the circuit, and which was placed at one end of the line. Both ends of the line were connected with the earth, and a discharge from four miles of cable, with a battery power of 64 cells, was made into the line at different points along its length, and allowed to escape to earth at each end. hen one end of the line was discondecied from earth (so that the whole discharge had to pass through the galvanometer), the deflec- tion was 56:8. When both ends were connected with the earth a portion only of the discharge passed through the galvanometer. The following are the results: Cable discharged at At 500 miles O miles (that is to say, full dis- charge) - - At 400 miles from At 600 miles - galvanometer end of line. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. At 700 miles 32°6 At 700 miles -| 32-6 || At 1,000 miles 21°86 1,000 miles 21°8 32°6 21°9 32:5 21:8 32:5 21'8 32-5 21:8 32- 3254 21:84 At 1,100 miles z 18:2 At 800 miles -! 99.0 18:3 | 29-0 | 18:4 | 29°0 18°3 -.28°9 .18*3 2 0 | —— 18:30 | 28:98 ||| At 1,200 miles 14:8 | 14°8 At 900 mites «| 25:4 14:8 25*3 14:8 25:3 14:8 25*4 pm | 25°5 14:8 At 1,600 miles | 0*0 25:84 (that i is, at earth.) E 144. Let A, B, C, G represent a lodi submarine cable with a current flowing ш it, and let А, Н represent the tension near the ba Now we know by many pre- vious experiments that the tension at the other points B, C, D, E, F will vary : the distance from the battery, and that the line H, G will represent the tension of the electricity at all points; but we have seen also that the tity of induced electricity varies directly as the tension. Therefore the perpendiculars B, C, D will correctly represent the quantity of induction in an ‘small section of the cable at those pales and in fact the line H, G may be taken to represent the amount of induction at all pomts along the line in the same manner as it was formerly taken to repre- sent the amount of tension. ‘The whole amount of induc- tion then in a cable is represented by the triangle H, A, G, and if the triangle be divided into sections by the perpen- diculars A, B, C, D, E, F, the area included between any two of the perpendiculars will correctly represent the amount of induction upon that section of the cable. Now it is one of the properties of the triangle, that if the base A, G be di- vided by any number of equal lengths, and perpendiculars such as B, C, D, &c., be erected upon it, and if we call the area of the smallest section F, Gl, the ares of all the other sections will increase in the ratio of the odd numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and so on; and this is true into whatever number of lengths it may be divided. Consequently if the whole length of any submarine cable be concetved to be di- vided into any number of equal parts, the quantity of elec- tricity stored up inductively in each section will be in the ratio of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, &c. is а very simple and important law and easily remembered in practice. If, for example, we su a cable divided into two halves, the section nearest the battery will have three times the electricity of the section meanest the earth. Or if a cable be divided into three parts, the nearest section will have five parts of electricity, the middle three parts, and the distant section one part, and this disposition of the electricity exists so long as the current is passing. It is also quite independent of the battery power, always bearing in mind that the standard - tension of any section береза not on the number of cells, but on the actual tension measured close to the battery. 145. If the battery be now disconnected from the cable, the whole of the electricity will flow out at the distant end to earth; but if, on the other hand, the near end of the cable at the instant it is disconnected from the battery is connected with earth, a much larger quantity of electricity rushes out at the near end than at the distant end, for we 319 142. An examination of the above experiment shows, as might be expected, that the discharge from each section divides itself between the two ends in an inverse proportion toits distance from them. But this is true only in the case above cited, where the line wire is free from all electricity except that of the small section of cable under experiment. In practice we have not to consider the discharge from one section of the cable only, but every section is endeavouring to discharge itself at the same time, and as these sections are all charged at different degrees, a different law comes into action, Which will be treated of further on. 143. We are now in a position to consider the effects of induction in connexion with long submarine cables having their distant end connected with earth in the manner in which they are em ont he in practice. We have seen that the amount of in one is to say the quantity of electricity stored up by induction) in any given portion of a cable varies directly as the tension of the battery current at that point. And we have seen moreover that in a long wire connected at one end to the earth with a current assing thro it, the tension is at a maximum near the attery and regularly to zero at the distant end. It might nasil be e inferred that the quantity of induction at successive points along such cables would also diminish directly as the distance from the battery increases and become 0 at the distant end. This law, which is confirmed by numerous experiments, may he rendered clearer by a diagram. | have seen that three-fourths of the whole electricity is lodged in or near the half, and, in addition to this, its tension is enormously greater. 146. Before proceeding further with this point we will give some examples of the disposition of the electricity along the different sections of a submarine cable. The experi- ments about to be described were made on a submarine cable containing six conducting wires and 77 miles in length. The cable, which isthe propery, of the Electric and International Telegraph Company, was lying in the East India Docks. It was not submerged end. r water, but it is well known that this circumstance makes little or no differ- ence in the amount of induction observed.* It contained six conducting wires, and by joining these end to end, a length of Hd miles was obtained. ‘The coating of gutta percha is 3, inch in thickness, and the copper is No. 16, а 2 in diameter. Fortunately for the experiment, the asd was of the kind in ordinary use before attention was to the conducting power of commercial copper, conse- quently its conductivity was extremely low, and this, together with its small dimensions, made the induction of the cable very considerable, and rendered it very suitable for experiments upon the retardation of currents. In fact the current of electricity sent into one end of the cable occupied * 16 of a second before it appeared at the distant end of the 462 miles. The six conducting wires, before being covered with hemp and iron, were twisted together into along spiral, and experiments were made to ascertain that this condition and the magnetic influence of the iron did not affect the quantity and speed of the electricity flowing through them. * It way be well in this place to explain why this should be so. The whole amount of electricity which a cable can hold inductively under any battery power is comparatively small, and we have seen that it is distributed proportionally along the whole length of the ae Now, whatever amount of electricity enters тосса ÍE precisely the same amount of electricity, of the same c has to leave the exterior and escape to earth. Now, since the quantity which leaves the whole of the cable is but small, the quantity which remains stored up in any smail section must be excessively small This quantity, whatever it may be, has only to travel from the surface of the gutta percha to the iron con- ducting wires of the cable, an average distance of less than a quarter of an inch, for of course the iron covering of the cable has a perfect com- munication with the earth. Now,itis wellknown that suc hemp are CUTE conductors to Quantity of electricit totheiron wire with ee facility. It is, in t, as efficient for this purpose as water would be, for it is not neces- that the conduction should be absolutely instantaneous ; the charge or discharge of a cable occupies an appreciable time, therefore the hemp may avail itself of the same period for сортов external electricity Ss 2 substances off this minute ' from the gutta percha to the iron cable and App. No. 2. R. port b Mr. L. Clark. — On the com- arative nduction of iron and copper ductors. con - 320 77 miles. 77 miles. 77 miles. 147. Let A G represent the whole 462 miles of cable, and the length A B, B C, C D, &c., the six conducting wires supposed to be joined end to end in one continuous length. The discharge from each of the six conducting wires was measured with a battery power of three cells and with the galvanometer formerly described ; the current employed in all these experiments was positive. Length А B. 77 miles BC. do. — CD. do. - DE. do. - EF. do - FG. do - Average The whole length of cable when tested for leakage or earth gave the following results :— Battery Power. | Deflection of Glavanometer. 1 cell - — 2° 2 cells - - 8* 3 cells - - 15:3 4 cells - - 20:2 5 cells - - 25:9 6 cells - - 30° 148. The following means were resorted to to determine the distribution of the electricity in the different sections of the cable while the current was flowing and after the ten- sions had assumed their permanent etate :—A continuous current from three cells was sent through the cable, and a peculiar key was constructed by which any given section, such as A, B or C, D, could be struck out, asit were, from the cable; that is to say, the particular section could be in- stantaneously disconnected from the remainder of the cable and have both ends placed in connexion with the galvano- meter, so that whatever charge happened to reside in it at the time was compelled to pass through the galvanometer to earth and register its quantity. It is unnecessary to de- scribe the construction of this key, its nature being sufficiently obvious. The different sections of the cable were successively treated in this manner, and the subjoined table shows the several results :— Calculated is оа: Numbers іп == flection. the Ratio Ее i 3 5 AG Length A B = 77 miles. 36°4 (See fig. 147.) 36° 5 36° 6 36°5 Average - 36° 50 36° 52 Length B C = 77 miles. 29°9 30°1 30° 1 30° 1 Average - 30°05 29° 88 Length C D = 77 miles. 23°0 22°9 23°0 22'8 Average — 22 92 23' 24 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE 77 miles. 77 miles, 77 miles. Length D E = 77 miles, Average - Length EF = 77 miles. Average - Length FG = 77 miles. Average 149. If the foregoing numbers be plotted out as ordinates upon a horizontal scale, they will all be found to fall exactly in a straight line, and to form a triangle such as that repre- sented at section 28. This regularity may be numerically traced by adding together the first and last sections, also the second and fifth, and the third and fourth. The sum in each case will be found the same. This experiment affords another confirmation of the theory that the amount of induction varies inversely in proportion to the distance from the battery, and that its amount in the several sections varies in the ratio of 1, 3, 5,7, 9, 11, &c. For the purpose of comparison a column of calculated num- bers in these ratios is е It is surprising how closely the electricity in each section corresponds with that given by calculation. Now, in this case the tension was reduced in the different sections by leakage as well as by the flowing out at the distant end. But since both causes follow the same law of variation (section 43), the ratio above mentioned equally prevails both in cables of perfectly and imperfectly insulating materials. 50. In the next experiment & battery power of only one cell was, employed; a continuous current flowed through the whole length of cable, and the arrangements were the same as before. 'l'he sections of cable struck out were in this experiment gradually increased from 77 to six times 77, or 462 miles; and the amount of electricity in each section is shown in the following table. The letters refer to fig. 146. Current Current flowing flowing Backwards | Parallel in all Wires. _jand Forwards, Length A B = 77 miles, or one 6°7 6°7 wire. 6°8 6°8 6°9 6°9 6'9 6°9 6°9 6:9 6'84 6°84 Length AC = 154 miles, or two 12°9 12°8 wires. 2'6 12°8 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Current Carrent flowing flowing Backwards | Parallel in and Forwards all Wires. Length A D = 231 miles, or three 17°6 17°6 wires, 17°4 17°6 17°3 17°4 17°4 17°4 17° 50 Length A E = 308 miles, or four 21:8 wires, 21:8 21:8 21'4 Length A F — 385 miles, or five wires. Length AG = 462 miles, or six wires. 151. It will be observed that in the above experiment means were taken to ascertain whether any change was produced in the quantity of induction by either making the current flow through all the six wires continuously in the same direction, so that all the currents were flowing parallel; or reversing the direction of the current in each alternate section, so that the current in three of the wires flowing in one direction, and that in the other three in the opposite direction. The result shows that the difference is extremely small and practically of no importance; but still a certain effect is decidedly manifest, and the existence of any differ- ence at all is a matter of much interest, and deserving of the attention of electricians. It will be seen that in every case rather more electricity existed in the wire when all the currents traversed the cable in a parallel direction, than when the currents traversed backwards and forwards. Now, the existence of a difference in the time of the passage of the current, or in the amount of induction at the first instant of contact with the battery, would have been a matter occasion- ing no surprise, for the passage of the parallel currents might, and doubtless would have produced a temporary magnetic action on the iron wires, which would not appear when the currents neutralized each other by passing in оше directions. Moreover, the well-known inductive effect produced by a current in one wire upon the neigh- bouring one would account for any initial or final effects of this character. But in the manner in which the experiment was devised these influences ought to have no effect, for at the time the lengths of cable were struck out the current was flowing uniformly, and the disconnections were so instantaneous, that there could not have been time for any such effects to come into play. The results doubtless represent with great accuracy the quantity of electricity in the cable at the instant of disconnexion, which took p ‘after all effects of magnetisation had equalised themselves. It is just possible that the time occupied by the discharge was a little longer in one case than in the other, and that during that interval some minute portion of electricity escaped from the cable by leakage. (See 158.) At sec- tion 183 will be found some other experiments which bear on this point. 152. Passing on from this point, we remark that the induction from the whole length of cable AG is by no means six times as great as that from one section AB. It is true we know nothing of the actual tension of the current in the different cases, for although the battery power was one cell, it was small; and with a short length of wire its tension was probably lees than with a long length. (See section 23.) But this explanation tells in the wrong direc- tion, for on the supposition that the tension was more near! equal to one element with the 462 miles than with the 77 321 miles, the induction from the greater length should have been more than six times as great as that from the lesser, which is not the case. The real explanation of this is pro- bably found in the fact that the leakage of the cable was rather considerable (see section 158), and that, consequently, while the current was flowing out of the longer cable, there was time for a considerable portion to escape on the way ; and this supposition will be confirmed if we refer to 'l'able 148. In that experiment the sum of all the induc- tions of the six sections of cable was 119۰66, but as this was taken with three cells, we know that with one cell the amount would have been one-third, or 39:88, which is much larger than we get from the whole length A G in the present experiment. 153. In the next experiment the same battery power and disposition of apparatus was employed, but the respective sections of the wire A, B, C, D, &c., instead of being con- nected in continuous lengths, were joined together side by side, so that the current flowing parallel through them divided itself equally among all the wires in circuit. With one wire only = 77 miles. 71 With two parallel wires of 77 miles, (Resistance = 88'5 miles.) With three parallel wires of 77 miles. (Resistance 6 = 25'6miles.) 17°8 9 With four parallel wires of 77 miles, (Resistance = 19°2 miles.) With five parallel wires of 77 miles. (Resistance = 15°4 mile.) With six parallel - wires of 77 miles. (Resistance 28'0 = 12'8 miles.) . 28°0 8°0 8°0 154. The first thing we observe in the above experiment is the unexpected accordance between its results and those in the preceding table. The resistance of the circuit in this last experiment was of course smaller and smaller in every successive case, and when the whole six wires were joined up parallel, the whole resistance was one-sixth of 77 miles, or 12:8 miles. In the preceding experiment, with the same length of cable, the resistance was six times 77, or 462 miles, and yet the amount of induction in the two cases is almost identical. ‘The circumstance which occurs again, that the induction of the whole six wires is less than six times that of one, may in this case readily be explained, on the supposition that the tension of the battery was lowered by the free discharge through six cables at once. But the accordance of the results in the two experiments is not so easily understood. 155. The next table is intended to show the whole amount of induction in one, two, and three sections of the cables respectively with one cell, the cable being insulated at both ends and fully charged; it is given chiefly for the purposes of reference and comparison. . А Sa 3 Arr. No. 2. Report b Mr. L. Clark. On the com- erative uction of iron and copper con- ductors. Arr. No. 2. Report by Mr L. Clark. On the com. arative uction of iron and copper con- ductors. 322 Sections Sections connected connected — together in together in a ries. Bunch. Full discharge of one section, or 13°4 13°4 77 miles. 13°5 13°5 13°6 13°6 13°4 13°4 13°47 13° 47 Full discharge of two sections, or 24°9 25°2 154 miles. 24°9 25°2 24°7 25'3 24 8 25'3 24' 82 25' 25 Full discharge of three sections, 33'0 35'0 or 231 miles. 33° 2 35°0 33° 0 35° 0 33° 0 35° 0 33° 05 35°00 156. In one column is given the amount when the cables are joined end to end in a series, in the other column the amount when joined in a bunch, that is to say, all parallel. It will be seen that the induction of one section alone was 13°47, and therefore the induction from the three ought to have been 40:41 if there had been no leakage; but owing to the imperfect insulation the discharge when the wires were joined continuously was reduced from 40° to 33°, and even where three were joined on in a bunch so as to allow free access to the galvanometer, the induction was still reduced from 40° to 35°, the galvanometer having a resistance of 325 miles. It may be interesting to remark that the mere discharge of 77 miles disconnected from earth with one cell, namely, 13°47, is just about twice as great as the same section A of the cable gave when it formed part of the whole length of cable in experiment 150, which indicates that the tension of the battery was reduced nearly one-half by being allowed to discharge itself through the wire. 157. The next experiment is almost a repetition of those at 153 and 155, but it presents some points of interest. The arrangements were the same as in those experiments, and the battery power one cell. The letters refer to the figure at section 147. Length A B, 77 miles. Discharge received from both ends at once. Length F G, 77 miles. Length A C, 154 miles. 21° — — —— ü — — — Length C E, 154 miles. 12° APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Length E G, 154 miles. | 4°7 4°5 4°6 4°5 4°57 Length A D, 231 miles, 26°4 26°4 26°2 26°3 26° 32 Length D G, 231 miles. 9'2 е 9*1 9°0 9*0 9°07 Length D G, 231. Discharge received from 8*0 end D only. 7°9 8'1 8'0 8'00 Length D G. 231 miles. Discharge received 9'0 only from end G. 9*0 9°1 8:9 6 9°00 Length A G, 462 miles, Discharge received 22°9 from end A. 22° 6 22°6 22°6 22° 67 Length A G, 462 miles. Discharge received 24'6 from eud G. 24°6 24°4 24°5 24 52 Length A С, 462 miles. Discharge received 275 from both ends. 27'4 27'4 27'5 27°45 158. The ratios of the several sections 1, 3, 5, 7, &c. (section 144) may be abundantly traced throughout the experiment as before. In the later results it is well to note the influence of leakage as shown in the difference between the discharge obtained from A, D, G, and A, G, when these sections had their near ends and their distant ends respectively con- nected to the galvanometer. In the last experiments the measure is given when the charge was taken from the near end, the distant end, and it is well worthy of notice that it is greater from the latter than from the former. This interesting phenomenon will be understood by reference to Faraday’s [реге Researches, vol. i. p. 322, and vol. ii. p. 208. | 159. А long series of experiments, extending over many days, was made on the effect of compelling the discharge from & given section of cable, to pass through other lengths of cable, or joining them up in the manner described in experiment 125. The results were anomalous, but were subsequently found to have been vitiated, owing to imperfect joints in the gutta percha, and were, therefore, rejected. The cause which led to their rejection was how- ever, instructive. A series of joints had been made in the cable and the ends were led into the testing hut. "Through the carelessness of the workmen these joints had been made by binding thin sheets of gutta percha on the joints, which were not united by heat. The consequence. was that the rain penetrated them, and the copper on one side, acting through the wet joints and the earth to the iron exterior of the cable upon the other, formed & battery of one element, which ually though very slowly, caused the whole interior conducting wire ef the cable to charge itself, so SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. that after remaining quiescent 15 or 20 minutes, the cable was found to have acquired a spontaneous charge equal to that due to the tension of a battery formed of iron and and copper. The charge, of course, accumulated very gradually ; any number of small discharges could be obtained from the cable at intervals of & minute without the intervention of the battery. This result, which has rendered a long series of investigations useless, is here mentioned, because it may throw a useful light on the phenomena of spontaneous currents which are at times observed in submarine cables. 160. The following table gives the amount of discharge received in the ordinary manner from a certain section of the cable A B 77 miles in length direct, and also the same charge received successively through 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sections of cable, inserted between the section and the galvanometer. ‘The galvanometer was not the one usually employed, it had thick wire, the current positive, with 20 cells. The differ- ence in these results is probably owing to leakage alone. The averages only are given. J; es 8 — Average. iaoe С ee ee Discharge from 77 miles of cable direct through 33°5 galvanometer. Same discharge through 77 miles of cable - 32°9 » » 154 „ » - 32:8 » » 231 „ » $ 31:9 » » 308 „ » - 30۰0 » » 385 „ » $ 28:7 nS SEN 161. We now give the averages of experiments made (Feb. 9, 1860) to ascertam the amount of discharge from varying lengths of cable, the distant end being connected to earth :— niet pe .. ( | Fine Wire | Thick Wire Galvanometer, Galvanometer, — Resistance Resistance 125 Miles. уу Mile. | Five Cells. | Ten Cells. Average of discharge from 77 | 1°17 2°30 miles or | section. Average of discharge from 154 | 11°27 8°25 miles or 2 sections. Average of discharge from 231 24°97 13°20 miles or 3 sections. Average of discharge from 308 38°70 19-00 miles or 4 sections. Average of discharge from 385 52-80 24°20 miles or 5 sections. Average of discharge from 462 67°20 29°60 miles or 6 sections. 2 T 886 162. It should be remembered that the resistance of the galvanometer used in the first series, placed in circuit at the near end, was 125 miles, and this resistance compelled a much larger quent of the charge to pass out at the distant end than woul otherwise have been the case. To reduce this effect the experiment was repeated with a thick wire galvanometer, offering little resistance, the battery power being increase to 10 cells. The relative value of the indications of this galvanometer are not known, and the results given cannot, therefore, be numerically compared with those in the first column. Such as they are, however, they appear to increase less rapidly than the square of the length. | 103 The idea has sometimes existed that by placing two wires A, B, in the same core, and charging one positively at the same time that the other is charged negatively, their mutual action will prevent the effects of induction; this is, however, not the case. The induction going on between A and the surrounding water would not be, in any way, affected by the presence of B, except in the particular direction oceu ied by B; and, on the side presented towards В, the induction, instead of being less, would be greater than anywhere else ; first, because D is nearer to A than the exterior water; and, second, because the difference of tension between À and B is greater than between A and the water. The effect, therefore, as for as it goes, would be to increase instead of diminish the induc- . 323 tion sustained by A. If two wires be employed at all under such circumstances, they should not be charged with opposite currents, but both with the same current. In this case the induction sustained between A and the earth would, as before stated, be unaffected, except on the side pon to B; but on this side, since the tension of A and would be the same, there would be no induction, there- fore, to a small extent, the induction would be less than if B were absent, but the advantage gained would be too small to have any practical value. If A could be entirely surrounded by a number of wires, D, B, B, so closely as to shield it altogether from the inductive action of the earth, and these wires were charged at every point along the line, and every successive instant to the same tension and with the same electricity as A, then we should do away altogether with induction in A. The charge of electricity would pass through A instantaneously. This may be done by sur- rounding A with an insulated tube of wires, and charging the tubes simultaneously with the same electricity as A. But this idea has no more practical value than the former, for we have even greater difficulty in charging the tube to the proper tension than in charging the wire, on account of its large inductive surface. 164. Neither is it of any use to charge the tube and leave it permanently charged, either with positive or negative electricity, for, whatever the charge of the tube, the changes of tension of A would be as great with respect to it as in respect to the earth; and wherever there are changes of tension, or wherever there is difference of tension, there will be equivalent changes and amount of induction. For example, if the tube be charged ositively either from one end or through its whole lenp ih, the charge would cause an equivalent discharge to take place out of A exactly equal to that which A itself would have sustained with the same tension, and this charge has to be restored to A and taken out again at every signal to precisely the same extent as if B had been absent. 165. We now come to consider the laws which regulate the quantity of charge which enters a cable whose distant end is to carth when the battery is momentarily applied to to it, and the discharge from each end of such a cable when its ud end is removed from the battery and connected with earth. These are the ordinary conditions under which long sub- marine cables are worked. We have also to consider for the first time a new element in these investigations, viz., that of time. The entire commercial value of the telegraph depends on the time occupied in charging and discharging, and the rate at which signals can be distributed through the cable within a given period. The name of “ retarda- tion” was given to this phenomenon by the author when first seen, and is still the one commonly applied. 166. Before the contact of the battery with a cable the tension of the former is at its maximum, but upon contact the current enters freely into the empty cable, the tension, unless the battery be immensely large, at first falling, and again rising as the successive sections of the cable gradually become charged. The tension near the battery gradually becomes greater, until the flow of electricity out at the dis- tant end equals the supply at the near end, and all the tensions have attained their final state. During this in- terval the tensions would be represented at each moment by acurved line if the battery be small, and by a straight line if it be infinitely large. — eK ea ee ана: A 8 с 167. Now, after the equilibrium has been so obtained, we have seen that the quantity of electricity in any given section of cable as A, B, may be represented geometrically by the triangle A, B, D; also, that if the tension of the battery remain the same, the quantity in any longer cable A, C, may also be represente by the triangle A, C, D. Now, if we suppose the cable A, B, to be 100 miles long, and A, C, 200 miles, we shall see that the whole amount of electricity under induction in A, C, will be twice as great as in A, B; for the triangle A, B, D, is one half the paral- lelogram A, B, E, D, and the triangle A, C, D, is likewise half the parallelogram A, C, F, D; and since of these two parallelograms one is just twice as large as the other, the triangle À, C, D, will be twice as large as A, B, D. The whole electricity in the 200 miles will therefore be exactly twice as great as that in 100. It will be seen at the same time that the average distance through which the electricity has to flow before reaching its destination, and before re- turning to the earth, is exactly twice the average distance which the electricity in A, B, has to flow ; and therefore, the longer cable A, C, not only has twice the electricity in it, but that electricity has twice as far to к and, conse- 8 8 Apr. No. 2. Report b Mr. L. Clark. On the com- arative nduction of iron and copper con- ductors, Apr. No. 2. Rep'rt by Mr. L. Clark. On the com- parat ve induction of iron and copper con- ductors. On vcl city of tranan sin in call 8. 324 quently, the time occupied by the charge and discharge will be four times as long. Similarly, if the cable A, C, had been three times as long as A, B, the quantity of electricity under induction would have been three times as great, and the average distance it would have had to traverse would also have been three times as far, and consequently it would have taken nine times as long to become charged. In other words, the time occupied in charging and discharging a cable, with its distant end to earth, will, according to this theory, vary as the square of its length. This law was first enunciated by Professor Thomson in a paper read before the Royal Society in May 1855, and published in the Pro- ceedings of that year, in which the question was submitted to the highest mathematical analysis. 168. It has been shown in experiment 91 that there was no increase in the speed of transmission of the electric cur- rent by increasing the tension of the battery, and we will sec why this is the case. Let the induction in a cable with any given tension, say 100 elements, be represented by a triangle, as in figure 144, and let the time occupied by the pisse of the electricity into the cable be represented by 1. Now, if we double the tension of the battery, the quantity of electricity contained in the cable will be twice as grent as it was before; but while entering the cable ench particle will be forced in under twice the tension that PESE en the first case; and we have seen that the quantity of electricity flowing through a wire in a given time varies directly as the tension, consequently the double quantity contained in the cable under the double tension will occupy the same time in entering and leaving the cable as the original quantity did under the lower tension. On Velocity of Transmission in Cables. 169. The measurement of the time occupicd in the trans- mission of electric currents through a submarine wire is one cf the most delicate operations in electricity, for even in wires of considerable length the time occupied in the trans- mission of a current is extremely small. Professor Wheat- stone was the first to attempt this delicate problem, and the highly scientific experiments which he made on this subject would alone have been sufficient to immortalize his name. At the time these experiments were made the effects of induction were overlooked as regarded the retardation of electric currents, and it was supposed for many years that his experiments had established the absolute velocity of electric propagation. The velocity, as observed by that philosopher, was 288,000 miles per second. This velocity is greater than any that has since been obtained by other observers. ‘The experiments were performed on copper wires suspended in an apartment; and it is now pretty clearly ascertained that even this retardation, small as it is, is of the same nature as that experienced in submarine cables. In other words, the two ends of the wire which were joined to the positive and negative coatings of an elec- tric battery, without any connexion with earth, took up positive and negative charges respectively, and the delay experienced in the appearance of the current at the distant end was in reality that occupied by the transmission of this charge through the length of wire under experiment. This quantity wes by no means inconsiderable, for it is well known that such a length of wire as that employed, viz., half a mile, would contain sufficient electricity to give a violent shock to the system. But if this wire, instead of being in a room, could have been stretched out in space awəy from the inductive influence of neighbouring bodies, the charge of the wire would have been proportionally less, and the velocity of propagation vastly greater, but to what extent it is impossible to say. 170. Mr. S.C. Walker made many experiments on telegraph wires in America, and he found the velocity to be about 13,000 miles per second. His method involved the use of electro-magnets, and cannot therefore be implicitly relied on, but it is very ingenious; a description of it will be found in Nichols’ Encyclopedia of Physical Science, Art. ELectro-DyNnamics. Passing over the results of other experimenters, which differ widely from each other, we come to the highly ingenious method of ascertaining the velocity of an electric current employed by Messrs. Fizeau and Gounelle, in a course of experiments which were made at Paris in November 1858, of which mention is made in the volume to which we have just referred, and which are more particularly described in the Annales Telé- graphiques for 1858, They employed two revolving discs of ivory, fixed on the same axis, each carrying on the opposite бово the diameter metallic plates let into the ivory. letallie springs pressed against the circumferences of these discs, and, making contact with the metal plates, formed part of a circuit. ‘The current, in leaving the battery, passed through one of the ivory discs, and in returning passed through the other. One of the discs was slightly APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE turned round on its axis into such & position that just as one of the springs was entering on the plate which con- veyed the outgoing current, the spring of the return current was leaving its plate. It is evident that by this arrange- ment, as long as the wheel remained at rest in any position, the circuit was not complete, and no current could pass along the wire. The same was the case if the discs were made to revolve, so long as the current travelled instan- taneously. If, however, the current occupied a sensible time in its passage, it would give time for the plate on the second disc to come round into such a position as to com- plete the circuit at the right moment and allow the returning current to pass through a galvanometer to earth. By adjusting the two discs into such a position as that they gave their maximum effect on the galvanometer, and observing the rate of rotation, the velocity of the electric wave was easily determined. We have merely indicated the outline of this system, but it is well worthy of attentive study, and, with certain modifications, is admirably suited for obtaining the velocity of electric currents. 171. The instrument employed in the following experi- ments on the velocity of electric currents was a modified form of the type-printing telegraph of Professor Hughes, and our acknow e igini are due to that gentleman both for the loan of the necessary instruments and his earnest co-operation. The whole of the following experiments were performed under his skilful superintendence, and many weeks of assiduous attention were voluntarily and gratuitously devoted by him to these and other investi- gations connected with the subject. A description of this apparatus will be found in the Journal of the Society of Arts, April 1859, and also in Prescott's History of the Electric Telegraph. The instrument contains a type wheel, upon which are engraved the letters of the alphabet. By means of a weight and chain and arrangement of wheels this type wheel is kept revolving at a uniform rate, and is not in any way checked even while printing letters. Its uniformity of rate is maintained by a governor, consisting of a ratchet wheel and escapement, which, instead of being controlled by a pendulum in the usual way, is governed b a stiff spring, which vibrates about 3,000 times in a second. It is scarcely necessary to say that the vibrations of the spring are as synchronous as those of a pendulum. On a shaft in connexion with the type wheel an arm is carried, which sweeps round ona horizontal table performing the same number of revolutions as the type wheel itself. ‘This table carries around its circumference 28 small moveable pins corresponding to the 28 letters on the type wheel. Each of these pins is in connexion with a key and key-board like that of a piano. Ifany one of these keys be depressed, its corresponding pin is raised, and the arm in the course of its rotation comes into contact with it, and by a peculiar arrangement transmits the electric current along the line. The receiving part of the instrument is provided with an electro-magnet, which, as soon as it is acted upon by the current, disengages the apparatus connected with a band of paper, which it raises momentarily into contact with the type wheel, from which it receives the impression of what- ever letter happens to be opposite to it at the time. The зарег is not only raised into contact with the type wheel, but is for a moment borne forward at the same velocity as the wheel, and the impression, therefore, is very sharp and perfect. Now, if the type wheels of two distant instruments are adjusted, and are set revolving together at the same speed, the same letters will always be passing any given pu together, and any instantaneous current acting on oth magnets at once will print the same letters on both instruments. Although this at first sight seems a very difficult mechanical problem, it is accomplished with the most perfect facility and precision in the beautiful instru- ment of Professor Hughes. Some minute portion of time is occupied in the movement of the electro-magnet and of the printing arrangement, but this time is perfectly constant, and is permanently com- pensated once for all by advancing slightly the arm of the type wheel which traverses the table. In this condition, whichever of the keys be depressed, the corresponding letter is by the action of the electro-magnet instantly imprinted upon the paper, which only moves as often as a letter is printed. 172. It is not the place here to describe the highly in- genious contrivances resorted to to obtain this precision, but an allusion to the peculiar and original form of the electro- magnet employed is necessary. It is a combination of the permanent magnet and electro-magnet. Two poles of a permanent horse-shoe magnet are ишо by cylinders of soft iron surrounded hy coils of wire, and provided with an armature of the usual kind. This armature, which lies in contact with the soft iron poles of the magnet, is held fast by the action of the permanent magnet. The attraction of the armature is counteracted by an opposing spring, which SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. tries to force it away from the electro-magnet, and is so adjusted that it almost overcomes the force of the magnet. In this state of things a most feeble current of electricity acting with the spring is sufficient to overcome the attraction of the magnet and the armature flies away, and by so doing brings the pee into contact with the type wheel and prints а letter. The next instant it is again mechanically forced down into contact with the electro-magnet, and is held there until released by the second current. Now in charging an ordinary electro-magnet some considerable time elapses before the iron becomes magnetised, and a still longer time before the armature acquires any sensible motion, and this length of time is variable and uncertain, depending on the quantity of electricity traversing the coil. But the action of Professor Hughes’ form, which acts by demagnetising rather than by magnetising, appears to be to a great extent independent of the variation in the force of the current, and to be almost instantaneous, and its subsequent motion, when released, being governed solely by the spring, is of course uniform. It is moreover sensitive to the action of currents of the most feeble duration such as those from induced electricity. 173. The type wheel in these experiments revolved at the rate of 1074 revolutions per minute, and its circumference was divided into 28 equal divisions or letters. At this speed there would pass any given point 50 letters per second, so that each letter is equal to +1; second of time. For the sake of convenience each letter is supposed to be divided into 20 parts, each of which would be equal to 5,55 of a second. These latter 20 divisions were estimated by the eye, according as the letter was printed full, or a little on one side. The following scale will show these divisions :— A = 000 of a second. (AB) = 010 Е В = 020 » (ВС) 2:030 „ C = 040 3 (CD) = · 050 З, D = 060 3s E = 080 n Е =:100 Є G =:'120 га Н = 140 us I =.160 ы Ј =:'180 " 174. We have before said that if the line wire beextremely short when any key, as, for example, A is touched, the cor- responding letter À is instantly printed on the paper. But if the line wire be a long one, and subject to induction, so that some sensible portion of time elapses before the current traverses the wire and reaches the magnet, the type wheel will have passed on through some small space. ‘The letter printed will therefore no longer be A, but some other letter, such as B or C ; and it is easy to calculate by the preceding table the time which elapses during the passage of the current. In the following experiments the key depressed is invariably that which corresponds to the letter A. 175. In the first experiment a current was sent through a resistance coil equal to 460 miles of line, and the letter printed was invariably A, showing that the resistance of the coil had not any effect in diminishing the velocity of the passage of the current, but only that of lessening its amount. 176. The instrument was now connected through one of the wires of the submarine cable before described (section 146), having six conducting wires each 77 miles in length, the copper conductors being No. 16, or 2, in. in diameter, and the gutta percha .5; in. in thickness. As the six wires were twisted into a spiral rope before being enveloped in the iron, the actual length of each wire was probably about five per cent. greater than the length of the cable itself; that is to say, about 81 miles. We shall speak of it, however, as 77 miles. The near end of the cable was connected with the transmitting part of the apparatus, and the distant end was connected through the magnet to earth. The letter now printed at each operation was B, with a slight approach towards C, equal to 25 thousandths of a second. In every experiment 40 or 50 impressions were printed, and always with the most invariable uniformity. 177. The experiment was repeated, but sending the current through 154 miles of cable. The letter printed was C, with an indication of D, or 45 thousandths. 178. The instrument was connected with 231 miles of cable, or three times the original length; and the letter given was E, or 80 thousandths. 179. The instrument was connected with 308, and gave G, with an indication of F, or 115 thousandths. 180. With 385 miles, or five times the original length, the letter was H, or 140 thousandths, and the interval of time between the contact and the action of the printing apparatus became very perceptible to the ear. 825 181. With 462 miles of cable, or six times the ongina length, the letter was I, or 160 thousandths of a second. 182. These experiments were repeated many times, with slight variations of adjustment of the strength of the spring of the electro-magnet ; but in no case did the variation of time differ more than 5 thousandths from the above. If the above numbers be plotted out as ordinates, they will be found to fall nearly in & straight line, and to favour the idea that the s i of propagation varies directly as the length of the cable, instead of as the square of the length. In this respect it must be acknowledged that they do not coincide with the received law of transmission ; the cause of the discrepancy is not understood. The following is a table of the above observations :— | А ; Extreme Number of Time in xs gth ot Parallel 92 Thousandths Ld icd ' Lengths. of a Second. Hons. 77 miles - - 1 B 25 20 154 4, - = 2 CD 45 98] j = > 3 E 80 308 „„ 4 FG 115 110 385 ور‎ - - 5 H 140 144 462 79 2 = 6 І 160 164 183. In the foregoing experiments the current flowed through all the six wires in the same parallel course, so that the current in all the coils of the cable flowed in a uniform direction. In order to ascertain if there were any magnetic influences in action, the connexions were reversed, so that the current in three of the wires flowed in the reverse direc- tion to that in the remaining three. The instrument was adjusted so as to give I, with an indication of J, when the current flowed parallel, or 165 thousandths. On reversing the connexions, so as to make the current flow backwards and forwards, the letter was I J, or 170 thousandths. 184. The current was now sent through two wires simul- taneously in a parallel direction, the wires being joined together at each end, so as to give a resistance of only 37} miles. The letter printed was BC, or 30 thousandths, instead of 25. 185. With three thousandths. 186. With four parallel wires the letter was CD, or 50 thousandths. 187. With five parallel wires the letter was D, or 60 thousandths. 188. With six parallel wires (giving a joint resistance of only 13 miles), the letter was D, with a trace of E, or 65 thousandths. These last experiments, which are analogous to those which led the Atlantic Telegraph Company into the belief that small wires conducted more rapidly than large ones, show beautifully that the velocity of propagation does not depend simply on the length or resistance of a circuit, but on the relative amount of inductive surface and the supply of electricity. Had the battery been large enough to charge the whole six wires simultaneously, the velocity would undoubtedly have been the same with six wires as with one. 189. In this experiment the six parallel wires were joined up together in & common circuit, as in the preceding experi- ment; but an addition was made of a short circuit wire (one yard long only), connecting their ends together, and of course connecting the battery direct with the electro-magnet. The result was unexpected. The letter printed was CD, or 50 thousandths. It is evident that the electricity, instead of flowing direct through the short circuit wire and the electro-magnet coil to earth, found & readier entrance into the six conducting wires when it entered into the induced or latent state. 'l'he primary cause of this was the resist- ance of the coil of the electro-magnet, which occasioned a feeble tension to commence in the short circuit wire, followed instantly by an entrance into the induced state within the cable. 190, This experiment was almost identical with the pre- ceding, but all the ends of the six wires were collected together in a bundle and jointly connected to a single thick wire. As often as this wire was placed in contact with the short circuit wire the letter printed was CD, as before, and as often as it was removed the letter was of course A. When the six wires were only connected together at one end instead of at both, the time was 45 thousandths instead parallel wires the letter was C, or 40 . of 50. 191. Two of the wires, each 77 miles in length, were joined up in a metallic circuit without an earth wire, the electro-magnet being connected between them at their dis- tant ends, the letter was not quite B, or 15 thousandths. In this case the transmission was quicker than with a single wire // miles in length, but the notes taken at the time Tt App. Nc. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. On the velocity of transmission in cables. 326 do not explain whether either of the wires was or was not previously in connexion with the battery. 192. Four hundred miles of resistance coil were now joined to 77 miles of cable and the electro-magnet, so as to form a circuit, the earth being used at both ends; the time was 25 thousandths; when 23] miles of cable were substituted for the 77 miles, the time was 8U thousandths. When their relative positions were changed, so that the current passed through the cable before entering the resistance coil, the time was 100 thousandths, and the current received was weaker, owing to the leakage. 193. The current was now sent through 400 miles of resistance coil alone, the letter being of course A. In this condition one end of a length of 231 miles of cable was put into connexion with the circuit at its near end, close to the battery ; the time became A, with a trace of B, or 5 thou- sandths. When the same length of cable was connected at the distant end, near the electro-magnet, the time became 25 thousandths; when 462 miles were connected at the near end, instead of 231, the time was still 5 thousandths ; and when connected at the distant end, the time was 30 thousandths nearly. 194. In this experiment the 462 miles, instead of being in a continuous length, had their ends joined all together to а common wire ; and when this,ivire was applied to the near end, as in the preceding experiment, the time was 15 thou- sandths, and when to the distant end, the time was 60 thousandths. "The causes of these variations, and of many others which it is not thought necessary to describe, are very obvious and instructive. i 195. A circuit was made through 231 miles of the cable in a continuous circuit, as in previous experiments; the battery power was 20 cells, and the time 55 thou- sandths; the battery power was increased to 30 cells, and the time remained the same; with 40 cells the time was still 55 thousandths; with 50 cells the time became 60 thousandths; and with 60 cells the time became nearly 65; with 120 cells the time increased nearly to DE, or 68 thou- sandths. ‘These changes are very much dependent on the quantity generated by the а and a single weak cell might greatly affect the results. No special examination of the battery was made in the present instance, but other experiments gave similar results. ‘The plates were about three inches square. 196. Increasing the size of the plates slightly increased the velocity of propagation, as might have been expected. In three experiments made with one set of 40 cells, two sets of 40 cells, and three sets of 40 cells respectively, joined up quantitatively, (that is to say, all the positive poles to the wire, and all the negative poles to earth,) through 231 miles, the times were 80, 75, and 72 thousandths. 197. Although an increase in the number of cells gave no sensible increase in the velocity of propagation or charge, it gave a very greatly Increased range of adjustment, which . is à matter of considerable practical importance. ‘The fol- lowing table gives such results :— | سم M‏ — ي ——— — — | Range of Adjustment of Number of Cells. Electro-magnet given in Turns of the adjusting Screw. 10 4 20 1 30 2 40 2 50 | 2 60 34 70 34 80 4 90 4} 100 51 110 6 120 6 — f 198. In a similar way increasing the number of cells increases the number of dots per minute which could be given by а relay. Experiments were made on this subject with different relays, viz., Henley's, Whitehouse's Varley’s, Siemens’, Morse's, and the galvanometer relay. The ave- rage of all these gave through 462 miles 240 dots per minute with 100 cells, but only 180 dots with 50 cells. It would be invidious to give the precise results as the relays were not fresh from the hands of the makers. 199. An induction coil wound with No. 17 wire for the primary, and No. 30 for the secondary wire, printed IJ through the 462 miles, or 170 thousandths, nearly the same as the battery. A magneto-electric machine by Henley also gave IJ ; the battery used for the induction was, however, only the ordinary Daniel's battery. ‘The question in both cases is simply one of relative quantity and tension. number of cells is not stated :— APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE 200. Observations were made upon the effect of leakage in cables. 231 miles were connected in & circuit in the usual manner; the letter given was E full, or 81 thou- sandths. An artificial defect of insulation was made at 77 miles from the battery, and 154 from the magnet, by connecting a resistance coil with the earth at that point equal to 231 miles of cable. 'lhe speed was increased by this to D, or 60 thousandths; when the same leakage was connected at 154 miles from the battery, and 77 from the magnet, the letter was D, with an indication of E, or 65 thousandths. An artificial defect of 200 miles at 77 miles from the battery, and another of 40 miles at 154 from the battery, gave D, or 60 thousandths. 201. When artificial leakages were introduced the range of adjustment of the inagnet was greatly reduced, so that although currents and words could be sent with greater rapidity through a leaky cable than through a sound one, on the other hand a much nicer adjustment was required, and there was far more difficulty in working. 202. Experiments on the reversal of the currents were made (these must not he confounded with waves). A posi- tive current was sent through 231 miles of cable, and the instrument caused to reverse this current. The speed appeared to be the same as when a current was sent into an empty cable, viz., E, or 80 thousandths. With reversed currents, although the speed of transmission was unaf- fected, the effective strength of the current and the conse- pa limit of range of adjustment of the magnet was oubled; thus, with single currents the extreme range of adjustment was 7 turns of the screw, with reversed currents it was 13; this is a great practical advantage. 203. A resistance coil of 231 miles was used instead of an earth connexion, but without any influence on the speed, which through 231 miles of cable was in each case 80 thou- sandths. A constant battery of 10 cells close to the magnet appeared to have no influence on the speed whether its current was in the same direction or in opposition to that of the transmitting battery. 204. Professor Hughes gives the following table of the approximate length of contact with the battery necessary to cause a signal to be recorded through the 462 miles of cable. ‘Ihe relays were of ordinary construction. The Parts of a Minute. А Ld ————— M———————————MM a ———ÓMMM — Hughes’ Electro-magnet finely adjusted | 3:59 Siemens’ Relay - - - - таз Whitehouse’s Relay - - - zd Varley's Relay - . - - "an Henley's Relay - - - - кө Bains’ Chemical Paper - - - m Galvanometer Relay - - - d 205. One hundred reversals per minute were sent into the cable, and the strength of the current received at the distant end was estimated in turns of the adjusting screw; the battery power was 50 cells. 77 miles of cable gave 35 turns. 154 » „ ” 183 99 231 و9‎ ээ » 83 ээ J08 „э وو }4 و9 وو‎ 385 » ээ 39 12 55 462 99 وو‎ ээ i وو‎ 206. When the number of reversals per minute was changed the strength of current increased in inverse pro- portion to the length of time of each reversal. "Thus, with 462 miles of cable,— 2,800 reversals per minute gave '3 turns of screw. 1,400 39 ээ ээ 2 » 900 „, » » 100 » 700 M 39 РД 1 ` 50 ээ 600 99 99 РДА 2 ` 00 39 500 „э ээ ээ 2 f 50 299 400 ээ 39 39 3 " 00 ээ 300. „ ys „ 3 50 " 200 ээ ээ 39 4 ] 00 ээ On Electric Waves. 207. If two or three successive currents of short duration be sent into а long cable they will, if of sufficient magnitude, travel onwards separately, and emerge in succession from the other end; and this circumstance is usefully taken advantage of to incrense the speed of working in long cables. It is at first thought difficult to understand how an impon- derable fluid like electricity can exhibit tlie phenomena of momentum, and it is probable that they are not true waves. The following considerations will, perhaps, show how a wave of electricity may be propagated onwards without the existence of any momentum. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, A B 208. If A, C, D, represent the charge in a long cable, and the near end A besuddenly connected to earth, the quantity of electricity in section A, B, being so much greater than that in B, C, will pass out of the near end in great quantity, and after a short lapse of time the tension at A, instead of being equal to the full tension of the battery, will be 0, as it is also at the distant end C. But at some intermediate point B the tension will be still considerable, the current of course escaping at both ends of the wire. When this condition is attained this point will be the summit of the wave for the time being. Now if this wave had been originally the only charge in the cable, it would never have shifted its place, but would gradually have sunk to zero by discharging equally at both ends. Owing, however, to the great accumulation ‘of dormant electricity in the section A, B, this wave is unable to discharge its electricity in that direction, for the wire is occupied in conducting away its own charge; but on the side of C there is no such accumu- lation, and the way is comparatively open, consequently the summit of the wave travels onwards towards C, falling all the while in tension. ‘The wave cannot travel back towards A, for it meets there the nascent electricity which keeps О, = = сю шо чю «p MD X р тр ов P UP р 9 бе == = оеро ame D tricity in à long cable, and let the tension of the principal wave À B be equal to 10, and be represented by the per- pendicular C D, A B representing the datum line or line of no tension, the quantity of electricity in the wave will be represented by A, C, В. | Let the same diagram now represent positive and negative waves, the line d, e, f, g, being the datum or neutral line; the quantity of electricity travelling forward through the same length of cable will now be e, C, f, added to d, A, e, and f, g, B, partly positive and partly negative, and this quantity may be shown to be only half as great as in the former case. But the height from thc summit of the wave to its extreme depth, or, in other words, the difference of ten- sion, is the same in both cases. We, therefore, get the same propulsive power acting on only half the quantity of elec- tricity, and obtain a consequent gain of velocity. important practical advantage over single currents. 927 C springing into existence as fast as the tension falls on that side, and which keeps that section choked with electricity. The particles of electricity which form the wave are not, it must be remembered, in motion, but are locked up in the form of statical electricity, and are lodged exclusively on the exterior of the conducting wire ; as often as the fall of tension at any one spot sets them free they travel onwards through the interior of the conductor, and in doing so raise the tension at some further point along the cable, and become locked up statically a second time, and so on until all tension ceases, and they emerge finally from the cable. 2U9. Electric waves may be of three kinds, namely, those consisting of positive electricity, of negative electricity, and of botltogether. In waves of positive electricity the tension of the wire rises alternately above that of the earth, and sinks to zero. In negative waves the tension falls below that of the earth and rises to zero. ‘They are identical in their characteristics, and follow the same laws. In workin with & double current, that is, with alternate negative an positive waves, there is a certain difference, which is best illustrated hy a diagram. 210. Let the diagram represent waves of positive elec- 211. The system of double waves or currents has ч ап t is necessary with single currents to use a spring or other mechanical contrivance to bring back the armature or magnet to its position of rest. ‘Ihe force necessary to effect this has to be subtracted from the efficient force of the current; with double currénts the armature or magnet moves passively under the influence of the alternate currents, the whole power of the current being effective to make and break the contact. 212. The phenomena of waves may be thus produced and imitated in the laboratory. Take a number of lerge Leyden jars, say a dozen, and connect them by strips of wood or lengths of fine gutta-percha tube, filled with distilled water, so as to form an equidistant series along the line; connect them with a battery of 500 cclls at one end and with the earth at the other; they will quickly assume tensions and charges represented by the number 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, &c., which may be measured by a series of small Milner's electro- meters ; if the battery be now suddenly reversed, the changes may be deliberately watched, the tension in all the jars falling, but the point of maximum for the time being con- tinually travelling onwards towards the distant end. M. Guillemin, in some recent highly interesting experiments of this character, employs cotton cord for the conductor, which he finds to answer better than any other substance. See Annales 'Télégraphiques, November 1860. On the Properties of different Insulating Materials. Gutta Percha. 213. Gutta percha, when pure and well dried, is one of the most perfect insulators known, as was originally pointed out by Professor Faraday, and from its mechanical properties and strength it is especially adapted for telegraphic pur- poses. In practice it has, however, some most serious defects; it is softened by a very moderate incrense of temperature, and in this state is readily injured; when ex- posed to the air, especially to the weather, it absorbs oxygen rapidly and becomes changed into a brittle resin, which cracks when bent, and eventually shrivels into a brittle and contracted mass. This change goes on rapidly even in dry earth, and to a slight extent it changes even in fresh water; but in salt water it seems, as far as experience has yet gone, to remain absolutely unchanged by time. Its insulation, though sufficiently good for all practical use, is yet in its ordinary condition so imperfect that minute faults are con- cealed by the leakage of the material itself, and are, therefore, liable to remain undiscovered. Its most serious practical defect is that after being submerged in an apparently per- fect condition, and after working well for some time, minute faults become apparent, and gradually increase in magni- tude more or less rapidiy according to the strength of the battery power employed, and eventually render the whole cable useless. The discovery of the cause and remedy for these faults constitutes at the present time by far the most important study for the telegraphic engineer. They are probably original defects of manufacture. ‘The mecha- nical operation of laying cables is a comparatively simple and easy one in any depth of water, but the preservation when laid has hitherto been surrounded with difficulty; in shallow water, where such defects can be removed, and in those few cables, when no such defects occur, the insulation remains quite unimpaired by time and use. 214. Lightning striking the line wires or the dry soil near & cable is one of the causes which has in many instances occasioned the destruction of cables. If a piece of ordinary gutta percha wire be applied to an electrical machine, every spark pierces the gutta percha with the greatest facility, leaving an invisible puncture which time and a battery cur- rent would soon enlarge into a fault. A battery of 500 cells does this in a few minutes; a battery power of 50 cells rc- quires weeks or months to effect the same result. The best Tt 2 App. No. 2. Report b Mr. L. Clark. On the properties of different insulating materials. „J $28 | preventive is the use of several lightning protectors at the sea coast, and the burying of & considerable length of the telegraph cable covered with an tron coating inland; dirty hands and carelessly made joints constitute another source of mischief. On land the gutta-percha joint often spon- taneously separates by time, especially if old wire is jointed with new gutta percha, or vice versd. The best remedy is to surround the joint with sheet india rubber. At sea this evil does not occur, but a fault frequently occurs at the joint and forms & hole from the wire to ihe water usually large enough to insert a pin. Minute fibres or chains of vegetable matter or air holes may be conceived to originate these faults, which sometimes present themselves in the very best and soundest looking wire. ‘The manufacture has, however, been singularly improved of late, and wire of the quality usually employed two years ago would not now be admitted in a submarine cable of any length.* "Theuse of numerous coatings of the material is now universally adopted. The excentricity of the wire is also an evil which should be avoided by every precaution. 215. Dr. Cattel purifies gutta percha by solution in benzole and subsequent precipitation; in this state it is perfectly pure and white, and its insulation is extremely perfect, although not more so than that of some of the special varieties prepared by the Gutta Percha Company, and the advantage gained is probably not sufficient to com- pensate for the increased cost. 216. The Gutta Percha Company submitted samples of wires covered with a special variety of gutta percha. ‘These wires are numbered 7, 8, and 9, in the tables of insulation &nd induction; and it will be seen on reference that their insulation was most admirable, almost rivalling that of india-rubber ; their specific inductive capacity was also fully 25 per cent. less than that of ordinary percha. Although in the tables above mentioned their composition is described as unknown, they have since been ascertained to be ordinary percha purified by mechanical treatment only, and in no way chemically prepared. Two of the wires have layers of Chatterton's compound. "Twelve months since such high perfection of insulation and such low specific induction were deemed unattainable. ‘The behaviour of gutta percha under pressure has already been described. 217. Mr. Radcliff. prepares a variety of gutta percha by some chemical process not explained, which gives it great toughness and elasticity, to some extent approaching that of india rubber. The insulation is about twice as perfect as that of ordinary percha, but its specific inductive capacity and its other properties are apparently not at all changed; the wires are numbered 10 and 11 in the tables. 218. Mr. Godefroy prepares a variety of gutta percha by mixing with it about 20 per cent. of ground cocoa-nut shell and 10 per cent. of india rubber; its insulation is similar to that of ordinary percha, but its specific induc- tivity is somewhat greater. 219. The Gutta Percha Company use alternate layers of ercha and of Chatterton's compound,” which is stated to e а mixture of percha with Stockholm tar and resin, and is laid on in very thin coatings between the layers of percha. The compound itself is an extremely perfect insulator, but is not well adapted for use in hot climates on account of its ready fusibility. To test the value of this invention, 20 miles of wire were prepared in four varietics, five separate miles of each variety. ‘The results were very uniform for each kind, and the averages are given below. The copper wire was No. 16, and the external diameter of the percha a quarter of an inch, the battery power 502 cells, and the temperature 64°, Induction. Leakage. (Discharge Con. Average of Positive and Positive and Negative. Negative. Plain gutta percha only, i Gutta percha, with a single coating of compound next to | 48:2 3°82 the copper wire - - ر‎ Gutta percha, with a coating of compound on the outside of all 43°4 3°23 (see remark below) - Gutta percha, with a coating o compound on the wire and another coating between the ur 2199 two layers of percha - -) | | * The Gutta Percha Company favour me with the following instance ot this :—20 miles of insulated wire of best quality manufactured in 1857, and tested with 504 cells and a horizontal Kalvanometer, gave in the aggregate 319 degrees. 20 miles of wire of the same size manufactured in 1861, and tested with the same apparatus and under similar conditions, gave 40 degrees This last wire, however, had layers of compound. (See 2195 | APPENDIX TO REPORT. OF THE The third wire with the compound outside was thickly coated, and its size greatly enlarged, to an extent sufficient Perhaps to account for its diminished induction. The fourth wire with two coatings was so sensibly improved, both as regards insulation and induction, that it was sup- posed that the mere alternation of material might perhaps reduce the inductive effect. A wire was therefore prepared by the Gutta Percha Company having 10 coats of percha and l0 coats of the compound in alternate layers, and is numbered l4 in the tables; its insulation was of course most excellent, but its induction, though reduced, was not diminished to such an extent as the above results had given reason to expect; its induction was 10 per cent. less than that of plain percha. Apart from any electrical advantages, the material is probably serviceable in filling up air bubbles and crevices, and in breaking the continuity of conducting fibres, and thereby preventing incipient faults. 220. Five hundred grains of gutta percha in the form of very thin transparent sheet were exposed to the weather in a sheltered north aspect in the shade for eight months (from November till the end of June). The sheet became exces- sively brittle and resinous, especially at the bottom, where most freely exposed to light, and gained 19 grains in weight by the absorption of oxygen. Another sheet exposed daily to a few hours’ morning sun and to rain became entirely broken into fragments and partly lost. 221. A similar sheet of gutta percha (where the quantity of material in these experiments is not stated, it is always understood to be 500 grains, and the time of exposure eight months) was fully exposed to sun and light in an in- verted open bottle in the form of a loose roll. The exterior was perfectly brittle and resinous; the interior was not much affected; the increase of weight was 245 grains. 222. A similar sheet in aninverted open bottle was placed in a dark box in the open air, a small hole at bottom ad- mitting the air freely into the bottle, but nearly excluding light. It remained at the end of eight months perfectly tough and fresh; its increase of weight was only 24 grains. 223. A sheet was fully exposed to the sun in a stoppered bottle. When opened it was much altered; the outside was bleached and brittle in parts ; the inside of the roll not much affected ; its increase of weight was 21 grains, showing the access of air to the bottle. ‘The bottle had a pungent smell like formic acid, and the percha adhered in places to the bottle in the form of a sticky varnish. 224. A sheet in a stoppered bottle enclosed in a perfo- rated box, as in 222, remained almost unchanged in colour, smell, or texture; it increased in weight 94 grains; the bottle had a little moisture inside. 225. A sheet was placed in fresh water in an open bottle and exposed to diffused light in a room with a stove in it; usual temperature 60°. It hada slightly opalescent appear- ance when first opened, and had gained 132 grains after drying with blotting paper; its strength was very slightly, if at all, impaired. After half an hour’s exposure to air its weight was 507 grains, and its opalescence was not so apparent. After two hours, further exposure in a dry room, its weight was 500} grains, showing a gain of half a grain only. It was returned to the water for two months longer, and then tested electrically; its insulation was about the same as that of a new sheet; its strength had, however, become very sensibly impaired, in which respect it presented a very marked difference from a sheet similarly exposed in sea-water, as described further on. 226. A sheet was placed in an open bottle of fresh water and enclosed in a perforated dark box indoors. It was scarcely changed in any of its physical characters, but had a slight tendency to opalescence. When first dried and weighed it had gained 1l grains; after half an hour only 5 grains; and after two hours more, it had apparently lost 3 grains of its original weight. 227. A shect in a stoppered bottle of fresh water exposed to diffused daylight in a room had gained at first 13 grains, but after two hours and a half exposure to the dry air had lost half a grain; it was perfectly tough, fresh, and un- changed. A sheet similarly treated in a dark box was equally unchanged; its gain in weight was at first 8 grains. 228. A sheet was placed in sea-water in an open bottle and exposed to diffused light as above; its gain in weight, afier washing and drying, was at first only 1 grain, and after two hours’ exposure it weighed only 497 grains; its surface was slimy, its texture was beautifully fresh and strong. After two months’ longer immersion it was tested electrically by comparison with new sheets, and its insula- tion was found not in the slightest degree impaired. Another shcet similarly treated in a dark box was equally unchanged in texture and quality; its weight at first was 500 grains, but after two hours’ drying in the air it had lost 6 grains, 229. A sheet similarly treated to the former in a closed bottle had communicated to the water, and had itself ac- quired, a very powerful and offensive smell of sulphuretted hydrogen, but remained perfectly tough and fresh in texture : its gain at first was half a grain, and after two hours' expo- India rubber отац. tated, SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. sure its loss was 6 grains. It will be remarked that in every instance sea-water proved a perfect preservative of the material. 230. A sheet exposed to diffused light in a bottle of boiled linseed oil was found tough and strong, except where portions of the sheet projected above the surface of the oil; these had become perfectly brittle and resinous. 231. A sheet placed in plain linseed oil was perfectly tough beneath the surface of the oil, but brittle when ex- posed to the air. Turpentine destroys gutta percha entirely. 232. A sheet immersed in Stockholm tar was found ex- tremely tough and fresh in texture and very strong. 233. A sheet exposed in coal tar was also found tough &nd strong, except the portions which projected above the surface. | 234. A sheet immersed in Hughes' fluid (a variety of tar with a balsamic smell obtained from the distillation of Scotch bituminous shale or anthracite) was perfectly tough and fresh except above the surface. 235. A variety of experiments similar to the foregoing were performed on thicker sheets of percha, and similar results were obtained. One or two cases only present new features ; the thickness was ey nee A sheet 162 inches by 7, exposed to sun and wind, had lengthened to 172 by 7, and become very weak and rotten, especially in the longi- tudinal direction of the grain; it had lost 6 grains in weight, all the loss occurring in the first month. Another sheet exposed out of doors in an inverted open bottle had become rotten and brittle and gained 4 grains. A sheet under similar circumstances, protected from light by a perforated box, was nearly unchanged in texture, but had lost 12 grains in weight. 236. Sheets of similar thickness, kept in fresh water, were not altered pbysically, but had acquired a thick slimy coating on their surface, and after removal had still in- creased in weight about 12 or 14 grains, and in sea-water not more than seven grains. Of two specimens of thin sheets which were immersed, the one in boiled water and the other in ordinary water, the former was unaffected in texture, but that in ordinary water was somewhat perished and weakened; that would be probably due to the presence of oxygen or air in the unboiled water. 23/. Sheets were exposed in & bottle containing potas- sium, and also phosphorus, to deprive the air of oxygen; in the latter case the sheet became dry and papery to the feel, and acquired a greatly increased power of stretching. Sheets exposed to coal gas and to carbonic acid were un- affected; in sulphuretted hydrogen they were most beauti- fully preserved, and apparently even improved in tenacity and softness of feel. ‘The combination of percha and caoutchouc with phosphorus and selenium would probably repay 5 238. A rod of gutta percha, barely 1% inch in diameter, bore a weight of 5601bs.; before any permanent stretching took place it elongated about 4 per cent., but regained its length as often as the weight was removed. At 700 lbs. it suddenly stretched greatly, and, at the same time, con- tracted in diameter to about three-fourths of an inch. In this new stretched condition it bore 912 Ibs. before break- ing. In other words, the ultimate breaking weight of unstretched gutta percha is, according to this experiment, 1,024 lbs. per square inch, or of stretched gutta percha 1,520 lbs. per square inch. India Rubber Unmasticated. 239. India rubber has been applied to telegraphic use in several different forms, and from its cleanness and purity, its high non-conducting powers, and its low specific in- ductivity, it is excellently adapted for the purpose; it bears a temperature of 212? with impunity. At least two varieties are commonly met with in commerce; the East India gum is the cheaper variety, and is liable to become soft and sticky by exposure to air, even in a dwelling room, but is, nevertheless, stated to be well suited for making vulcanized india rubber; it is not fitted for telegraphic use. The para gum is the well-known bottle india rubber; it is much dearer in price than the other, and is much more permanent and durable in character. Both varieties insulate well; when masticated they are readily mixed together in any proportions, but they both lose much of their durability by the process, and evidently undergo a chemical change. 240. Messrs. Hall and Wells are the only parties who have supplied samples of wire covered with india rubber in its natural or unmasticated state ; their wire is first covered with cotton, then with a layer of pure bottle rubber, cut into thin strips and wound on spirally, a little naphtha being used to ensure adhesion; other layers of masticated para rubber are then wound’ on in the same manner, and, finally, the whole ıs closely wound with stretched vulca- eed india rubber thread, which compresses the whole tightly together. Three miles of such wire were submitted 829 for examination; the first mile became faulty from some unexplained cause and was removed ; the other two miles are numbered 18 and 19 in the tables of insulation and induc- tion. A reference to the former table will show that both insulated extremely well at first, but one fell off greatly in this respect during the experiments, and, in fact, became faulty; the other also fell off considerably, but remained a good wire to the last. The table of induction shows a still more unaccountable change. The amount of induction in each wire increased gradually during the experiments to the extent of about 50 per cent. Their induction was, at first, much less than that of similar percha wires, but it ended by being greater. ‘There was no other instance of a wire changing to this extent, and, unless it can be remedied, it constitutes a fatal barrier to the use of this wire in submarine cables. It is possible that the cotton wire surrounding the copper was, at first, very dry, and acted as an insulator, but gradually became moist b absorption through the pores of the india rubber, and vir- tually enlarged the diameter of the conductor. ‘The defects in insulation are probably caused by the impossibility of preserving absolute cleanliness of the surface of the strip and perfect cohesion. 241. Five hundred grains of the cut para bottle rubber in thin strips were freely exposed to sun and weather for 10 months; their weight had increased by oxydation to 5344 grains. The rubber was very black in colour and smoky and dusty on the exterior, the latter probably increasing its weight; it was shrivelled and rotten, and had nearly lost its elasticity; when stretched it showed numbers of wide transverse cracks on the surface ; it was not at all sticky; the interior portions retained some of their elasticity, and were not changed in colour. 242. Five hundred grains were placed in an inverted open bottle, fully exposed to the weather; its weight had increased to 514 grains, and the greater portion of it had sunk into an acid-smelling, amorphous, resinous-looking mass, which nearly closed the mouth of the bottle; it was clean and transparent and sticky when squeezed. Other portions were clean and unchanged in appearance but rotten, retaining, however, their contractile power when stretched. 243. A similar portion exposed in an open bottle of fresh water in a light room weighed, when first roughly dried, 586 grains, and even after an hour’s exposure in a dry and warm room weighed 584 grains, probably indicating а considerable absorption of water; further experiments on this point would be valuable. It was perfectly strong and tough, and, instead of its natural light brown tint, it was as white as snow. 244. A portion similarly treated in sea water weighed 516 grains after washing and drying in the air; it was slightly paler than at first, but in toughness and strength was quite unchanged. 245. A portion immersed in boiled linseed oil was per- fectly tough and strong, but portions which projected above the oil were rotten and partially contracted. The same results were obtained with plain linseed oil. 246. A portion immersed in Stockholm tar had shrunk spontaneously, but still retained considerable tenacity ; it had become very clear and transparent in appearance. A portion in Hughes’ fluid” was similarly affected, but to a rather greater extent. Native caoutchouc does not seem to undergo any change when in contact with metallic copper. 247. India rubber is usually cut and wound on reels in a warm and stretched condition; when cooled it has no tendency to contract until heat be applied, when it instantly regains its original dimensions. 'lhe shrinking above- mentioned is of this character. Native rubber in its green state, when cut fresh from a new bottle, is so good a conductor of electricity, that it cannot be termed an insulator, but after thorough drying and exposure to air it becomes an excellent non-conductor. Masticated India Rubber. 248. Messrs. Silver and Co. sent a great many miles of masticated india-rubber wire, prepared by their process, for examination, and a reference to the tables of insulation and induction, where two of them are numbered 16 and 17, will show the high perfection of their insulation, and at the same time the low specific inductivity of the material. Caoutchouc is very apt to attract moisture to its sur- face, which then conducts electricity, and it is probable that the insulation of the material is very much better than even the table of insulation would lead one to suppose. All the specimens tried were uniformly excellent. The induc- tion of india rubber was to that of percha of similar size, as 14:7 to 22 7. It is singular that the amount of this induction did not increase at the higher temperatures. 249. Messrs. Silver and Co.’s wire is prepared by cutting the large square blocks of masticated india rubber into Tt3 Arr. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. India rubber unmasti- Cated. India rubber Mastuated. App. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. India rubber inasticated. 330 sheets about 4' inch in thickness, and these are again cut into long narrow strips, while fresh, and wound upon the wire in a stretched state, by hand, in a lathe, in many layers. No solvent is employed, but great cleanliness is used, and the whole is consolidated by immersing the com- pleted wire for a few minutes in water, at a temperature of about 140° ог 150°. The joints in the wire are made by a similar process. The consolidation is so perfect that it is not possible to discover the point of union or to tear it again asunder at the same spot. In spite of these high qualities masticated india-rubber wire has some defects which render some caution necessary in its use. 250. One of these defects is the spontaneous decompo- sition of the caoutchouc. In certain specimens of the wire the rubber, where it is in contact with the interior copper wire, spontaneously changes into a black, viscid, treacly- looking fluid, which oozes out at the ends and leaves the wire to some extent loose in the centre. "This fluid, when exposed to the air, dries into a dark, resinous, brittle var- nish. It readily fuses again into a liquid state by warmth. The insulation of such specimens is very slightly impaired. The change goes on quickly, even while lying in a dcr and always commences in the interior. It sometimes changes one-fourth of the whole thickness of covering. It has been stated, and it appears to be the fact, that the change never takes place in wire while it is kept under water, although other portions of the same wire above water may suffer from it greatly. The change has never been seen to occur in wire which has a coating of cotton or felt next the copper, and yet it does not appear to be a chemical effect of the copper, for the fluid, in small quan- tity, has been examined by Professor Miller, who does not find any copper present. The manufacturers of the wire, Messrs. Silver and Co., ascribe it to the use of inferior (pro- bably East Indian) caoutchouc; but after this opinion was given, à sample which was supplied by the same manu- facturers underwent the same change. Of the wire which was submitted for the examination of the Committee, comprising seven or eight miles, not a single specimen has presented any appearance of the kind, although in every case except one the copper was naked and without cotton. If any varnish is used on the copper it is too thin to be visible, and there is no apparent cause for the permanency of these wires above others. The use of cotton is appa- rently a complete preservative, but it has the disadvantage of increasing the size and consequent induction of the wire without increasing its size. It is not known whether with tinned wire it would enter into decomposition. A thin layer of native caoutchouc would probably ensure durability without causing the evil above alluded to. 251. The durability of masticated india-rubber wire is a question of so much interest that the description of a few cases in which it has been practically employed under the author's care may not be uninteresting. In 1850 or 1851 a quan of masticated rubber wire was employed on the ancashire and Yorkshire Railway in the Summit Tunnel, and also on the London and North-western Railway in the Primrose Hill ‘Tunnel. The copper wire was covered with cotton thread, varnished with shellac, and the whole wire was protected by wooden boarding. Specimens of wire examined in 1860 showed that near the ends of the tunnel it had perished and cracked in all directions, the cracks ex- tending to a great depth, and in many cases leaving the cotton thread quite visible. The india rubber. although so rough and so deeply cracked, was perfectly firm, strong, and elastic, and not in the least sticky. Its colour was natural and its strength very little impaired, so that it could not be easily torn by the nail. It retained its natural smell when cut or handled. Specimens taken from near the centre of the tunnel, where they had been better pro- tected from the air and light, were in a far better state of preservation, and were in fact scarcely distinguishable from new wire. The surface was still glossy, and the strength and electrical insulation unimpaired, nor was there any appearance of even a commencement of decay. 252. Specimens of similar wire were laid in grooved boarding at the Royal Victoria Bridge near Gateshead, in the commencement of 1853, and were, when removed in 1860, exactly in the same state as those above described as taken from the ends of the tunnel. Gutta-percha wires of similar size which were laid at the same time were also perished to about the same extent. Innumerable cracks penetrated transversely down to the copper wire, and they were perfectly brittle. 253. In 1852 a length of about three miles cf cable was buried in the wet mud along the sca-shore between Lyming- ton and Hurst Castle on the banks of the Solent. ‘Ihe cable contained four small sized india-rubber covered wires, twisted locsely together and served with tared yarn, the whole being covered with a pleted braiding of small iron wires. Small lengths of the seme ceble were at the same time.submerged under some of the creeks APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE between Yarmouth and Cowes in the Isle of Wight. The insulation was very perfect. In the intervening parts of the line percha wire, buried in earthenware pipes, was em- ployed. After a few years the maintenance of the india- rubber wire began to give trouble by repeated failures of the insulation, many of which were traced to mechanical causes. By 1860 the greater part of the cable had been removed from these causes. T he percha wires buried at the same period still remain in good condition. "The india rubber was generally sound and strong, and the defects were local rather than general. After it was taken up and exposed to the air the decay of the rubber went on rapidly, and the wires began to exhibit evidences of treacly decom- position. In some which was exposed to the air two years the decomposition was so complete that nothing was left visible in some places but the copper wires in a sticky condition. 254. Mr. Siemens has exhibited specimens of india- rubber wire laid by Professor Jacobi in Russia, which had been under water 13 years without undergoing any ve great change. ‘The caoutchouc was in direct contact wit the copper. Wire similar to that first described (251) has been in use indoors for 10 years, and is still in good condition. 255. Some india-rubber wire was used in the Box Tunnel at an earlier period than either of those before described, and removed in 1856, owing to its defective insulation. The copper wire was first covered with cotton and shellac varnish, and then with thick strips of india rubber. They appear to have been less perfectly made than the later samples. ‘Their condition when removed was much the same as the worst portions of that described in section 251, and five years’ keeping in an office has caused no further alteration. 256. The following experience is of more recent date. A sheet of masticated india rubber, about 4 inch thick, weighing 500 grains, was exposed to the full sun and rain in October 1859. After eight months’ exposure it had sunk into a dark rotten crumpled mass; it was not sticky, but rotten; its weight could not be ascertained, owing to the pressure of dirt and dust. 257. A similar sheet was at the same time placed in an inverted open bottle and exposed to the weather. After the same lapse of time it was found to be soft, sticky, and rotten; it had lost its form, and some portions adhered strongly to the bottle; it had sunk to the bottom, and nearly closed the orifice, and had a similar acid chemical odour to the sample of percha which was described as being in a similar state; its weight was 308 grains. 258. A sheet exposed in an inverted open bottle, placed in a dark box in the open air, with small apertures for the adinission of air to the bottle, had undergone no apparent change whatever; it had gained 3 grains in weight. 259. A sheet of the same weight (500 grains) was put into an open bottle of fresh water, and keptin a laboratory. After three days it was carefully dried with blotting paper, and had gained 20 grains in weight ; an hour’s exposure to dry air reduced the gain of weight to only 23 grains. After seven days’ further exposure it was again dried in blotting paper, and its increase of weight was 204 grains ; two hours’ exposure to air reduced this gain to 11 grains; its electrical insulation was perfect. At the end of nine months it was again dried as before, and its weight was found to be 535 grains; it was very pale coloured, and slimy to the touch; when cut the paleness of colour was found to extend through its whole substance; it was very adhesive when pressed together even in water, as much so as warm freshly cut rubber. When squeezed or wrung violentlv, considerable quantities of water oozed out of its substance by the pressure; in other similar pieces it exuded spontaneousiy in drops while standing ; it was as clastic and nearly as strong as fresh rubber. Its electrical insulating properties were quite destroyed. A piece weighing 471 grains was placed in folds of blotting paper in a press for two hours, its loss of weight was 29 grains; it was now much more adhesive than before, and difficult to handle if two pieces came into contact. Even under water it was impossible to separate them without tearing them to pieces, although their strength was nearly as greut as ever; the caoutchouc had apparantly got into that hydrated adhesive condition which school boys produce in india rubber by continued mastication with the tecth. 200. A piece in this condition was allowed to hang up in а dry warm room for 25 days; it soon regaiued entirely its original colour, strength, an:l elasticity, but when tested electrically its insulation was still very imperfect. Circular discs, J inch in diameter, placed on opposite sides of the shect, conveyed a current with 128 cells, which was readily visible on a galvanometcr; other pieces similarly treated gave the same resus. The hydration of thin sheet caoutchoue gocs on in a very regular manner, and is easily traced by the change in colour; a tain pale film or hydrated SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. portion is visible in 24 hours with distilled water; after a week the pale colour enters farther into the substance; and after a few months only a thin centrul layer of dark un- changed india rubber is visible. Up to this time the insula- tion remains perfect, but as soon as the central film becomes hydrated the insulation is destroyed. 261. A thick sheet of india rubber, half an inch thick and four inches square, was immersed in water for 10 months ; the exterior was pale coloured and sticky, but the change had penetrated only to a depth which was estimated at not more than 415 of an inch; the interior was dark and fresh, and insulated perfectly. "The exterior pale surface conducted electricity freely. 262. A sheet exposed for nine months in a laboratory in an n bottle of sea-water gained 244 grains when first weighed; it was slightly opaque and whitish in colour, but not nearly so much so as that in fresh water, very unifonn in colour throughout. It was very strong and perfectly elastic, and its self-adhesion was about the same as that of new sheet; it gave no exudation of water when squeezed. It was replaced in water for 25 days, and again examined; its colour was paler than before, and liver-coloured through- out the whole substance; its strength and elasticity were remarkably perfect ; it was more inclined to bc flabby and adhesive. Its insulation was so extremely bad that even four cells gave а sensible indication on the gulvanometer with discs of the size above described. 263. A sheet in a stoppered bottle of sca-water had gained 28 grains, and acquired a strong smell of sulphuretted hydrogen; it was in other respects similar to that last described. 264. Twelve bags of thin masticated shect were prepared by Messrs. Silver and Co., and 400 grains of crystallised acetate of potass was placed in each, and the mouth carefully sealed up. The bags wereimmersed in water for nine months. Owing to a careless accident only three of these could be identified. 'I heir original weights were 1,001, 961, and 1,000 grains respectively, and their gain in weight was 23 grains, 27 grains, and 9 grains, including, of course, any absorption of water by the india rubber. In every case the salt had entirely deliquesced, and it is certain from the above weizhts that either through exosmose or mechanical imperfection a portion of the solution had passed out of the begs; an accidental injury to one of the bags preventcd the direct proof of this by examination of the water. ‘The caoutchouc was stiff and hard, but readily softened by warmth. They contained a strong solution of the acetate; the thin sides of the bag were dark in colour, strong, and quite unaltered, with no adhesiveness or paleness of colour. ‘The thick-jointed edges of the bags which were out of the influence of the salt were on the contrary pale whitish and adhesive for & con- siderable distance from the surface, perhaps n inch, and had evidently absorbed much water. It was manifest that the saline solution had prevented any hydration, although the sheet was in contact with fresh water on one side. 965. Portions of several of these bags were tested electrically. In most of them the surface was sufficiently hydrated to conduct freely, especially on the fresh water side, and pieces which really gave perfect insulation appeared from this cause to conduct frecly. It was necessary to surround the testing disk at a little distance by a ring of metal wetted and pressed tightly on the sheet. ‘The ring was in direct connexion with the battery, and the inner disc was also in connexion with the same pole through the intervention of the galvanometer; the other pole being connected to the metal plate beneath ; the intention of this arrangement is obvious. One piece only was found which conducted through its interior to an extent sufficient to be visible on a galvanometer with 500 cells; the nine other pieces appeared to insulate perfectly under every test applied ; or where they did not so, it was proved to arise from surface conduction through the hydrated portion. 266. The india-rubber wires of Messrs. Silver and Co., marked No. 16 and 17 in the tables, known as B and C, were carefully examined after about nine months' immersion in water at various temperatures, from 32? to 92°. Also a wire known as Silver's A. The wire A was smaller than the others, being only > inch exterior diameter. ‘The copper wire was first covered with felt. Not the slightest spontaneous decomposition was visible. The exterior was pale coloured, but not at all sticky, even when dry and warm. When cut in section the pale colour only extended an infinitesimally small way inwards, gradually shading to the natural dark colour; the full change had not extended to more than 45th part of the thickness of the rubber, and even the incipient change not more than ùth, and this so slightly as to be doubtfully due to hydration. The electrical condition of the wire was perfect in all respects. 267. The wire B, or No. 17, had the copper naked and the rubber in direct contact with it. Not the slightest ten- dency to decomposition was apparent. The exterior wes 331 pale to nearly the same extent as in the wire A, but there was no appearance of a pale shaded semi-hydrated interior portion, as in the former case. ‘Ihe centering and insulation were perfect. The wire C, or No. 18, also had naked copper, and presented no appearance of any change in the rubber. The amount of hydration was exactly the same as in the wire B. Specimens which had been submitted to long continued hydraulic pressure, equal to that of nearly two miles of water, were examined, but the hydration had not extended to a sensibly greater depth than in the cases above described. 268. It had been supposed that grease might be the cause of decomposition of the india rubber when next to the copper, and to test this Messrs. Silver and Co. supplied specimens of wire purposely greased. After remaining m an office three months the presence of grease could not be detected either by smell or feel, but the wire was quite unchanged. 269. A sheet of masticated rubber placed in linsced oil was dissolved into a kind of jelly. In boiled linseed oil it was much softened and rotten, and greatly swollen in bulk, butstillelastic. In Stockholm tar it was also much softened, weak, and rotten, but still elastic. In coal tar it was in a very similar condition. In Hughes’ fluid it was also in a similar state. In a variety of the Hughes’ fluid, stated to be especially adapted for india rubber, it remained perfectly tough and elastic, but perhaps just a little impaired in strength; the parts above the fluid were affected by the light, and had lost their strength. Para rubber in the same fluid was quite unchanged. 270, A consideration of the above experience leads to the conclusion that india rubber is in soine circumstances а very durable and efficient insulator. Spontaneous decom- position js only an occasional phenomenon, and does not necessarily imply destruction; although its cause is not understood, it may be obviated with certainty. ‘The decay or oxydation which takes place when exposed to light and air does not occur under water. The hydration is the most serious change, but it is an extremely slow one, and it 1s not known to what limits it might reach. Jt certainly goes on more slowly in salt water than in fresh. As long as it pro- ceeds the inductivity of a cable will of course increase. ‘The effect may probably be perfectly obviated by covering the india rubber wire with a coating of gutta percha or of vul- canized india rubber, or possibly by a vulcanization of the exterior by a momentary immersion in sulphuret of carbon and chloride of sulphur. Vulcanized India Rubber. 271. Vulcanized or sulphurized india rubber exists in two very distinct forms, viz., the highly elastic form so well known, and in the form of a hard, black, strong, but brittle substance, capable of taking a high polish, and known under various names, such as vulcanite, ebonite, and car- bonized caoutchouc. Both forms are prepared by kneading india rubber with sulphur or metallic sulphurets, in which state they form a plastic, highly insulating, and somewhat adhesive mass. In this state other substances may be mixed with them, and adulteration may be practised to almost any extent. It is afterwards exposed for several hours to a high temperature in an oven, or more usually within a high- pressure steam boiler, and it gradually assumes, first, the elastic state, and subsequently the hard or vulcanite form. Duriug the operation it passes through every intermediate stage of elasticity and hardness, and retains it if the process be arrested. In one form it resembles soft elastic horn. If not adulterated with conducting substances, it is in all its forms a highly perfect insulator, and in the form of vulcanite it is not inferior to the pure caoutchouc. In the latter form it is fast superseding ivory and glass for electrical purposcs, and even for electrical machines. It does not readily attract moisture to its surface like glass, and is hence well suited for temporary or indoor insulation. When exposed to the weather, it constantly gives off sulphur, and the surface in course of time assumes a porous or bibulous character, so that a drop of water placed on it spreads rapidly over it for half an inch or more, like it does with blotting paper. Were it not for this defect, it would be of great value for telegra- hic insulation, for, unlike the other form of the material, it is highly durable and stands exposure well, and does not show any tendency to contract or lose its form or strength. 272. Ín the elastic form it is not at all duruble when ex- osed to weather, although there is great difference in quality in this respect, but it appears nevertheless to be very per- manent under water, as is evidenced by the long-continued use of pump valves, &c., which retain their strength and elasticity admirably. | 273. A sheet of vulcanized india rubber about + inch thick, weighing 500 grains. wos freely exposed to the weather for nine months; its weight was reduced to 49 Tt 4 Ap». No. 2. Report hy Mr. L. Clark. India rubber masticated. Vulcanized india rubber. APP. No. 2. Report by Mr. L. Clark. V ulcanized inddia- rubber. Wrav's com- pound. 332 grains. and it had begun to decay; it showed cracks when stretehed, and sinelt strongly of sulphur. 2/4. A sheet of 500 grains was placed in fresh water in- doors for nine months ; its weight, when roughly dried, was 596 grains, and after an hour's exposure to air 582 grains. The interior was paler in colour, but it was still strong, and in other respects unchanged. Its electrical insulation re- mained quite as perfect as when first immersed. 275. Five hundred grains were similarly treated in an open bottle of sea-water; its weight, when first mechanically dried, was 515 grains, and after two hours’ exposure to the sun 509 grains; it was perfectly strong and elastic, and the interior was dark and not pale coloured like the preceding specimen ; it was slimy on the exterior. 2,6. A sheet placed in boiled linseed oil was soft and glutinous, and in linseed oil it was in the same state, but maintained considerable transparency and elasticity. In Hughes' fluid it was in the same condition. 277. A specimen of wire 176 yards long, covered with vul- canized india rubber in the elastic form, was submitted for examination by Mr. G. B. Daft. The conducting wire is of brass, which, hy his process of manufacture, is caused to adhere perfectly to the vulcanized rubber. In practice, copper wire brazed on the surface would be preferable; its manufacture is perfect and its insulation is unexceptionably good, and, from the nature of the material, it is of course extremelv difficult to injure it mechanically. Such wire seems highly suited for telegraphic use in every way; the only doubt which hangs over it seems to be whether it is practicable to make perfect joints in the material. It is confidently asserted that by joining it with new material and vulcanizing the whole in a portable bath, perfect adhesion is obtained, but the absolute proof of this and of its adapta- tion to practical use is yet wanting. 2/8. Mr. Hooper has submitted numerous short speci- mens of wire first covered with india rubber, then with a laver of some separating, material such as hemp or tinfoil, &c., then with the vulcanite compound, the whole being then exposed to high temperature to vulcanize the exterior coating either to the elastic state or to the hard horny con- dition. He has bestowed great pains in endeavouring to find a good separating material, but it is believed without entire success, the sulphur being apt to penetrate to the interior rubber and vulcanize it, thereby preventing the se- curity of the joint and ultimately attacking the copper wire and converting its surface into sulphuret. Such cables have a very high perfection of insulation when the materials used are pure; and if the joints can be readily made and entirely relied on, seem every way suited for telegraphic purposes. Mr. Hooper further covers these cables with longitudinal iron or steel wires, and again coats them with an inferior kind of vulcanite, partly formed of old vulcanite articles re-masticated. This outer coating is very hard and strong. and protects the iron wires from rust and mechanical injury, but itis to be feared that the action of the sulphur on the iron will be quite as serious as that onthe copper. It can scarcely be expected that the iron should remairr insulated, and therefore the outer coatings are to be regarded as a mechanical protection only. Wrays Compound. 279. ‘The composition which bears this name is the in- vention of Mr. Leonard Wray, and is a mixture of shellac, india rubber, and powdered silica or alumina, with about one-ninth of gutta percha. The addition of the latter material improves its mechanical qualities, but impairs its insulation, as will be seen by reference to the tables, where it is numbered 20 and 21. It is, when warm, quite plastic, and may be laid on by a die in layers like percha; it ma also Бе “ jointed ” in the same manner. It requires a тА higher temperature to melt it than percha, and has the ad- vantage of not being softened hy any climatic temperature; it is exceedingly tough and strong. and as far as experience goes highly durable and permanent. It will be noticed that its insulating properties are exceedingly great, and when made without percha it surpasses even caoutchouc in this respect; the specimen tried retaining a charge 44 hours before one half of it had escaped, while similar wires of gutta percha did not retain the same charge one hundredth part of the time. When to these qualities it is added that its in- ductivity is very little greater tin that of india rubber, it will be seen that it is perhaps the best material at present known for the insulation of long submarine cables, nor has any serious drawback to its use been at present discovered. Its in- sulation fell off at the higher temperature, but not to an in- Jurious extent; and its inductivity underwent a permanent increase during the continuance of the experiments, but only to a small degree. The material is sometimes laid on with a die, and at others laid on by the compression of two flat strips between grooved rollers, and it may readily be APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE used in conjunction with either percha or caoutchouc ; it undergoes no change when in contact with copper. 280. Five hundred grains of rather thin sheet were im- mersed in water in an open bottle for seven months ; the weight had increased to 507 grains ; 1n every other respect it appeared perfectly unchanged. It was again returned to the water, and after another month was tested electrically. Its insulation was found quite as perfect as when first im- mersed. 281. Five hundred grains were similarly exposed in sea- water; its weight increased to 508 grains; it had undergone no other change, either physically or electrically. 282. Sheets were exposed to the weather, but were accidentally destroyed; after three months' exposure they, however, gave distinct evidences of the commencement of an oxydating change similar to that which occurs in percha, and the surface presented small cracks when it was bent. 283. Specimens of Radcliff's special material and Gode- froy's material were also submitted for examination. Sufh- cient information concerning them is given in the tables. They are both varieties of percha, and comported themselves like it both electrically and when 1 in fresh and salt water and in oils, and when exposed to the weather. The wires are numbered 10, 11, and 12 in the tables. 284. A specimen of cable was prepared after the plan advocated by Mr. J. N. Hearder in the Phil. Mag., May 1859. A layer of fibrous material saturated with a tarry compbund was interposed between the layers of percha. Its electrical insulation was of course about the same as that of gutta percha (see table). Its length was one quarter mile, and its induction was frequently compared with a length of one mile of percha cable of precisely similar dimensions at a temperature of 33° with 128 cells. The following is a specimen of the results : Hearder's Cable. Guttta-percha Cable. 8:8 33:2 9*0 33°1 9°0 33°2 9:0 33:1 9:0 33'4 9-0 33°4 9:0 33:2 8-9 33:2 8:9 33-0 8:9 33°2 Average 8:95 Average 33°20 By multiplying the average by 4, it will be seen that no advantage is obtained by the use of this form of cable, but rather the reverse. 285. Professor D. K. Hughes submitted a mile of cable of a very novel and peculiar construction, and one which well merits attention. 'l'he wire was first coated with a thin covering of percha in the usual way, and this was enclosed within an outer tube of percha, in a detached condition, the interstice between the two being filled with & balsamie smelling variety of tar called Hughes’ fluid, stated to be ob- tained by the distillation of bituminous shale. The tables show that its insulation and inductivity were about the same as those of gutta percha. Its peculiar characteristics were of a mechanical nature; it might be pierced through and through with an awland hacked and hewed with a knife without any apparent injury to its insulation. The tar would quickly exude out and cover the wounds and speedily restore the insulation; a discharge from a Leyden jar will readily destroy any other kind of wire, but powerful batteries may be repeatedly discharged through the wire with im- punity, and without any apparent injury. The fluid exerts no injurious action on the percha, but rather tends to im- prove it: it appears to be absorbed by it to a considerable extent. There 1s no evidence to demonstrate the permanence of these effects. One of the most serious difficulties in the present state of submarine telegraphy is the spontaneous appearance and gradual increase of faults in the insulation after cables are submerged ; whether originated by lightning or other causes is not known. This form of cable, however, has such a singular self-healing property, that it scarcely seems liable to suffer from the inexplicable defects above mentioned. The wire is very skilfully manufactured and filled at one operation by the Gutta Percha Company. Its electrical properties are not sensibly improved by increasing the quantity of fluid. In submarine cables its joints would perhaps be better made solid, so asto divide the length into separate compartments. 286. As a preliminary inquiry to the foregoing investiga- SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 333 tions, an interesting series of experiments with frictional were then thoroughly discharged and allowed to remain free Arr. No. 2. electricity were undertaken which deserve mention. They 15 minutes: — A | мерат: рус. were performed in a калы with the doors and inn HL Clark dows carefully closed, heated by а gas stove which had Degrees on | Quantities — wray's com- no communication with the air of the room, and kept dried mum Torsion of | pound, for several months by fresh supplies of chloride of calcium | Plectrometer: Electricity. in shallow dishes. The quantity required was at first large, <= aa but after the walls and floor were dried the corsumption was Gutta percha - - * 10 3:2 quite inconsiderable. The luxury of working in such a room India rubber, masticated д | 23 4 is very lectrical measurements can be made in any India rubber, vulcanized 00 il is very great, as e . : , лу Chatterton's compound - — 27 5:2 state of the weather with leisure and accuracy. Wood dries Marine el P 450 Я and splits and becomes so non-conducting, that when stand- . d 2S _ _ Я 258 | 1650 ing on the floor charged jars may be touched with impunity. Sulphur _ В Е 5 | 2-2 A kind of round towel dipped in a weak solution of chloride Bees-wax к К E 415 | 20-4 of calcium, and kept revolving by machinery over a copper Spermaceti А > В 400 90:0 roller heated by даз, so arranged as to dry the cloth and Porcelain, glazed А В 78 88 carrv off the moisture of evaporation, would maintain any Do. unglazed — - 375 19:4 apartment in a state of perfect dryness either for electrical Do. do. very vitreous 965 | 16:3 or other purposes. m — ——— . 287. One portion of the investigation was devoted to an 288. The electrometers employed in these experiments inquiry into the degree of absorption or penetration of elec- were а modified form of Coulomb's torsion electrometer tricitv into the substance of different insulating substances. with grass fibres, and were unexceptionally delicate and This phenomenon, which was first observed by Faraday. is uniform in their action. The quantities of electricity are of identical in its character with the well-known residual dis- course as the square roots of the degrees of torsion; 50 charge in Leyden jars, and is a joint effect of conduction degrees of torsion corresponded to а tension of 500 cells and induction; it is, in fact, induction within the substance Daniell. instead of on the surface. lt doubtless has a considerable 289. Similar experiments were made with mile lengths of influence on the speed of transmission in telegraphy. The cable, with a battery of 512 cells, the discharges being taken - following table extracted from a much larger one gives the at the end of every minute with a galvanometer. The wire proportion of electricity absorbed by different materials. was charged for one minute, then discharged and left in The plates were half an inch thick, and were charged for 30 connexion with earth for one minute, then insulated for one seconds with a tension of the electrometer of 1,000; they ^ minute and the first discharge taken. А TM | | | | Thickness Diameter End of | End of End of End of End of End of End of End of End of End of -— of | of Ist 2nd | 3rd ' 4th | Sth | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th Insulator. | Copper. | Minute. Minute Minute Minute Minute/Minute Minute Minute Minute Minute | | — Gutta percha — - ay тү 8 3 3 1 — = ar —_ = L Do. ш s и тз зт 9 3 1:5 | 1 == = I e 25 as Do. - ~ - ту ту 18 8 3:1 5 == === ج‎ — — — s - — - ar 3i 22 10 °' 5 2 1:5 | 1:5 | 1 1 5 = Silver and Co’s. india rubber к кн 4 9-5] 1 5 “Б کے‎ EN NK Ки = Hughes’ fluid =. - ту i" 6 4 2 1 5 — рен — -— ay Twenty alternate coatings - та 35 5 5 4 3 3 2751.5 [1:5 °1 1 The 20 alternate coating wire continued to give discharges its now free charge measured, any excess above its original every minute of about one degree for 30 minutes after its 5 degrees being due to induction while under the influence separation from the battery. of A. Precautions were taken to prevent the dielectric ac- 290. A six-wire submarine cable containing 462 miles of quiring any charge of its own. The electrometer, having a wire, charged for five minutes with 100 cells, and then dis- certain electro-static capacity of its own, would of course re- charged to earth, gave the following discharges at the end duce the measurement of B; but this objection was obviated of each successive minute :—50 degrees, 45, 30, 25, 21, 20, by a continued and rapid repetition of the process, by which 15, 4, 4. Professor Hughes found that after rest, if the the electrometer soon acquired exactly the same tension as B cable were charged with either electricity, a current sent itself, after which no repetition of the process could cause with the same electricity would print sooner by one letter on any further change. The quantities are of course as the Hughes’ tvpe-printing instrument than in the ordinary square roots of the number of degrees of torsion. case, or with the reverse electricity it would print one letter 294. The plates of dielectric varied from } to 2 of an inch later; thus, G for II or F for H; but after a few reversals this in thickness, and the following is a specimen of some of effect ceased, and the charging of the cable before hand had the results obtained ; in the case of white wax they are very no influence. anomalous. Of course the lower the numbers in the second 291. A very extensive series of measurements was made column, the better suited is the material for diminishing of the insulation of various resins, gums, liquids, and vitreous induction. substances alone, and in combination, but want of space recludes me from giving the results. Thickness of 292. Professor Hughes, whose assistance in these experi- : ресе ments I desire particularly to acknowledge, and who gave Standard | duce ic up his time to them gratuitously from a pure love of electrical Dielectric. Thickness of | Quantity given science, made with me an extensive set of observations on the Dielectric si the specific inductivity of various substances. It is not necessary Thickness, to to give these, but we arrived at the singular conclusion, that one halt its each dielectric substance has a different law of induction oun: with relation to distance, forming another law of specifie 7 . ——— — — inductive capacity distinct from that of Faraday's. Accord- Inch. ing to this view the amount of induction through plates of Air - - - Š 4 different thickness will in one material vary inversely as the Gutta percha - - - я square root of the thickness, but in another substance it Do. do. = - - io will vary according to some totally different power. If this India rubber (masticated) : 8 should be established, it would be of great and obvious im- Vuleanite (hard) - E $ i i portance in telegraphy. (See section 106.) i ie z = - i * 293. The manner in which these experiments were DE gass 5 s = Li enerally performed was essentially as follows :—A circular Da plate A, 8 inches in diameter, was fixed vertically and 295. Professor Hughes remarks that, if this view be correct, connected with the earth; plates of the dielectric, 16 inches in experiments made by electricians on the relative inductive diameter, and of various thickness, were supported on edge capacity of materials would give very different results if against this plate; a second similar brass plate D, insulated each used a different thickness as а standard, as observations on a sliding stand. was brought almost into contact with the made on half-inch plates would give very different ratios to dielectric, and while there touched by a wire leading from a those made on inch plates. If a dielectric possesses specific Leyden jar of large capacity charged to a given tension, inductive capacity, as ordinarily understood, it should pre- usually of 5 or 10 degrees. The wire being removed, the serve the same ratio through all thicknesses, else the dif- sliding plate B was removed out of the influence of the ference is owing to a specific transmittive law. The care dielectric, and connected with the torsion electrometer, and with which the experiments were performed, and the uni- Un APP. No. 2. Report Mr. I. C ark. General ob- һегуаііоп <, 334 formity of the results obtained in numberless careful repetitions, was so unexceptionable, that it ig difficult to reject the evidence of this novel law. Its importance at least demands for it a notice in this report, General Observations. 296. A few general remarks and suggestions of the best niode of constructing submarine cables may not be out of place. T he conducting wire should obviously be of the purest copper, and should be freed from oxide of copper by the injection of hydrogen while ina state of fusion, as suggested by Dr. Matthiessen. ‘Twisted strand is objectionable ; because, in spite of every care, it leaves air cavities in the interior of a cable, which are intense a pressure is suddenly thrown on the exterior durin immersion; and secondly, because the effective length and a electrical resistance are so considerably increased, 297. If any single material is to be employed alone as an insulator, Wray's compound would, perhaps, as far as ex- rubber will probably be eventually found trustworthy, but its liability to occasional decomposition slight shade of doubt which further experience will canized india rubber cables and Hughes? fluid cable both give promise of much utility, but our practical acquaintance with them is as yet too decisive opinion. materials offers advantages ensure alone. А first coating of india rubber surrounded by percha forms an excellent The first luyer next the copper should perhaps be a thin Strip of pure cut para rubber, to prevent the possibility of decomposition, and then layers of masticated rubber applied by Messrs, Silver’s process. To prevent of the water or hydration, this should be covered with gutta percha, or one of its “ special ” Varieties, or perhaps with Wray’s com- the first layers might be of Wray’s compound, and the and the injury of the core by avoided. It is scarcely necessary J which cables were formerly tested du ring manufacture would now be scarcely considered worthy of the name. 298. Due advantage would of course be taken of our improved knowledge of the laws of induction in relation to the thickness of material. the diameter of the copper wire, we only increase the induction by about one-half (1 x vy 2), while we Increase its power of con- " . 2. Й [4 ducting electricity four times, On the other hand, if we double the thickness of the insulator, we only diminish the Induction about one third (12 2), but do not increase its conducting power at all. Provided then sufficient thickness of the insulating material is employed to ensure its electrical security, every advantage is to be obtained by increasing the weight of the conducting wire, rather than that of the outer coating, 299. In a pecuniary point of view the gain is very great, Let it be supposed, for the desirable to half an inch, and ; \ copper at 15, 6d. per Ib., and 100 lbs. of percha, at ds. Od., or 1004. per mile; its actual cost was 97. our operation to the gutta percha alone, thickness to such an extent as to diminish one-half, we should have to make its thickness about 14 inch, and to add about 3.500 lbs. of additional percha, at a cost of about 6127. per mile. If, on the other hand, we enlarge the copper conductor, merely increasing the percha to a suflicient extent to maintain tlie same thickness of covering, we should require the addition of about G701bs, 6d., and 455 lb. of percha, at Зу, 6d., making the total additional cost only 1307. per mile. But APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE иш to the permanence of a cable to work with as low a attery power as possible. 300. The nature of the cable is a i Operation goes on continuously, and that Stoppage orcheck in the operation ; own weight, cables, which ridges of rock and slowly chafing. of these are the longitudinal ones covered with an outer lapping, such as Rogers’ and De Bergue's, but their contraction, when Wetted, necessitates precaution in their use, Between these extremes we have a useful form of cable consisting of iron or steel surrounded by hemp, forming Strands of great strength, in which the iron is to some extent preserved trom oxydation, an evil which cables alone, unless of very great weight. course, an admirable material for deep-sea cables, and when protected from oxydation leaves nothing to be desired. The recent Algerian cable has of great strength, but liable to kink. This evil might be greatly reduced by lapping it tightly and closely with twine or tape, according to the plan suggested by Captain Galton, R. E.; there are also other means by which it may be entirely obviated. 301. A perhaps unnecessary prejudice exists against the use of longitudinal steel or iron Wires, short samples are violently bent, mechanical displacement of the wires takes place, and this is an undoubted evi]; this does not occur to an objectionable extent in large curves, such as prevail in practice, and further experience on this form of cable is very desirable, prevent oxydation of the steel. This makes a Very strong, non-elastic, and durable form of cable, and one well adapted for submergence in deep water, 302. For shallow waters, thick iron cables are every- Where used, but they suffer greatly from oxydation. they get buried in ‘mud or sand (especially if galvanized), this action is found to be entirely arrested. The author has endeavoured to imitate this condition by encasing iron cables in a thick coating of some cheap fibrous material, saturated with a solid mass of pi form of protection merits attention, but no very lengthened experience of its use not that risk or difficulty use which might have been A cable so covered was submerged between the Isle of Man and the main land in 1859, and from the known durability of asphalt there is great reason for hoping that MS submersion for perhaps 203. The operation of laying submarine cables is too long a subject to be alluded to here, further than to remark are many suggestions which have been made Which might be adopted with great advantage. 204. Among all the im provements in the speed of working . By the ordinary Morse system of printing, egch letter is composed of three or four distinct them to distinguish between dots and dashes, and between the spaces which divide portions of letters and those which By Professor Hughes’ System each complete letter js formed by a single wave, or even by a single reversal or half wave, and the Spaces are formed by the mechanical action of the machine, and occupy It might be expected from the nature of the machine that its operation would be far more rapid than that of instruments working on the Morse system, and the Effect of metals or metalloids on theelectric conducting power of pure copper. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. expectation is fully confirmed in practice. The instrument has been seen to work with ease and accuracy at the rate of 16 words per minute through a cable which would only permit of six words per minute being sent by the ordinary apparatus, and through the same cable it has been seen to work whole days without forming a single error or false letter. The instrument probably requires the service of a skilful operator, but the commercial benefit of such an increase of speed outvalues all such considerations. 305. There are thus & great many ways in which the speed of transmissicn through long cables may be increased, 335 and as these may all be used in combination, it may be safely asserted that a cable of the same length as the Atlantic cable designed at the present day would convey messages at five or six times the speed of that cable, and at a very moderately increased cost, while its electrical perfec- tion would be incomparably greater. ‘The value of this gain is, both in its social and commercial aspects, immense, and the acquisition of this power would alone amply repay the members of this Committee for their labours. LaTIMER CLARK. 35, Adelaide Road, N. W., January 1861. APPENDIX No. 3. REPORT of an INVESTIGATION relating to the Causes of the different ELECTRIC CONDUCTING Powers of COMMERCIAL COPPER, by А. Matruressen, Ph. D. 1, Torrington Street, Russell Square, W.C., SIR, April 18, 1860. In the following communication I shall record the results which I have obtained in carrying out the above inquiry, which I undertook at the request of your committee. As the impurities contained in commercial copper are generally so small that their quantitative analysis (especially of the suboxyde of copper) would give no reliable results I have thought it better I. To study the effect of metals or metalloids on the electric conducting power of pure copper, and then II. To determine the electric conducting powers of the different commercial coppers and analyse them qualitatively so as to be able to assign the causes of the difference in their resistances. I. On the effect of metals or metalloids on the electric conducting power of pure copper. 'This part of the inquiry has been carried out in conjunc- tion with Dr. M. Holzmann, and we prepared the pure copper: 1. Ву precipitating with sulphuretted hydrogen the purest commercial sulphate of copper dissolved in water acidulated with sulphuric acid—dissolving the washed sul- phide in nitric acid—precipitating at a boiling temperature by carbonate of soda in excess, and finally reducing the oxide of copper by pure hydrogen. 2. By precipitating galvanoplastically sulphate of copper by a very weak current. The commercial galvanoplastic copper was also tested, and found to have the same conducting power as that which we prepared. The following are the results obtained with pure copper compared with an annealed copper wire drawn from gal- vanoplastic copper (not fused)=100 at 15°, 5C.— 060^ F. of which is the standard taken for all the values given in this communication. Mean of Values found. Temp. Cent. Mean. | o I. Copper purified by the above 96°67 18°6 method. II. Copper galvanoplastic not fused 97:17 20:2 III. Copper galvanoplastic not 96°69 18:4 fused (commercial). IV. Copper No. IH. fused in a 96°42 39°38 porcelain tube in a current of hydrogen. V. Copper No. IIT. fused as will 96°66 17°5 presently be described. — — The mean of the above determinations gives 96 72 at 19» C. for the conducting power of pure copper. All the above wires were hard drawn, and the values given are means of two or three determinations. The difference between hard drawn and annealed copper wire is shown by the following experiments : Copper No. 2 was drawn hard, determined, and then annealed in a current of hydrogen. Conducting Power found. Temp. Cent. © 1. Hard drawn - - - 99°08 11'0 2. Annealed - - - 101°69 11°0 Another wire gave for— 1. Hard drawn - - - 99*50 11°0 2. Annealed - - - 101°89 1*0 Showing & difference in favour of the annealed wires of about 2% per cent. A.—Effect of Oxygen on the conducting power of Copper. Copper readily absorbs oxygen from the air when in a melted state, and it is supposed to be present as suboxide, which it retains vary obstinately, а in fact, hydrogen may be led over fused copper for hours in a porcelain tube without completely reducing the whole of it; it is also very difficult to prevent the absorption of oxygen during casting, &c. In order to prevent all these sources of error in making the alloys of copper we thought we might obviate them by the following simple arrangement : In the furnace door communicating with a closed muffle are two holes; through the upper one passes a glass tube connected with a carbonic acid gas apparatus; through the lower one a clay tobacco pipe, to the stem of which a bottle evolving hydrogen is joined. ‘The hydrogen is washed by potash, nitrate of silver, and strong sulphuric acid, the carbonic acid gas by carbonate of potash and concentrated sulphuric acid. The metal is са in the bowl of the pipe (this being then pushed to the back of the muffle) and so fused in a current of hydrogen; when melted the hydrogen bubbles up through the liquid metal, thereby offering a new surface to the reducing effect of the hydrogen, as well as when making the alloys, causing a complete mixture. After the hydrogen had passed through a certain time, the india-rub- ber tube was Шоро from the sulphuric acid bottle, and the melted metal carefully sucked into the pipe stem, forming a wire which can easily be drawn finer. ‘The car- Donic acid was used to help drive out the air of the muffle, and in some experiments which will be described lower down. In order to test this method Copper No. 3 was kept fused in the pipe for half-an-hour, when the conducting power was found e mean 96:66 at 17°°5 T. ; the wires were hard drawn. By this method we have been able to reduce all the sub- hi de in the copper, and have made all the alloys. The amount of suboxyde present was not determined quantitatively, as no method known will give accurate results.* The following values are those found for the conducting powers of chemically prepared copper (method I. p. 1,) fused with borax and chloride of sodium (the flux not covering the surface of melted copper) This specimen conducted mean : 72°11 at 23?:9 T. It was then fused for several hours in a current of hydro- gcn in a porcelain tube and conducted mcan 89:76 at 18°°9 T. This was now fused in the tobacco pipe in а current of hydrogen first half an hour, and then for three hours, which process caused the conducting power to increase to the following values :— | | Conducting Temp. Cent Power found. After half an hour - - | After 3 hours - — — * Dick.— Phil. Mag., June 1856. U u 2 APP. No. 2. Report b Mr. L. Clark. APP. No. 3. Investization relating to the causes of the different clectric eon- aucting powers of commercial copper, by A. Matthiessen, Ph. D. Effect of oxygen onthe conducting power of copper. APP. No. 3. Investigation into the con- ducting power of commercial copper, by A. Matthiessen, Ph. Effect of carbon. Effect of phosphorus. Effect of sulphur. Effect of arsenic. Effect of metals. 356 Similar results were obtained with galvanoplastic copper fused in contact with air under a small quantity of borax and chloride of sodium. | Conducting | Power found: | femp, Cent Mean. | 1. Fused in contact with air 76:22 | 19:5 2. Fused in tobacco pipe half an 78°72 ; 1777 hour.“ ied 3. No. I. fused 1 hour in pipe - 85:97 16:9 4. No. I. fused 14 hours in pipe - 94:26 | 19:7 5. No. I. fused 3 hours in pipe - 18:3 96°00 | All wires were hard drawn. B.— Effect of Carbon. Galvanoplastic copper was fused with lamp-black. The analysis of the specimen gave 0°05 of carbon, and for the conducting power— Mean. 77 87 at 18:3 was found. The wire used was hard drawn. C.—Effect of Phosphorus. Phosphorus alters the properties of copper to a great extent; it becomes very much harder, and its tenacity is greatly impaired. | | Phosphorus was thrown on melted copper in a tobacco pipe and re-fused. The amount of phosphorus was deter- mined as phosphate of magnesia. Conducting Power found. Temp. Cent. Mean. о 1. Copper with 2°5 рег cent. 7°52 17°5 phosphorus. 2, Copper with 0°95 per cent. 24°16 22:1 phosphorus. 3. Copper with 0°13 per cent. 70°34 20:0 phosphorus. All hard-drawn wires. D.—Effect of Sulphur. Sulphide of copper does appear to dissolve in copper, but only to mix with it mechanically. It makes the copper very brittle, and although a vein which contained, according to the analysis, 0°18 percent. sulphur, the values obtained for the conducting power did not agree at all with each other. The mean of four determinations gave— 92°08 at 19°°4, . E.—Effect of Arsenic. When arsenic is thrown on melted copper, part of it is absorbed whilst a part volatilizes, and if a larger quantity of arsenic has been used the alloy has a dingy grey colour, and is very hard and brittle. ‘The arsenic was determined as arseniate of magnesia. | The following determinations were made with hard drawn wires, and they show that the effect of arsenic on copper is very great, although it does not reduce the conducting power so much as phosphorus. Conducting Power found, | Temp. Cent. Mean. б l. Copper with 5:40 per cent. 6°42 16°8 arsenic. 2. Copper with 2°80 per cent. 13°66 19:3 arsenic. : 3. Copper with traces of arsenic - 60*08 19:7 Effect of the Metals. The electric conducting power of copper is not so much impaired by the presence of small quantities of foreign metals, as by that of the metalloids; it is, however, par- ticularly by iron and tin, very considerably diminished. The union of the copper with the other metals was effected in the manner above described, which offers here the addi- tional advantage, that by the constant movement caused by the hydrogen in the melted metals the most intimate com- bination is effected. The amount of the metals thus alloyed e Of course hydrogen passing through the whole time, * APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE with the copper was determined by analysis. All the wires experimented with were hard drawn. Conducting | Power found. Temp: Cent, Mean. | о 1. Copper alloyed with 3-20 per 59°23 | 10:3 cent. zinc. | | 2. Copper with 1°60 per cent. zinc 79°37 | 15:8 3. Copper with traces of zinc. - 88-41 19*0 4. Copper with 1:06 per cent. iron 98:01. 13:1 5. Copper with 0°48 per cent, iron 3592 | 11:2 6. Copper with 4:90 per cent. tin 20:24 14:4 7. Copper with 2:52 per cent. tin 33:93 17:1 8. Copper with 1:33 per cent. tin 50°44 16°8 9. Copper with 2°45 per cent. 82:52 | 19°7 silver. | 10. Copper with 1:22 per cent. 90°34 20°7 silver. 11. Copper with 3°50 per cent. gold 67°98 18:1 12. Copper with about 10 per cent. 12:68 14:2 aluminium.1 Copper, even when alloyed with small quantities of lead (only 0°25 per cent.), is so rotten that it was impossible to draw it. In Gmelin's Chemistry it is stated that copper alloyed with only 0:1 per cent. of lead cannot be drawn into fine wire. Now the copper smelters add a small quantity of lead to their copper to soften and render it more tough. The addition of lead is supposed to reduce the sub-oxide of copper. А few experiments were made in this direction; to copper fused in contact with air, 0*1 per cent. of lead or tin was added and fused in a tobacco pipe, in a current of carbonic acid gas. Conducting Power found. TED: Cent, Mean. o l. Thecopper employed conducted 87:25 13:3 2, With addition of 0*1 per cent. 93°45 14°0 tin. 3. The same repeated - 94:55 13:9 4. With addition of 0*1 per cent. 93°02 12°9 lead. The quantity of lead and tin remaining with the copper was so small that it could not be determined quantitatively. The experiments, however, tend to prove that by the addi- tion of a small amount of lead, &c., to copper containing sub-oxide a relative purer metal is obtained. From the foregoing experiments it appears that there is no alloy of copper which conducts electricity better than the pure metal; and I will now proceed to the second part, viz., to the detezmination of the conducting powers of com- mercial copper and the analysis of the same. I am indebted to the kindness of Latimer Clark, Esq., for the following specimens of commercial copper :— | Conductin | Power found. Temp. Cent. Mean. о 1. Spanish (Rio Tinto) - - 14:24 , 14*8 2. Russian (Demidorff) - - 59-34 | 12:7 3. Tough copper - - 71°03 17°3 4. Bright copper wire - - 72°22 15.7 5. Best selected - - - 81°35 14°2 6. Australian (Burra Burra) - 88:86 14:0 7. American (Lake Superior) - | 92:57 15:0 Pure galvanoplastic copper not fused 1C0: 00 15:5 All the above wires were annealed. C. W. Siemen's, Esq., has kindly sent me several speci- mens of the ** Gibraltar core," and from the results obtained it appears that the core of some of the specimens is made out of ditferent sorts of copper. Conducting Power found. Temp. Cent. Taking pure copper - - 100-00 15۰5 Mean. No. 112 was found to conduct - 90:7 15:5 No.91 - — - - 89°5 15°5 Another wire of the same coll - 79°0 15°5 No. 292 - - - - 78°2 15:5 Another wire of the same coil 67°4 15°5 N. 240 - - - - 74 •4 15:5 All the wires were annealed. + This, alloy, in form of wire, was kindly lent by Professor Percy. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Now, ав to the causes of the differences in the conducting powers. In the Spanish copper 2 per cent. arsenic, besides traces - of lead, iron, nickel, sub-oxide of copper, &c., were found. 'The low conducting power is to be attributed to the arsenic present, | 2. Russian (Demidorff) copper contains traces of arsenic, iron, nickel, suboxide of copper, &c., and here in the arsenic present may be considered the chief reason of its low conducting power. | 3. Tough copper. In this specimen traces of lead, iron, nickel, antimony, suboxide of copper, &c. were found. 4. “Bright copper wire contains traces of lead, iron, nickel, suboxide of copper, &c. | 5. Best selected, according to analysis traces of iron, nickel, antimony, suboxide of copper, &c. were present in this copper. . 6. Australian (Burra Burra). In this specimen traces of iron and suboxide of copper were only found. 7. American (Lake Superior). ‘Traces of iron, silver (0 O3 per cent.) and suboxide of copper were present in this specimen. | In Nos. 112 and 91 of the “ Gibraltar core ? were found traces of lead, suboxide of copper, iron and antimony ; in Nos. 299 and 240 traces of lead, arsenic (very small), iron, nickel, antimony and suboxide of copper. The causes of the differences in the conducting powers of the above coppers must be looked for in the different amounts of impurities present, but as we know of no accu- rate method for the determination of the suboxide of copper quantitatively, and as it was found in all the coppers tested, it was thought completely useless to determine quantitatively the other impurities, for as proved (page 2) the decrement in the conducting caused by suboxide of copper is in some cases equal to 28 per cent. | Some experiments were made with a view to find a method of improving commercial copper, but as my means and ap- pliances only allowed me to try them on a very small scale, they have led to no practical results. ` SIR, 337 In conclusion, I would repeat the remark made at the end of the first part of this inquiry, viz., that there is no substance which can be added to pure copper to increase its conducting power, and thet it is therefore of the utmost importance that the submarine cable manufacturers should use the purest copper and the best and surest method in order to bring this about would be in future only to contract for such cables at so much per knot of a certain resistance; it would then be to the manufacturer’s own interest to use the best copper; for should he employ an inferior sort he would have to make the wire so much thicker, and therefore a much greater weight of copper would have to be employed. ; 7 have the honor to be, &c. A. MATTHIESSEN, To Captain Douglas Galton, Chairman of the Government Submarine Cable Committee, Whitehall. 1, Torrington Street, Russell Square, W. C., July 16, 1860. I HAVE determined the conducting power of the specimen of copper, cut from 14 tons, sent me by Mr. Tennant, and found it annealed = 98-78 at 1595, pure annealed copper—100* at 15°°5, It contains traces of silver (0*03 per cent.) and iron, but no suboryde of copper. With regard to the standard of resistance I might be allowed to remark, that copper is not a good metal to use as such; for, first, it oxydises easily; and second, the conducting power varies so much with the temperature. Now, I have no doubt that there are alloys which do not suffer any change by exposure to air, and of which the conducting power will not vary at all with the temperature. If during my researches on the subject I should find such, I will immediately inform you of the fact, and remain Your obedient servant, A. MATTHIESSEN, Capt. D. Galton. APPENDIX No. 4. REPORT upon the REsuLTs of CHEMICAL INVESTIGATION into the Cavusrs of the Decay of GUTTA- PERCHA used for the INSULATION of WIRES for conveying ELECTRIC CURRENTS, by WILLIAM ALLEN MILLER, M.D., F.R.S. King's College, London, Aug. 28, 1860. THE inquiries to which this investigation has given rise have extended over many months, and have included a large number of analyses, but the results obtained may be stated in a small compass, as they are very definite. I have examined numerous samples of gutta-percha cables both injured and sound, which have been in use for several ears, and I find in all cases that the deteriorated portions have undergone chemical change, and that change consists in a process of oxidatton. Whatever retards or prevents this oxidation, retards or prevents the decay of the gutta-percha; some of the specimens which I examined being as gocd as new, though they had been manufactured and used electrically for years ; whilst others in a few months had become brittle, rotten, and unserviceable. As the general result of these in- quiries, I find that whenever the gutta-percha has been completely submerged in water no injurious change has occurred, sea water appearing to be eminently adapted to the preservation of the gutta-percha. On the other hand alternate exposure to moisture and dryness, particularly if at the same time the sun’s light has access, is rapidly destructive of the gutta-percha, rendering it brittle, friable, and resinous in aspect, and in chemical properties. A dual absorption of oxygen takes place, and the gutta- percha slowly increases in weight, becoming at the same time proportionately soluble in alcohol, and in dilute solu- tions of the alkalics. In every instance, however, some portion of the gutta remained unchanged in composition. My experiments have also been extended to the prolonged action of air, moisture, and light, upon india-rubber, and here also I find that these agents effect analogous changes, though somewhat less rapidly. The caoutchonc, however, instead of becoming brittle, is converted into a glutinous mass, losing its elasticity, in- creasing in weight to a certain extent, and becoming par- tially soluble in alcohol and diluted alkaline liquids, These deductions are made from the examination of a number of samples supplied to me partly by Captain Galton and Mr. L. Clark, including specimens of coated telegraphic wires suspended in air, specimens of submarine cables, specimens of wires sunk in the soil under various condi- tions, besides experiments instituted by myself upon the action of various agents upon gutta-percha, and they include the results of an extended and well-contrived series Of experiments made at the works of the Electric Telegraph Company under the direction of Mr. L. Clark. I will here subjoin an abstract of the principal experi- mental details, and for the convenience of reference will arrange them under the following distinct heads :— Ist. Experiments upon pure gutta-percha. 2nd. Experiments upon commercial gutta-percha. 3rd. Experiments upon submerged cables. 4th. Experiments upon decayed and damaged cables exposed in air and underground under various circumstances. Experiments upon caoutchouc. Experiments upon other compounds. oth. 6th. l. Experiments on Pure Gutta. Pure gutta differs in some of its properties from the commercial gutta. 1 found on examining the whitest samples purified by Dr. Cattell, that it formed a porous, milk-white mass, wholly soluble in benzol, in ether, in bi- sulphide of carbon, and in the ordinary solvents of gutta- percha. It is а perfectly pure hydrocarbon probably con- taining Co Hg. I found it to consist of — j found C, Н». Carbon - - 88:96 or 88-88 Hydrogen - 11:04 11:12 100:00 100:00 Оа 3 APP. Nc. 3. Investigation Into the con- ducting power of commercial copper, by A. Mat*thiesscn, Ph. ij. Arp. No. 4. Professor Miller on decay of gutta-percha and india rubber. Experiments on pure gutta-percha. Avr. No. 4. Professor Miller on decay of gutta-percha and india rubber. Chemical ex- periments on gutta-percha. 338 When exposed to a temperature of 212° it softens, but does not liquefy; it loses a trace of moisture, and then gradually absorbs oxygen, becoming brown, brittle, and resinous in appearance. In one specimen the increase in weight amounted to 4°45 per cent. The oxidized portion 1s insoluble in benzol, which when digested on the brown mass dissolves out a quantity of unaltered gutta, which had been protected from oxidation by the coating of resin. This resinous mass when thus purified was found to have been produced from the gutta-percha by simple absorption of oxygen, the gutta having in one experiment absorbed more than a fourth of its weight of oxygen from the atmosphere. 2. Chemical Experiments on Commercial Gutta-percha. The gutta-percha of commerce is not & pure proximate vegetable principle, but it consists chiefly of a hydrocarbon, which may for brevity be termed pure gutta, or simply gutta, mixed with a product of its oxidation which is in the form of a soft resin, amounting to about 15 per cent. in the best commercial samples. The following is the composition of a piece of ordinary good commercial gutta-percha, taken from a piece of new cable supplied to me by Mr. L. Clark:— Pure gutta - - - 79°70 Soft resin - - » 15:10 Vegetable fibre - - 218 Moisture - > 2:50 Ash - - — 052 100:00 The moisture reported in this analysis is mechanically diffused through the mass of the gutta percha, and seems to have some influence upon its pliability and toughness. 100 parts of the commercial sample when dried at 212? till it ceased to lose weight, deducting the ashes, contained— Carbon - - - 84°66 Hydrogen - - - 1115 Oxygen - - - 419 100:00 This gutta-percha softens and liquifies by a heat of 212°. It is soluble, with the exception of a few flocculi of fibrous matter, in benzol, in bisulphide of carbon, and in ether. Alcohol dissolves none of the pure gutta, but extracts a portion of the soft resin. This resin is an oxidized com- pound, probably in a transitional condition to a higher stage of oxidation. I found it to consist of— Carbon - - . 7615 Hydrogen - - - 1116 Oxygen - - 12:09 100-00 The true gutta was extracted nearly pure from this sample by dissolving it in benzol, filtering and adding alcohol, when a coagulum of pure gutta was obtained, which was found to consist of— Carbon - — — 87:29 Hydrogen - — 12:04 Oxygen — - - - 074 100-00 The presence of the small quantity of oxygen in this case was due to a little of the resin which still adhered to the precipitated mass of gutta. Commercial gutta-percha may be preserved for months, and even years, with little change, either in water or in air, provided light be excluded. This I have found from my own experiments, and the results which I have myself obtained are confirmed by experiments made by Mr. Clark. The following are some of the most important of these experi- ments :—000 grs. of thin sheet gutta were exposed under various conditions at the end of last October at the Electric Cable Works. The various samples were examined on the 2nd of July of this present year. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE . In netting exposed to sun and rain in open air. . In a bottle open to the air and light, but excluded from rain. In a bottle open to the air, but excluded from light. In fresh water, open to air and light. In fresh water, open to air excluded from light. . In fresh water, excluded from air and light. . In sea water, exposed to air and light. . In sea water, excluded from light but exposed to air. In sea water, excluding both light and air. К) мем о оса Съ ол А Со The specimens 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 were wholly unaltered, with the exception of a slight increase in weight, due to the absorption of water, which they lost again after exposure to the air for an hour or two. The tenacity and structure of c material did not appear to have undergone the slightest change. No. 2, which had been folded up and introduced into a bottle, the mouth of which was open and inverted, had increased in weight from 500 grs. to 52-45 grs., or about о per cent., owing to absorption of oxygen from the air. The outer layers of the sheet, where exposed to light, were brittle and resinous in appearance, but the inner portion, which had been screened from light by the outer folds, was but little altered in texture or appearance. On examining chemically a portion of the most brittle part, I found a large portion of it to have lost the composi- tion of gutta and to have become converted into a matter soluble in alcohol, 55 per cent. of the mass being in fact transformed into the resin already spoken of. The sample No. 3, which had been kept in the dark, had experienced little or no change. It had only increased 2˙5 grains in weight, or 0°5 per cent.; and when treated with alcohol gave up 7:4 per cent. of resinous matter to it. These results agree with those which I made upon gutta percha which had been exposed to the light of day for the shorter period of two months. "This specimen had become quite brittle, had increased in weight 3:6 per cent., and yielded 21:5 per cent. of resinous matter soluble in alcohol; whilst a piece of the same sheet kept in the dark had under- gone no sensible change. samples of sheet gutta-percha were also subjected in November last to the action of the following liquids and exposed to diffused daylight :— A. Doiled linseed oil. C. Stockholm tar. B. Linseed oil not boiled. D. Coal tar. When examined on the 4th of August 1860, or at the end of nine months, these liquids were found not to have exerted any perceptible solvent action upon the gutta, which retained its texture and tenacity in all those portions which had been fairly submerged in the liquid, and pro- tected from the light and atmosphericair; butin those por- tions which had projected into the atmospheric air contained in the jar, where it was also exposed to the effects of dif- fused daylight, the texture had become rotten and the material more or less brittle and resinous. All the liquids above mentioned are calculated to ex- clude oxygen from the gutta-percha, and thus they are enabled to exert a preservative influence upon it, without, however, in any degree softening or dissolving its texture. Hence they are likely to be highly valuable agents in coating the insulating material. 3. Experiments on Submarine Cables. I have examined several specimens of cable from different lines which have been submerged for periods of time varying from & few weeks to seven years. ln no case where the cable has been completely and continuously submerged have I found any sensible jon dun i the quality of the gutta-percha. No.1. Holyhead Irish cable (from Captain Galton), taken up in Februrry 1859, after seven years’ submergence. No. 2. a. b. c. Three specimens from the Dutch line, from Orfordness to Schevening (Mr. L. Clark), submerged five years, raised in August 1859, This cable was enclosed in a coating of galvanized iron wire, and contained a single wire of copper in gutta, bound round with hemp and tape soaked in boiled linseed oil, tallow, and Stockholm tar. a. External coating of galvanized wire, not damaged by corrosion. This sample had been buried on the Dutch coast to a small depth in sand. b. and c. Outer galvanized wire much corroded, but the gutta-percha quite sound. The gutta-percha wire had in each of these samples been exposed to the air, out of the metallic casing, for some months, and consequently was drier than the sample a. taken from its metallic coating just before it was analysed. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 3. Cable off Portland (Captain Galton); down for seven months; composed of seven thin copper wires twisted into a strand covered with tar, then coated with gutta-percha, without any metallic protecting envelope. 4. Cable from line between Candia and Alexandria (Cap- tain Galton). Construction similar to the last; it showed superficial erosions of the gutta-percha after submergence for a few weeks; but the composition of the gutta was un- changed. 5. New gutta-percha covered wire (Mr. L. Clark); never used. The only chemical difference perceptible in these different specimens was in the quantity of water mechanically retained in each. 100 parts of each contained :— | | 2. | | 1... 3 4 5: a. | b. c. | | Water | 0°84 | 3:36 | 1:75 | 1°49 | 4:8 | 0:96 | 2-50 As 1.05 . | 0°76 3:52 | 0°75 50 4. Experiments upon damaged Cables suspended in Air or placed underground. Of damaged cables I have had various specimens for examination. 1 to 6. Six samples, described by Mr. Saward in his evi- dence before the Committee, January 12, 1360. 1. Buried in chalky or gravelly soil, coated with a white friable crust of altered gutta-percha. ‘This was very brittle, and contained 35 per cent. of resin; this resin contained 17 per cent. of oxygen combined with a hydrocarbon of the same composition as pure as gutta. 2, Was in soil exposed to leakage of gas pipes, and also was resinous and brittle, but less so than No. 1. 3. Was described as pulpy when raised, as if fermenting ; taken from ground into which drainage from oak trees or posts occurred. When forwarded to me it was hard and tough, the copper wire within was slightly corroded and adhered to the gutta-percha, the channel around the wire lined with a pale brown powder. ‘This powder contained traces of copper. It appeared to consist of gutta-percha, as it was almost wholly soluble in benzol, and was insoluble in alcohol. ‘The material in this case seemed to have undergone comparatively little permanent change, althouch so very different in appearance from ordinary gutta-percha, when it was taken up. It fused below 212°. It had been painted with some pigment containing lead, and on burning left an ash amounting to 1^ 87 per cent. 4. Not very brittle, taken from iron pipes. 5. Exposed to a dry heat near а baker's oven; coated with red lead. 6. Exposed to a dry heat (exact source not indicated). This was extremely brittle, could be powdered without difficulty, and was almost converted into а resinous sub- stance. It fused below 212°, it left 1°03 per cent. of ash when burnt, and appeared to have been coated with some pigment. In all these samples those which were most brittle con- tained the oxidized resinous body in largest proportion. This resinous substance varied somewhat in the proportion of oxygen which it contained in the different samples, but presented the same general properties. It was soluble in cold alcohol, and still more largely in boiling alcohol; was insoluble in ether, and but sparingly in benzol ; diluted alkaline leys dissolved it with facility, and the solution coagulated on the addition of an acid in excess. 7 and 8. Samples of gutta-percha covered wire taken from a tunnel in the Stour valley, placed in the tunnel in 1850 (Mr. L. Clark). One portion of this, A, was comparatively little injured; the other, B, was brittle and rotten. This sample had been coated with some pigment containing lead. It would be useless to cite in detail the various analyses which I have made of these several samples, or to give the numbers obtained for the proportion of moisture, ash, and resin which they contained, or to quote the proportions of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ascertained to exist in the altered portion, as contrasted with the unchanged portion, present in each sample. It may be stated generally, that wherever the proportion of resin was greatest the sample of gutta exhibited the greatest degree of brittleness; and this brittleness was always found to be most marked in the specimens which had experienced the greatest degree of oxidation; and fur- 339 ther, that these changes appeared to occur most rapidly and decidedly in those points where the gutta-percha was alternately wet and dry. 9. Experiments on Caoutchouc. The caoutchouc of commerce is, like gutta, not a pure vegetable principle, and consists of a hydrocarbon of definite composition, mixed with a small quantity of resin the amount of which varies in different specimens. f The following are the results of my analysis of a sample of pure unmanufactured Para rubber, compared with a sample of good sheet masticated or manufactured rubber. nc | Virgin. Masticated. ee Pure caoutchouc - - 96 °6 | 96۰64 Moisture - 1:3 | 0:82 Resin - - - 1:8 | 2-06 Ash - - - - 0:5 | 0°48 100۰0 . 100۰00 ‚ Or, deducting moisture and ash, its elementary compo- sition gave— dax. | Virgin. | Masticated. Carbon - = 50 85 •82 385 53 m Hydrogen - : a 11-11 | 12:06 Oxygen - - k 3°07 | 2°41 | 100-00 | 100-00 Caoutchouc, like gutta-percha, is, as already stated, liable to deterioration, by exposure to the action of oxygen in the presence of solar light, but the gum is less rapidly injured if exposed to their influence in the native state, than if it has been previously masticated. When subjected to the action of air excluded from light, it does not experience any marked change, even during very lonz periods. lt is, how- ever, important to observe that the masticuted rubber is much more porous than the unmanufactured caoutchouc. When immersed in water, caoutchouc absorbs a much larger quantity of this liquid than gutta-percha, and the masticated much more than the unmanufactured or virgin rubber. I subjoin the results of my examination of some samples subinitted to experiment by Mr. L. Clark. A.— Virgin Para Rubber, Finest Quality. 900 grains of this was exposed in each experiment, in the form of a narrow tape-like strip of rubber, which had been stretched while hot and suddenly cooled. It was of a very pale brown colour. The various samples were sub- mitted to experiment at the end of October 1859, and were examined nine months afterwards (August 4th, 1860). No. 1, which had been exposed in netting, in the open air, to sun and rain, had becorne blackened and rotten, but was neither sticky nor crumbled, had increased in weight 34-5 grains or 7 per cent. No. 2 was exposed in the air and light, but kept dry in à bottle placed mouth downwards; it had increased in weight 14 grains, or 2:8 per cent, by absorption of oxygen, and had become brown, soft, and sticky, especially in the par:s most exposed to light. It gave up 11°81 per cent. of an oxidized, soft, and viscous resin to alcohol. The annexed analysis will give an idea of the composition of the resin thus formed :— ; Carbon - - - - 67 23 Hydrogen - - - 9°54 Oxygen - - - = 23:323 100°0 The proportion of oxygen differs a little in different samples. No. 3, which was exposed to diffused light in fresh water in an open bottle, had become white and opaque from the absorption of moisture, and had increased 86 grains or 17 per cent., but it had experienced no other alteration in chemical properties, and when dried resumed its original characters. | No. 4, exposed in sea water in an open bottle to diffused light, had absorbed 3:6 per cent. of its weight of water, but was only a little altered in appearance, not in chemical composition, Uu 4 APP. No.4 Professor Miller on decay of gEutta-percha, and india rubber. Virgin Para rabvher, tinest quality. avr. No. 4. Professor Miller on decay of gutta-percha and india rubber. Masticated ruober, siieet. Sheet rubber, vulcanized. , ^upplemen- tarv report bv Professor Miller. 340 B.—Musticated Rubber, Sheet, Best Quality. A similar series of experiments was made simultaneously upon masticated sheet caoutchouc. | Ко. 1, exposed to sun and rain, had collected into a sticky mass, which had lost its tenacity and elasticity. No. 2, in the inverted bottle exposed to diffused light and air, had increased in weight 8 grains or 1*6 per cent., and had collected into a lump, which was viscous, and had lost its elasticity, especially in the parts most exposed to the action of light. When treated with alcohol it was found to yield 12°64 per cent. of its weight of resinous matter to this solvent. These changes were in marked contrast to No. 3, which was kept in a glass bottle in the dark for the same period, but exposed to the air freely. It had increased in weight only 0°6 per cent., did not show any sign of alteration in tenacity or elasticity, and yielded to alcohol 2°( per cent. of resin only. No. 4, а sheet of the same rubber immersed in fresh water, open to the air and diffused light, had increased 87 per cent. by absorption of water, that is to say, it had nearly doubled its weight. It had become white, opaque, slimy, and sticky when pressed, and allowed water to be squeezed out by pressure. It lost weight rapidly by drying when exposed to the air. No. 5, similar to the last, but exposed in sea water. It was slightly opaque and slimy, but had increased only 5 per cent. in weight by absorption. A second sample, in sea water in a closed bottle, em'tted a smell of sulphuretted hydrogen, and had gained 5°6 per cent. in weight by absorption. Its elasticity and tenacity were not impaired. The gradual permeability of masticated caoutchouc to water was further strikingly shown by enclosing a quantity of acetate of potash in bags made of shect rubber and accurately sealed. They were then immersed in water, and at the end of nine months the salt in each of the bags was found to have become liquified by the water which it had absorbed, and the bags had in each case gained in weight several grains. C.—A similar Series of Experiments was made with Sheet Rubber, vulcanized. 1. The sheet exposed in the netting to the sun and rain had lost 2 per cent. in weight; it was scarcely less tenacious than at first. 2. A similar sheet in fresh water absorbed 19 per cent., but was not otherwise altered. 3. A similar sheet in sea water was rather more slimy and had only gained 1:6 per cent. in weight. Each of the three substances, viz., natural, masticated, APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE and vulcanized rubber were submitted to the action of the following solvents for nine months :— A. Boiled linseed oil. B. Unboiled linseed oil. C. Stockholm tar. The virgin rubber had resisted the action of the solvents almost perfectly, retaining its toughness, excepting in those parts which were above the surface of the liquid and ex- posed to light. In the tar this rubber had contracted spontaneously, but was still strong and elastic. The masticated rubber was in each instance greatly swollen and gelatinized, and indeed in the case of the unboiled oil was completely dissolved. The vulcanized rubber had also lost its tenacity, and had become swollen and gelatinous, but retained its form and a certain degree of elasticity. A sample of india-rubber cable (from Captain Galton), which contained six strands of copper wire, each coated with rubber, then bound round with tape and again with rubber, had experienced a singular change, having become, where in contact with the wire, quite glutinous and sticky. This change, however, did not progress in the specimen which I kept for some months in my room, but the viscosity on the contrary gradually diminished.* 6. Experiments on other Substances. An insulating mixture, composed of gutta-percha, shel- lac, and powdered glass or clay, known as Wray's Com- pound” (from Captain Galton), was also submitted to experiment. Heated to 212°, it softened, but retained its shape. It lost by drying 0:5 per cent. of moisture, and when burnt left 22 per cent. of a white ash, chiefly silicate of alumina. This compound absorbs water but sparingly. 500 grains left in fresh water for six months increased 7:5 grains in weight, or 1:5 per cent., and a similar increase in weight occurred in another experiment where sea water was ше. Sample of Gutta-Percha Cable (from Captain Galton) vul- canized by Mackintosh's Patent. The wire was found to be blackened on its surface from the action of the sulphur, owing to the formation of sul- phide of copper, and traces of copper were found in the gutta-percha covering. WM. ALLEN MILLER, M.D. To the Chairman of the Commission on Electric Telegraphs. ScPPLEMENTAnY Report upon the ABSORBENT Quatitirs of GUTTA РЕПСИА and Caorrcnovc, and of the Effect of such Absorption on their Insulating Powers, by WILLIAM ALLEN MILLER, M.D., F.R.S. King’s College, London, April 25, 1861. The following experiments were instituted with a view of testing still further the comparative tendency of gutta percha and caoutchouc to absorb moisture when these two bodies are submerged in water. They show clearly that whether this submersion takes place under ordinary pressures or under very great pressures maintained for several weeks, there is a marked difference between the two substances. In both materials the amount of moisture absorbed is always less when they are immersed in sea water than when fresh water is employed. The absorption of water by gutta percha is very slight, indeed almost nil in sea water. In fresh water it is appre- ciable though trifling. The absorption of water hy caoutchouc after submersion is always sensible, the surface being usually rendered white and opaque, owing to the amount of water which has penetrated into the substance. ‘This absorption, however, reaches only to a small depth, and does not destroy or in anywise impair the insulating power of that portion of the caoutchouc which is beneath the moistened layer. As mizht have been expected, the experiments prove clearly that the amount of the absorption is dependent upon the extent of surface exposed to the water. For example, in three samples of india-zubber covered wire supplied to me by Mr. Rowland, which had each been submerged for an equal interval in sea water, the thickest coating had absorbed the least when equal weights of cross sections of the coatings were compared. 100 grains, No. 1, l inch in circumference, lost 11°1 on drying. 100 grains, No. 2, drying. 100 grains, No. 3, 1,°; inch in circumference, lost 7 *4 on drying. The materials employed in the experiments about to be described consisted of sheets of gutta percha and of caout- chouc of two different thicknesses, and of wires coated with both gutta percha and india-rubber from various sources. Besides these, four bags of each materiel enclosing known weights of certain deliquescent salts, were sealed, and im- mersed in fresh water. The sheets and coated wires were each subjected to the action of both sea and fresh water in closed bottles exposed to the action of diffused light. They were also exposed to the action of sea water for six weeks under a pressure maintained as steadily as was prac- ticable by the hydraulic press, averaging about three tons upon the square inch, though occasionally during the night and on Sundays the pressure gradually dechned to 0». Comparative trials of the insulating power of the coated wires were made before and after subjection to the above- mentioned experiments, 17e inch in circumference, lost 9°7 on * * The quantity of viscous matter was too smail to admit of satis- factory analysis. I ascertained, however, that. no copper was pri sent inthe viscous mass, and that the wire was not corroded. I coul not E whether grease was present in suvill quantity, as was not unlikely, Experiments on other i substance. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. TABLE showing the ABSORPTION of WATER (in Grains) by Gutta Percha and Caoutchouc. ʒ: 'T[————————————————————————————, M . q,, APP. No. 4. Absorption in Grains per Square Under Sea-water | Fresh Foot of Surface. Description of Specimen, Pressure, (bottle)h, Water Bea-water, 50 Days. (bottle), an 9 Sea- water P Heus 43 Days. 50 Days (bottle). (bottle). GUTTA PERCHA Sheet ду inch thick, 8x 2 inch - - - - 1:5 0*4 2:4 5-7 1°8 10°8 Sheet у, inch thick, 8 x 2 inch - - - — 0*0 0-6 = 0:0 9-7 Sheet inch, Ауе Company, 8 х 2 inch - - 0*6 0:4 0*8 2:7 1*8 3:6 Coated wire, A 5,* f wire ү Р Р : | . S p| _ in. diam. I gutta percha yy - 0*0 0-0 0*4 0*0 0*0 8:2 8 5 | Coated vire, A 6,* f wire у; ; -| os 0-1 0:2 6°15 2-05 4-1 а W in. diam. gutta percha +, ИТ Coated wire, West Ham Company, gs in. diam, - 0:5 10-4 Ds 8:0 16-4 {12-8 bags Carb. Potash - - — — 4*2 = -- 14-7 Sealed 8 са s Com- Carb. Potash - - — — Spoiled „= == Spoiled. pany, inch thick Chloride Calcium - — — $4°5 = Š 15-0 y : Chloride Calcium -| — = 14-5 = Ба 15-0 Mean - — - - - - - - - 4°51 2°01 71.1 $097 1 1 اسما‎ | 1 QA Sheet „2. inch thick, 8 x 2 inch] e. Sheet inch thick, 8 x 2 inch } Silver and Co. - Slips, virgin, 8 x 2 inch (Hall and Wells) - Slips, manufactured, 8 x 2 inch (Hall and Wells) Slips, manufactured, 8 x 2 inch (Silver) - - 8 Coated wire, virgin, şîy inch -| Hall and "& t5 j Coated wire, manufactured, r inch J Wells. 8 9 | Coated wire, manufactured, „ẹ inch (Silver) e Coated wire, manufactured, теше (Silver) Bags from Silver and Co., [es ы : - slg inch in thickness, Chloride Calei 8 inches square. ا‎ Chloride Calcium Mean - - - oo The specimens of gutta percha (with the exception of those of the West Ham Company) were from the Gutta Percha Company, City Road. Those of caoutchouc from Messrs. Silver and Co., North Woolwich, and Messrs. Hall and Wells, Borough Road, Southwark. The wire in each case was 16 of copper gauge, ог P, inch thick. In the foregoing table, the results which are given as the absorption uare foot are calculated from the actual experimen nibs contained in the first three columns of figures It will be seen that though the amount of absorption is liable to considerable variation in different specimens of the same substance, that the absorbent action of the caoutchouc is from 5 to 10 times as great as that of the gutta percha. In determining the insulating powers of the coated wires after submersion, no difficulty 1s experienced in obtaining accurate results with the gutta percha, but the case is otherwise with the caoutchouc. e white film of caout- chouc which has absorbed moisture is not an insulator. It is therefore necessary to allow the cut surfaces of the wire which have been submerged to become dry by exposure to the air before proceeding to test the insulating power. If this were not attended to the most serious errors would arise. In order to make these experiments, the coated wires after they had been completely submerged were bent into the form of a horse-shoe, and the middle portions were placed in a jar of water, so as to keep them completely moistened, whilst the ends were allowed to project into the air for some days. The white aspect of the projecting portions of the сол сан disappeared as the caout- chouc became dry, aud the insulating power was completely =з O0‏ س ت وھ 11111995 2:3 3:7 = 18-9 17:3 4:9 8:3 — 37:9 74-7 9 2۰1 5۰9 17°5 9°45 26°5 8 2۰1 4*5 17:1 9°45 20°2 0 = = 31°5 = s 0 n n 16-0 +12۰8 +24°0 9 0°5 1:5 14°4 8 · 1240 2 2:0 3-4 39:6 360 57:2 3-0 4:3 -— 360 51:6 = 40°6 — E 45:7 M 45° 8 = es 51:5 er 47-9 — — 53:9 == 148-1 — — {54-1 -|-. -f[-. -~ 22°7 21°0 41:7 restored, although the body of the wire remained submerged during the whole time. The electrical testa and their results are contained in the report of Mr. Rowland. To the Chairman of the WM. ALLEN MILLER. Commission on Electric Telegraphs. Experiments made at Silvertown and at King’s College under the directions of Professor Wheatstone, F.R.S., and in the presence of Dr. Miller, F.R.S., on the 5th March, 17th, 19th, and 24th April 1861, on the loss of insulation on short lengths of variously-coated copper wires, before and after being subjected to a continuous pressure of three tons on the square inch in iron tubes filled with sea water, from the 5th ‘March to the 17th April 1861, a period of six weeks. Instrument employed, a Peltier electrometer. Description of Wires. No. 1. Gutta percha, А 5* (Gutta Percha Company). 2. Do. A 6* Do. d 3. Do. West Ham Company. 4. Silver and Co. (masticated). 5. Hall and Wells (do.) No cotton next wire. 6. Hall and Wells (virgin unmasticated rubber). No cotton next wire. The wires for insulation test, after they were removed from the hydraulic press, were bent in a horseshoe form, the middle portion being immersed in water whilst the ends were allowed to project into the air for rather more than an Ф A is copper wire, * diameter, covered with two coatings of improved diameter, covered with two alternate coa A 6 is соррег wire, t Bubm 41 days. tta percha, yy thick, or ух diam eter. , each of compound and improved gutta percha, & thick, or x, diameter. t Submerged 46 days. ge Xx 34] Supplemen · ا ی‎ by Professor Miller ГД App. No. 4, Suppieinen- tary report М, Proiessor ect of absorption of water by gutta- and india rubber. App. No. 5. On the per- meabilicy of various kinds of insulators for submarine electric cables, by W. F alr *. R. 8 rcha U 342 inch, and thus gradually became dry. (Each wire was similarly tested previously to its being subjected to pressure.) | | The gutta percha coated wires speedily acquired their maximum insulating power, but the insulating power of the masticated india-rubber increased from day to day as the moisture of the ends in air evaporated. Кезит of Tests before and after being subjected to Pressure. Loss of INSULATION on INSTRUMENT 3° in one hour. FuLL TENSION 42°. Before Loss of After Pressure. Insulation. Pressure. Loss of Insulation. o ¢ un D / " No. 1 - 12in 1. 88 - - 12in 1. 17 No. 2 - 12 in 2. 35 - - 12in 929. 39 No. 3 12 in 0. 58 - - 12 in O. 43 eue 2:45in 21. O No.4* [ 2°451n 20. 50 4 in 37. 10 “a 2°45 in 24. 20 No5 1210 21. so] - 1 in 30. 0 No. 6 — 12 in 5. 20] The loss of insulation was too great to sustain full tension. This ꝓroved to be the case on its being subjected to test on several difflerent occasions; viz., on the 17th, 18th, 19th, and 22d April, 1861. * The coating of this wire was violently stretched to the extent of about two inches in being pulled out of the pipe. The above tests were not instituted to afford a comparison between the insulating powers of the various pieces of covered wires, as they differed in their lengths, from 74 inches to 9 inches, and in the thickness of their coatings from u to şîy of an inch, but to determine the effect of absorption upon the insulation of each material after having been immersed in sea water under pressure, as above . described. OWEN ROWLAND. — — Memorandum of Experiments on the effect of Ab- - sorption of Water by Gutta-percha and India- rubber. EXPERIMENTS upon the Action of FRESH and SEA WATER upon the insulatory properties of Сотта. PERCHA in sheets gly inch in thickness. A sheet weighing 500 grains was put in an open glass bottle filled with fresh water, and exposed to air and light in the office on the 26th October 1859. On the 17th No- vember it was taken out and examined. Very shiny and much lighter in colour. It was dried between sheets of blotting-paper and towels and weighed. Increase in weight 10 grains. Tested for insulation for dynamic and static electricity with 512 elements. No loss. Another sheet (500 grains) at the same time was put in & bottle filled with sea water and tested in the same manner as above. It was rather firmer and darker in colour. Increase in weight 5 greins, insulation good. Sheet again replaced in water. ön the Sth February 1860 this sheet was again examined. Appearance much the same. It was this time exposed in the office for 4 hours. Increase of weight 3 grains. Insulation good. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE On the 4th August the sheet in fresh water was finally examined, dried between towels and sheets of blotti paper. In appearance very slimy; the slime being Adis off no change observable in colour or texture. Dried between towels, &c.; increase of weight 16 grains. Ex- posed to air for 2 hours, 13 grains. Insulation good. Sheet in sea water examined; no change in texture— darker in colour—very slimy; slime scraped off. Increase in weight 8 grains; in half-an-hour 7 grains. ` EXPERIMENTS upon the AcTION of FRESH and SEA WATER upon the insulating properties of MASTICATED INDIA-RUBBER in sheet 4. inches in thickness. A sheet weighing 500 grains was put in an o lass bottle filled with fresh ae and exposed to air and light in the office on the Ist Nov. 1859. On the 17th it was taken out and examined. Slimy and lighter in colour; dried between towels and sheets of blotting-paper and weighed ; increase in weight 29 grains; tested for insulation = dynamic and static electricity with 512 elements; no oss. | Another sheet (500 grains) was put at the same time in bottle filled with sea water, and treated as above described. Rather slimy to the touch; of a light brown colour; in- crease in weight 21 grains on 521 grains; insulation good. On the 8th Feb. 1860 this sheet was again examined. It was very slimy ; very much lighter in colour; no change in its elasticity. 1t was exposed for about 4 hours in the office; increase of weight 15 grains, or 515 grains; insula- tion good. On the 4th August 1860 the sheet in fresh water was finally examined, dried between towels and sheets of blotting- paper. Increased weight (put down by Mr. Clark), 435 grains; colour very ‘Tight and very slimy; no loss of insulation. | Sheet in sea water, &c. Increase in weight, 244 grains; appearance much the same; very slimy; insulation no loss. A large sheet of masticated rubber of the same thickness was put in a pan filled with fresh water, together with several india-rubber bags containing acetate of potash on the 18th Oct. 1859. It was taken out on the 3rd July 1860 and examined. In colour it was rather whitish and slimy to the. touch. The sheet was formed into a bag or bottle by drawing and tying its sides together, and filled with sea water, and the bottle part left in a basin containing sea water until the edges (out of the water) of the sheet were perfectly dry to avoid surface conduction. For electrical test it was placed upon a copper plate in connection with earth through instrument. The battery wire was then inserted in the water inside the bottle; the insulation was found to be perfect. It was afterwards tested in various ways with the same result. Having washed the sheet in clean fresh water and exposed it to the open air it regained its original colour; appeared perfectly clean and glossy. The result of these severe tests and the rapidity with which sheets of gutta-percha and india-rubber dry in open air seems to favour an impression that water does not permeate the substances but forms a slimy excrescence, more especially in the case of masticated india-rubber, upon their surfaces. A great quantity.of water adheres to the surface of the india-rubber sheet in consequence of the furrows caused by the action of the cutting machine. The acetate of potash put into the india-rubber bags was found liquefied, and had been so for some months. I attribute this to the imperfect sealing of the bags; the insulation of the bags was in each caae perfect. | ' The surface of gutta-percha becomes darker in water; of india-rubber lighter. Owen RowLAND. APPENDIX No. 5. On the PERMEABILITY of various kinds of INSULATORS for SUBMARINE ELECTRIC CABLES, by WILLIAM FAIRBAIRN, Esq., C. E., F. R. S. Tux following experiments were prosecuted at the re- uest of the Commission, with a view to determine how far the numerous kinds of material proposed as insulating coverings for electric submarine cables were reliable when placed at the bottom of the ocean under a great pressure of water, what amount of water they absorbed, and how far their permeability was affected by temperature. The in- quiry was an important one, and the results are in some respects unexpected. It appears that all insulators which have been subjected to experiment absorb more or less water under pressure, even those which are closest in tex- ture, such as vulcanized india-rubber and ipsuni. and it appears that this absorption increases the longer the Bpecimen is retained under water, the аа the pressure to which it is subjected, and the higher the temperature of the water in which it is immersed. The very limited time which has been available for these experiments has prevented our doing more than indicate decisively these general facts without determining the numerical relations of the quanti- ties absorbed under different conditions of time, pressure, or temperature. But already the experiments point out a very important inquiry, some of the methods by which that SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. inquiry may be prosecuted, and some of the conditions which must bé attended to to ensure reliable and corre- -sponding results. | | | Generally in regard to insulating power, the various materials tried arrange themselves in the following order of permeability, the first absorbing least water, and the last absorbing most :— 1. Chatterton's compound. 2. Gutta-percha. 3. Masticated india-rubber. 4. Vulcanized india-rubber. 5. Carbonized india-rubber. 6. Wray’s compound. 7. Unmasticated bottle india-rubber, Our experiments on the insulating power of various cores under pressure are less complete than those on absorption, and have been prosecuted under greater difficulties and with less yep of conditions. So far as the experiments go, however, Wray's core exhibited very high insulating powers, retaining. the charge longer than any other tried. Next in order to this we may place а core of pure india-rubber coiled in two coats over & wire, but this very rapidly lost its insulating power under pressure. Then we may place a core of pure gutta-percha cured by the Mackintosh process, and the experiment on this is perhaps the most satisfactory of the series; the pressure was retained upon the cable for 406 hours, in which period it exhibited considerable diminution of insu- lation. A core of 20 alternate coats of gutta-percha and Chatterton's compound also exhibited good insulation un- impaired after 170 hours immersion. ‘Ihe experiments on core subjected to pressure in an insulating liquid before being placed in our hands give anomalous results. The insulation increased instead of diminishing as the liquid dissolved out. TABLE I.— FIRST SERIES of EXPERIMENTS on ABSORPTION, under a PRESSURE of 20,000 lbs. per SQUARE Incu, and at the ORDINARY ATMOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE. in T BIS. y ы 88 x 7 T di Weight |ба | д Шы) Insulator 8 Б 28 '6 8 [Before After 5519 B os "i L Immersion. | CSE | 88 8E i 5 & E o SE 8 8* | i | ins. jsq.ins.| grains. | grains. | grains. hours Masticated * [20,000 } | 12° 92 348 92385 0°040 | 20 india-rubber 92.385 | 927408 | 0:023 | 20 92°408 92 548 j 0:140 | 50 Total -|—|—|-—| - — | 0'203 | 90 2 | India-rubber 20.00 W | 13-66] 145°851| 1457865 9.14 20 with carbon. 146:865| 145 900 0°085 | 50 Total -| — — — — — 0:049 | 70 3 | Wrays com- 20, 000 3% 10 | 149'463, 140 420 loss. 20 poun 140°420) 140*440| 0'020 | 20 140°440| 140 485 0'045 | 50 Total -|—i|—|—| — — | 0°065| 90 4 | Gutta-percha |920,000| 3 9 66:735; 66770 0-035 | 65 66:770| 66:770| 0°000 | 23 Total d dax ic — — — The temperature in all these experiments was low, some- times several degrees below the freezing point. In the first experiment with Wray's compound, the cylinder when opened was found to be filled with loose ice. * Manufactured by Mackintosh. . when subjected to enormous pressure under water. of insulators were selected, such as gutta-percha, india- Fairbairn 343 SECTION IJ. Experiments on the Permeability of various Insulators under extreme Pressure, as indicated by Increase of Weight. The first experiments have for their object the determina tion of the increase of weight of various insulating materials, A series rubber, Wray’s compound, Chatterton’s compound, vulcan- ized india-rubber, india-rubber а with carbon, and marine glue, Of these suitable sized pieces were pre- pared and placed in a strong steel cylinder, and subjected to ressure by means of a lever and plunger. Before their introduction into the cylinder, and whilst dry, they were carefully weighed in a delicate balance. "Then, after having been subjected to pressure for a shorter or longer period, as the case might be, they were again dried on the surface, and immediately weighed. The increase of weight due to the pressure under water is the measure of the quantity of water which had been absorbed, or rather forced into the pores of the insulator. Fig. 1 represents the apparatus employed in these experi- ments. C is the ре cylinder of wrought iron in which Fig. 1. the specimens were placed; p, its plun- m ger, two inches diameter. Fig. 2 shows the general arrangement of the appa- ratus; L, L, the large lever; F, its fulcrum ; and P, the plunger of the cylinder C, in which the weighed speci- mens were placed. ‘The plunger is guided vertically by the box B, B, forming part of the general case or stand in which the lever is placed. By means of weights suspended on the extremity of the lever, the requisite pressure could be applied to the water in the cylinder C. Fig. 2. If now we assume that for small increments of time, or of area of surface exposed to pressure, the water absorbed is proportional to the time or the area, we may reduce these experiments to common terms of comparison. Let us take 20,000 Ibs. for the common pressure, and reduce the results to 100 hours of exposure, and 10 inches area. REDUCTION of PRECEDING RESULTS. : д 5 we d © g 5 gE i2 45 м . ә ц Mm Ф m.s Insulator. 5 SHS g 585 32 Ba E к 888 idal SE 5 Ld — 2. — e o 7 2 |8 A Е Ales 1 | India-rubber - - ‚000 8°720 100 | 10 0°177 2 | India-rubber with 20,000 8:720 100] 10 0°055 carbon. 3| Wray’s compound - 20,000 8°720 100 | 10 0:073 4 | Gutta-percha - ‚000 8°720 10 | 10 0:044 — — KH —— á————— WA]ͤñßx1?—ͤ] •kc——ꝛ“'b —ͤ——ꝛ4ͤ g— á—— least absorbent, and the india-rubber most so. compound absorbed more than carbonized india-rubber, but less than pure india-rubber. The pure india-rubber appears to combine superficially with water as the surface becomes white, either at parts, as in the present experiment, or over the whole surface. The carbon appears to prevent the formation of this hydrate, and at the same time reduces the elasticity of the native rubber, and enables it to be worked more kindly. In the next series, the whole of the specimens were placed in the same cylinder, fig. 1, and remained under pressure during the same period and under the same con- ditions. "Xx 2 App. No. 5. On the per- meability of vari ous kinds of insulat rs for submarine electric cables, by W. air : F.R S. Experiments on the per- meability of various insu- lators under extreme ressure, as ndicated by increase of weight. ` App. No. 5. On the per- meability of various kinds of insulators 344 TABLE II.—ExrERTENTS on ABSORPTION, under a PRESSURE of 6,000 lbs. and at the ORDINARY TEMPERATURE, n a Mad 55 |°s SH £. Re АГЕ i. Weight | "€ ape E EAN 87 E 8. Insulator عا بے‎ E| 55 [Before | After 25 f 55 ó 2g xw 88 Immersion. | E 2 БЕР Z = |< & in ins. sq. ins. grs. grs. 1 | Unmasticated in- | 5,900] 3 | 4 117°025118° 255Î 1:23 | 450 dia-rubber. 3 | Gutta-percha e | 5,900 | 13] 4°75 175 77 |175°95 | 0°18 | 450 8 » А - | 5,900} тұ [9 66°72 | 66°88 | 0°16 | 450 4 Masticated india- 5,900 ү; | 4°25 |118°465)118°475] 0°10 | 450 rubber. 5 | Wray’s compound | 5,900] 3|4 [141°80 [1421 | 0°30 | 450 6 Ghat terton a com- | 5,900] {|4 131°88 1188 °08 | 0°15 | 450 pound. 7 ишаре with | 5,900} 4/5 110°88 |111:87 | 0°49 | 450 carbon. 8 ае india- | 5,900 | ү; | 5°S | 90°03 | 90°38 | 0°35 | 450 rubber. 9 S s 5,900 | |5 68°57 | 68°92 | 0°85 | 450 10 ч 5,900 9 62:505, 63:145| 0:64 | 450 11 ушан india- | 5,900 7:6 |90:805| 90°915 0'11 | 450 rubber. 19 ые ын ыыы com- | 5,9001 1 | 6 256°35 25646 0°11 | 450 un 13 ray's compound | 5900] 1 | 6 206°35 |206'77 | 0°42 | 450 14 | Gutta-percha - | 6,000; 116 253 38 |253-55 | 0:22 | 450 15 | Marine glue — -|5900| 1|— 97:30 198-75 | {9°65} | 450 These tables show that of all the substances tried, native unmasticated india-rubber absorbs by far the most water. The whole surface of the specimen had lost its black colour, and become whitened during the experiment. Taking the mean of three experiments very closely agreeing, we find that india-rubber, after manufacture, absorbs less water than in its native state, in the proportion 0:682 to 3:07, or 1 to 44. Vulcanized india-rubber appears to be the least absor- bent substance tried, but when combined with carbon, it absorbs nearly one-third more water (according to the results in this table) than in its pure masticated state. Gutta- percha and Chatterton's compound are nearly alike in their resistance to absorption, the latter being superior. Inthese experiments they increased in weight only one-half as much as pure india-rubber (masticated), and twice as much as vulcanized india-rubber. Wray’s compound absorbed rather more than masticated india-rubber. Marine glue lost in- stead of increasing its weight. RESULTS REDUCED to 10 INCHES AREA, Q M a3 B 8 20S |5 Ф д я 58 АЕ 28 SEN EEE 285 s” vB Insulator. T" $2352 FE Ha Nt : 2882 8 858 F 8 & EEE E 5а а 25 Z & [ж a Б 1 | India- rubber, un- 5,900 | 2575 450 10 |5 masticated. India-rubber, mas- 5,900 | 2575 450 10 | 0°023 ticated.* * - 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0:636 a 55 5,900 | 2'575 | 450 10 | 0'700 > 0'682 p 8 5,900 | 2:575 450 10 | 1 India-rubber, vul- | 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0:146 canized. India-rubber, car- | 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0:980 bonized. Gutta-percha -| 5,900 | 2°575 | 450 10 | 0°378 3» 5 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0°177 >0°307 H 2 5,900 | 2:576 | 450 10 | 0:306 Wray’s compound - | 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0°750),. М ۴ 6900 | 2:575| 450 | 10 | 0-7003 0725 6 | Chatterton's com- 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0°375 pound. і ! 0:279 12 " ” 5,900 | 2:575 | 450 10 | 0°183 Comparing these experiments with the last, we find that these materials are far from following a law of simple pro- portion in the amount of water absorbed in different times. The present experiments were made under a pressure of 5,900 Ibs. per square inch, and lasted for a period of 450 hours. The last were made under a pressure of 20,000 lbs., and lasted less than 100 hours. In the present experiments carbonized india-rubber absorbed 17 times as much as in the former ; Wray's compound, 10 times; gutta-percha, 7 times; and masticated india-rubber only 4times. Hence it appears that, other things being equal, masticated india-rubber would be most advantageous, and carbonized india-rubber least so, ag insulators; because, so far as these experiments afford data for generalizing, masticated india-rubber follows a rate of absorption diminishing most with time, and carbonized india-rubber least so. This deduction, however, is compli- * The india rubber, in ep rat 4, was manufactured by that in 8,9, and 10 by Mackintosh. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE cated by the fact of a difference of pressure, and possibly of temperature, in the two experiments. The order of merit in resisting absorption, as derived from this series of experiments, is, — 1. Vulcanized india-rubber. 2. Chatterton’s compound. 3. Gutta-percha. 4. Masticated india-rubber, 5. Wray’s compound. 6. Carbonized india-rubber. 7. Not masticated india-rubber. The next series of experiments were made under greater ressure, but in the same manner and for the same period of immersion. TABLE III.— Tuignp SERIES of EXPERIMENTS on ABSORPTION at ORDINARY TEMPERATURES. 12 55 [Sele БА |59 HE ЕЕЕ Weight 2.2 8 SE Insulator, 4 2 Sg | Before | After S3 F с SË 2 |52) 84 Immersion 32 8 2 z & 2 A ins. sq. in.] grs. grs. 1 | Wray’s compound |15,000| 3; | 5:5 | 104-04 | 104/85 | 0°31 | 450 2| Й 000 f | 4-5 | 196-96 | 197:20 | 0°26 | 450 3 | Chatterton's com- 15,000 4, | 5:5 | 87:79 | 87°82 | 0°03 | 450 pound. 4| o „ — [15000 ¢ | 45 | 16505 | 105706 | 0-02 | 450 5 | Gutta-percha” - | 15; 4'5 | 16195 | 162-03 | 0-08 | 450 6 | Raw india-rubber |15000| $ | 4°0 | 111-73 | 112-39 | 0-66 450 7 | Masticated india- 15,09) $ | 4°0 | 107-12 | 107°21 | 0°09 | 450 ru r. 8| , „ — [15000] 2; | 10°25] 17087 | 171-17 | 0°30 | 450 9 Ра 5 15,000 { 9°6 | 135°&5 | 13584 | 0°29 450 10 | CerBonized india- |15, 9-6 | 182°55 | 182°84 | 0°29 | 450 ru r. mas а 5 8.5 Insulator. SÈ Z 6 | Raw india-rubber - Y 7| Masticated india- 23 rubber, 0°28 8 3» 9 29 9 ээ L/ 30 10 | Carbonized India- 29 rubber. 5 | Gutta-percha - ; ii sc dada } 0-57 8 | Chatterton’s com- i pound. 0.057 The temperature during these experiments was generally lower than in the second series, being frequently at the freezing point. There was loose ice in the cylinder when opened. The higher pressure in these experiments seems to bring out more decisively the differences in the amount of absorp- tion, but itis remarkable that whilst the relative absorption does not widely differ, and the order of the insulators in their resistance to absorption is the same, the absolute uantity absorbed under greater pressure is less than in the previous series of experiments. The only discrepancy between the two series of experiments is the relatively low absorption of masticated india-rubber. The order of merit, or power of resisting absorption, is in these experiments,— ]. Chatterton's compound. 2. Gutta-percha. 3. Masticated india-rubber. 4. Carbonized india-rubber. 5. Wray's compound. 6. Raw india-rubber. The last in this series absorbed twenty-seven times as much as the first; gutta-percha and Chatterton’s com- pound hold, as before, the highest place; but the superiority of the latter was more manifest; it had become whitened at the surface, but apparently the water had only penetrated the thinnest possible film. The next experiments were made with a view to deter- mine the effect of temperature on the absorption of water by these insulators. Recourse was had to the small cylinder c, fig. 3, which was surrounded by the water bath Û, b, maintained at a uniform temperature of 100° Fahr. by the gas jet 9. t, t, is the thermometer. The lever by which the preseure was applied to the plunger is shown at L, L, attached to the firm cast-iron base A, A. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 945 Fig. 3. Table [V.—Fourth Series of Experiments, &c.—continued. Arr. No. 5. ' On the r » , E Durationof| Weight ENT Э meability of Ё Hroosure d U а са kinds ; water | mate of insulator M Insulator. in Hours. ure DE ab- | weight for — 8 sorbed, after electric A sion. sion. , : & = At | At in drying. cables, by W. PA 50° . 100 f. grains. | grains. i ега 3. | Gutta-percha - 0 8 | 102°52 | 102-68 0°16 (Same ye -| 14 18 | 102°68 | 102°75 0°07 men as last). | 52 54 | 102775 | 102°83 0°08 Total 146 031 99°94 4.| India-rubber -| 40 12 | 105°235 | 105°455 | 0 (Masticated).* 53 24 | 105°455 | 1057570 | 07115 » » 76 48 105°570 i * »" »" 100 66 105840 » » 142 70 105° 980 Total 212 Wray's compound 20 12 | 100°17 » » 2 24 10052 » » 86 48 100°60 » » 98 60 100°94 * x 123 84 | 0 Total - 206 6. | Chatterton’s 52 48 93°73 compound. 100 Vulcanized india-| 52 21 11068 111°32 0°64 rubber.t 114 78 |111:32 | 111°92 0°60 | 1101 192 1°24 The different substances were tried separately, as in the first series, and the weighings were repeated at intervals. During the night it was necessary to remove the gas jet, as the uniformity of temperature could not be depended upon ; hence, for ha at a temperature of 50° only, and for the remainder ata temperature of 100°, The loss of weight, after removal from the cylinder, in consequence of the evaporation of the water absorbed, was in these experiments noted, and it was found that the specimens decreased in weight below their original weight ы ал dry. In the whole of these experiments the pressure was 20,0001bs. per square inch; area of specimens, 8 square inches, and thickness about 3 inch. TABLE IV.—FounTHu Series of EXPERIMENTS on ABSORPTION at INCREASED TEMPERATURES. Е Duration of Weight Gain, i E Exposure, — Same Insulator, in Hours. | Before | After b. | weight 3 2 immer- | Immer- bed fte x sion. sion. orbed,| after SE At | At in | drying. 72 | 50° F.|100?F.| grains. | grains. | grains 1. | Gutta-percha -| — 11 | 116°48 | 116°48 0*0 (Remained ex- | — 29 | 116'48 | 116°50 0°03 sed to air uring the night). 2. | Gutta-percha - | 13 13 | 102°73 | 102°91 0°18 26 the period of immersion the specimens were . | RESULTS REDUCED to 100 Hovms, and 10 INCHES Анел. 2 | „ыа | ; ШЕПН ef [oa Ее E |} 2 Insulator. B sg z - 3 2 | "x 8 A uo ЁЗ * о 3. | Gutta-percha =- ] 20,000 | 100 | 75 10 | 0°27 | 3°61 4. | India-rubber - ~ | 20,000 | 100 | 75 10 | 0°45 | 0°87 5. | Wray’s compound - | 20,000 | 100 | 75 | 10 | 0°58 | 0°91 6. |Chatterton'scompound| 20,000 | 100 | 75 10 | 0°20 | 0°60 7. | Vulcanized rubber - | 20,000 | 100 | 75 10 | 0°80 | 2°27 Comparing the numbers in this table with those in the first series, which were made under precisely similar con- ditions in all respects, except temperature, which then did not exceed an average of 40° or 45° Fahr., it becomes evident that temperature has a considerable effect on the amount of water absorbed. ‘Thus, gutta-percha at 45° absorbed 0°044 grains, at 75°, 0°27 grains, or six times at much. In like manner, india-rubber absorbed 0°177 grains at the lower temperature, and 0°45 at the higher, or 2} times as much. Wray’s compound, 0'072 at the lower tempe- rature, and 0°58 at the higher, or seven times as much. Reasoning upon the foregoing experiments, a question arises as to the ratio or quantity of water absorbed in different times, and the condition of the specimens after a much more lengthened immersion. The present experi- ments, although showing the relative 5 of different insulators, do not afford data to determine the ultimate condition of the material intended to surround and insulate the conducting wires of the electric cable. To ascertain these facts, a much more enlarged series of experiments are required, extending over a much ter length of time. If, for example, gutta-percha absorbs 015 grains of water in 100 hours, under a pressure of 20,000 lbs. on the square inch, we want to determine the corresponding quantity absorbed in 1,000 hours; and further, at what period will the continuous absorption cease? These are questions of vital importance as regards the porosity of the specimens ; and when ascertained, we-should then still require to know to what extent the insulation of the electric current would be impaired in the cable saturated with moisture. Should our best insulators, such as Chatterton’s com- pound f or gutta-percha, as given in the experiments, arrive at a point at which they will absorb no more water under a given pressure, it then becomes necessary that we should ascertain whether the water imbibed is suflicient to carry off the whole or a part of a voltaic current, and whether the passage of the current through the insulator would accele- rate, in turn, the oxidation and consequent destruction of the conductor. To solve these questions, in my opinion, we require a long series of carefully conducted experiments, which would tend to give a reliability to these important undertakings which at present they have not stained. * Manufactured by Mackintosh. These specimens became quite black at the cut edges, and over a considerable portion of the surface. 1 Chatterton's compound, however, is not intended to be employed alone, but as ап accessory with gutta-percha, x x3 APP. No. 5. On the per. meability of various kinds of insulators for submarine electric cables, by W. ‘Fairbairn, F.R.S, Experiments on the insu- lating power of various cores when placed under pressure. is di? dll dA TS A 846 - SECTION 2. Experiments on the Insulating Power of various Cores when | placed under Pressure. The earlier experiments with these cores were made with voltaic electricity, but owing to the shortness of the speci- mens it was found impossible so far to destroy their. in- sulation by the absorption of water as to permit a current from a small battery to pass through the covering. Failing in this, recourse was had to frictional electricity, which, from its high intensity, passed with greater or less facility through the insulating coverings of the wire. Still the difficulty of deciding upon the period at which, after remaining under pressure, the insulation began to grow less perfect, remained to a large extent unremoved. This difficulty was very much increased by the necessarily short period in which the experiments had to be completed. It was impossible in many cases to leave the cores long enough APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE under pressure to ascertain clearly the entrance of water, and only in one or two instances was any defect in the cable detected, beyond question, by the gradual loss of insulating power in the specimen under trial. 'l'o inade- uacy of time were added manipulative difficulties, such as the making of a packed joint which should hold tight against so enormous a pressure as 10,000 Ibs. square inch, and also the variable hygrometric condition of the atmosphere. The earlier and preliminary experiments were made with a simple double pith ball electrometer suspended from one of the exposed ends of the cable. This method, however, did not allow of sufficient accuracy in the measure- ment and regulation of the charge and the rate of loss, to afford satisfactory results. The following method was then adopted :—The core was placed in a steel cylinder C, C, figs. 4 and 5, with the ends Fig. 4.—Section. projecting. This cylinder was bored out to 2 inch diameter, tud at either end a pair of strong brass glands were fitted (G, G), so as to compress round the core the vulcanized india-rubber packings p, p, by the aid of the bolts and nuts B, B. The compression thus applied indented the core to Fig. 6. V 1/1 УУ ЛУ , E / ЛУ PS —9—v—1 . [2 Nee rr rr . O- 8 Ss a greater or less extent (fig. 7), at each of the points where the india-rubber packings were applied ; and this indenta- tion was greater or less according to the pliability of the in- sulator. Communicating with the large cylinder C, C, is a smaller cylinder c, c, fitted with a solid plunger. The pres- sure was applied, through the medium of the plunger, by a lever L, L (fig. 3), after the cylinders had been filled with water. Up to about 10,000 Ibs. pressure per square inch, or a pressure equivalent to the weight of a column of water 4:36 miles high, the cylinder would stand without leakage, but beyond this pressure the water forced its way amongst the packings, and either with or without external leakage, prevented the attainment of any higher pressure from t fall of the plunger on its bearings. One end of the core was hermetically sealed in all but the earliest experiments. The other end was covered with a rounded brass cap, and surrounded by a closed box D, D (fig. 6), containing dishes, d, of concentrated sulphuric acid, an electrometer, e, and a hygrometer, h. By means of the acid the atmosphere round the cable was maintained in a tolerably uniform condition of dryness in a room otherwise Fig. 7. damp, and the apparatus and surface of the cable main- tained under similar conditions throughout the whole of the experiment. "CONS ORT "a. SUBMARINE “TELEGRAPH - COMMITTEE. The electrometer employed is known as the Peltier's elec- trometer. In this instrument the electricity being simul- taneously communicated to a fixed bar and a metallic index, the latter is repelled. À directive force is given to the index by means of a small magnetic needle, in order to retain it at zero when no electric force acts upon it. | The charge was given from an electrophorous, and was ordinarily of such intensity as to deflect the needle through an arc of 70°. The fall of the needle from loss of charge, was then watched at intervals as nearly uniform as was con- venient, until the needle had sunk to 20°. TABLE I.—Core CABLE of GIBRALTAR, cured by MACKINTOSH Process; diameter, 0-45 ins. ; diameter reduced at collars, 0:36. | в « — a a ы . L EGET: 58 sa „В| 823 8 ; | gk ET $56 | g | #38 LEE Eds $30 ó РА. © 2 o e à о e LM 4 I1 0 1. 0 98 216 240 280 0.0 | 78 | 1,040°9 10. 0 | 70 1,000 · 0 37.20 | 50 8151 57.15 | 40 68470 83.90 | 30 5321 138.40 20 | 3640. — 9.10 | 78 | 1,040°9 + 0.0 | 70 | 1,000°0 30. 0 | 45 | 749 60. 0 | 28 499-6 90. 0 | 255 | 424-4 190. 0 | 21:5 | 3900 134. 0 | 20 384-0 — 19. 0 | 78 | 1,0409 0.0 | 70 | 100-0 30. 0 | 45°7 | 76L'6 60. 0 31˙3 5529 120. 0 | 14°8 | 271°8 158. 0 10°0 184'8 — | ———— — à. 0.0 | зо | 1,000 30. 0 | 16 293°3 85.20 | 10 184˙8 0.0 | 70 | 1,0000 15. 0 | 4&5 771˙9 30. 0 | 95 4497 35. 0 | 90 384-0 50. 0 15 276574- 78. 0 10 184˙8 Remarks.—In the first two experiments the rate of dimi- nution of the charge was nearly the same, the core having been under pressure 280 and 285 hours respectively, and the needle returning from 78 to 20 in 139 and 143 minutes respec- tively. The third experiment shows a decrease of insulat- ing power, the same loss of charge occurring in 100 minutes. In the fourth and fifth experiments, made on the same day, but with a drier atmosphere in the later (afternoon) experi- ment, the deterioration is more strikingly exhibited. The charge diminished from 70? to 10? in 35 minutes, in one case, and 73 in the other. TaBLE IL—Core received from GUTTA-PERCHA COMPANY, without label, sealed at each end, precisely similar to one labelled as steeped in an insulating liquid; diameter, O- 45 ins. ; reduced diameter at packings 0°36 ins. | Relative In- tensity of C of Charge. Equivalent Column of Retention 3 г n Bey bulb’ 80° к 9216 Water in a 2.15 8151 time 5.50 584-0 Humi ty, 76. 7. 5 184'8 Wet bulb, ui. 0 0. 0 1,000°0 Dry bulb, 614°. 2% d in a * с. ft. of air, 4. 50 532 ˙1 6. 50 864 0 8. 45 1848 0 0. 0 1,000°0 Ib 0. 50 921°6 i 2.10 81571 c. ft. of air, 4. 10 532°1 Heit 75 7. 5 184˙8 vy, 77. Wet bulb, EE 4°363 1,027°9 Dry bulb, 50°. 1,100°0 Water in a 921°6 i 81571 684'0 53271 364-0 Table II.—Core received from Gutta-Percha Company—cont. - TED ££ less | og by "ET . „ |, E реш Hygrometer. T SESS О 38 7 S2 sas 54 |5588 55 8 28 4 n ө bulb, 0. 0 10 1,000*0 Wet bulb, 544° 440 | 60 | 991-6 ater in a 11.50 40 684' 0 о 2530 | 30 | soso = 3 °0 Humidity, 66. Ditto. 0.0 | 70 |1000 12. 20 40 6840 22. 20 80 Зе 29.40 20 °0 Ditto. 0.0 | 70 |1,000°0 2.15 60 921'6 4.10 50 815°1 7.85 40 684°0 9.10 30 582 1 18. 0 20 864 0 Dry bulb, 54°. 0. 0 70 1, 000 0 Wet bulb, 49°. 19.0 | 50 | 8151 Water in a 24. 20 40 6810 C. ma air, 41.30 30 53271 = $° ` 64. 50 20 364°0 Humidity, 69. Ditto. 0. 0 70 1,0000 12.20 50 815°1 17. 5 40 684°0 21. 8 80 582°1 | ° |59. 5 20 364°0 120 | Dry bulb, 47° 0.0 70 |1000 Wat bulb, 42° 5. 0 921°6 Water in a 11.40 50 815°1 oer $5 | E | Soro = a Ы Humidity, 67 0. 0 70 1,000 0 19.45 40 . 684°0 0. 0 70 1,000 0 98. 80 449° 0. 0 70 1,000°0 116. 0 14 25775 In the earlier experiments this cable showed very feeble insulation, but the insulation increased in & remarkable manner as the experiment proceeded. Contemporaneously a black liquid dissolved out of the cable, probably the in- sulating liquid which had been forced into it previously. The water in the cylinder was changed between the sixth and seventh and between the eighth and ninth experiments. The charge decreased from 70? to 20? in an average period of / minutes 40 seconds in the first three experiments; in 11 minutes 40 secorids after 24 hours immersion; in 274 minutes after 48 hours immersion; but after the black liquid in the steel cylinder had been changed, in 13 minutes. After // hours immersion, the charge fell from 70? to 20? in 62 minutes; after 120 hours, in 97 minutes ; and after 170 hours, in 105 minutes. My attention has been called to the influence of tempera- ture on the duration of the charge. It is possible that this may have something to do with the smaller variations in the recorded results. us, above, in experiment 3, at & tem- perature of 61°, the charge was retained 7’ 5"; in e i- ment 4, at a temperature of 50°, the charge was retain 11’ 40", or 4’ 35” longer. TABLE IIL—SisGLE WIRE covered by WRAT's COMPOUND; diameter 42 in., reduced at packings to °33. U a o^ ы — һы 1 435853 sg |2 o 88 аб g В Se Bg 358 i E) . әр 5Ё Z 858 Hygrometer. 5 3 БЕРЕ E 3 fo 8 8 EGE | Bis SEA $ 38 5 8 H. M. 9 1 0 Dry bulb, 53». 0 0 0. 0| 80 1,048°0 | Wet bulb, 46». 2.15 | 77% 1,039 2 Water in a 4.20 711 1,008 1 c. ft. of air, 5. 30 67 9888 2:7 gra. | Humidity, 59. 2. o Ditto. 0 0 0. 0 80 | 1,048°0 12.45 | 44 745°9 15. 5 | 40 684°0 16. 0| 874 647 7 18.15 | 83 586°9 90.95 | 27 482۰7 23.45 | 23i 424 4 26. 0| 20 364°0 It was found impossible to put any pressure on this core, on account of its small diameter. Its insulating power in the condition in which it was tried, however, was very remarkable. The retention of the charge for 26 hours distinguished it from all the other cables. a x 4 App. No. 5. On the æ mesbillty of various kinds of insulators for submarine electric cables, by W. Fairbairn, F. R. S. for APP. No. 5. On the per- meablliiy of various kinds of insulators for submarine electric cables. by W. Fairbairn, F.R.S. 948 TABLE TV.—Wray’s CORE, similar to the last diameter, 0°43 ins. ; reduced diameter at packing, 0° 27 ins. 32 S pg ag 288 AS 8 FE 482 H3 А 928 2 5 oom чә >з SE Ў е Hygrometer. in 85 5 EO Ё ii 1 ета — ы; © 2 am E 3° | 8 |8 L| 0 | ртуъшь, 7. 0 о | 0.0 | 77 (1,0366 Wet bulb, 50°. 1. 0 68 985-3 Water in a 8.15 40 684°0 c. ft. of air, Humidity, 2. 0 Ditto. 0 0 80 Ait The pressure was then put on, but owing to the pliability of the insulator, the packings gave way. TABLE V.—CABLE subjected to PRESSURE under an INAULA- TING LIQUID, by the GUTTA-PERCHA Company ; diameter, 0°46 ins. ; reduced diameter at packings, 0-32 ins. US Soe 5 Jess 8 25 mz EE T HE 58 288 SE ЕР Hygrometer. P EEE Hs Ё ЕТЕ SA) gms E = 8 CEAS Z | a B ia 1 n o 1. 2 Dry bulb, 52°. | 10,000 | 4'363 0. 0 70 |1,000:0 Wet bulb, 46°. 23. 45 40 684°0 Water in a 49. 10 29 515'8 S an of air, 4 grs. Humidity, 64. | 2. 4 Ditto. 10,000 | 4'303 0. 0 70 1, 000 0 27. 0 39 669 7 43. 0 28 409*6 52. 30 25 449°7 68. 30 20 364'0 8. 10 Ditto. 10,000 | 4'303 0. 0 80 1.0480 4. 10 70 1,000*0 48. 0 20 364°0 4| n 10,000 | 4'363| 0. 0| 70 |1,000°0 26. 10 30 532*1 44. 20 304'0 ` This cable was not left very long under pressure; it exhibits, however, considerable variation of insulating power. TABLE VI.—ConE of TWENTY ALTERNATE Coats of GUTTA- PERCHA and CHATTERTON’S COMPOUND ; diameter, 0°42 ins. ; reduced diameter at packings, 0°33 ins. ۰ [9 : . Bal Sg É 28 lgse |. ES E ss ПТЕР oF f Hygrometer. 3 d 3. 35 ES E EEE б м O — = 8 Sed 2а e: & o РА a. Ama R38 aote — © 828 t n о 1. Dry bulb, 573°, 0 0 0. 0 80 1.0480 ; Wet bulb, 50°. 18. 0 55 871°7 Water in a 34. 0 37 6404 c. ft. of air, 51.30 80 5821 3:2 grs. 75.30 21 381:0 Humidity, 59. 78.30 20 364°0 2. 120 Dry bulb, 55°. | 10,000 | 4:363| 0, 0 75 1,027 9 Wet bulb, 49°. 1. 0 70 | 1,000°0 Water in a 6. 0 60 921:6 c. ft. of air, 1. 0 54 860°4 3'1 grs. 21. 0 41 698°2 Humidity, 65. 31. 0 483°4 88. 0 20 364°0 3. 122 Dry bulb, 55°. | 10,000 | 4:363 | 0. 0 70 1,0000 Wet bulb, 49°. 31.30 27 483°4 Water in a 36. 30 25 440°7 c. ft. of air, 41.30 23 425°3 1 grs. 46.30 | 21 | 381-0 Humidity, 65. 48. 30 20 364°0 4 | 150 Dry bulb, 52°. | 10,000 | 4'363] о. 0 80 |1,048°0 Wet bulb, 46°. 17. 20 70 1,0000 Water in a 35. 0 47 778° c. ft. of air, 2°8 grs. Humidity, 64. 5. | 151 Ditto. 10,000 | 4°363 | 0.0 70 [1,0000 15. 0 60 9216 30. 0 51 827 5 45. 0 47 778˙2 79. 0 83 579°6 6. | 170 Dry bulb, 50°. | 10,000 | 4363 | 0. 0 75 |1,027°9 Wet bulb, 44°, 1.10 70 1,000°0 Water in a 18. 30 51 827°5 c. ft. of air, 39. 0 88 655 ˙1 2*0 grs. 69. 0 | 29 | 515-8 Humidity, 63. 79. 0 24 432°5 This cable, although exhibiting some variation in the insulation, resulting in part from a variable hygrometric condition of the atmosphere, did not appear, after 170 hours APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE of immersion, to have lost any part of its power of retaining the charge, but rather to have gained in insulation. TABLE VII.—CABLE of Pure INDIA-RUBBER, coiled on in Two Coats; diameter. 0 · 44 ins. ; reduced diameter at packings,0:33 ins. 83 8 5 SE гы E obs 3.5 2 2,5 Hygrometer. LF БЕКЕ Ed БЕЙ о jm BF 3k Eas ERE SSEX 39 529 Z А гә] MEE / n 1. Dry bulb, 55°, | 0 0 0. 0 1,048°0 Wet bulb, 49°. 4. 0 1,027°9 Water in a. 11. 80 1,000°0 с. ft. of air, 37. 0 921°6 = $1 grs. 67. 0 871-7 Humidity, 65. 133. 0 802-8 187. 0 7257 Dry bulb, 55°. | 10,000 | 4'363 0. 0 1,048°0 Wet bulb, 48°. 3. 0 1,000°0 Water in a 18. 80 3640 c. 95 of air, Humidity, 60. This core showed an almost entire loss of insulation after exposure for 80 hours to a pressure of 10,000 Ibs. per square inch. Taste VIIJ.—Core of GUTTA-PERCHA ; diameter, 0°44 ins.; reduced diameter at packings, 0-32 ins. “5| <5 Ё Bg |55 888 &© mel 88 5 5 38A ЕЗ6 288 «gl 985 A. 38335 8 5 TE oc] 3 Hygrometer. 25 |5285 58 32 ЕЕ 25 |2388 585 388 — "d e n 1. 0 Dry bulb, 59°. 0 0 0. 0 1,048°0 Wet bulb, 52°. 1. 0 1,027°9 Water in a 2. 0 960°8 c. ft. of air, 2.40 871°7 =3°5 4. 0 684°0 Humidity, 61. 5. 0 400 6 5.40 3640 2. 0 0. 0 1,046 °0 1. 0 1,087:9 2. 0 900°8 3. 0 837-8 4. 0 2 5. 0 4003 6. 0 415°0 6.15 364° 8. 204 DE bulb, 60°, | 10,000 | 4:363 |—0. 0 1,027*9 А +0. 0 1,000 -0 1. 0 943-9 2. 0 882:8 8. 0 802-8 4. 0 741*0 5. 0 653-0 6. 0 53871 7. 0 466 3 8. 0 364-0 4 480 | Dry bulb, 62°. | 10,000 | 4°363 0. 0 1,000* 0 Wet bulb, 553°. 1. 0 913*8 Water in a 2. 0 684°0 c. ft. of air, 3. 0 482 7 = 4°0 grs. 3.50 304*0 Humidity, 65. 5. 480 Ditto 10, 0004368 |—0.30 1.0279 +0. 0 1.0000 1. 0 944 0 2. 0 791 ˙0 3. 0 610°0 4.0 482 7 4. 50 3640 6. 483 | Dry bulb, 67°. | 10,000 | 4:363 0. 20 1,027*9 Wet bulb, 61°. 0. 0 1,000°0 Weight of wa- 1.0 871°7 ter in a c. ft. 2. 0 610°0 of air, 5 grs. 3. 0 482°7 Humidity, 68. 3.35 .364°0 7. 576 | Dry bulb, 66°. | 10,000 | 4:363 |—0.90 75 = |1,027°9 Wet bulb, 594°. 0. 0 70 !1,000°0 Weight of wa- 1. 0 57 893'0 ter in ac. ft.. 2. 0 38 655˙1 of air 4'6grs. 3. 0 26 466 2 Humidity, 66. 3.50 20 364'0 8. 576 Ditto 10,000 | 4:363 |—0.40 80 11,0480 +0. 0 70 1,000°0 1. 0 54 860°4 2.0 35 610°0 3. 0 24 482 2 8.95 20 364°0 This core was considerably but unequally reduced in diameter throughout the whole portion under pressure ; indeed it appeared to have 1 i part of the gutta-percha along the wire and out of the cylinder. Some deterioration in insulating power had evidently taken place after 576 hours of immersion, as in the earlier experiments the electro- meter fell in 5' 40", 6’ 15", and 9' 0" respectively, whilst in the two last experiments it fell in 4' 0" and 4' “; but the deterioration is not great when the pressure and time are considered, although as an insulator gutta-percha appeàrs to be inferior to india-rubber and Wray's compound. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. TABLE IX. —Conx of BOTTLE INDIA-RUBBER, coiled upon Cop- per Wire, diameter, 0*32 ins.; reduced at packings to 0°20 ins. е | Ge = 2 ч ч © 5 SE SEE Sg BE | S86 ae S 87 2 he See .| BH 5 һо HEEE E 383 g = om ; 22 8 L f 24 Hygrometer. 2 wo Zea 5 тз iz & Бад 224 |5555 Edis 225 2 A بم‎ a а © ed . n o 1. 0 Dry bulb, 763“. 0 0 |-2.0 74 1,0220 Wet bulb, 68“. +0. 0 70 1,000°0 Water in a 5. 0 60 921°6 c. ft. of air, 20. 0 31 548°4 = 6°1 grs. 26.0 | 20 | 3640 Humidity, 62. 2. 330 3,977 1°72 | Insulation entirely de- Я stroyed. The experiments on india-rubber coiled or wires are cer- tainly not favourable to their use. In this experiment, as in the previous one, on cores of this kind, although con- siderable insulation was exhibited at first, an almost entire loss took place after exposure to pressure. In the case of Messrs. Silver's core, however, this objection does not in all probability apply, as the union between the coils in conse- uence of the annealing appears to be very complete. In (е experiments it is & consideration of some importance to ascertain what relation Messrs. Silver's process of amal- gamation, wherein the union of the spiral joints is attained by immersion at an increased temperature, bears to Mr. Siemen's method of effecting the same object by pressure, as described in that gentleman's specification. TABLE X.—CoreE of INDIA-RUBBER, prepared by Messrs. S1ILVER’s process; diameter, 29 irs. 42 Beg Bg | 3s | 5 25 а=. 55 =» |ВЕ, | сё h 8 555 22 SESE SF | , | 228 CE) se Hygrometer. 34 2 STA ES 22 .& fuz $58 SEA £5 235 S 8 E = 3 E Z | ^ & zi © L HH o | 1 0 Dry bulb, 64°. 0 0 0° 0 80 :1,048S*0 Wet bulb, 58°. 60° 0 11% | 1,039°2 Vapour in a 120* 0 75 1,002770 c. ft. of air, 210* 0 63 955'0 = 4°5 grs. 300° 0 45 7941 Humidity, 67. 420* 0 36 025-23 2| 0 | Dry bulb, 62°. 0 0 o ol so l|1,045:0 Wet bulb, 56^. 45* 0 79 1,044°2 Vapour in a 105° 0 77 1,036 ˙6 c. ft. of air, 219° 0 61 955 ˙2 = 4˙1 А 333° 0 55 87177 Humidity, 67. 453° 0 36 625°2 3. 0 | Dry bulb, 62° 0 0 0° 0 80 | 1,048°0 z 40* 0 72 1,014°0 Wet bulb, 561? 90° 0 65 977 '0 — 58°, 194° 0 46 766°0 Vapour in a 250° 0 36 623°2 c. ft. cf air= 325* 0 £7 482°7 4°3—4°6. grs. 395: 0 | 20 364°0 Humidity. 74 — 69. This core, from its plasticity, was unadapted to the pres- sure apparatus, and it could not be fixed in the same way as the former cables of gutta-percha ; there are, therefore, no experiments on its insulation after being subjected to pressure, although its high insulating power and the perfect union of the coats of india-rubber murk it out favourably as contrasted with other cores. Summary of the PRECEDING EXPERIMENTS, showing approxi- mately the Time required in each for a Loss of CHARGE equivalent to a FALL of the ELECTROMETER NEEDLE of 50°, » Sg loss |с. | bk E © E Sojle Б PES — * [7] ге g Description of Core. 22. БЕКИ ЕЕ ВСЕ Z 2 S - 2 2 ó ЕРЕ fae EES Z а Е 1 Gibraltar core, cured wí 10000 11 45 Mackintosh. 10,000 | 4°363 I 1, 2, 3. (; 0 0 0 4. | | 10,000 | 4°363 24 5,6 | Соте impregnated with; 10.000 acc. S 8 9. insulating liquid. 10,000 4' 363 77 10. 10,000 | 4'303 | 120 11, 12, 13. 10,000 | 4° 363 170 III. 1, 2. Wray’s core - - - 0 0 IV. 2. Wray's core 0 0 V. 2. | impregnated with {| 10,000 | 4'363 3,4 insulating liquid. 10,0004 868 349 Summary of the Preceding Experiments — continued. „ „ = 5 Bee em | ba o 8 2 F = |527 882 SEEN е 8 E 2 s B — E. 2 2 3 38 9.8 Description of Core. EEE ? 2c еро o PAE TSS ska) EEE 7 i 2 Roe Ana ES VI. 1 n 1. Core of 90 alternate 0 0 0 95. 30 2, 3. coats of gutta-percha 10,000 | 4'363 131 42. 45 5 aud Chatterton's com- 10,000 | 4'303 150 | 118. 0 6. pound. 0,000 | 4'303 170 100. 50 VII. — 1. ) Core of pure india-rub- { 0 0 0 2. § der. 10,000 | 4°363 80 18. 0 VIII. | E 10 000 4 303 А. = i Я "m | 3 64 | 8. 4, 5, 6 Gutta-percha core l 10,000 | 4'303 480 4. 5 7, 8. 10,000 | 4°36: 576 3.37 D 3 us ce ee 0 0 0 | 960 2. India- rubber core { 8,977 | 172| 390 00 X. 1. 2 $ 2 . " 0 0 0 880. 0 2. . india rubber 4 0 0 0 $87. 0 3. 0 0 0 382. 0 On a careful inspection of the above summary, it will be seen that a great difference exists in the retentive powers of the different insulators under severe pressure ; these anoma- lies almost defy attempts at comparison. If we take No. 1 the Gibraltar core, cured by Mackintosh, we have, after an immersion of 282 hours, at the enormous pressure of 10,000 lbs. per square inch, a power of retention of 136 minutes; at 325 hours immersion it is reduced to 100 minutes, and at 405 hours it is still farther reduced to 32 minutes, showing that the insulation is very considerabl affected when a sufficiently long period of time is allowe for the permeation of the cable. In the next series of experiments on a core impregnated with an insulating liquid, we have totally different results, as there is a steady and progressive gain in the insulating powers of the core. At 24 hours of immersion we have 11 minutes 40 seconds, at 48 hours 27 minutes 25 seconds, and so on, till at 170 hours the charge is retained for a period of 105 minutes. Wray’s core was too small to be fixed in the cylinder, but it retained & charge under atmospheric pressure for 1,300 minutes, and hence manifested a superiority to all the other cables tried. In another trial with a larger cable this insu- lator also gave very satisfactory results. In No. 5 core, of 20 alternate coats of gutta-percha and Chatterton's compound, there are the variable results of an increase in the first five experiments from 43 minutes in 121 hoursto 118 minutes in 150 hours; whilst in the sixth experiment the retention after 170 hours’ immersion again falls to 100 minutes. These discrepancies are difficult to account for, and a more length- ened series of experiments is required for the attainment of accurate results. No. 6, a core of pure india-rubber, indi- cated very good insulation before the pressure was applied, but after 80 hours’ immersion the insulation was almost entirely destroyed. The very important question of insulation in deeply sub- merged cables, is far from having received, as yet, a satis- factory solution. The foregoing experiments are satisfactory, so faras they show approximately the relative porosity of various materials; but they do not point out how we are to obtain an insulator impermeable to water, and at the same time a good non-conductor. 'lhis desideratum has yet to be attained, and I would earnestly recommend that a much more extended series of experiments should be instituted under conditions calculated to secure these objects, and to give to the country that security in the interchange of com- munications which the interests of the community demand. I have not entcred into the question of the strengths, thicknesses, or density of the electric cables intended for submersion at great depths, nor have I ventured to give an opinion cn the machinery necessary to lay these cables without injury at the bottom of the ocean. The first thing to be done is to determine which is the best cable, and having attained this point, the machinery of submersion will be easily devised. One principle is, however, evident, that the conducting wires, whether of copper or other metal, ought to constitute the strength of the cable, unless it is provided with exterior coverings of fibrous material calculated to resist a tensile strain without injury to the central core. The cable should also be from 40 to 50 per cent. heavier than the water, and, with the insulator and its protecting covering of hemp or other material not to exceed half an inch in diameter. With these precautions, accom- panied with principles of construction founded on experi- mental data, we may reasonably look forward to communi- cations by means of submarine cables, with the four quar- ters of the globe, as we now have between the capitals of the United Kingdom. Manchester, April 5, 1860. WM. FAIRBAIRN. Y y App. No. 5. On the per- meability of various kinds of insulators for submarine electric cables. By W. Fairbairn F. R . S LJ 350 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 6. APPENDIX No. 6. — EXPERIMENT S made to determine the INFLUENCE Of TEMPERATURE and PRESSURE on various INSULATING MATERIALS under the circumstances in which they are employed in the MANUFACTURE of SUBMARINE CABLES.— By E. G. BARTHOLOMEW. „ PT Ir having been thought desirable by the Committee that the inductive capacities and insulating properties of wires covered with various insulating materials should be ascertained when subjected to various degrees of temperature, the experiments recorded in the following tables were entrusted to Mr. E. G. Bartholomew. The wires (with two exceptions hereafter specified) were each one mile in length. ‘These were coiled and placed in a tank, in which the water, at first maintained at the temperature of 32? F. by means of ice, was elevated gradually 10 degrees at a time by the application of heat; the maximum temperature obtained was 92? F. Twenty-one of the wires had the uniform diameter of ту of an inch, but their insulating coverings of different materials varied from nds to nds of an inch in thickness. Five other wires, forming part of the series of nine employed to determine the dependence of the charge and insulation on the diameter of the wire and the thickness of the covering, were also experimented upon at different temperatures. The tables besides contain the results of experiments made with two short lengths of wire; one 176 yards in length, covered with a modification of Wray's compound; the other, 440 yards in length, manufactured on Mr. Hearder's plan, with cotton interposed between the external and internal layers of gutta percha. For the experiments on induction and on the insulation of dynamic electricity, the wires were charged by a Daniell's battery consisting of 125 cells. The galvanometer employed to measure the amounts of charge and discharge, and the loss of insulation for dynamic electricity, had 30,500 coils of copper wire x},th of an inch in diameter covered with silk; the needles, which were suspended by an unspun silk thread, were not astatic, but per- formed 10 oscillations in from 26 to 27 seconds ; the readings in all the experiments were taken on the same side of zero. For the experiments on the insulation of static electricity 512 cells of Daniell's battery were employed. The instrument made use of to measure the retention of the charges of static electricity was an electrometer on Peltier's construction, which, in order to distinguish it from another employed in experiments recorded elsewhere in this report, will be designated as B. Five hundred and twelve cells of Daniell's battery were employed to charge the short lengths of wire for the inductive experiments as well as for those on static insulation. TABLE I. Тнв Table shows the Deflections of the Needle of the Galvanometer on charging and discharging the respective Wires. Four experiments of each kind are recorded, and their means are also given. The numbers placed in the column containing the description of the wires indicate the permanent currents arising from absence of perfect insulation, or from the escape of a very small portion of the charge whilst one end of the wires remain connected with the battery. TEMPERATURE 32? F.—Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26 seconds.-—March 12, 1860. SA? | . A o | Ф ы: ; 8 E | g 3 9 fo Description of Wire. E a | Description of Wire. 8 E Description of Wire. ED 8 2 * д 2 а 4 о d oO | A o | A š O O | И о O Chatterton’s comp. on wire. 207 | 20°4 || Ratcliffe’s gutta percha - (A.) | 17:5 | 17:1 | India rubber; Silver's (B.) | 1 1-2 11:1 Thickness of gut. per. & comp. у іп. 20:8 | 20:7 | Thickness of gutta percha у in. 1777 | 17.2 | Thickness of rubber 5:2385/32 in. | 11-3 | 11:2 Diameter of copper 8 gz in.] 20:7 20 6 Diameter of copper - r in. 17:6 | 173 | Diameter of copper - Er in. 11:2 | 11°0 (Standard always grs F) 20:7 | 20:5 | Earth - nil. 17:5 | 17:3 Earth - о.1 11-1 | 11°3 Earth - 2 ; Г 17:6 | 17:2 н А 20:7 | 20°5 | | 11:2 id Ditto - - - (В.) | 16:8 | 16°7 Ditto ditto (C.) | 9:5 | 94 Ditto - - No. J. 21°2 | 21°0 17:1 | 17:2 || Thickness of rubber 6°272/32 in. | 9°3 | 9:5 Earth бл E id Earth - ?1 17:1 | 17:1 | Diameter of copper y in. 5 | 21-1 20˙9 a Earth — nil. 9:6 | 9:6 | | [170 1069, 9:4. 9'5 21:2 | 20°7 DU ee 55 | New gutta percha " : (A.) | 16:8 ' 16°5 | Wray's compound. Р 10-0 | 10-1 Ditto | А No. 2. 21۰0 | 21-1 |; Thickness of gutta percha ү, in. 16:8 | 16:7 е of compound & in. 10:3 | 10:2 N 16-9 | 16. 5 Diameter of copper (No. 16 gauge) | 9.8 | 9-7 Е ы O. . . Earth - 4 21:2 | 21:0 | Earth - 4 sere ie Earth — - 1 101| 9:8 21:1 | 20:5 nee | 10°15. 9°95 ! ; 15:8 | 15:7 211 | 20:9 | Ditto - - - .) . . bin percha (plain). 20°5 | 19:6 | | не А . 5 1. | Thickness of gutta percha zr in. 20°8 | 19°8 Ditto : _ No. 3 21:1 | 20:9 | arth - 2 5 | Diameter of copper p u iD. 20-4 | 19:4 91:9 | 2U0 |; 15:8 | 1577 Earth - 2 20*7 19˙8 Earth - 4 20-9 | 20:7 | | 20:5 | 19:7 21:2 | 21:0 | Di А " = | ito - - - -(C)|11:0| 10:6 я 21°1 | 2079 Thickness of gutta percha ^, in. 10:6 | 10:7 , TUO: ا‎ Ar : ' Diameter of copper in. | 10-5 | 10:5 |! Thickness of gutta percha X in. 15:0 | 14:2 Plain gutta percha - - (A.) | 20:4 | 20°1 | e. Жы | 10-8 ; 10°6 кич of copper in. | 15°0 | 14°1 Thickness of gutta percha y in. | 20:4 | 19:8 sies [10-8 | 10-6 Earth - 4 14:6 | 14°] Diameter of copper E in. 20:5 | 19:9 | | yere 14-8 | 1472 (Standard always at 32 T) 20:6 | 20-1 i! Godefroy's compound. 22-5 | 22:3 %. || Thickness of compound 3, in. 22:5 | 22°2 ii Ditto. 12°3 | 1272 - 0 20:5 | 20-0 | z; pound sz! j ER Tarti $ | 00 |: Diameter of copper - in. 22:5 | 22:3 | Thickness of gutta percha 31 in. | 12:4 | 12°38 Ditto - -(0)|2o3|202!| Earth 6 22:3 | 9:73 | Diameter of copper - t in. | 12-0 | 1273 | 20:9 | 90*5 | Ы 22:5 | 22:3 Earth = 0.9 1225 is : ت‎ 20* . - 2:2 ; SANI ш 20: 25 | Gut. per. & Chatterton's comp., | 14:4 | 14:3 | — ae „10 layers of each, alternate. 14:4 | 14°3 |) Plai : h " 20°3 | 20°3 |. Thickness of combined layers r in. 14-4 | 14°5 | Tnickne баса, OR xd Chatterton's comp. on wire and 55 Diameter of copper — rin. 14:0 | 14:2 Diameter of eon uid 18 тт эң 99-5 between gutta percha layers. (D.) 90-7 oe | Earth - 0. g 14:3 | 14:3 | P F In. 22 ˙4 Thickness of gut. per. & comp. şîy in. 20: «d i ——, Diameter of copper - in. Nd ate | Hughes’ fluid between gutta percha! 14:8 | 14-9 | °з (Standard always at 32? F.) layers. . 14*9 | 14:9 |. Di 55 Р .. Thickness together яу in. l4*8 | 14:8 , Ato. В 33:6 | 3376 Earth - nil. 20:7 | 20:7 ` Diameter of copper +, in 14:5 14.9 Thickness of gutta percha <, in. | 33:7 | 334 = Earth 2 ——--- --—! Diameter of copper - fin, | 33:5 | 3374 Ditto .- -(E)|204|205. M E ME و‎ 33:7 | 3: 20:3 | 20:2 | | 33-6 | 33:5 Earth » nil. 90:5 | 20°3 curtes Hall & Wells (A.) us 208 MOERS 20:4 | 90-0 ickness of rubber r in. '9 | 20* E ` З —— Diameter of copper y in. 20-5 | 20*5 Wray's compound 176 yards. us тс | 20:4 | 20:3 | Earth - 8 20-9 | 209. at this time. 20°5 | 20°3 Ditto — — - (Е) | 20:1 | 19:9 S Hearder's wire, 440 yards. 5-91 57 20°3 | 20:2 Ditto ditto (B. | 15°5 | 15:5 Thickness of insulating material 6:01 6:0 Earth = nil 20:0 | 19:9 | Earth " 15:3 | 15:2 (fibre between gut. per. layers) 6:11 6:0 20:4 | 20-2 2 ан = m 15:3 | 15:3 Ir in. | 15:6 | 15-2 |, Diameter of copper E in. 6:1| 6l | 6-0 | 6°0 15:4 | 15:3 ! Earth - 9.1 Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.— Ву E. G. Bartholomew. Table I. continued. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 6—continued. TEMPERATURE 42? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26 seconds.-—March 22, 1860. v Ф 50 t0 o | a | Description of Wire. б Е | Description of Wire. B E | Description of Wire 6 | 8 | S| 8 | © кебш ышы ³ðV—AAꝛ¹¹ о о о о Chatterton's comp. on wire. 1977 | 18:8 || Ratcliffe's gutta percha - (B.) | 15°9 | 15:7 | Indian rubber - Silver's (C.) Thickness of gut. per. & comp. ir in. | 19° 1 Thickness of gutta percha - 4, in. 15:8 | 15:7 || Thickness of rubber 6° 200921 ір. Thickness of copper wire — r in. 19:5 | 19°] | Diameter of copper - 2.10. | 16:0 | 15:6 | Diameter of copper - Pr in. Earth - nil ud diu Earth - 93 1558: 19 Earth - nil 19:4 | 19-1 | 15:9 - 15:7 Dito - No. 1 20:5 | 19°3 || New gutta percha - - (A) | 15-1 | 15:2 5 " 5 | Thickness of gutta percha - „3 in. гау compoan Earth - 02 ried Gee 05 e r Thickness of compound - „, in. 20:3 | 19°4 Diameter of copper - - 42, in. р 93 | | | ic Diameter of copper, No. 16 gauge 20°1 | 19:7 Earth . nil | — Earth — nil. 20°3 |19 °5 | Ditto - No. 2 19 8|19:7 | Ditto - (B) Earth - 5 2d dd Earth - nil Plain gutta percha. 20°0 | 1975 Thickness of gutta percha +, in. 19:8 | 19:7 Diameter of copper Fr in. я Earth - 8 Ditto N.. 3. Ditto - C0.) 2239. Earth - il. А Earth : 1 n Ditto Thickness of gutta percha - f, in. 10*0 || Thickness of gutta percha . in. Diameter of copper - u in. Diameter of copper 1 in. | Earth - nil. Plain gutia percha - (A.) | Godefroy's compound - - Thickness of gutta percha r in. Thickness of compound - 4y, in. Diameter of copper Y in. Diameter of copper - - gy in. T" : _ 5. 21:1 | 20°9 шо. Earth - 21 Tareh $ Thickness of gutta percha 43 in 212 | 20°9 Diameter of copper in Ditto (C.) | Gutta percha and Chatterton’s | 13-5 | 13-1 Earth - а. comp., 10 layers of each, alter- 13:4 | 13:4 Earth а 0.4 nate thickness of combined layers - E Ar in. 13°4 | 13°3 18:6 | 18:8 | Diameter of copper- - in. | 13:3 | 13:4 Ditto, i 18°8 | 18°7 Earth т nil. 18-4 | 13:3 || Thickness of gutta percha +f, in. | Diameter of copper „їп, Chatterton’s compound on wire | 19:2 | 19:0 || Hughes’ fluid between gutta 14:0 | 13-8 | рре ae and between gut. per, layers (D.) 19°38 | 19.9 || Percha layers. : 14-3 | 14-0 | Earth - mhl Thickness of comp. & gut. per. zy n. 19:1 | 19:1 Thickness acute S тї ID. | 14-1 | 14:0 | Diameter of copper Ar in. 19:2 | 19:9 Diameter of copper yy 10. | 13°9 | 13-8 | x о. Earth - nil. ا‎ | i 19-2 | 19:1 | 14-1 | 18-9 | Ditto. 31-6 | 30°9 шош = === Thickness of gutta percha fy in. . . Ditto : š (E.) 19-2 | 18:7 |! Indian rubber, Hall & Wells (A.) i 19-8 | 19:8 || Diameter of copper - fin. . = К nil 19:1 | 18:6 | Thickness of rubber y in. 90,0 | 10:8 | | i В ` | | 19-0 | 18°6 | Diameter of copper - Jin. | 19-9 | 20-0 | Barth - 95 eer | 18-9 | 18-7 | Earth - 01 20 o | 19°8 | 31°6 | 312 | 19-1 | 18-6 | 19°9 | 19۰9 == = Wray’s compound 176 yards | *4:9 | 4.5 Dito - - (Е) 18-8 189 Ditto =- (B)!14é8 pur N P 48] 4-7 Pu x ба 18:7 | 19:0 | Eud de x9 lê ds | „ 18:9 | 18:9 149 | 149 | With 512 cells. 48 | 4-7 18:8 | 19:0 | 14°8 | 14°7 2 E is | 47 18:8 | 18:9 | | 14°8 | 148. Ratcliffe’s gutta percha - (A.) | 16:5 16: 3 | Ditto - - Bilver's (B.) | 10-8 | 10°4 || Hearder's wire 440 yards | 6:6 | 6:2 Thickness of gutta percha - $; in. | 16:4 | 16:0 |, Thickness of rubber 5 238532 in. 10°6 | 10°7 Thickness of insulating material, | 6:7 | 6:4 Diameter of copper - u in. | 16:4 | 16:1 || Diameter of copper A in. 10:6 | 10:7 | ees рте gutta percha 6-7 | 6-3 ү . . i T б я í Earth < 0. 3 16-3 | 16°0 Earth - nil id Rad Diameter of copper - Fr in. dios ee 16:4 1077 | 10-6 | Earth - nil. 6°6 | 6'3 | [ APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By Е. G. Bartholomew.—Table I.—continued. TEMPERATURE 52? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 27 seconds.—March 30, 1860. — —n——.. — — — ... r , ]«§˙ — — — ⅛ꝛ— CD C D D ME ewm QT ys Description of Wire. PB Description of Wire. 5 P Description of Wire. 2 А 8 a © | A 0 o 9 О ; ; Chatterton's compound on wire. 20'2 | 19-9 || Ratcliffe’s gutta percha - (B.) | 17'2 | 16°6 || Indian rubber, Silvers - (C) "Thickness of gut. per. & comp. S in. 20:5 | 20°0 | Thickness of gutta percha T in. 16:8 | 16:7 || Thickness of rubber 6° 272/32 in. à . е $ ° 7 0 ] m 2 1 Thickness of copper wire - Ir in.] 20°3 | 203 Diameter ofcopper - r in. 17-0 | 16-7 || Diameter of copper sz m. 20:2 | 20-3 nd dons Earth nil Earth = о; 2 Earth - 0.8 — — = 1i. 20°3 | 20°1 ` 16:9 | 16-6 Ditto - - Ко. 1. 21:3 | 20:2 |, New gutta percha - (A.) | 16°0 | 16-1 | " ; я .] || Wray's compound Р 21:1 | 20:3 || Thickness of gutta percha r in. | 16'4 | 16°1 * Vig Earth — 102 ib чыл» gutta p = z 16:3 | 16-2 2 Thickness of compound fy in. iameter of copper З 91:9 | 20-4 P pA 16:4 | 16-1 || Diameter of copper No. 16 gauge. Earth - nil А 21-9 | 20:3 16:3 | 16-1 Earth - nil Ditto - No. 2. | 20:8 | 20:3 Ditto .) | 15:8 | 15:8 | 20° | 15:7 | 15-6 Earth - 5 р Earth - nil. 15.9 18.8 | Plain gutta percha. : 0 р Thickness of gutta percha 45 in. 20:7 | 2075 Diameter of copper u in. 20:8 | 20:4 15-9 | 15-8 | Earth - 94 Ditto - No.3. [20-9 | 20-9 Ditto = (C)|107 | 10:8 | А Я 10-9 | 10:6 \ Earn 97 ANSA Sore Earth - nil. | | 20:9'| 20 6 Pd dd Ditto. 21:2 | 20-6 | Thickness of gutta percha fy in. 1079 | 10°7 | Thickness of gutta percha 4f, in. ee i| Diameter of co - gin. i = i 7 iameter of copper Fr in 10-8 | 19.7 |, Diameter of copper йү in. : Earth - il. Plain gutta percha - - (А.) | 20-0 | 19:9 | Godefroy’s compound. 22°8 | 22°3 nil Thickness of gutta percha 43 in. 20:2 | 20:1 | of compound 45, in. 22-8 | 22:4 Diameter of copper - in. | 20:0 | 20-1 | Diamater of copper - yin. 22:8 | 22:5 20°3 | 19°8 Ж 22:6 | 22:5 | Ditto. Earth >- 94 | Earth а `6 | "a со Thickness of gutta percha 32 in. 20-1 | 20-0 | | | | Diameter of copper Ir in. Ditto - - - (С) | 20-0 | 19:8 || Gutta percha and Chatterton’s | 1474 | 14°2 | Earth - 3 А 90:1 | 19:8 | compound, 10 layers of each, | 14:5 | 14:4 | Earth — - 59 alternate thickness of combined 14 . 20707-20978 layers - fy in. iad adio 20°1 | 19-8 Diameter of copper =; in. 14°6 | 14°5 | 55 ——— | itto. 20:1 | 19:8 Earth - nil. 14°5 | 14°4 | Thickness of gutta percha уб, in. 2 | — Di Є 4 3 Chatterton's comp. on wire and | 20-4 | 20-3 | Hughes’ fluid between gutta percha 15 ˙4 | 15:1 lameter of copper 37 10. between guna percha шуен. (D J| 20-3 | 20-2 || layers, thickness together r in. 15 5 | 15۰1 Earth - “4 5 3 comp. & e in. 50.4 | 20-2 | Diameter of copper fin, | 1574 | 15-0 iameter of copper yin. an. | 15:5 | 151 eae с. 20:4 | 20:0 Earth » 0. g 9 Tt — ! , * 20:4 | 20۰2 154 | 15*1 | Ditto. В | | Г Thickness of gutta ha f, i Ditto - (E)j|198]|19:8 Indian rubber. Hall and Wells (A.) 22*4 | 2274 | pi Bue рек н, ; | | | iameter of copper - E in. Earth - . 20:1 | 19:7 || Thickness of rubber „Ду in. 2276 | 2204 - 20:2 | 20:0 | Diameter of copper ,2; in. 22:5 | 22°5 | Earth - 0. 6 А T | 22:5 | 22:4 dnd dian Earth — nil | 20-0 | 19-8 | 22:5 22˙4 , — == | Wray’s compound 176 yds. Ditto = (#.) | 20-1 | 19-9 Do. do. (B) 16°3 | 161 cs : : . 16:1 | 16-2 Earth - nil. Earth - nil си Earth - ай. | 20*0 | 20°0 16:3 | 1671 | 20:2 | 19*8 16:4 | 162 ; * With 512 cells. 20-1 | 19-9 | 16:3 | 16°2 Ratcliffe’s gutta percha - (A.) | 17:6 | 16:8 | Ditto Silver’s - - (В.) 11:3 | 11:2 | Hearder's wire, 440 yards. Thickness of gutta percha ,* in. 17:3 | 17:2 | Thickness of rubber 5*2385/32 in. | 11:2 | 11°2 , Thickness of insulating material Diameter of copper - n in. 17673. Diameter of eopper— r in. | 11-3 | 11-3 (fibre between g. p. layers) r in. у M : Diameter of copper r in. Earth - 97 — : | Earth - 3. 17:4 | 17-0 | 11:9 | 112 (+ With 512 cells.) | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 353 APPENDIX No. 6—continued. | APP. No. 6. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c. By E. G. Bartholomew.—Table I.—continued, TEMPERATURE 62? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26 seconds.—April 1860. — о; |. yj) T.TI& 5 | © E P ч Description of Wire. fe E | Description of Wire. i = Description of Wire. pp 3 эне — |А о 2 . Chatterton's comp. on wire 19-9 | 19*3 | Ratcliffe's gutta percha (.) 16*1 | 15:1 | India rubber; Silvers - (C.) 9*5 9:5 Thickness of gut. per. & com. n in.] 19*9 | 19°2 | Thickness of gutta percha „е Үз їп. 16:1 | 15:4 | Thickness of rubber 6°272/32in. | 9-6 | 9-3 Diameter of copper - - in.] 20-1 | 19:5 ` Diameter of copper Fr in. 16:0 | 15:6 |, Diameter of copper I in. 9:5| 9:3 NES 20-0 | 19-5 | Beet тож 16:1 | 15*4 Earth . oil — v4 20°0 | 19°4 | 16°] | 15:4 9°5 9°4 Ditto é Š No. 1. 21°2 | 20'0 | New gutta percha - - (A.) | 1576 | 15:3 | ‚ 276 21:2 | 20-0 ' Thickness of gutta percha „2, in. 15:6 | 15-5 |, Wray's compound. 11۰1 | 11:0 Eana: sc i 21:0 | 19:7 Diameter of copper — - sin. | 15:5 | 15:4 "dium of compound - yyin. | 11:2 | 11:0 21:0 | 20-2 | T ч 15°5 | 15-5 || Diameter of copper, No. 16 gauge | 11-3 | 11-1 | llli. | Earth - ai 11:3 | 11-0 21°1 | 20°0 15:5 | 15:4 ` ° — 11:2 | 11:0 Ditto . - No. 2 20:5 | 20°0 Ditto - — - (B)| 15°3 | 15:3 20:4 | 19*8 15:4 | 15°1 | : Earth - Org 5 Earth - nil. M ED Plain gutta percha. 20-8 | 20°0 p ue е | Thickness of gutta percha - 44 in. | 20:8 | 20-1 4 97 | vens ия of copper - Dd in. | 20:9 | 20°0 20-4 | 198 | 15:2 | 151 | Earth « ов 20:8 | 20-1 Dito - - Nos. (|206|200| Ditto (c) [10-1 | 10-4) 30-8 | 20-0 ; dux 20'4 | 20*0 | Thickness of gutta percha fy in. 10-3 | 10-1 | Earth - 20:6 | 19°8 | Diameter of copper in. 10°3 | 10°2 | Ditto. 15:3 20:6 | 20°1 | Earth А nil. 10:3 | 10:3 { 55 binas percha - f, in. 15:5 20-6 | 20-0 | 10:3 | 10:2 | lameter of copper - — - wy in. | 15.4 E h « а Oe 15:5 Plain gutta percha - - (A.) | 19:3 | 19:0 | Godefroy's compound. 22:0 | 21'7 | е 0 ——— Thickness of gutta percha fy in. | 19°6 | 19-1 |; Thickness of compound qî, in. 22:0 | 21-8 | 1974 Diameter of copper - Fi in. 19:5 | 19:2 Diameter of copper - Fr in. 22:0 | 21:7 { 19°6 | 191 | 22۰0 | 21-8 Ditto. 12:4 - о, с о, Earth 2 | Earth 8 no Thickness of gutta percha - 34 in. | 12-2 19:5 | 19°] | | 21-7. Diameter of соррег - - xy in. | 12:2 Ditto — = =- (C.) 196190 | Gutta percha and Chatterton's com. Earth - 8 128 19:6 | 19-0 |, pound, 10 layers of each, alternate. Earth - 9.7 19:8 | 19:0 || Thickness of combined layers б, in. 12:3 19-5 | 19:0 || Diameter of copper - ax in. | ` Ditto. 22:3 Earth - 9.1 19:6 | 19۰0 | 14*0 | 13:9 | Thickness of gutta percha - „б, in. 22 · 3 Diameter of - . Chatterton's comp. on wire and 19:4 19:2 | Hughes’ fluid betwcen gutta percha 15°3 14°8 | iM e copper — ўт in. 22°3 between gutta percha layers. (D.) 19:4 | 19-0 layers. 15:5 | 14:8 . Earth - 99 22:4 Thickness of compound and 19°2 | 19:5 || Thickness together „7; in. 151 | 14:5 | Tosa кача percha layers - gy gan 19:3 | 19:5 || Diameter of copper jf in. 15:0 | 14:7 Diameter of copper N in. ur 55 « н - 193 | 19-3 | E 15:2 | 14°7 || Ditto. 33'4 | | f = | Thickness of guita percha - “r in. | 33:0 Ditto с Е (E.) | 19°5 | 19:0 | Indian rubber; Hall & Wells (A.)] 23:5 | 23:0 | Diameter of copper - - in. | 33-0 19:5 | 19.0 || Thickness of rubber yî, in. 23:5 | 93:0 i, r 0. Earth S 5 19:7 | 19°۰2 || Diameter of copper r in. 23.5 | 23-4 | Earth - 1.0 0 19۰5 ا‎ Earth . 9-4 23-4 | 23:4 33-0 19:5 | 19-0 | 33:5 | 23:3 | | |! Wray'scompound 176 yards. *5°2 Ditto - (E. 192 18-8 || Ditto 2 - .) | 15:6 | 15-6 |! | 5-1 19-2 | 18-9 Р А 15:8 | 15:6 Earth - nil. 5:1 Earth - %5 19:4 | 18:9 | А К 15-6 | 15:6 | i | * With 512 cells. 5*1 19:1 | 18:8 | 15:7 | 1575 | 5:1 19:2 | 18:8 15:7 | 15:6 Ratcliffe's gutta percha - (A.) | 16:7 | 16:2 | Indian rubber; Silvers - (B.) 10:6 10˙ 5 Thickness of gutta percha şîy in. 16:8 | 16:5 || Thickness of rubber 5° 2385/32 in. | 10:6 | 10:4 Hearder's wire, 440 yards. *24:0 | 23-0 Thickness of insulating mate- | 23:8 | 23-0 i of copper Fi in. . 5 || Diameter of copper r іп. . „5 rial s Fr in. | 94-9 | 23- Diameter of coppe тт 16:8 | 16:5 '| Diamete оррег j 10-6 | 10-5 Diameter ofeopper - im | 2 i | | 16°7 | 164 10°6 | 10'5 | Eurth — 0.1 23:9 | 23-0 і 354 . APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP. No. б. APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By E. G. Bartholomew. — Table I.— continued. TEMPERATURE 72? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 27 seconds.—A pril 13, 1860. Ф . "£1 ‚ | È | & | "NS oe Ф PE : М Sa Description of Wire. бо а ` Description of Wire. ED a Description of Wire, — 5 | 38,8. S| 2 a 2 О |} AL © | A 5 | A e a — — a 0 o ` о о Chatterton's comp. on wire. 19:5 | 19:3 || Касе? gutta percha - (B.) | 170 | 16°38 | Godefroy's compound. 23- 6 99-9 Thickness of gut. per. & comp. r in. 19:6 | 19:3 || Thickness of gutta percha “sin. | 17°1 | 16:4 || Thickness of compound - nr іп. | 93-8 | 99-1 Diameter of copper wire - Fr in. 19:8 | 19:4 | Diameter of copper - F in. | 17-1 | 16°4 | Diameter of copper - in. | 23-6 | 999 Earth 2078 — 20:2 | 1975 | Earth - 10:2 17:2 164 E T 05 23:6 | 22-3 Ditto - No. 1. 21:8 | 20:5 | New gutta percha - (А) | 15:8 | 154 | E 22°0 | 20°5 | Thickness of gutta percha „2; іп, | 15°8 | 15:5 Wray 5 compound. 10:8 | 10:8 Earth - 22:6 21:7 | 20:8 , Diameter of copper - yy in. 15:6 | 15:7 Thickness of compound fy, in. 11:9 | 11°0 29-0 | 20°5 "T _ HT 15:7 | 15:5 || Diameter of copper, No. 16 gauge. | 11-1 | 11:0 —— Cay . [1171 | 109 21:9 | 20-6 15:7 | 15:5 Earth - nil. Ditto - - No. 2. 21 0 20 5 Ditto - å (B.) - 21'0 | 20:5 15:4 | 15°1 Plai h Earth = 1 2 21 · o 20˙4 Earth = 0.9 15°92 15:0 me gutta pere a. | - 21•7 20°5 : Thickness of gutta percha r in. | 21:8 | 20°4 21°1 | 20°5 15°4 | 15°3 А : 3 __|| Diameter of copper J in. | 91-7 | 90:5 M ‹ °5 | м 15° 2 ° e. | 21:0 Д | | 1514 | ЕТО 91:9 | 90:5 Ditto - - Мо. 3 20:9 | 20-5 Ditto v XE) | 10-5 | 10°6 ~ «| 21°8 | 20-5 Earth - 195 21:3 | 20°6 4 Thickness of gutta percha r in. 10°6 | 10°5 | | 21۰1 | 20°6 || Diameter of copper „їп. | 10°6 | 1075 Ditto. 16-9 | 15:3 . . 5 е 2 2 21°3 | 2077 Earth К nil. | 1075 | 1075 || Thickness of gutta percha qî, in. | 16-3 | 15:9 21°2 20°6 | 10*6 10:5 Diameter of copper Ы зг In. 16:9 15:3 : лера; a О, Plain gutta percha - - (1\)]290°0|19°9 | 14:5 | 14°5 Earth 19:5 Thickness of gutta percha - uu in. 20-1 | 19°5 erty . Ecom- 14-6 | 14:5 : = 2 1 e m 1 . . | Diameter of copper зт 10. | 20°0 | 19:5 || Thickness of combined layers r in. iba Pas | ‚ Earth " 0. 5 20*0 | 19:5 Diameter of copper 2 TA in. 14:6 | 14:4 | T pes : 20-0 | 19-6 Earth - 2 TTT — Diameter of copper — r in. Ditto А " (C.) | 20-6 | 19:7 SEa fluid betwcen gutta percha | 16°8 | 15:3 Еа rth - 1°6 - " | 20:4 | 19-9 hale 16:8 | 15°2 Earth - 16 20۰7 | 19-7 Thickness together Ir in. 16:7 | 15°3 20°7 | 19°6 | Diameter of copper Z in. 16:6 | 15:1 4 - Oe | Ditto. 20*6 | 19-7 | es 5 16:7 | 15:2 Thickness of gutta percha „б, in. India rubber, Hall & Wells (A.) | 26-0 | 25-4 Diameter of copper - yf, in. Chatterton's comp. on wire, and | 20:2 | 19:7 between gutta percha layers (D.) | 20-2 | 19-5 || Thickness of rubber n in. 26:1 | 25:5 | Earth - 99:1 Thickness of gutta percha and com- | 99-3 | 19.5 |, Diameter of copper in. | 26:0 | 25:6 | pound 2 = E тї m 20:3 | 19°6 ! Earth 0.4 26°1 25°6 | sid ае Diameter of copper .- £X dn. | ? ce | 20:2 | 19:6 | 26°1 | 25°5 |: Ditto. ` . Earth 2 0.7 l. — Thi k f | 34°8 33 2 soa лот! Ditto - 2 e. вә Гато 168° hickness of gutta percha & in. | 34-7 | 33:0 Ditto " " (E.) Sach 1925 | 16-9 16-8 | Diameter of copper - з In. 34:9 | 33:1 Earth - °°} ; А Earth - 19:1 | | 20°1 | 19:4 | 172 17· 1 Earth - 20 · 2 . | 34°9 | 33-1 ۰ e. e 7 | 20°2 | 19:5 | 17:1 | 17-0 | . = Wray'scompound - 176 yards. | *4:8 | *5°0 Ditto - - (Е.) | 20:2 | 19°5 | Ditto, Silver's - (В) | 10°6 | 10:8 | d а , 4:9| 50 20:2 | 19:3 || Thickness of rubber 5. 2385/32 in. 10°5 | 10:4 Earth - nil Earth - 19*0 ＋ К Y * Wi h 5 0 5*0 20-0 | 19-5 Diameter of copper jin. | 10-5 | 10-5 |. ith. 512 cells. к? i 5 . ad feda Earth - nil СА а P | 4*9 : 201 | 19:5 |, 10-6 | 10-6 | qos Nateliffe's gutta percha - (А.) | 17:8 | 1677 | India rubber, Silver's - - (C) | 9:4 | 9°6! Hearder's wire, 440 yards. 124:8 124۰0 Thickness of gutta percha - fs in. 17:7 | 16:9 || Thickness of rubber 6272/32 in. 9:7 9:5 || Thickness of insulating material | 94-9 | 94:0 Diameter of copper - in. 17:8 | 17-1 Diameter of copper Er in. 9:6| 9:6 | а быш; gu ча р оон 25°0 | 24:1 Earth - 194 978 | W771 | Earth - nil. = 96, 9°5 А Diameter of copper MI in. 24°9 | 24°1 Sate Earth - 19:2 NES 17-8 | 17°0 | 6 9-6 |! . л | | oe 96 { With 512 cells, ie E — —— MM — — 33 — — — —À — — M ———— — M MÀ CTS. EU eu m Брас — ——̃ — M x — — — — – — —ę — —— — — — SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 355 APPENDIX No. G— continued. Arr. No. 6. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By E. G. Bartholomew.— Table I.—continued, TEMPERATURE 82° F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26*5 secon’s.—A pril 19, 1860. — ——̃ä —— E NN Toce и NUN | L2 È Б | Description of Wire. 8 E | Description of Wire. 8 | Desoription of Wire. S n 2 ЖЕШ á | ; | o E : Т t o o | Chatterton's compound on wire. 20-0 | 19-8 | Ratcliffe’s gutta percha - (B.) | 18:0 | 167 |, Godefroy's compound - е Thickness of gut. per. & comp. rin. 20°0 | 20:1 |i Thickness of gutta percha у in. | 18-1 | 16°9 | Thickness of compound - Ar in. Diameter of copper wire rin. ~ 20:9 | 20۰1 | Diameter of copper - n in. | 18:1 , 16:9 | Diameter of copper - rin. А | 20:0 | 20:0 , | 18:0 | 17-0 |. Earth - ?2 | Earth - 1°8 | | Earth - 49:2 2 | 20-0 | 20-0 | 18:0 | 16-9 | Dito - - No. 1. | 23* 4 21:7 | New gutta percha - (A.) | 15:8 | 15*5 | А | 23:9 | 21-4 |! Thickness of gutta percha „я БЫ in. 15:8 | 15:5 | Wray’s compound : Е Баһ - 29:8 | 23-4 21:5 | Diameter of copper 8,1 15:8 | 15:5 |) Thickness of compound - 4f, in. : Diameter of copper, No. 16 e | 23:4 | 21-7 | Earth - 95 ee pper, gaug i 7 — x 23:4 | 21:6 | 15:8 EE 5 | к j Ditto - No.2. 22°4 | 21:4 | Ditto - = = (BY) 15.7 | 15.5 | 22 ·5 21:6 | f 15°5 | 15:4 1. Earth - 7 Sa oves Earth - zv NM jus l ipii | Plain gutta percha - - - | i Thickness of gutta percha „$ in. 22:5 | 21:4 | 15°6 | 15:4 5 | | Diameter of copper - Ir in. | j E 22°4 21:5 | | 15:6 | 15:4 | Earth z 30 · 9 Dito - - Nos. 22˙8 214 iso ( | 10°5 | 10-7 | 9 | 91° 10:6 | 10-5 | Peak ax aes 22°9 | 21°5 Earth - nil. | | 23:0 | 21:5 10°5 | 10°6 Ditto. 22:9 | 21:5 | 10°6 | 10 5 | Thickness of gutta percha 4f, in. 3350 | о ' 10.5 | 10-6 8 of copper SA -n 1 Plain gutta percha - (A.) 20:0 | 19:7 | Gutta per. and Chatterton's comp. 15:3 | 14:5 n Б as Thickness of gutta percha 3, in. | 20-0 | 19°6 Ayers or ыо alienate: 15°8 | 14'72 | Diameter of copper - in. | 99-0 | 19:6 Thickness of combined layers yf, in. 15-3 | 14:7 à , 20 aga Diameter of copper Er in. 15.4145 Ditto. Я 4 | Е Eart Earth > o. 6 is dme Thickness of gutta percha 32 in. 20°0 | 19°6 Diameter of copper & in. Ditto - Е (C.) | 22:8 | 21:2 ! Hughes' fluid between gutta | 19:7 | 16°7 Earth - 29.5 23-0 | 20-8 || Percha layers. 19:7 | 17-0 Earth - 390 22۰5 | 99.5 || Thickness together - zin. | 19-8 | 16-8 Diameter of copper * in. 19.8 | 16-8 : Ditto. 29:7 | 20-9 Earth ‚ 40:9 22:7 | 20'8 (5 | 1977 | 16°8 | Thickness of gutta percha fy in. Chatterton’s comp. on wire and | 21-8 | 20۰5 | India rubber, Hall & Wells о o between gutta percha layers (D.) | 51.8 | 99.5 | Thickness of rubber in. | 28:0 | 27 5 Earth - 4^8 Thickness of gut. per. & comp. vein. 21°4 | 20۰0 || Diameter of copper - Fr in. | 28:0 | 27:5 Diameter of copper - зд in. 21:4 | 90:3 27-9 | 97:4 Earth - ]*3 ^ z: о | Earth 2°۰0 2]*6 | 20:8. 23°0 27*5 Ditto. Ditto - - . (E)|2r7]|200 у Ditto- - - (B) | 19-1 | 18:9 || Thickness of gutta percha y in. | 19:2 | 18:7 || Diameter of copper - F in. Е. 21:4 | 20-2 | pem _ | 21-4 | 2071 | e 1122907011677 Earth - 4 · 4 21°6 | 20°1 | Earth - 93 19:2 | 18:8 | 21:5 | 20-1, 19-1 | 18:8 | || Wray's compound - 176 yards Ditto - - - (Е.) | 21:5 | 201. Ditto - - Silver's (B.) | 10:8 11:0 | | | А . |21:8 | 20-1 | Thickness of rubber 5° 2385/32 in. | 10:7 | 10:9 Earth - і. Earth = 20 91:7 | 20°0 | Diameter of copper - in. 10:8 | 10:9 * With 512 cells. - 21 2 10*8 | 10*9 | Коб сон | Earth - 91 > 21:7 | 2071 | 10-8 | 10*9 | ` | . | (£o g . -4 | India rubber, Silver's. - (С.у | 10°1 | 10:0 || Hearder's wire - 440 yards Rateliffe s gutta percha (A) 1 m m oc Qo aid i a ) 2 1 Thickness of insulating material, Thickness of gutta percha 45, in. 19:2 | 17:3 |: Thickness of rubber 6:272/32 in. 10:0 | 10 (fibre between gutta percha Diameter of copper - i in. 19:4 | 17:3 | Diameter of copper - xin. | 10°0 | 10°0 | layers) = i yy in. — . 3 Я 10-0 | 10:0 || Diameter of co - in. Earth - 292 11931773 | Earth - mil | с. pper к ari 19:3 | 17:3 | 10:0 10% [» wich 512 cells. "Yy 4 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By Е. G. Bartholomew.—Table I.—continued. TEMPERATURE 92? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26*5 seconds. — April 25, 1860. 1 . Е А . % "TEN à Description of Wire. | 3 | E | Description of Wire. 2 © | Description of Wire. > E | „Ж کے‎ eom Е А ro Be 514 | 6 18 ۰ ” о Í у , 9 17-1 | God fr , | 0 | 2 Chatterton's comp. on wire. 2077 | 20°2 , Ratcliffe’s gutta percha - (B.) 19:1 7 , Godefroy’s compound. 28:3 | 24:6 Thickness of gut. per. & comp. vn in. 21'3 | 2070 - Thickness of gutta percha - бу in. | 19:0 | 17*1 | Thickness of compound in. 28:0 | 24:3 Diameter of copper wire 35 in. | 21:1| 90:2 |! Diameter of copper - A in. | 19:1 | 17:1 | Diameter of copper ,8; in. 98:9 | 24°3 nos "e 252,201. E ы. 8б 19:0 | 17-2 | байы чс die | 280 | 244 | 91'1 | 20-1 | 191 |171 | | 28-1 244 Ditto - No. 1 28°7 | 23°8 New gutta percha - (A.) | 16°4 | 15°5 | " 25°6 | 2379 | Thickness of gutta percha - „3; in. | 16:5 | 15:7 | Wray's compound. 13:2 | 182 Earth 6°°6 28*6 23:9 Diameter cf copper - — - in. | 16:5 | 15-7 || Thickness of compound „бу in. 13*0 | 1311 m | en | E Г. 16:5 | 15:6 | Diameter of copper No. 16 gauge | 13:2 | 13:1 i 7 | 13:2 | 13:2 28:7 23˙9 16:5 | 15:6 | PM. eo 4 | | E | | 13:2 | 13:2 Ditto No. 2. 25˙5 22°51 Ditto - - (B) 15:7 15˙4 | 25'0 22°5 | 15°6 | 15:5 : Earth - 4°°2 Soe Earth - 91 isse: | 155 | Plain gutta percha. 30:2 | 23:8 | | „.„ || Thickness of gutta percha ½ in. 30°0 | 24-1 25'0 | 22°5 15:4 | 15:5 H; ЗЕ 5 кй А5 Diameter of copper - 2 in. 30:0 | 24°0 | Р, ef ° * ЕЖЕ 156155) тйл s 30-1 | 23-9 Ditto - = No. 3 | 25'4 | 22'5 | Ditto - - (C.) 10:4 | 10:3 | 30'1 | 23:9 | 2571 22˙5 10°6 | 1073 , =m = о. = i | Earth a? 25:2 22˙5 i З 5 | Ditto. 21:5 | 170 cial 22'5 | Thickness of gutta percha - qy, in. 10°4 | 10:4 | Thickness of gutta percha ½ in. 21:1 | 17-4 un) 559b Diameter of copper - - yg in. То | Tt Diameter of copper in | 21:4 | 17:3 — | 21:2 | 17:0 O. Plain gutta percha - (A.) 21'1 | 19*9 ' Gutta percha and Chatterton's com- | 15°8 | 15°3 | Barthe ж ug سے‎ Thickness of gutta percha - j^; in. 21˙1 | 20°0 pound, 10 layers of each, alternate. 16:0 | 15°3 3 21:3 | 17:2 Diameter of copper - Ir in. | 210 | 20°0 | Thickness of combined layers yy in. 15:9 | 15.3 | | ; _ ae : Фа sou ramelet of copper 35 in. 15.9 | 15:4 Ditto. 18-3 | 142 Earth 7 | Thick 2 1 UIN; ad) | Earth В 12:0 55 hickness of gutta percha 42 in. | 18:3 | 1472 | E Diameter of copper - I in. | 18:2 | 14:2 Ditto - - (C.) | 27'3 | 23°0 | IIughes' fluid between gutta percha | 28:3 | 20°5 Earth _ 59-4 18:4 | 14:3 " | 276 | 2 layers. 28:3 | 7 ее Earth — - 60 | 97-4 23˙2 | Thickness together F in. | og.9 | 90-5 18:3 ' 142 273 | 23:0 | Diameter of copper = урш. 28.5 | 20-7 | Ditto 34*2 , 28°0 7.3 23 Earth » 995 : : . | 27:3 28.1 | 28:3 | 2076 | Thickness of gutta percha 6 in. | 34*5 | 28:2 Chatterton's compound on wire | 2174 214 | 20-2 20-2 |, India rubber, Halland Wells (A.) | 33:8 | 30-0 | Diameter of copper — урш, | 34°5 281 and between gut. per. layers (D.) | 21:3 | 20°3 || Thickness of rubber - r in. 33:7 | 30°2 Earth - 995 34:2 | 2871 Thickness of gut. per. & comp. vy in. 21°3 | 30-3 || Diameter of copper n in. 33:8 | 30-4 ane veg Diameter of copper - F in. 21:3 202 uL Р 33:7 | 30-3 — Earth e 9*9 | 0 e pom ДЕ | 5 Ditto. 38:3 Ditto Eu 6 , Do do. - (B)|207 | 20-3 | Thickness of gutta percha ууїп, n әз. A 91:5 : 20-7 | 20-1 || Diameter of copper - yin. 38:5 - Earth - 5 e Farth 23:4 | 21:5 K 20°6 | 20-2 Farth 90.7 2879 23:3 | 21°6 | 20:6 | 20:2 | 38:5 23:4 | 21:6 | 20:7 | 20°2 || ; rer ) Bra Wray’s compound - 176 yards. 6°0 Ditto - UE (Е.) 23°5 | 20:5 | Ditto, Silver's - -(B), 108 11:0 y po yards 520 Earth 90۰0 23:5 | 20°3 |, Thickness of rubber 5 2385/32 in. 11*0 | 10°8 Earth - nil 61 i 23-4 | 20-3 || Diameter of copper r in. 10:6 | 10°7 i3 23:5 | 20:3 “arth ۴ nil. 10°9 | 10:8 *With 512 cells C Е 23:5 | 20:3 10*8 | 10:8 Ratcliffe’s gutta percha = (A.) | 19:8 | 17:8 || India rubber, Silver's - (С.) | 9'7 | 9:6 | Hearder’s wire - 440 yards. 26:2 Thickness of gutta percha - „ in. 19-8 | 17:8 || Thickness of rubber 6:272/32in. | 9-7 9:6 || Thickness of insulating material 96:4 Diamete: of copper Ar in. | 19:9 | 17:8 || Diameter of.copper - Min. 96| 9-6 (fibre between g. p. layers) Ir in. 26 ˙4 19:8 | 17°9 : 9:7 | g:g || Diameter of copper „in. 26-4 a 0. 5 - Earth 2 T, Earth nil. Earth = 495 ^ 19:8 | 17:8 9:7 | 9:6 + With 512 cells, 29:6 | 26:4 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.— By E. G. Bartholomew.—continued. TABLE II. The first column designates the insulating material with which the wire is covered; also its thickness and the diameter of the wire. The second and third columns show the amount of charge and discharge measured by the galvanometer, 128 cells of. Daniell'g battery having been employed to charge the wires. Each number is the mean of four readings, which are given in detail in the receding table. j The fourth column shows the amount of defective insulation for dynamic electricity as shown by the galvanometer. After the strong current occasioned by the charging of the wire has ceased, this weak current exists as long as the wire remains connected with the battery. The fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, and ninth columns record the experiments on static electricity made with Peltier's electrometer (B.) To obtain these results, 512 cells of a Daniell's battery were employed. | The fifth, sixth, and seventh columns show the time in which the index of the electrometer fell from the maximum tension given by 512 cells of the battery, respectively, to three-fourths, one-half, and one-quarter of that tension. The positions of the index indicating these reduced tensions were ascertained by charging the wire with 354, 256, and 128 cells of the battery. The eighth column shows the time required to reduce the tension to one-half, ascertained by a different process, recommended by Mr. Varley. In this method the base of the electrometer is insulated, and is maintained in permanent contact with on@-half the battery ; the tension of the whole of the battery is then, for a moment, communicated to the stem in connexion with the needle, and the time is counted which the needle takes to descend to zero ; when this happens it is obvious that the electricity of the stem is in equilibrium with that of the base, and is therefore equal to half the battery tension. The results obtained by this method differ but slightly from those of the sixth column. 'The ninth column shows the number of degrees which the index of the electrometer fell in one minute. For the best insulating substances it has been necessary to take five minutes instead of one. TEMPERATURE 32? F. Tension of Battery 65°°75 ; 669° 5.—March 12-19, t Induction. Insulation: Description of Wire. The index і chars, | Die. | Еа | The Rar | тһе inder | Teg Hegr | Theinder rig index Б. | charge. full to 60° or full to o bor „010 | (a tension) | 1 minute to $ tension in | 3 tension in 1 tension in in o о o Min. M Min. Seca, | Min. Secs. 1 0 Chatterton's Compound on Wire 20:7 20:5 0:2 с 19 0 28 x 251 32 y A i 0 12 0 12 8 Do. — - No. 1. 21:2 20:7 0*4 0 6 0 194 0 12 м Do. А - No2.| 21:1 | 209 | 0:4 | 012 0 96 261 чн А . А 0 15 0 30 0 32 44 Do. . No.3.| 21:1 | 20:9 0*4 014 : 30 ica ai Plain Gutta Percha - (А.) | 20:5 | 20:0 0:3 0 23 0 51 0 51 45 | 0 32 ae 1 15 = А Я 1 16 5 По. - - CC.) 20:3 20:3 0-0 0:0 ix: p 2 Chatterton's Compound on Wire _ e and between Gutta Percha coat- 20:7 20:7 0۰0 0 40 1 18 ik ings - - - (D) -— m ; " 0 30 Do. ë - (Е) 20°4 | 20:3 0:0 od pet 930 28 Do. - - Cr.) 202 | 2031 | 00 | 10 | -— i 391 Ratcliffes Gutta Percha (A.) | 17:6 17:2 070 0 10 0 2 0 96 284 Do. - do. (B.) — — 0 : А o : 5 50 Special Gutta Percha - (A.) | 16:8 16.6 0:4 211 1 a ee be in 5 : p А 0 35 1 22 | 1 30 54 Do. - — - (B.) 15*8 15°7 0:2 0 38 d l 36 ie Godefroy's Compound -| 92°5 | 22:3 0-6 0 13 0 = к p Gutta Percha and Chatterton’s бй 26 Ren зды, 10 layers er each, 14:3 14:3 0:3 сазе . Е á 1 bin 5 ; à 3 16 3 58 60 Hughes's fluid between Gutta 147 14-9 0-2 1 20 25s 3:28 m Percha layers - - - | r 25 0 80 Indian Rubber, Hall & Wells (A.) 20' 5 20:3 0:3 1 9 ә 30 9 98 601 0 43 1 25 Do. - do. (B.) | 15:4 15-3 0:0 0 41 1 30 1 30 | 56 5 50 А 8 , Do. Silver's - (B.) | 11:2 | 11:2 0:1 p ds | 541 in 5 45 Е ыру Do. : do. (C.) 94 9:5 0-0 В = : 36 à o in d Wray’s Compound - "| 10°15 9°95 0-1 60 0 - "— - Е E vd Gutta Percha ,2; in., copper JA in. 20:5 19:7 0:2 0 17 lo 36 0 37 36] 1 20 3 20 4 Do. X; do. x | 148 | 1462 0-4 iu bd 4 7 oat , 0 28 1 8 1 22 0 55 2 7 Do. Yt do. TX е 92:4 22۰0 — 1 0 2 44 35 60 | | 0 46 1 89 2 0 58} Do. vs do. yy - | 336 | 5 = 0 43 1 45 28 574 1 20 3 55 : А aui da "APP. No..6. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE . APPENDIX No. 6—continued. карен made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By E. G. Bartholomew. — Table IT.—cont. - ————— —— Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26 seconds; Full Tension of Battery 659.— March 24, 1860. TEMPERATURE 42? F. | Induction. | unten: Description of Wire. Earth. | The index | The index wr The index | The index Dis- ‘fell from full fell from full feli from full! fell to zero Charge | char | . {060°°5ог | {049°°бог to 3225 ог! (à tension) ge. | ' tension in үкен in ге шоп ү in | | | | | Min. Sec. Min. Sec. Міп. Ѕее. | о о [*] * Chatterton’s Compound on Wire - | 19:4 19:1 0.0 | к н | о ER | б + | MM A | | 0 55! 013 | 26” 017 | Do? - No. 1. | 20:3 19-5 1.2 06 |. 012 zi p ! | | 0 13 0 97 0 40 Do. - - - No.2. 19°8 19°6 0°5 0 18 | 0 28 | 0 41 Do: Vo. 3. 19:9 | 19:5 | 0-1 des | dos | db А А А : 0 22 0 54 0 58 Plain G. Percha - (A.) 19°1 18:8 0۰1 0 22 0 53 | 0 59 “Do 7-27 = 7. (0) | 18-8 | i87 | o4 fo CB x1 1 51 0 44 1 49 1 59 Chatterton's Compound on Wire | 19:2 19:1 0:1 0 45 1 58 1 58 and between G. P. coatings (D.) 047 2 10 2 13 Do. - (Е) | 191 18:6 0:0 0 12 0 27 0 28 0 11 0 23 0 27 1 bo. C 188 | 189 | oi | (92 | 14$ 1 26 Ratelifes Gutta Percha - (A) | 16:4 | 161 | оз | (97 dci P | . . : 0 17 0 43 - 0 42 Do. (В.) | 159 | 15:7 0:3 017 | 04 0 49-5 : І | | 230 | 720 5 0 Special Gutta Percha (A.) | 15:2 15:2 0-0 9 90 6 10 - 4 40 | 2 55 8 30 Do: - (B)| ws | 148 | оо |43% | 10 0 bio 0 5 30 20 0 G. P. and Chatterton's Compound | 13-4 13:3 0-0 з 0 is is m : | 10 layers each, alternate. 2 45 12 40 Hughes' fluid between G. P.layers | 14:1 13°9 0-0 0 40 1 40 1 47 | 0 40 1 45 l 42 Indian rubber, Hall and Wells (A.) | 19:9 19:9 0-3 0 43 1 35 1 28 | 0 43 1 42 - 1 35 Do. - do. (B.) 14:8 14•8 0 0 l 40 5 10 2 3 5 50 n 22 Do, - Silvers - (B.) 10:7 10*6 0*1 4 20 12 45 4 55 15 0 hn 0 Do. = до. = С. 5 е 0 11 0 (C.) 9-4 9:4 0-0 А }29 0 o3 0 Godefroy's Compound - =| 21:2 20°9 0:4 0 17 0 42 0 35 0 17 0 43 0 40 Wray' Compound -| 10:6 | 10:6 0-1 | 61 0 "e a Gutta Percha 4 in.; copper Jin. | 19:9 19°7 0:3 0 15 0 32 0 30 0 15 0 34 032 Do. $ do. - 3 14:8 14:8 0*0 0 43 2 5 155 1 0 2 19 2 20 Do. 4? do. - 44 11:8 11:7 0-0 0 12 0 45 0 50 0 13 0 50 0 56 Do. - 11 do. - I 21:0 21:0 0*0 0 33 1 20 б 1 30 0 32 1 31 1 40 Do - 5% до. - 31:6 | 31°2 0*5 0 20 1 10 112 ** 9 21 | 1 15 l 25 Wray's Compound, ме verde 4:8 4*7 0*0 | 513 cells). ше | .. Faulty at the ends. Hearder's Wire, 440 sanis - 6:6. 6:3 0*0 0 32 2 35 | , | 10 35 2 45 2 40 ! ‘ The index fell in 1 minute to 59 59° 26:5 5 25° 52: 53. 42:5 - 44° 49 39 53° in 5 49°25 56° in 5' 57*5 62° in 5 61:5 58: in 5 58:5 58* 58:25 58° 59° 62° 62°75 60°5 in 5' 41° 39° 44۰5 in 5} b. 34° 34° 58°5 50°5 43° 46° 54" 55:5 52* 54: SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 359 APPENDIX No. 6—continued. - Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By Е. G. Bartholomew. — Table II.—cont. TEMPERATURE 52? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 27 seconds; Full Tension of Battery 679.—March 30-31, 1860. Induction. Insulation. а Di da fell der fell om full felt from fall 1 The index Charge. ый to 61°°5ог | to52°or | to 32°°25 ог | (4 tension) fell in charge. ł tension in J tension іп | ‡ tension, in 1 minute to . | | Min. Sec. | Min. See. Min. Sec. Chatterton's Compound on Wire - *20:3 | *201 | 0:9 o 5 : A i : is ү Do. - - No. 1 are | 203 | 12 1o М : : | d e | 0 i - "E ш. 2 mea mm | os 4e | o2 | zm | omae Do- - - Na3| mo | 207 een: en . os |as Plain Gutta Percha - (A)| 201 | 200 | оз { я pa о 5 Do. - : - (Сә) | 201 | 198 0:5 lo ә 9 58 ee pn Chatterton's Compound on Wire 204 | 202 0:2 T 53 2 7 2 30 62 and between G. P. coatings (D.) 0 51 1 50 2 30 61° Do - - - (8) | 200 | 198 | 03 lo : a © HA 2 2 27.5 | po- > s р mim | oo | {55 | ia va Ratelife's G. Percha (A) | 174 | 170 | 07 lo A pe e ae Do. - А - (вә | 169 | 166 0:8 lo E м 26 d da Special G. Percha - (A.) 16:3 161 0-0 : чн 5 15 i ae 7 hin "d Do. - (вә 159 | 158 | oo фе E i е Jin 5' Do. - - - (С) | 108 | 107 | оо ооо КО 3525]; y G. P. and Chatterton s Compound, 14:5 14:4 0-0 1 20 6 30 6 5 54° ر‎ 10 layers of each, alternate. 1 25 6 50 6 40 54-5 jin Hughes’ Fluid between G. P. layers | 15:4 151 0'3 1s ii n 4 0 is de А Indian Rubber ; Hall & Wells (A.) | 225 | 224 | oo | {0 18 2 Mies | e | Do. do. (B.) 163 | 162 0-0 f : н з к б Ро. Silver's -- (В.) | 11:2 11:2 0-0 NA 2: М | } зо [52-5 pin 5 Do. do. (c) 102 10˙2 0-0 2: s 5 : bos 9 6 Godefroy's Compound — 9228 124 0:6 8 : 31 | 4 195 o эз | 27. | WnysCompond - -| n4 | 114 | оо 22 0 | 50 0 © | 5 0 | 64 in 5 Gutta Percha yy in.; Copper in. 21:3 208 | 04 s : Я is б А | E Do x do ẹ -| 156 | 155 | оо 215 es 5 Do. и do ge -| 128 | 21 | бз 9 EG Bin d D. gy do. gy -| 224 | 219 0 Das 9 35 „ Do. ES do „ -| 335 | 328 | o6 lo 10 | А n b | © Wray's Compound, 176 yds. (with 54 5:8 0:0 65 0 3 hours. 512 cells). Hearder’s Wire, 440 yds. (do) 249 | 247 |: оз 0 15 а 1 03 —— ——— — Ce — — . . — — کے‎ — 4 f э —äʒͤé ب‎ 860° APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP, No. 6. APPENDIX No. 6—continued, Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By E. G. Bartholomew.— Table II.—cont. TEMPERATURE 62? F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26 seconds; Full Tension of Battery 659. —A pril 1860. * Induction. Insulation. Earth, | Theindex | Theindex | The index | The index The index Description of Wire. : Dis- fell from full | fell from full | fell from fell to zero | fel in oue 0 60° or to 49°°5 or 0 ension ; e charge. 4 tension in | tension in | } tension in in minuteto — oe Tl —ꝛñ— —— ————/' | | Min. Sec. | Min. Sec. Min. Sec. Е : o eee 0 | 0 10 0 24 0 25 20 Chatterton’s Compound on Wire - 200 , "195 0:3 : 0 10 0 24 0 25 | 223-5 AM оз, 0 7 14" 0 8 1 Do. - + No. 1 211. 200 1:5 0 3 | о 8 08 175 | f 010 | 029 j 027 ! 31-5 Do. -~ = = No.2} 204 : 19'8 0*6 1 0 10 0 27 } 60 { 027 30 | . M | Го в 1 ооз 325 { 0 24 95 Do. - - - Коз) 206 | 200 0:5 110 9 | 0 26 | 0 95 26 | е 020 | 055 | 057 455 Plain Gutta Perch - (A.) 195 19˙1 0:2 020 | 056 | 0 58 46 а жоош J| 196 — 19'0 0:7 0 11 0 26 033 30 Do; (C.) { Oll | 028 035 31 Chatterton’s Compd. on Wire and | 19°3 19°3 0:1 { 0 18 0 54 : 95 | 4 between G. Percha coatings (D.) | 0 19 0 55 | 0 6 | 016 307 0 16 10°5 Do - - - (E)| 195 | 19:0 0:5 0 6 | 016 30 0 16 11:5 А 014 | 041 045.2 | 40 Do. - = = (Е) | 1922 | 18:8 0˙5 014 | O 43 046 5 | 41-5 = ; : 0 7 0 23 52" 024 я | 95 Rateliffe’s G. Percha - (А) | 197 | 164 | os | {0 7 023 ие Тое, о : А 0 7 0 90 42" 0 20 8 | 90 Do. " е - - (B.) 16 1 15 4 0:5 { 0 7 0 21 44" 0 90 8 21 ] . 037 | 145 2 53| 56 Special G. Percha - - (А.) | 155 | 1594 | oo { UN ER “К а i: . 1 0 2 50 8 2 54 8 60 © © o e 410%] 10 30 ° 10 30 56'5 in 5 Do. =- =- =- CC.) | 103 | 102 0˙⁰ { 4 50 8 13 30 E 13 зо # 59 p р 3 | 58 z 2 35 G. P. and Chatterton’s Compound, | 14:0 13°9 0°1 0 35r 50 = E 26 о 408] 2202 2 25 58 10 layers of each alternate - | A . ; s 067 015 A 32 0135 | 13:5 Hughes’ fluid between G. P. layers | 15:2 14˙7 1:0 0 6 0 13 33' 0 13 d 14 | А 0 13 0 38 55" о 37 9 | 37:5 Indian rubber; Hall & Wells (A.) 235 23'3 0:4 1 0 13 0 40 57" 0 40 E 38 ; А 115 | 4 5 4 15 (61 ра : | р : 7 30 | 20 30 21 15 S | 61'5 in 5. Do. Silver's (B.) 20°6 10°5 0°0 { 7 50 9] 45 99 Q 61 s с 12 30 39 0 88 0 62°5 in 5*. Do. Do. (C.) 95 9°4 0*0 {13 30 | 36 40 38 10 62° 5 | 0 6 | 015 28” 0 15 10°5 Godefroy's Compound- ~ -| 22°0 | 21°7 08 { 0 6 | 014 28" 0 15 12:5 | А 11 0 30 30 38 0 62°25 in 5’, Wray’s Compound = = ° 11°2 11°0 0:0 11а 0 37 4 . А 0 6 | 015 27" 0 15 75 , 010 | 026 50” 0 26 25 Do. ұу - Do. yee] 154 | 14°9 1:0 { 010 | 025 48" 0 27 23'5 | i ‚ | 0 7 | 019 35" / 0 15 13 Do. 3% - Do. j$56;-| 123 | 12:0 0:3 { 0 7 | 018 33" 0 16 12°75 ER i ` 0 6 0 18 35” 0 16 | 13* 5 Do. yy - Do yoj 223 | 2r4 di: { от | 018 | зз” 018 135 е . : 0 7 0 20 42" 0 17 | 20 Do. r Do. зү - 33'0 320 1*0 { 0 6 0 19 42" 0 18 20 Wray's Compound, 176 yards 5'1 5°1 0*0 | 1h. 20m. 4h. 15m. (with 512 cells). | ; ; A i ; 0 14 0 40 1/: 30^ 0 38 38 Hearder's wire, 440 yards (ditto) - | 23°9 23°0 0*1 0 15 0 44 17-40” 0 44 41 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 361 APPENDIX No. 6 continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.— By E. G. Bartholomew. — Table II.—cont. TEMPERATURE 72° F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 27 seconds; Full Tension of Battery 64 25.— pril 13-14, 1860. | | Induction. | Insulation. Deseription of Wire. s " тһе index | The index | Theindex | The inden Tue inde ==. нє aul io or 40 оа РШ 4 (ода er teni) | беа. |: tension in 3 tension in | } tension in in 1 minute to Min.Sec. | Min.Sec. | | Min.Sec. | ó Cha '-rton's compound on wire - | 19:8 194 | 0'8 || | ds | | ea 1: Do. - Veo. 1. 21:9 | 20:6 | 2'6 lo HB ae : 97175 01245. ». Do. - Vo. 2. 21-0 | 205 | r2 40 5 3 | © E T Do. - + Ne3.| 21˙2 | 206 | 15 1o 5 TM E 2:30 5 Plain gutta percha - (A)| 20'0 | 196 | 0:5 lo 8 de 985 s m+ . ve [fag | K | S| n Chatterton’s compound on wire and between Боба percha cot 20°2 19°6 0:7 |: 8 2 40 2 31 61. ings - s - (D) ] 5 2 30 2 35 61 m o ewm ndr m inm m + dme og | ҺЕ | ge | oa ЕНЕНЕ | on . Do os c Gam pec | re |{ ig бу om | ois | ms Special gutta percha ~ (A) | 157 | 155 | 0-4 lo 2s $ XP i ds pat Do. (B.) 15:4 | 152 | 02 НЯ: or E ie 555 Do. q 106 | 105 | oo [153 НЧ ean ты И 146 | 165 | o2 40 83 0 5 о 44 10.5 mergi - e n. | os (21 f f. ДЕ; ene mad war A| ша | es | oe | (18 1 NIB IE Do. š do. (B.) i71 17-0 | 0-1 t5 | "ps | "Ee не Do - Silver's - (B), 106 | 10-6 | oo | 1430 e D d mos а Gs sva ds [e| эмнен we | ama [1 ; ШЕ On © weren ese é aro | ws | oo (2 2 | TEX Gutta percha jy in.; copper vr in. | 21:8 | 20°5 | 2۰1 {9 : | 0 ч | 17 a 2 | Do % d , aes jase | rs %% | od | om | o: | os Do. - {$ 30. | 13:0 | 1 | re E | 0-3 030, Du dU" Da „ ёа ме ف‎ sa ffos | ош | 0 j on | i „ „ dew „n (ot ge [mm | ge | Ê Waye gmpm 176 me qe | so | gg ne ныне win, un ye cin) | мз | aea | aa f | out | gee | gas | FF Arr. No. 6. $62 „ APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Ps APPENDIX No. 6—continued. =- Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By E. G. Bartholomew. Table II.—cont. TEMPERATURE 82° F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26°5 seconds; Full Tension of Battery 65'5°.— April 19-20, 1860. | | Induction. | e Insulation. Deseription of Wire. Dis. | PT. ‘Theindex | Тһе index | The index | The index fell from feli from full] fell from | fell to zero | The index | charge: Pension in |} tension in | tension in| ( ein; minute to | : : F Min. Bec. | Min. Sec. Min. Sec. o Chatterton's compound on wire | 20:0 200 02 | = js | і < 5 bo. + Ne z 28:4 | 91:6 2:8 lo : Es Md o vis bo. = Ne£| 224 | 215 17 lo 2 E 1 uo No Do. No. 3. 22°9 | ars | 2:3 {9 aD. рои Plain gutta percha — (A) | 200 | 196 | 04 10 ES moe das Do. Sa — >» ы, 22:7 20° 8 3:0 12 3 2 : Ms ү ч j } zero | ae Chatterton’s compound on wire, 91:6 20°3 2-0 fi : 25:7 3 0. and between р. p. coatings. (D.) | 1 6 2 35 .2 38 -| 60°5 B x ous [2] as | aor | ve [92 | 28 | gar | onc) w pos ат far | зө (oe) an | ш рун | ae, Ratcliffe's gutta percha (A.) | 19:3 | 17°3 | 2:2 lo Я R LUE 9 115 425 | Do - - - (В) 1во | 169 | rs E o 5 LU od ae Special guia . (A) ase | ass | os {Bf | бы mI уюш... apf ee 2 12, TAE MC „ oo f 15 % | Ejas : | ۰ o • З EE ом | 3e Hughes’ fluid between g. p. layers | 197 | 16-8 | 42 | [9 2 $ 93 f 5 } ser India rubber, Hall and Wells’ (A.)| 28:0 ars | و‎ {9 5 an was’ | om | ss | | | ps „ а) en | we | oe [foes | te rar Do. ` - Silvers - (B) | 10-8 | 10-9 | on (à 5 ae 8 s5. Jin 5 ро. - LJ - С) | 10-0 | 100 | oo {3 ue e } 94s . 56'5 in 5 —— % g | og | gue 2 | & W — 19:0 11:8 0*1 i a : in : 26 48. Jin y Gutta percha yî, in. ; copper yf, in. | 24-1 | 21-8 39 os ee v8” о 7 | } ero „ dea [ars [ass „ ($? f E 2: j Do. f do. - | 143 | 125 225 na A. VEA Е | sero Do „% dev | ars | wa e$ |{%3 | 05 | 915 | ов jem Do. £$& do. „ | 376 | зет | 44 0 1 „„ } sero Ts MSM} we e| ifo |2 je o npe: Hearder's.wire, 440 yards (o.) | 27-0 | 254 23 0 5 | CAR RB TE | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 863 APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By E. G. Bartholomew.— Table II.—cont, ` TEMPERATURE 92° F. Swing of Needle, 10 oscillations in 26*5 seconds; Full Tension of Battery 65: 5?.—A pril 30, 1860. Induction. Insulation. Description of Wire. Earth. | phe index | The index | The index The inden Th E z fell from full fell from full! fell from | fell to zero Yell in to 59°°5, or | to 47°5, or full to 28°, or (I tension) in 1 i s io 1 tension in z tension in 1 tension inj: (X) minute | Min. Sec. | Min. Sec. Min. Sec 5 | M NON | 0 30 1 15 117 52° Chatterton's compound on wire 0.9 { 0 33 1 20 1 99 54° -= 2 А 0 3 0.5 | оз” |'08 la L Do; | - Ne. one { 0 3 0 5 0.8” 0 8 eo; | . 0 4 0 7 0.14” 0 8 | Do. a = No, 3 а { оз | 07 | Ф016” 0 -8-- aere 2 0 3 о 7 -{ ола” 0. 8 l.l. Do. | ES - No.3. 44 |{ 0 3. 0 7 0412” : 0.-2. ( } TEED ERRAT А | 0 23 0 54 1 3 6° Plain gutta percha - (A) 0°7 { 0 96 1 0 1 10 pd 0 3 0 5 0.7” 0 8 Do. : - (с) 60 { 9 22 0 3 A E } zero, _Chatterton’s compound on Я wire and between gj. Ko» 0-9 { dee „ „ coatings — ` i | i © ; Я EI | | 0:4 0 7 0.14” |. û 8 OR , 0e ` ae ҖЕ) "9 0 4 | 68 0.14” | 010 о : б d i 0 4 0 8 0.18“ 0 10 2.5 Do. Ё - (Е) | 2:9 0 4 0 8 0.20% 0 10 zero. T Г - Z2 0 3 0 57 9,0"--| 0 в UE Ratcliffe's guíta percha (A.) 2:5 { о 3 0 5 9^0" 0 7 } тего. ao A 0 3 | 0 6 0.12“ 0 8 | Do. к, - е (B.) 2*9 0 3 0 6 0.127% 0 9 nis " | , — ~t- i . 012 “4 0-96 E „ 0: 30 1° ` c Special gutta percha — - (A) 1°0 014 0 29 0 33 11 3 | К о 9 0 30 0 34 4.5. 0 Do). 65.) Qoi 1 0 10 0 30 0. 33. M opcm x : j 2 30 6 10 7 10 0 0 Do. a. 2° 0-0 d К. Jin м ee a e) 23 250 | f 5 738. |, 51 op ^. G.p. grace patie nS | 120 0 8 b 20 0 26 10:0 10 layers of each, alternate. 0 10 0 24 60 20- To- | А — Hughes’ fluid between g. p. layers - 9:5 { р : d “ E E ч } хето. - "e weet de . . M PENES nS. ETE RD OL India rubber; Hall & Wells’ (A.) - 49 { 2028 : н ve 0 9 n 0 18 0 45 0 55 85:0 | Do. do. (B.) 0°5 Е 0 24 0 53 1 0 38*0 : МЕ 1 10 a4 : ° » Do Silver's (В) ТАРКА ео 5 5 | es pine | | 1 25 3 35 4 9 41.5 bo. da - (C) 0:0 { To ы | io 43:0 ] De. ^" Godefroy's compound - - 5:4 : : 0 : 925 . : е zero. : 0 40 9 0 217 31:01, Wray'scompound . - — 04 0 43 2 15 2 24 34-54 in 5 2 . 0 9 À u Gutta percha yîş in.; copper ў; in. 8°4 { aa : 9355 А i } iaro; 0 3 0 5 0'.8” 0 8 D. gh do. № - кш los 0 5 0'.8" 0 ‘8 } zero, 4. Do. و‎ do. Ж - 5° 4 { D : > : Ой x i } zero 1n 5! 0 a 4 0 Do. H do. ұұ - 9*5 { 0 : s : eee 0 ч } тето до. - | 0 3 8" | Я D. „ do № - эт {03| os | os | ов J аео о Wray's compound, 176 yards т | 3 85 7 30- 740 : ‚ (with 512 cells) И 070 |71 335 | 730 7 43 м 5in5 | 7 i i . Hearder's Wire, 440 yds. (do.) 4* 5 { 955 { 2 И с; С id } zero Ld A few experiments were made to measure, by means of Professor Wheatstone’ s differential resistance measurer, the decrease of conductivity in several of the mile lengths of wire. The gutta percha covered wire A was maintained at the constant temperature of 32? F, and its conductivity compared with the gutta percha wire C at different temperatures with the following results :— At 329 At 62° the conductivity of C decreased 18095 18s 42° the conductivity of C. decreased This | | * 7920 Б 1 52? 1465 ` 82? ACE In like manner the wire designated i in the table as Chatterton’ s D was compared with the corresponding wires E and F, and the following results were obtained :— OfE. OfF. OfE. OfF. At 32? At 62° the conductivity was decreased 385 1895 42° the conductivity was decreased y iu "UE И See E si тб тї e e Рут X E ; P MEE In these experiments a single cell of Daniell's ry was employed, A424 App. No. 6. _ "Tu" а AMT eee APP. Nu. G. 364 ` APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued, Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By. E. G. BARTHOLOMEW—cont. TABLE III. EXPERIMENTS on the INDUCTION and INSULATION of two COPPER WIRES, Pg in. in DIAMETER, (each having 110 yards of their LENGTH іп WATER), one covered with INpIA-RUBBER and one with GUTTA-PERCHA, made previous to and during Hydraulic Pressure, the Pressure being 3 Tons per Circular Inch, or 3:7854 Tons=8,479 lbs. per Square Inch. Before Pressure (April 11th, 1860.) During Pressure. INDUCTION. | INSULATION. INDUCTION. INSULATION, | — ——1• — —u—ä ä — — | Direct. | The Index of the Electrometer Direct. | The Index of the Electrometer — A лл ашыу] А Fell from full to 3 Fell to , | Fell from full to 3 Fell to Charge. | Discharge. tension in } tension in| Charge. | Discharge. tension in } tension in GUTTA-PERCHA. | | | | | o о n | tn 0 о б, 5 s 5°5 5:3 | 35 | 1.17 5:9 | 5:2 | Directly after - 11.45 26. 0 5:4 5:4 | 37 1.20 5*4 | 5-9 | 21 hours after- 4. 0 9. 5 5:5 55 | | 5:8 52 | 47 dito - 3.45 8.25 5:5 5-5 | mean 36 | mean 1.18 5-3 5:3 | 72 ditto - 3.50 8.40 i 5-4 5:5 5:3 | 115 ditto = .55 1.55 5:5 5:4 5:4 163 ditto - 1.0 2.12 EIUS Temp. 42? F. Temp. 42? F. mean 5:47 | mean 5°43 mean 5:33 mean 5:27 186 ditto - 5.10 16.25 | | Temp. 48? F. | Temp. 48? F. { 214 dito = 24 1. 0 | | INDIA-RUBBER. о 0 о / n 9 г 4:1 4'2 1^, 23m, 3h, 33", 4:0 | Directly after - 5.15 15. 0 42 41 | 3:9 21 hours after - 2.45 8.30 4:9 41 | р 40 47 dito 2.35 9.40 4:3 4:2 3:9 | 72 ditto 2.20 7.15 4:2 4:2 3:9 115 ditto - 1.45 3.53 41 4:2 3-9 | 163 ditto Insulation gone. mean 3°93 | | — — — ee а. اس‎ " mean 4°17 | mean 4°17 mean 3°916 The conductivity of both wires was taken together by looping the distant ends. Before pressure the conductivity of the combined wires (225 yards, No. 16 copper) was equal to 89 ft. 5§ in. of copper wire, No. 22 gauge. After pressure their combined con- ee was equal to 92 ft. 14 in. of No. 22 gauge copper wire, They had therefore diminished in conductivity 2 ft, 72 in., or 2° 968 ft. per cent. Not the least interesting feature in these pressure experiments, was the extraordinary retention of charge. evinced by the gutta- percha covered wire whilst under pressure. "This, which I observed accidentally, I found by measurement to be as follows :— April 20th, 1860.—Charged the wire with full tension of battery, then put the wire to earth for 1" ; I then found a charge remaining equal to about $ full battery tension; after 2" contact with earth, the tension left was equal to about wr full battery; and after 5" contact with earth, the remaining tension was equal to about } full battery. I may observe that this effect was totally different from the“ residuary " discharge I first observed last November, inasmuch as no time was allowed, after removal from earth, for an accumulation, and again, because when the pressure was removed, this effect ceased. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. *paunfur uaeq JAVY оз puno » 6-11 91 EI g6.€1 1.1 |] GFT | L-9 - yng my ured чил єв.тт 6-11 8-ST 9· A 8. xx 1.51 |? 80۰€ -£I 99 ЄТ 9 · el | 8.51 “1 9.9 L-9 E xt D3.4409 əsa doi 51 | eSI 51 eSI С.Є SI $.9 [йселмәйхү equa UMY 6.4 °6 „9 9 2 2 98 · 8 99.4 6۰4 . 6 -6 „9 -9 эт. 9 2.9 2 4 7 £.£ С. st Nu j- ‘op od 8.4 “6 .9 $. 2.9 4 с̧с. “© G-L -G 24 8 6 g · 5 2 $ 9.£ .8 X .$ 80۰% 95 · 8.4 L.L 6.8 1.8 5.3 $6.6 ii LS - “ор 0 -S -8 .$ e} 8 6 9.5 | 92 1.9 “peg =. ve "Ped > i "UH 7 ® “peg t · 64 es.9 9˙9 IE Uu |- op q .04 1.9 1.1 . 9.66 “бб Cc. 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No. 6. : | 7 APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By O. Rowland.—continued. - - TABLE V. 2 EXPERIMENTS on the Insulation for Dynamic Electricity of Copper Wires coated with various insulating materials made Tank of Water, the Temperature of which was first reduced to 32? F., then raised successively to 42?, 52? „ 62^, and Duplicates of the corresponding Wires in the preceding Table, but were not the same. The same e | EXPERIMENT No. 1. ExPERIMENT No. 2. Ex» Diameter Б | 329 F. ERIMENT No. 3, 42? F. 529 F, Designation of Wire. of > of | = | | | Copper. Covering. т, Leakage ofl M Leakage of of | NE > eee | | Insulation. can. | Insulation. | Mean. Insulation. Mean. 5% | А 5° с Ne. AZ eI GurrA PERCHA EXPERIMENTAL Mi 2 | و‎ s: m 55 | | 15° | Copper wire covered with plain gutta регеһа ЗІ 33 13 4:9 | ? | 15. | f 1*5 1:5 6° | Do. do. - Ж 35 1.25 1:3 1°25 1:4 6° 6:16 | | 1°25. 1:5 6:5 | | 3° | | 4° 13° | Do do. j зу зт 3° з. 4: a: | 13:25 $| 13:16 || 3° 4: 13:25 | | | | | 1° 1°25 7, | Ро, до. - * H 1 1 1: 1:16 T e o ! : 1 s 1° 25 7 • | i 4:95 4-95 14:7 И. Do. do. - з ws 4°25 4°25 4° 4:08 15°0 14:9 | 4°25 4° 15-0 | Gutta PERCHA ALTERNATE COATINGS.— 56 РТ T | | Copper. wire covered with 10 coatings of 2 | | Ку ‚ 5 gutta pereha and ш of Chatterton's com- T тт P | 9 f 3 25 25 | "as. pound - - 2 = ° 5 | | | : °0 “Б : | GUTTA PERCHA SPECIAL.—Copper usd. А ; А : 5 covered with improved material зї wr) i 9 z 4 A | 5 | | | i Do., do. °0 ۰0 4:7 | covered with alternate coatings of preyed 5 ў; `0 0 0 T) 4:7 4&6 (6 | material and compound - * 0 0 4:5 °0 °0 °0 | | Do., do. d у б °0 0 °0 0 °0 0 · | °0 °0 °0 | HuGHEs’.~-Copper wire coated with gutta i T | percha, and a viscid semi-fluid substance é і; as 5 | 10° introduced between it and the next coating f зт 951 1. 1: 1 11° 10:3 | of gutta percha - - - - 10° | T y 0 0 M 0 | SILVER and Co., В.—Соррег wire covered . . | 0 | with india rubber - - - Tr vi | 3 } Э | 0 } 0 | 0 0 1 . 0° “0 | | C. Jo. a D P | | Do. 9 = * 6-2 * 0 Ы 0 0 * °0 . 0 e. (Covered with tape 44," thick.) D EN °۰0 0: | T } 0 | HALL and WELLs, A.—Copper wire covered } 35 | | = 9: | with cotton thread and india rubber - 31 ҮТ | i 2 5 2:16 e 9 | 25 2* 3° | Do. B. do. - жш or 25 28 2° 2: 3° 3° 25 2 3- | WnAr's.— Copper wire covered with Wray’ E " А | м | T | 3 | l 0° | | TT 0 0 0 compound P O $ 0* RADCLYFFE'S A.— Copper wire covered with 2° 3°5 10° gutta percha passed through a certain che- 5 3%; 2° 2: 3:5 3:5 10-5 10-16 mical process for increasing itsdurability - 2- 3*5 10° | 1 | 3:5 | 4° 14° | Do. B. do. - Ж tr 3:5 3:5 3:5 3:7 14* 14°16 | 3:5 3*7 14:5 GopEFRorY's.—Copper wire covered with x E ч Т ü 18: | | patent cocoa nut gutta percha - - зї тт 3.5 16 18° 18:16 i 5° ! 18:5 HEARDER'S, 440 yards.—Copper wire covered | du 5 °1 | with gutta percha (fibre between the gutta as ў 1 1 | 25 } '4 | 1 } 1 | 1 | 5 1 percha layers) - - - в : | | TER FVV ART WA E БЕСЫ ee dH ا‎ * This wire was accidentally injured App. No. 6. 367 —— — — M À—]—— gth, and were immersed in a large See Plate No. 1. The first Five Wires of this Table were ption, each One Mile in len , and finally reduced to 52°. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c. —By O. Rowland.—continued. TABLE V. The Wires were, with one exce APPENDIX No. 6— continued. . loyed as in the Experiments of the preceding Table. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. ain raised to 82? and 92? and number of Cells of the Battery were emp ‘at different Temperatures. 72°, reduced to 49°, ag : © © e © e 2 © © e © © e e 9 „ N а а t a " e e Ф a © A : | © ы © Pi 4 ao = iN e iN ө wt ш 10 à " 25 8 ө 2 E. 4 25 ub © q E A)| ri vá Be К — А) — OO А — m — ~ — — — — — —— — — — — XX a 8 | ааа o ooo юю oo QU FED MOY юш OND ON ANE MHS Amm RRO ARN KH Q Ы е . e e e е е е е . е e . е е е © es 9 e e o e e 0 e e . е . e. е . e e ۰ . е е е е . e e e e . е e Г] е е е 2E E Onine DNRT RRR HOM = са DOB. 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No. 6. ака 4 368 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6 — continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By O. Rowland.—continued. TABLE VI.—EXPERIMENTS AT VERY HiGH TEMPERATURE š — — EXPERIMENTS on the Leakage of Insulation on short Lengths of variously- coated Copper Wires, subjected Measurement of Time, a Roberts’ Chronoscope.— — | | | Diameter Thickness LEAKAGE OF Designation of Wire. Gön: | беу пр. тешен | ا ا‎ E ешкш [ m. s. „ wm. s. ° m. 8. | ° m. в. Gun aca = -| а | | воз Wi das | goin 9 | mnes. Do. 0$ : | y yr 538 0 26 {! 18 D $i 18 + | da 18 0 0-45 Do. Е : | vr yr алй 250 18 i 33 18 п t8 rm Do. - | پو‎ un 6 028 join 056| fein O24 | f8in0 0-9 be | ж „ „„ PR OM, | Bie % Phot, Do. + 2 тї E cmn 25 fs 6056 | 18 1 | 18 1990 45 same bone „ | s ( AA g dad ROM) emos Wray's с А — 2 ES [ ien Hs Sin 0 45 | 8in 0 15 8 in 0 15 HALL AND WELLS -œ A a $5: { 18 а : 5 |4 8їп 1 20 | 8 in 030 8 in 0 15 Dar E * {. ia $0 sin 035 | Sin 016 | sino 5 Rarer = s o а | а | rhee nmn EIS noia] * Reduced Temperatures. The Wires in the above Experiments had one end herinctically sealed; the other end insulated with a coating of Hughes’ vessel being also covered with a sheet of These cables were placed in a tub of water at a temperature first of 619 Fahr., when the loss of insulation was taken, and lastly raised to 70°, 166° and 200°, the loss of insulation being taken each time. At 112? the gutta percha was soft, at 122? so lost its shape as to leave the copper wire bare in places. Hall and Wells’ india-rubber had become crumpled up in places EXPERIMENTS on the INDUCTION and INSULATION of GUTTA-PERCHA PLAIN, and INDIA-RUBBER (Silver and Instrument employed for measuring induction discharge, “a Long Wire Galva- GUTTA-PERCHA PLAIN. Diameter of copper wire, +ã,” ; thickness of covering, fy. INDUCTION. | INSULATION. | Temperature n | Temperature Full Loss of Date. | Hour: f Water. Discharge: l Date, | Hour. of Water. Tension. Insulation. 1860. Mean. i 1860. o o n July 16 | арт. 67 4˙9 July 16 | 2pm. 67 50 | in 15 sec. 5* 4:96 | | 5 | | | Е e 7] 97 | 5*1 | $$ | 3 | 97 50 8 in 3 sec. | 5° 5:03 | | | 5° | | | » y | 104 4*9 | РИ | gosa ^1 104 50 8 іп 2 ѕес. | 5. 4:96 | | 5 | | » » 114 4'8 | „ | „ | 114 50 zero in 3 sec. 5: 14:93 | | 5 | „ » 125 None. п » | w I 125 | 50 | earth. On the 28th September 1860, the above gutta-percha covered wire was examined by being slit or stripped in several places, to ascertain the position of the copper, when it appeared that, owing to the shrinking or contraction of the insulator during its exposure to high temperature, the copper had in several places shifted from the centre towards the outer side or bend of the core, as it lay in horizontal coils, and not downward by gravitation. (See woodcut, Figs. 1 and 2.) The time during which the core was subjected to the higher heat (125?) was very brief, about a quarter of an hour ; still, externally the core had assumed a very irregular form, the lover layers or coils having been compressed and otherwise disproportioned by the superincumbent ones. ric. ШИШИШИ HD TT TT TTT Tin III qu ШИШИ ert ETT. TT CTT EOE ШИЛ, чү FIC.2. ip TIT ШШШ ТШ ШҮ y OR gm 4 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 369 APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By О. Rowland. continued. = 8 е TABLE VI.—ExPERIMENTS AT VERY HIGH TEMPERATURE. to DIFFERENT high TeMPERATURES.—Instrument employed, а Peltier’s Electrometer—Instrument used for Battery power, 512 elements.—Full tension, 50°. ———————————————————————————MM———Á INSULATION. | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature | Temperature *64? 122? 142? 152° *64? 70? 166? 200° ° m & ° m s. ° m. s. ° m в, ^ m. в, ° ms |? m. s |? m 4 18 in 0 ie 18 in б 04i } Bad. Bad. Bad. Bad. Bad. Bad. 3 in 0 Т 10 in 0 s | do. do. do. do. do. do. в in b 15:8 в in 0 "We } do. do. do. do. do. do. 18 in 0 1:6 8 in 0 0:6 } do. do. do. do. do. do. tà in ^ 15 18 in б Ds } do. do. do. do. do. do. 18 in о 17. 6 18 in 0 0-6 } 90 do. do. do. do. do. 8 in 1 35 8 in 1 27 8in O 30 8in O 25 8in O 4 8in O 18 8in O 16 8 in 0 9 8 in 1 16 8 in 0 25 8 in 0 14 8 in 0 6 8 in 0 3 8 in 0 15 Bad. Bad. 8 in 1 55 8 in 0 14 8 in 0 5 8 in 0 4 8 in O 4 8 in 0 18 do. do. 8 in 0 30 sino 7 s in 0 4 | Sino 3 sin 0 3 Bad. do. do. ts in 0 i 18 in 0 T 18 Шш p D `6 | Вай. Вай. до. до. до. 1 Reduced to facilitate comparison. semi-carbon fluid, and were before each test saturated with coal-tar naphtha to guard against surface conduction ; the orifice of the vuleanized india-rubber to prevent the escape of steam. afterwards raised to 92°, 1029, 112°, then reduced to 64°; again raised to 122°, 142°, 152°, and again reduced to 64°; and very soft. After being raised to 200° the whole was taken out of the water. The gutta percha had, in almost every case, by the contraction of the spirally wound external elastic thread. The other materials had not lost their shape. Company's) CovERED WinEs, subjected to INCREASED TEMPERATURES. Length of Wires, each 330 feet. nometer ;” for insulation a “ Peltier’s Electronometer.” Battery power, 512 elements. INDIA-RUBBER. Diameter of copper wire, ; thickness of covering, 4". INDUCTION. | INSULATION. | | T raturo : Tem ture Full Loss of Date. Hour. ‘of Water. Discharge. | Dato Hour. of Water, Tension. Insulation, і [ | | Mean. | | o o o | Зо о o. July 16 2 p.m. 67 2*8 July 16 2 p.m. 67 50 1 in 4 m. 7 sec. 2°۰9 52°83 | 2°8 | » » 97 2*8 | " # 97 50 l in 1 m. 30 вео, 2:7 52:70 2:6 | » " 104 2:7 | - ji 104 50 I in 1 m. 28 sec. 2 · 8 42°96 | | 2-8 ] | | » ,) 114 2:8 | » p 114 50 1 in 30 sec. 2:7 2:73 | 2:7 | | p » 125 2*8 |. 9? 99 125 50 6 in 30 sec. 2:7 52°73 | 2*7 | » » 150 2:8 | m » 150 50 6 in 15 sec. 2:9 132 83 2:8 & 99 » 165 2:7 99 T] 165 50 6 in 10 sec. 2:7 52 73 2:8 OWEN ROWLAND. 3 A 3 Arr. No. 6« 970 Are, Wo. f. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure, &c.—By О. Rowland. continued. ARPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. . TABLE VII. EXPERIMENTS on the INDUCTION and INSULATION of 330 FEET LENGTHS of Wray’s COMPOUND, GUTTA- PERCHA PLAIN, GUTTA-PERCHA SPECIAL, and INDIA-RUBBER COVERED WIRES, UNDER PRESSURE. The wires were placed in iron tubes, half-inch in diameter. The instrument cmployed for measuring Induction . Discharges was a Suspension Galvanometer described in Mr. Bartholomew’s Induction Experiments ; and that for measuring the Loss of Insulation, a Peltier’s Electrometer. A Roberts’ Chronoscope was employed ' for measurement of time. Battery power, 512 elements, Sce Plate No. 2. WRAY'S COMPOUND. Diameter of copper wire, yy’; thickness of coating, t7. INDUCTION. Temperature Date. Hour. Discharge. Of Pipes. | Of Hut. 1860. Pressure of 3 tons on circular Mean. inch. | Without Pressure. ' 0 0 о о Мау 3 9 p.m. 50°25 Б, 4*7 | 4'6L,. | 4'5 4°62 i 4:7 With Pressure. н 9 p.m. 50°25 — 4*3 4204. 42(*92 4*2 Pressure on, 3h. 20m. Without Pressure. May 4 | 9.15 p.m. | 53 — 4 3°9 4:0 L4. 4°] 4°01 4°0 -F 41 E With Pressure. н 1.30 a.m. 495 — 4 | 4'2 4*1l 4. 4'3 4°18 4°2 4°3 Pressure on, 6 h. 30m. Without Pressure. May 16 | 8.15 p.m. | 54 — 41 4'1 4 4 06 4 4°1 May 18 8 p.m. 54°5 — 4:8 | 4'8 (a. 4'7 4:65 4*7 59 Pressure on, 49 h. 30 secs. With Pressure. - 10.80 p.m. | 54:5 ЗЕ се | 4*5 4:5 4°4 Without Pressure. | Мау 23 10 p.m. 57 — 4°9 48l a. 4.8 Г 2'828 4°8 INSULATION. Temperature | Date. Herr. TUM Loss of Insulation. | | Of Pipes. | Of Hut. 1860. Without Pressure. | о | o o. May 3 9 p.m. 50°25 — 52 |8in35m. With Pressure. | i 9pm. | 50:25| — 52 [8 in 35 m. | | Without Pressure. | May 4 9pm. | 5 | — 52 | 9.25 in 55 m. | With Pressure. " 12.30 p.m.| 53 | — 52:5| lin 25 m. Pipe burst. Without Pressure. May 16 9 p.m. 53' 5 — 54 | in II m. May 18 | 9.40 p.m. | 545 — 54 | 8in 25m. With Pressure | » 10pm. | 54 | — 54 | in 40 m. | Injured, see Fig. 1 A. Without Pressure. May 23 |11.30 p.m. | 54 | — | 54 |8inl7m. With Pressure. | - 12 p.m. 543 — | 54 | in 58s. (bad). Injured, see Fig. 1 A. | | : | | | i р | w SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 371 APPENDIX No. 6—continued. ` Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure, &c.—By O. Rowland.— Table VII.—cont. 1860. May 4 May 4 May 18 May 19 May 21 May 23 Hour. GUTTA PERCHA (PLAIN). Diameter of copper wire, yû,“ ; thickness of coating, уйу”. INDUCTION. Temperature Of Pipes. | Of Hut. inch. Pressure of 3 tons on circular Without Pressure. 9 p.m. о 44° 5 With Pressure. 9 p. m. 44:5 Pressure on, 3 tons on square inch. Without Pressure. 7 p.m. 53 With Pressure. 12 p.m. | 53 | | | - | Pressure on, 6 h. 30 secs. Without Pressure. 8.15 p.m. | 54 r 8 p.m. 54°5 — With Pressure. 8 p.m. 12.5 p.m. 2 p.m. 9.30 a.m. 52 54 55°5 65°5 Pressure on, 49 h. 30 secs. Without Pressure, 10.30 p.m. 57 | Discharge. Mean. ا ر م ot.‏ же э, э,‏ ججج о о р NON =‏ a ы ооо = N = © or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or Or SSS AAS SSS SSS INSULATION. "n | Temperature р JAN Date. Hour. j. Full | Loss of Insulation. | | tension. | Of Pipes. | Of Hut. pese | Without Pressure. 1860. i : o о о o. May 3 9 p. m. | 50*25 — 52 | in 58. With Pressure, | ^" 9pm. | 50.251 — 52 [8 in 58. (bad). See Fig. l B. | Without Pressure. Мау 4 | 845pm. | 53 | — 52 | in 208. With Pressure. 9 12pm | 49:5 | — 52 | in 5m. Pipe burst, see Fig. 3. | Without Pressure. May 16 | 8.40 p.m. | 53:5 — 54 | in 208. May 18 9.30 p.m. | 54:5 — 54 8 in 30 s. With Pressure. | | May 18 | 10 p.m. 54 60 | 54 8 in 1 m. 45 6. 90 11.30 p. m. 51:5 64 54 | in 2 m. 15 8. May 19 10.45 a. m. 58:6 66. 54 8 in 1 m. 30 8. : 2 p.m. 55:5 68 54 [s in I m. - 10.30 p.m. | 56:5 — 54 | 8in 2m. Мау 21 | 9.10 am. | 65:5 — 54 | in I m. 155. | Without Pressure. May 23 11.30 p.m. 54 | — 54 | in 25 8, With Pressure. | " 12pm. | 545 | — 54 | 8 in 1 m. The above experiments on the induction and insulation of gutta- percha plain and Wray's wires, on the 3rd of May, were interrupted through an injury to the gutta-percha covered wire in the packing box, as shown in Fig. 1 в. - The experiments on the 4th May were stopped by the bursting of the pipe; two fresh wires placed in pipes, both wires having been injured. The experiments on the 16th May were not proceeded with under pressure, in consequence of new arrangements having to be made with regard to the position of the instruments. The experiments on the 18th May, interrupted by an injury to Wray's compound covered wire, as shown in Figure 1 a; the wire being coiled up in the orifice of the packing box or gland, and pressed against its shoulder, until the covering was cut through, and the con- ducting copper wire exposed. The experiments on the 23rd aed interrupted by a similar injury to ш 8 compound covered wire j IB | — — — — .. — | | | In consequence of the continual fracture of the pipes or press by the pressure of 8 tons on the circular inch in the experiments after the 3d of May the pressure was reduced to 3 tons on the чы inch. ЗА 4 $72 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 6. APPENDIX No. 6— continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure, &c.—By О. Rowland. Table VII. —cont. GUTTA PERCHA (SPECIAL). Pressure, 3 tons on square inch. Diameter of copper wire, ga; thickness of coating, Fr. т... INDUCTION. INSULATION. ! ی‎ n —ͤ— — — —- — — Temperature | Temperature . Date. Hour. Discharge. Date, Hour, — ZU лил a EUM. Loss of Insulation, Of Pipes. | Of Hut. Of Pipes. | Of Hut. 1860. Without Pressure. Mean 1860, Without Pressure. о O O 0 з O O о Мау 24 | 8.45 p.m. | 61'5 — 3*4 May 24 | 12.39 p.m. | 55 | — 54 | in 1 min, 3*3 чы 3:4 With Pressure. 3°4 m 2.30 am. 52:5 — 54 8 in 5 min. | » 77 » = ” 8 in 5 In. With Pressure. 8 5 — 5 8 in 5 m. 6 8. : 7 Мау 25 10 a.m. 505 52 54 [8 in 8m. May 24 | 1.45 p.m. | 52:5 — ie —€— | 7 3.25 p.m. 53 52 „ | in 7m. 3*3 | j 5 p.m. 63 — 54 | in 3m. | „ » 5 == »" 8 in 3 m. | : 10 p.m. 53 — „ | in 4m. SEL S IN S „ 10.40 pm. 525| 52 „ 3 jn à m. 3 5 3° 5 | » 97 99 97 99 8 in 3 m. 3*6 » 12 p.m » 64 » 8in3m. | 5 1.30 a.m. 52:5 67 „ | in 6m. ; : 1.50 a.m 53 67 ^ 8 in 6 m. » l pm. | 63 dis x» 5 9.35 a.m 53 64 54 2 in 6m. 4'5 C4 52 May 26 | 11.45 a.m 55:5 63 54 | in 2 m. 45 s. 4*5 n m » 99 » 8 in 3 m. " 9pm 55:5 59 54 | 8in 9 m. | ‚ May 28 | 3.25 p.m 53 59 54 | in 8 m. » 1.20 pm, | :5275 i Se „ |8]5pm.| 47:5| 48 | 54 |8inlOm | 3:3 3'5 May 29 | 10.21 a.m. 53 56 54 8 in 9 m. s 53 62 51 8 in 8 m. 52 62-5 ' 54 s in 8 m. А | Мау 30 | 1pm. ı 53 58 54 8in 8m. Мау 26 ipm. | 55°5 66 а i 19pm. | 53 59 | 54 |8in8m. IIT А 1.17 p.m. | 54 59 | 54 | in 8 m. 3'5 3s 2.37 p.m. 54°7 60 54 [8 in 7 m. с 2.44 p.m. 55 (62˙5 to ss 54 | in 7 m. : = . May 30 | 2.54 p.m. 56 65 to 67 54 | in 7m. May 28 12.30 am. 52:25 M „ 3.30 pm. 55:5 715072 54 | in 5m 30s 3.1/9'925 " 3.36 p.m. 56:5 12 54 | in 6m. E. k 3.43 p.m. 56 72 54 |8in6m. 5 4.10 p.m. 55:5 | 67:65 | 54 |8in7m. et - 4.18 p.m. 56 65:624 54 8 in 7 m. Junel | 10am. 58 d 2 4.56pm. | 55:5| 59 | 54 |Bin7m. 2:8 2:875 » 5.8 p.m. 56 59 | 54 8 in 7 m. 9*9 $5 7.45 p.m. 51:5 56 54 8 in 7 m. j 8.0 p.m. 51°5 56°5 54 8 in 8 m. 30 s, — : 57 8.25 p. m. 50 56:5 54 8 in 9 m. June 6 | 12am, 55 1 „ |1L25pm.| 47:5| 51:5| 54 | in 14 m. 9.9 2'95 وو‎ 12.7 p.m. 47°5 51 54 8 in 18 m. 3-0 1 12.30 p. m. 47°25 52°5 54 8 in 18 m. А 1.20 a.m. 47:95 60 54 | in 20m. : - : » 1.41 a.m. 47:5 63:5 54 8 in 22 m. June? | 4pm. 51'5 S : 2.5 a.m. | 47:5 |64t067*5| 54 | in 22 m. 3-0 3:3 "s 3.0 a.m. 47°7 61 54 8 in 18m. 3-1 » 3.18 a.m. 48 56 54 | in 18m. 30s, » 10.0 a.m. 53 58 54 8 in 5 m. 30 8. == Я » 10.20 a.m. 54 59 54 | in 5m. 456, June8 | 2:30pm. | 61 23 Мау 31 | 100am.| 51 50 | 54 |8in6m. 9*9 3:025 » 10.8 a.m. 51°25 50 54 8 in 5m. 330 » 10.18 am. 51:95] 51 54 | in 6 m. " 11.30 p.m. 52 60 54 | in 5m. e =e в 3 $9 э ” 8 їп 7 m. June 11 1 p.m. 62:5 33 f б 51:5 61 : 8 in 7 m. 3.0 2795 В 12.30 p.m. | 51:5 | 66 » | in 10m, 3°0 Without Pressure. June 12 8 p.m. 56°5 — 3-9 June 1 10.17 p.m. 54:5 56 54 | in Im. 15s, 3°3 3:3 99 | 95 ээ 79 8 in Im. 15 8. 3°4 ” | | » 77 » 8 in Im. 158. Б | With Pressure. June 18 II pm. 685| — 3.0 Junel 10.0 am. 58 „% | 54 | Sin sm, ° 2'978 » 10.20 a.m 58 62 ” 8 in 5m. 2*9 „ 10.25 am. 58 62 „ | in 5 m. 3:0 | Я | 12.25 a.m. 60:5 ^ 66 „ |8in3m. | $3 9.0 p.m. 55 56 „n |8in4m. June 14 .1 pm. 58°7 | — 209 „ 9.53 p. m. 54:5 ^ 56 „ s in 510, 3'0 | 4. : 9.11 pm. | 54:5 | 56 „ s in 5 m. 4:98 d bue 8:0 K 10.10 p.m. | 54:5 56 „ | in 6m. | 2:9 » 10.25 p.m. | 54:5 58 54 | 8 in 8m. Without Pressure, ё 10.45 pm. 54:5 | 58 54 ' in 7m. | » 10.55 p.m. | 54:5 | 58 54 8 in 6m, June18 12 a.m. 87°56 | س‎ | 4°0 8 2.80 a.m. 56°25) 70 54 8in 8 m. 805, 8:8 62. „ ” 15 » | in 4m. 4-0 [987 " " T » | in 4m. TU 8,7 h 99 8 in 4m, SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 6—continued. 378 Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure, &c.—By O. Rowland.— Table VII, —cont. Gutta Percha (Special)—continued. 1860. June 20 June 23 | 3.30 p.m. | * » э” June 26 June 27 June 28 June 30 July 3 July 4 July 5 July 6 July 7 July 13 July 14 INDUCTION. Temperature Hour. — ————— Of Pipes. Ot rrer oft.. Of Hut. With zu 10 a.m. |? d aei ong "d 68 With Pressure. 5 p.m. | 64 68 10 p.m. | 62 66 | | | | | | Without Pressure. 12 a.m. 60 12,45 a.m. 63 3.30 p.m. 59 Under Pressure. 4 p.m. 58 9.20 a.m. 56 9.10 а.п. | 54:7 9.15 p.m. | 63:5 5 p.m. 66 4.20 &.m.| 47 5 11.20 a.m.| 62:5 11.8 a.m. 60 9. 30 am. | 59:5 10,30 a.m. 60 66 66 66 66 —— — Discharge. Mean. s — © Co со os о о C دن‎ 0 ow М mm — سم‎ — ө e à — ND ма سم‎ pud سم‎ МӘ) e e — Со os о о со 0 о 63 00 $e سر‎ INSULATION. Temperature Date, Hour, Жыен Loss of Insulation. Of Pipes. | Of Hut. | | 1860. With Pressure. о о о o. June 4 10.0 p.m. 52 58 50 | 8in 8m, 308. » » » 60 56 8 in 9m, 305. » » » 62 50 8 in 9 m. | * $ 49°5 | 57 50 | 8in 9m. 45s, June 5 11.0 a.m. 54 57 50 8 in 7 m. $$ н 54 57 50 8 in 7 m. June 6 12. a.m. 55 61 50 | in 6m. 458. М 12.15 a.m. | 55 61 50 | in 7m. 15s. | ss 1.0 p.m. 57°5 61 50 | in 5m. | с P 57:5 62 50 | in 5 m. 308, " 7.25 p.m. 54°5 60 50 | in 6m. 208. | О” 7.45 pm. 53:5| 59 50 |8in7m. ! 9; 8.2 p.m. 53°5 58 50 | 8in7m. 15s. | : 8.26 p.m. 52:5 | 56 50 | in 6 m. 188. | m 9.20 p.m. 52:25| 53 50 | 8in 5m. | i 9.25 p.m. 52:5 54 50 | 8in 6m. 30 8. | 5 9.50 p.m. 52:5 54 50 8 in 5m. | jj 10 p.m, 52:5 54 50 | in 7 m. 108, I 4 10.8 p.m. 52°25) 54 50 | in 9 m. 258, | : 10.19 p.m. | 52-25| 54 50 | in 9m. | ч 10.30 p.m. 52-95| 54 50 | in 9m. | ә 11 p.m. 52-95| 61 50 | 8in 9m. эз 11.48 p.m. 52 66 50 8 in 9m. 48. June7 | 3.42 p.m. 51:95 62 50 | 8in8m. » » » 63 50 8 in 8 m. 58. » » » 63 50 | 8in8m. » 8.0 p.m. 52 61 50 | in 9m. 5 " V 6l 50 |8in9m.148. » 8.45 p.m. i 60 50 | 8in 10m. June 8 10 a.m, 57 61:5 | 50 | in 4m. 308. » M 57 61:5 | 50 | in 4m. 30 8. ip 10.15 a.m. | 57 62 50 | in 4 m. 15s. " 12 a.m. 59:7 62 50 | in 3m. 15s. » ” 59°5 64 50 8 in 3 m. 35 s. " " 59 64 50 |8in3m. 158, June 10 | 3.25 p.m. .58 62 50 | 8in 4m. 5 4 p.m. 57 63 50 | in 4 m. 308. ” » 53:7 64 50 8 in 5m. ‘i 10.30 p.m. 52 62 50 | in 9m. ” » 51:7 62 50 8 in 9 m. 58. x Ө 51:5 62 50 [s in 9 m. 30s. June 11 12 a. m. 61 65 50 | in 3 m. 15 8. | р * 5 65 50 | in 3 m. 12 8. 3 n Е 65 50 | 8in 3m. 208. | j " 66 50 [8 in 3 m. 25 8. » » 62°25 65 50 8 in 3 m. | $s 2 p.m 61 65 50 |8in3m.30s. P б 60 65 50 | in 3 m. 408. » » 58:25 65 50 8 in 4 m. » Уу 58:7 65 50 | in 4m. 208. ” 7 p.m. 58 60 50 | in 3m. » е 58 60 50 | 8in 3m. | June 12 12 a.m. 56°5 60 50 | in 4m. 458. | » » 57 62 50 8 in 4 m. 30 s. | وو‎ 1 p.m. 57°25| 65 50 | in 4m. | » 57°25 65 50 8 in 4 m. 30 s. | 5 К 65 50 | in 4m. 30 8. | » » 65 50 | 3in 4m. 308, June 13 | 10.15 a.m. 58*5 71 50 | 8in 4m. | " " 58:5 | 71 50 | in 4m. А 12am 60°5 72 50 8 in 3m. 43 8. | » 12 a.m | 61 72 50 | 8in3m. 138, | » » 61 72 50 | 8in3m. 15 8. | ^ | 62*25| 73 50 | in 3 m. 20s. | б " 62:5 73 50 | in 3m. 45 8. | 5$ 10 p.m 53 64 50 | in 7 m. 30 8. 5 11 p.m. 52 64 50 | in 9 m. 158, ji » 52 63 50 | 8in 9m. | June 14 1 p.m 57.95] 74 50 | in 3 m. 25 8. | T S — — — | in 3 m. 25 в, | А й ке — — |8in3m.25s. » 10 p.m. 57 72 50 | Dead earth. From this date to the end the wire became evidently defective in insulation. Without Pressure. | June 22 6 p.m. 60:5 74 50 8 in 30 8. | н 9 p.m. 78 50 | 8 in 30s. June 23 | 3.30 pm.| 65 68 50 | in 258. » 1 75 » » | 8 in 25 8. » » ” ” „ }81п25в, 3 B Arr. No. 6. ° APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure, &c.—By O. Rowland.— Table VII.— cont. Gutta Percha (Special)—continued. July 7 When the wire was first charged, the instrument showed a total loss of insulation, and the same on the second and third times ; the spark which appeared on making contact showed “ earth," but on the wire being charged for the fourth time the instrument indicated not only a restored but an improved insulation. 11:8 a.m. 60 64 50 8 in 20 s. 8 in 19 s. INDUCTION. INSULATION, Temperature Temperature | Date. Hour, Discharge. Date. Hour. dem Loss of Insulation. E Of Pipes. | Of Hut. Of Pipes. | Of Hut. 1860. With Pressure, ү O O O O June 25 | 4pm. 64:5 | 68 | 50 | in 2 m. 30s. » E » $ „ | 8in2m.30s. » 9.30 p.m. 62 66 50 | Bad. Defects made good. Without Pressure. June 27 12 a.m. 63 66 59 [s in 25s. 9 8 in 26 8. s 3. 30 pm. 59 66 50 | in 18 8. » » » » » 8 in 17 s. | With Pressure. June 27 4 p.m. 58:5 | 66 | 50 | 8 in 45 s. » 99 79 н 99 { ” | 8 in 45 8. ” » » by К 8 in 44 s. i ae 9 p.m. 547 56 50 | in 45 8. | » » 99 » » 8 in 45 8. | June 99 9 алп. 55:5 66 50 8 In 25 8. i » ИТ » T | $5 8 in 24 8. | » 99 » » | » | 8 in 25 s. | Pressure let down to re-tighten anions. | Without Pressure. " 56 66 50 | 8in8s. н 8 їп 10 s. » » » » & in 12 s. » » » j 8 in 14 s. р 27 » 55 » 8 In 16 s. » » » » 8 in 14 8. With Pressure. June 29 57 66 50 8 in 35 s. » | | 8 in 35 s. June 30 9.30 a.m. 54 60 50 8 in 25 s. » 8 in 25 s. July 5 4 a.m. 47*5 56 50 | in 10 8. ” ээ » 8 in 11 B. » 99 9۹ 8 in 11 8. 9 a.m. 59 70 50 8 in 12 s. | 4 p.m. 73:5 82 50 | 8in 76. | э ” 57 8 in 7 8. July 6 11 20 a.m. 62:5 66 „ | Sin 16 8. ?9 ” 97 8 in 17 B. July 7 11 a.m. 60 64 50 8 in 10 s. The preceding table of experiments on the induction and insu- lation of gutta-percha (special) covered wire shows that up to the 14th June, a period of 21 days, the readings of the loss of insula- tion have been very regular, according to the various degrees of temperatures to which the longitudinal hydraulic pipes were exposed. It will be observed that the highest readings occur on the 30th May, under a temperature below 48?, and upon reference to the table of experiments on the loss of insulation for dynamic electricity, it will be found that with a temperature of 42? the loss of insulation on first experimental wire yf 44, was 49* 9, but when raised up to 52? the loss increased to 15°, At a temperature of 62? the loss was only 15°° 16, but at 72? it increased to 27?* 8. In the above experiment on the loss of insulation for static electri- city the same degrees of temperatures appear to affect the gutta- When the temperature exceeds 50? and 62°, there will nce in the readings, ‘There are a few be found a marked diff July 13 July 14 | 10°30 a.m. 8 in 15 8. 8 in 14 s. » » » ” 8 in 14 s. " » 8 in 15 8. 8 in 13 8. 8 in 13 8. 8 in 12 s. 8 in 13 s. , 9 a.m. 59 62 50 » ?3 ?9 29 discrepancies, owing to the difficulty of keeping the hut and the instrument in a dry state, in consequence of the heavy and incessant rains which fell during the above period, so that the leakage of the instrument itself, in some instances, enhanced that of the wires under experiment. At 10 a.m. on the 14th June the instrument indicated “ dead earth," or a total loss of insulation on the part of the wire ; and on the 18th the pressure having been removed it was examined, when it appeared that it had either by a sudden cessation of pressure, or a gradual suction, been forced or drawn into the T-piece at the near or press end of the pipe, which removed the covering from the copper wire and destroyed the insulation. The wire again being restored and repacked, a few days were allowed for the packing to harden, but upon being again tested on the 21st, it was found { bad." On the 22nd the pressure was withdrawn, and the wire thoroughly examined in SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 375 APPENDIX No. 6— continued. Arr. No. 6. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure &c.—By О. Rowland.— on induction T : 9 and insula. able VII.—cont. tion of variously the presence of Captain Galton and Mr. Latimer Clark. The | Discharge Me ae injury was found in the pipe within six feet of the further end, Both wires united, 660 ft. in length - + - 10:2 sure. in the shape of a partly unfolded kink, with a portion of the » » " - 10:9 Mean. == covering stripped from the wire (see Fig. 4); this being cut off, » » » - 10:3] 197? the end was hermetically sealed, and the wire tested bef j : eet dris siue Mace d 23H the résdlts being bate s hacc die е 2 feet length of the а Oram l : А à ta-percha under pressure was comp with the inii ae a under the very high degrees of temperatures опе: Be core with the same material in the large tank. 256 At 9. 30 Р.м. on the last mentioned date the wire again had R | failed. | ШЕ Снн On the 27th, having removed the pressure, the wire on being 330 ft. special gutta-percha Š : 275 | Mean tested was found injured at the further end, where it had been ” ** » i Ё - 2°7 25.6 sealed. Experiments were resumed on the 28th. . » . — — 2'6 'The following experiments on induction were made on the Temp. pipe, 56°. 99th, as comparative tests with Henley's large suspension or a discharge of 41*6 per mile. galvanometer. 512 elements :— | Discharge Discharge. А 1 mile т gutta percha in tank - 49:2 O O Seite eren epecial: = К | К emp. tank 45". | . d Pd à _ : 8 _ 855 Mean. Less 1° on leading wire - - 48:2 5 и - - - - 5°3 |] 5 July 28th.—The wire was this day taken from the pipe and E : - - - - 5°3 examined in the presence of Captain Galton and Mr. Latimer India- rubber - - - - 5 Clark. It was found that it had been forced again into the » - - - - - 5°1{ Mean T piece and cut. In external appearance no change was per- М = = - - - 5° 502 ceptible, but upon being tested in a tub of water at & temperature Е 5 & Е E - 5 „of 64°, the insulation was bad. METHOD or TESTING INSULATED WIRES FOR A FAULT. Method used insulated wires to dis- cover a fault. j A. Peltier electrometer. B. Horizontal drum. E. Insulating sheet. F. Battery wire. The wire having been kept in a perfectly dry temperature for a few days, to avoid surface conduction, was again thoroughly tested. The following were the arrangements adopted :— The wire was placed in a coiled form on an insulated horizontal drum B, and one end thereof was attached to the stem of the electrometer A, in connexion with the battery (512 cells), the end of the battery wire being covered with dry silk, so as to maintain a constant but subdued charge or tension. A small earthenware basin C, filled with water (having connexion with the earth through a galvanometer H), was placed in an intermediate position between the drum B and the insulated drum D. The wire was then gradually drawn through the water in the basin C, and wound upon the drum D. A few feet were passed through without, any effect upon the instrument ; but when a joint made in it, on 22nd June, became immersed, the needle fell instantly to zero, indicating a defect. The remainder of the wire in passing through the testing basin showed a tolerably uniform state of insulation, only causing a few slight oscillations of the needle. The wire was then taken from the drum and replaced in a ‚ large earthenware pan, with the exception of the defective joint, one end being, as before, attached to the electrometer, and the other insulated, and an earth wire led into the pan. Water was then gradually poured into the large pan at a temperature of 64°, but the needle showed no variation in the insulation. Upon being tested in the ordinary way, the following were the results: JJ a in aa ĩ v IMEEM Tempera- | Tempera- Loss Time. ture ture T Lio of of Water. | of Room. ° | Insulation. o | o o 2 p.m. - 64 66 | 50 8 in 27 8. 2pm. - 64 66 | 50 8 in 28 s. 2 p.m - 64 66 i 50 8 in 28 s. 2 p.m - 64 66 | 8 in 30 s. \ E 8 C. Small earthen pan. D. Drum. G. Leading wire. H. Earth wire. The defective joint being now immersed, the needle fell to zero instantly. The wire, before being submitted to pressure on the 24th May, tested as follows, viz. :-— M ——6Eää MÀ‏ ل Tempera- | Loss Time. ture s of of Water. | | Insulation. А о о о Мау 24 12 p.m. - - 53 54 8 in Im. June 1 | | 54:5 54 8 in Im. 158. The temperature of the water in the pan having been reduced to 399-5, the wire was again tested with the following result :— Tempera- | Tempera- Full Loss Time. ture ture Tension of ‚ of Water. | of Room. Insulation. ________ . ä—ä ————M——————— | 0 . 0 7 30 p. m. 32; 68 90 8 in 3m. 158. " - 32 68 50 Sin3m. 208. 5: - 32 68 50 8in3m. 178. ii - 32 68 50 8 in 3m. 308. Joint immersed - - - - | Zero in 15s. — —-„V- — — 3 B 2 Arr, No. 6. 376 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature and Pressure, &c.—By O. Rowland.— Table VII.—cont. Temperature of water raised to 55°, corresponding with that of the 24th of May, quoted above. Results :— Pressure on from 24th May to 29th July 1860:— Tempera- | Tempera- Loss | Tempera- | Tempera- Loss Time. E PUES I e Time. ture ture | Pu of of Water. | of Room. ension. | Insulation. of Water. | of Room. ° | Insulation. © ° 5 o o 0 9 30 p.m. - 55 66 50 8 in 44 8. August 23 | н E 55 66 50 8 in 45 s. 10am. - 57 65 50 8 in 47 secs, 99 = 55 66 50 8 in 44 s. » Е » э [7] 8 in 48 весз. „ . 55 66 50 8 in 45 s. » E » » » 8 in 49 secs, INDIA RUBBER. Pressure, 3 tons on square inch. Diameter of copper wire, ûy. Thickness of coating, зу. INDUCTION. INSULATION. Temperature Temperature Р Full Loss of Loss of Insu- Date. Hour. o Discharge. Date. Hour. or ` tension Insulation. lation reduced, Pipes. Ot Hut ^ Pipes. jor Hut. Without Pressure. Mean. 1860 Without Pressure. 1860. о 0 o o | O O O о, О, May 24 12 30 p.m. 55 — | 40 May 24 12.30pm., 55 | — | 54 8 in 45m. 2 in II m. 15 8. 3°8 99 3'8»3:86 И 3'8 With Pressure. 3'9 i ; d ‘ 1.40a.m. | 52 — 54 | in 22 m. | in 5 m. 30 8. » 3°2 }s 2 » » 32 Мау 25 5pm. | 63 | — | 54 [4 in 1h. | in 30 m. With Pressure. " 10.22 p.m. | 53 — 54 8 in 13m. 2 in 3-158, 1.45 . 152 Ж *0 10.35 p.m. وو‎ — 54 8 in 10 Ww. 2 in 2 m. 308. Mey i = | ы! 813 ·83 : 10.48 p.m. | 52:5 — 54 8 in 8 m. -|21n2m. M 3-8 b 12 p.m. | 52 | 65 | 54 20 in 18 m. 2 in 1 m. 48s, 2 1.23 p.m. | 63 Te 4-0 12.35 a.m. э 67 54 2 In 20m. 2 in 20 m. ss 3-9 „ | 210am | 53 | 69 | 54 | in 15 m. 2 in 17 m. а 3۰8 3 9 „ | 2.50am.| 53 | 64 | 54 |lin5m. 2 in 10 m. й | 3°9 н 12.0 ат. | 55 | 63 | 54 |3in30m. ~ | in 20 m. s - m — | 0 9.40 p.m. | 50 59 54 175 in 20m. 2 in 26 m. 4s. : 2-9 ss 10 p.m. 504 | 52 54 | 2°5in 25m. 2 in 20 m. | 3:0 f May 28 | 4.30pm.| 53 | 51 | 54 18 in 40 m. | in 52 m. 8 3. T | 3*0 m 9.5 p.m. | 46:5 | 48 54 |2in55m. -|2in55m. d Déc Loss ёш 0 Мау 29 | 12am. 5225 57 | 54 15 in 30 m. | in 40 m. 7 3:1 3:03 » 3.12 p.m. | 55° 25 70-71 5| 54 6 in 15 m. | in 50 m. íi 3*0 : 4.56 p.m. | 55:7 |61-59] 54 [ in 15 m. | in 50 m, s | | n 5.8 p.m. | 52:5 /59-56| 54 [10 in 2 h. 20 m. 2 in 28 m. May 28 4 30 p. m. 5277 1 57:5 | 3:0 | v 10.26 a.m.| — | 52 54 | in 30m. | 2in 30m. is | 2 3:0 May 31 1 p.m. 61 66 54 10 in 2 h. | in 24m. А | 3:1 June 4 | 10am. |57:5| 61 | 50 2 in 30 m. | in 30 m. j | 5 p.m. 55 63 50 | 2in 34m. 2 in 34m. June] | PORTS. 99: | 624 „ 1120am.|53:5| 57 | 50 18 in 4h. | in 32 m. " 2'4 (2:38 И е 2:3 June 6 |12.40 a.m. | 55 61 50 | in 15 m. 1 in 30 m. 3 2°3 » 1.30 p.m. | 58 62 50 Z in 45 m. 2 in 30 m. 12 f : = 8.10 p.m. | 52°5 57 50 1°4 in 15m. - 2 in 21 m. 2458. June 6 e s „ | 932 pm. | 52:5 | 54 | 50 17 in 15 m. - | in 17 m. 39 8. »" 9-6 2°85 E 11.20 p.m. |52-25| 62 50 lin 15 m. 3 8. 2 in 30 m. 6 s. » » 2:5 June 7 | 10am. | 49:7 | 54 50 | in 15 m. | in 3 m. 45 8. 9 2'6 2:575 June 8 11 a.m. 57°5 62 50 1°6 in 15m. - | 2in 18m. 45s. » 2:5 " 12a.m. | 59:7 65 50 | 8in4h. ~ | in 60m. ý 2:6 » 10.30 p.m. 51 62 50 | in 15 m. 10 8. 2 in 30 m. 90r. June 8 | 2.30pm. 61 65 | 2°7 June 1112 a. m. 61 66 50 | in 15 m. | in 80m. di i 2:6 June 12 12.30 алп. | 57 61 50 | 1°8in 15m. - 2 in 16 m. 40 8. » 2:5 Ж 4 p.m. 57:25 66 50 1l'6inl5m.- | in 18 m. 45 8. » . m : Junel3 | 12 a.m. 61 72 50 82 in 15m. | in 15 m. e » | Spm. |595| 72 50 8 in 47 ш. - | in I1 m. 458. " 9-5 2'58 ЕА 9» 59:5 |72-62| 50 13 in 1 h. 25 m. | 2 in 13 m. 20s. » 2-6 » 7.40 p.m. 52 62 50 l'5inl5m.- | in 20m. » В , June 12| 8pm. 56:5| 60 | 9-6 June 14 | lpm. | 57:7 | 74 50 | 1°2in 15 m. | 2in 25 m. ji 2:711 3.9 June 15 2 p.m. 58:7 | 70 50 | in 15 m. | in 15m. وو‎ 2*7 » 9.30 p.m. 57 62 50 ] in 15 m. 2 in 30 m. » 2:8 5 11.27 p.m. | 62 70 58 2inlóm. - 2 in 15m. June 13) llpm 385 71 | 2°77 June 18 | 11.30 am. 57:5 | 68 50 20 in 10m. 158. 2 in I m. 15. 2:5 Я 5 p.m. 65 68 50 8 in 14m. 82 in 3 m. 308. » 2:575 ; $$ 2:6 $s 9 p.m. 57 64 50 18 in 16m. 2 in Im. 478. 5$ 2°5 » s » i 50 in 15m. in 20. June 14| 1 p.m 58:25| 72 | 2°5 June 19 10am. 57 58 50 20 in 8 m. 158. | 2 in 45s. » i 2*5 2-55 5 10 a.m. ii 60 50 20 in 7 m. 308. | 2 in 45s. РЕ 2:7 » 10 p.m. | 55:5 | 61 50 | 20 1011,48. | 2 in 1 m. 68. e 2*5 وو‎ 99 55°5 64 50 15 in 15 m. P 2 in 2m. I SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 6—continued. 977 A PP. No. LS Experiments made to determine the Influence of Temperature, &c.—By О. Rowland.—Table VII.—cont. India Rubber— continued. INDUCTION. INSULATION. Temperature Temperature Edi -— ee harge TI RU u 0 ot Jnsu- nme Hout; or Duc f Бир: Hours Of tension Insulation. lation reduced, Pipes. lor Hut. Pipes. Of Hut. | 1860. With Pressure. Mean. 1860 With Pressure. | o о о о ° о o 0 o. o. June 16 10.30 a m. 57 64 | 2°6 June 20 10 a.m. | 60 68 20in9m. 2 in 548. » 2*6 »2'61 js 3.22 p.m. | 60 70 50 |15inl5m. - | 2 in 2m. » 2:7 "n 3.40p.m.| „ p 50 17 in 15m. | in I m. 45 8. With Pressure. June 21 | 9.30 a.m. | 58:7 68 50 18 in 15 m. 2 in 1 m. 408. $i 10.30 a.m. | 57 64 [2:5 2:55 June22 | 9.20a.m.| 57 68 50 12 in 15m. | in 2 m. 30 8. » 2:6 Packing bad. June 18 10.10 am. 55:5 | 66 | 2:5 » 2:4 l4. Without Pressure. Renewed. 2.57248 " 9.5 » 12.40 p.m. | 59:25! 74 50 ; in 7m. - in I m. 45 8. п 5 lpm. | 60:5 | 74 50 2 in 5m. -| 2in 5m. June 19 10am. 57 60 | 3°1 a E » T „ I; in 5m. -|2in6m.6s. " 3˙0 b. oas " 6 p.m. 5 ái ре 1˙7 in 15m. 2 in 17 m. 38 8. » 3*0 » 9 p.m. - 78 o» 3 in 15 m. „| in 10m. " 30 June 23 3.30 p.m. | 65 68 „ |15in?7m. - | in Om. 56 8. June 21 | 9.30 am. | 58:7 | 68 25 ^ A » " „ |10in5m. -|2inlm. з 9.4 4-47 А a » » РА 2 in 5 m. 2 in 5m. M 2*5 РИ i 5 РА 3 45in10m, -|2m4m.2s. j 2'5 Without Pressure. With Pressure June 23 | 3.30 p.m. | 65 | 68 2.5 2˙8 : 5pm. | 64:5 | 68 | 50 2 in 15m. 2 in 15 m. " „ | 9.80p.m. | 62 | 66 50 30 in 458. 2 in Om. 345. With Pressure. Packing bad. " Spam os 88 2 laas Without Pressure. Renewed. » i e = i 20 . „ 10 p.m. 62 66 | 3-6 June 26 | 10 p.m. 56 | 57 50 |1 ia 10m 2 m m » 3˙513. 83 June 27 2.25 p.m. | 58:5 | 60 50 in 5 m. 2 in 20m. » 3:5 5 » 58 60 50 in 5 m. 2 in 20m. 5 3:5 в Уз 3 5 н in 5 m. -| min 20 m. " 12pm. | 60 | 66 |2:3 » " » E íi 2:41 2.32 June 28 | 10 a.m. 58 66 50 | 1:8 in 15m. 2 in 16 m. 408. 8 2:8 F АА ii „ 1-5 in 15m. -|2in20m. » 3*3 г. Without Pressure. T With Pressure. un ; 63 : i А ки Жа ve sin ака „ | 4pm. |58:5| 66 | 50 |2inlóm. -| 2in 15m. 5 2:6 » 9pm. 54.7 56 50 |&in5m. — -|2in20m. June29 9 a. m. 56 | 66 50 |linlóm. 2 in 30m. VIL restare Packing gave way, and the end of the wire hermetically sealed and left in June28| 4p.m. 58 | 66 | 2:8 pipe under pressure. : 3 2°82 Pressure on from 24th May to 29th July. Wire taken out and examined in di tub— June 29 | 9.20 am. 56 60 | 3:0 M ч | š 2'92 А Temperature | Temperature Full EN " 3-0 Time. | of Water. of Hut. Tension. 33 June 30 9:30am. | 54:7 | 58 | 3° 3 б | 2:9 2:96 1 p.m. 55 62 50 1:3 in 15 m. 3° » 5 я » 1:2 in 15m. The time measurements of the loss of insulation in the gutta percha (special) covered wire were taken when the needle or indicator fell 89, but in consequence of the very slow leakage of the india- rubber covered wire, it was determined to take the time measurements generally of the fall of the needle in 15 minutes. ; GENERAL RESULT of the above EXPERIMENTS on HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE. GUTTA PERCHA (SPECIAL), TABLE VII.—This material exhibited a great improvement in its insulating properties under pressure, which was well main- tained for a period of 21 days, when the experiment was interrupted by an accident, fully described in note at foot of Table VII. The influence of the variableness in temperature of the pipes, C C, upon its insulation is manifested in a decided manner, the insulation property increasing or diminishing with the increase or diminution of temperature. e pressure was continued both night and day, with the exception of a few intervals, for a period of 11 weeks, during which time the induction discharge appears to have undergone a gradual and appreciable diminution. On the final examination cf the wire on the 23rd August (see woodcut, page 375, and remarks), the insulating qualities of the material seem not to have suffered froin the effect of pressure, taking into consideration the difference of temperature between the 24th May, when first tested, and the above date. Its external appearance, with regard to uniformity of gauge, had not, apparently, been altered, but an additional firmness had evidently been imparted thereto. Gotta PERCHA (PLAIN), TABLE VI1.—The influence of pressure and of temperature upon this material is much the same as on gutta percha (special). Its inductive capacity is but slightly affected. In the first experiment it will be observed that before and under preenire the readings of the loss of insula- tion and induction discharge remained the same. The insulation being very defective, but not actually destroyed, no improveraent took place under pres- sure. Notes at foot of table explain the inten iptions which brought the experiment to a close. ' INDIA RUBBER (SILVER & Co.), TABLE VII.— This wire maintained a high degree of insulation both without and under pressure, and appeared not to be affected by the varying temperature of the pipe. A perceptible diminution of the induction discharge is also observable, as in the case of gutta percha (special). Pressure, to which it was subjected for a period of 11 weeks, appears to have improved its insulating [ерт as the readings of the final test on the 29th July are higher than those of the 24th May, previously to its being put under pressure. In the table of experiments it will be observed that several interruptiqns took place in consequence of the great difficulty experienced in effectually packing the wire in the gland, owing to its softness and elasticity. To these continually occurring interruptions must be attributed the otherwise seemin irregularities in the readings of the loss of insulation, as the wire was foun injured in the gland on several occasions during the progress of the experi- ment. No alteration took place in its external shape. Its colour became rather lighter, and it became much firmer in texture. Wray's COMPOUND, TABLE VII.—The effect of pressure u this com- pound was considerably to improve its already superior insulating propertics, and perceptibly to diminish its inductive capacity. The influence of the varlablencas of temperature upon it is exceedingly small. The experiments on the 3rd and 4th May may be taken as giving t loss of insulaticn, &c. In the subsequent experiments the accidents which occurred by tbe bursting of the pipes evidently impaired the soundness of the wire, the nature and extent of which injuries are explained in notes appended to Table No. VII., and illustrated by woodcuts, Fig. I, A. 3B 3 e true measurement of the General re. 8:116 of the above experi. ments under pressure. Arr. No. 6. Experiments on insulation, &c. Diagrams ex- planatory of the defects occurring in the experi- ments. Description of machinery uscd in making pressure experiments. 378 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. 2 ExPERIMENTS on INSULATION, &c. impurities, Air Cells, Fissures, and entricity of Conductors. Gutta-percha Sheets. Gutta-percha covered Wires. India-rubber Sheets. India-rubber covered Wires. Cores of Submerged Cables. England and Holland. The Atlantic. Subterranean Wires. Elongation or Stretching of Cores. Effect of Temperature. The method adopted for testing sheets consisted of a metallic disc six inches in diameter, placed horizontally upon a plate of glazed porcelain. From the disc a copper wire was passed through a very delicate galvanometer to earth. The sheet was then laid over the disc, extending a few inches beyond its circumference. A copper rod, in contact with a battery of 512 elementa, having one end slightly bent, and the other inserted in an insulating handle of ebonite,* was carefully раме over the surface of the sheet, corresponding isc beneath, so that when the testing wire passed in size with the metallic over a fault the passage of the current to earth would be instantly indicated on the instrument. In the gutta-pcrcha shects, some of about the thickness of common tissue paper, others of about one thirty-second of an inch in thickness, the faults disco- vered were almost invariably owing to impurities in the shape of dark brownish spots, which occurred sometimes singly, at other times in groups. Examined with the aid of a microscope, these spots had the appearance of a decaying fibre. Ina few instances the defective insulation of a sheet was owing to minute fissures, detected by thoroughly wetting the sheet with water, and upon a microscopic examination the edges of the fissures seemed as if cut with a sharp instrument, and not the effect of stretching. With the exception of the im- purities or fissures, the insulation tests were generally uniform. In sheets of masticated tndia-rubber, of about one thirty seo ofan inch in thickness, on two occasions the insulation was deteriorated by impurities, but not by fiesures. GUTTA-PERCHA COVERED Wires.—The method adopted for testing short pieces of covered wires consisted of a small porcelain vessel filled with weter, and an earth-connecting wire. The short piece of covered wire was bent horse-shoe shape, and inserted in the water, leaving out about four inches of both ends, one end being insulated, the other brought into contact with a Peltierelectrometer. The loss of insulation was then ascertained in the usual manner, as fully described in the experiments under pressure, 512 elements being employed. In the very numerous pieces tested, inferior or faulty insulation was found to arise from either of the following causes ;—impurities or extraneous matter, air cells, fissures, and the eccentric position of conductor. The tests otherwise exhibited an uniform insulating quality. INDIA-RUBBER COVERED WireEs.—No defective insulation was, however, found arising from impurities, air cells, cavities, or eccentricity of conductor, in india-rubber covered wires. Masticated rubber cores become much firmer by prolonged submersion in oe and in colour and structure much resemble the material in its virgin state. Cores oF SUBMERGED Wires.— About a dozen kinks were examined which had been formed in submerging the cable laid between England and Holland, and which had been submerged for about five years. The core was stripped of its iron and hemp sheathing, and it was found that the gutta-percha had been so compressed by the kinking as to reduce its thickness from four thirty. seconds of an inch to less than two thirty-seconds of an inch. The insulation equalled that of other pieces cut from the same cable which had not been EE by kinks, or otherwise, and was far superior to that of new plain gutta- percha. A piece of the Atlantic core submerged near the coast of Newfoundland for upwards of two years was also tested ayainst other lengths of new gutta-percha cores, and found far superior in its insulating capacities. Gutta-percha when long submerged in sea water seems to assume a clearer, tougher, and denser appearance. SUBTERRANEAN WIRES. -- И was always found that the insulation of the gutta-percha was very deficient, even in the parts best preserved, when brought to the company's works from different parts of the town and country, many portions having absolutely decayed and become worthless for tbe pur- poses of insulation. ELONGATION OK STRETCHING or Cores. In the manipulation of cores such as in drawing cables along subterranean pipes, or in paying out of vessels, the greatest precautions should also be taken to avoid violent stretching or elonga- tion. The composition or structure of gutta-percha is materially deteriorated thereby, and the insulation often permanently impaired. Sometimes it has been found that a very slight elongation caused a very great diminution of in- sulation, owing probably to the distension of air cells or cavities, or defective material. India-rubber, from its tenacity, is not so liable to be similarly affected, but in the coursc of experiment it has been found that violent stretching has an injurious effect upon its insulating properties, both in the shape of sheets and cores. [КРЕСТ or TEMPERATURE.—In Table No. V. of experiments on the insula- tion for dynamic electricity, experiments 6 and 9, the loss and return of insu- lation under the influence of temperatures is shown, and from numerous additional tests made during the duration of the experiments, with the view of determining the highest degree of temperature to which gutta-percha (plan) and india.rubber covered wires might be subjected with safety, it is evident that gutta-percha should not exceed 95 degrees and india-rubber 140 degrees. The general result of the above tests clearly demonstrates that superior in. sulation depends upon the purity and the homogeneousness of gutta-percha and india-rubber coatings respectively, and that to secure an uniform and permanent insulation, air cells, fissures, eccentricity of conductor, and violent stretching or elongation should be avoided in the manufacture and manipula- tion of telegraphic cores. OwEN ROWLAND. The following Woodcut explains the manner in which defects occurred in the Wires during the Experiments under Pressure. Sections of GLAND and BURR or PAcRNG.— Fd. 1. D» О GFR E M IM Mg MA Ex NAAR AL RASA LA == E ск; 2b УУ УУ УУУ I 7 T с ی ي‎ T „ T. PE — - e A ee eee al — — (The compressed packing forcing the covering from the wire.) Fie. 2. C. Gland of gun metal. D. Covered wire. F. Packing screw. G. Packing brass cylinder. H. Iron longitudinal pipe. I. Copper conducting wire. K. Packing when placed in cham- er. L. Covered wire in centre of burr. Wray's wire was injured at A. Gutta percha wire was injured in packing box at B. Wray's wire was coiled as at E. Wis fs Yf e, MY, ЛАА КОА Ls Lp ggf. fa MM uf А AL , D 2 = " TEES: УРУЛУУ] Рр Z7 P E thy bf » S, PPP T D ДУЛ ß... te 1.47 DESCRIPTION of the MACHINERY employed in making the EXPERIMENTS to determine the INFLUENCE of HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE on various [INSULATING MATERIALS. PLATE, No. 2. | (A) The scale-board upon which were placed the weights regulating the amount of pressure imparted to the water in the longitudinal pipes (CC) by the hydraulic pump (B). (B) The hydraulic pump. The water being forced through the ascending pipe into the cylinder (D), in iron frame, drove upwards the spindle or piston (E), which lifted up the regu- lating weights (A). À CC Iron pipes, J-inch bore, and 330 feet each in length, containing the wires under experiment, each wire having one end hermetically sealed, and the other led into testing box (F), containing a Peltier electrometer with suitable arrangements for communicating the full battery charge or tension to the wires, the box being furnished with a glass lid to observe the fall of the index of the electrometer, as it indicated in degrees the loss of the static charge or insulation in the wires. The measurements of the loss of insulation and the induction discharge were taken in the first instance in each experiment immediately before and after the pressure being put on. Thermometers were fixed to the longitudinal pipes, and the degrees of temperature ascertained and noted at the commence- ment of each experiment. OWEN ROWLAND. * A material possessing superior insulating qualities. —— ee — — DESCRIPTION OF APPAF ” APPENDIX № 6. Plate № |. LUA ot n LULT ute dmn | Arr. No. 6. Experiments on insulation, &c. Diagrams ex- planatory of the defects occurring in the experi- ments, pes nipoen of machinery used in making pressure experiments, I. Copper conducting wire. (8 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 6—continued. ExPERIMENTS on INSULATION, &c. impurities, Air Cells, Fissures, and Eccentricity of Conductors. Gutta-percha Sheets. Gutta-percha covered Wires. India-rubber Sheets, India-rubber covered Wires. Cores of Submerged Cables. England and Holland. The Atlantic. Subterranean Wires. Elongation or Stretching of Cores. Effect of Temperaturc. The method adopted for testing sheets consisted of a metallic disc six inches in diameter, placed horizontally upon a plate of glazed porcelain, From the disc a copper wire was passed through a very delicate galvanometer to earth. The sheet wasthen laid over the disc, extending a few inches beyond its circumference. A copper rod, in contact with a battery of 512 elements, having one end slightly bent, and the other inserted in an insulating handle of ebonite,* was carefully passed over the surface of the sheet, corresponding in size with the metallic dice beneath, so that when the testing wire passed over a fault the passage of the current to earth would be instantly indicated on the instrument. In the gutta-percha shects, some of about the thickness of common tissue paper, others of about one thirty-second of an inch in thickness, the faults disco- vered were almost invariably owing to impurities in the shape of dark brownish spots, which occurred sometimes singly, at other times in groups. Examined with the aid of a microscope, these spots had the appearance of a decaying fibre. Ina few instances the defective insulation of a sheet was owing to minute fissures, detected by thoroughly wetting the sheet with water, and upon a microscopic examination the edges of the fissures seemed as if cut with a sharp instrument, and not the effect of stretching. With the exception of the ime purities or fissures, the insulation tests were generally uniform. In sheets of masticated tndia-rubber, of about one t irty-second ofan inch in thickness, on two occasions the insulation was deteriorated by impurities, but not by fissures. GUTTA-PERCHA COVERED Wires.—The method pieces of covered wires consisted of a small porcelain vessel filled with water, and an earth-connecting wire. The short piece of covered wire was bent horse-shoe shape, and inserted in the water, leaving out about four inches of both ends, one end being insulated, the other brought into contact with a Peltierelectrometer. The loss of insulation was then ascertained in the usual manner, as fully described in the experiments under pressure, 512 elements being employed. In the very numerous pieces tested, inferior or faulty insulation was found to arise from either of the following causes ;—impurities or extraneous matter, air cells, fissures, and the eccentric position of conductor. The tests otherwise exhibited an uniform insulating quality. INDIA-RUBBER COVERED WiRES.—No defective insulation was, however, found arising from impurities, air cells, cavities, or eccentricity of conductor, in india-rubber covered wires. ; adopted for testing short Masticated rubber cores water, and in colour and state. Cones oF SUBMERGED WiRES.— About a dozen kinks were examined which had been formed in submerging the cable laid between England and Holland, and which had been submerged for about five years. The core was stripped of its iron and hemp sheathing, and it was found that the gutta-percha had been so compressed by the kinking as to reduce its ti ickness from four thirty. seconds of an inch to less than two thirty-seconds of an inch. The insulation equalled that of other pieces cut from the same cable which had not been ates by Kinks, or otherwise, and was far superior to that of new plain gutta- percha. A piece of the Atlantic core submerged near the coast of Newfoundland for upwards of two years was also tested against other lengths of new gutta-percha cores, and found far superior in its insulating capacities. Gutta-percha when long submerged in sea water seems to assume a clearer, tougher, and denser appearance. SUBTERRANEAN WIRES. -- It was always found that the insulation of the gutta-percha was very deficient, eren fn the parts best preserved, when brought to the company's works from different parts of the town and country, many portions having absolutely decayed and become worthless for tbe pur- poses of insulation. ELONGATION OR STRETCHING or Cores. In the manipulation of cores such as in drawing cables along subterranean pipes, or in paying out of vessels, the greatest precautions should also be taken to avoid violent stretching or elonga- tion. The composition or structure of gutta-percha is materially deteriorated thereby, and the insulation often permanently impaired. Sometimes it has been found that a very slight elongation caused a very great diminution of in- sulation, owing probably to the distension of air cells or cavities, or defective material. India-rubber, from its tenacity, is not so liable to be similarly affected, but in the course of experiment it has been found that violent stretching has an injurious effect upon its insulating properties, both in the shape of sheets and cores. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE.—In Table No. V. of experiments on the insula- tion for dynamic electricity, experiments 6 and 9, the loss and return of insu. lation under the influence of temperatures is shown, and from numerous additional tests made during the duration of the experiments, with the view of determining the highest degree of temperature to which gutta-percha (plain) and india.rubber covered wires might be subjected with safety, it is evident that gutta-percha should not exceed 95 degrees and india-rubber 140 degrees. The general result of the above tests clearly demonstrates that superior in. sulation depends upon the purity and the homogeneousness of gutta-percha and india-rubber coatings respectively, and that to secure an uniform and permanent insulation, air cells, fissures, eccentricity of conductor, and violent stretching or elongation should be avoided in the manufacture and manipula- tion of telegraphic cores. OWEN ROWLAND. become much firmer by prolonged submersion in structure much resemble the material in its virgin The following Woodcut explains the manner in which defects occurred in the Wires during the Experiments under Pressure. 4 Sections of GLAND and Burr ог Pacxwe.—Fic. 1. EE — i АС, y Fey aui gw -ept A — C. Gland of gun metal. D. Covered wire. F. Pack ing screw. A TTT G. Packing brass cylinder. ,, x GT , H. Iron longitudinal pipe. Fig. 3.— Showing way in which wire was forced through pipe when pipe burst. st ЖИШШ P 7 LLL LL LO MYL. 2 742 ve an НІ! == 7 ,, ß А K. Packing when placed in cham- r. L. Covered wire in centre of burr. Wray’s wire was injured at A. Gutta percha wire was injured in king box at B. s wire was coiled as at E. „ uL EES УЛУУ PME EO ES - =, wry, У, FEFA ALTE , , Z m — — 777, 7272 was MLL) TT, A. Injury. 0 ЛД В. Kink. . Le ^ DESCRIPTION of the MACHINERY employed in making the EXPERIMENTS to determine the INFLUENCE of HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE on various INSULATING MATERIALS. PLATE, No. 2. (A) The scale-board upon which were placed the weights regulating the amount of pressure imparted to the water in the longitudinal pipes (CC) by the hydraulic pump (B). (B) The hydraulic pump. The water being forced through the ascending pipe into the cylinder (D), in iron frame, drove upwards the spindle or piston (E), which lifted up the regu- lating weights (A). | CC Iron pipes, J-inch bore, and 330 feet each in length, containing the wires under experiment, each wire having one end hermetically sealed, and the other led into testing box (F), containing a Peltier electrometer with suitable arrangements for communicating the full battery charge or tension to the wires, the box being furnished with a glass lid to observe the fall of the index of the electrometer, as it indicated in degrees the loss of the static charge or insulation in the wires. The measurements of the loss of insulation and the induction discharge were taken in the first instance in each experiment immediately before and after the pressure being put on. Thermometers were fixed to the longitudinal pipes, and the degrees of temperature ascertained and noted at the commence- ment of each experiment. OWEN ROWLAND. — ^ A material possessing superior insulating qualities. - DESCRIPTION OF APPAR APPENDIX N? 6. 7 Plate N°]. ту Son, Luh T مم‎ tree’ n Chee? Digitized by Google APPENDIX N?6. Plate NS c US EMPLOYED IN TESTING : LEGRAPHIC WIRES BY PRESSURE. A Weight regulating imparted to the We Hvdraulic Pump Observing Glass С.С. Pipes each 330 fee — se Mi hermetically sealed С -— C — a pre „ EE ( APPENDIX №6. Plate N° 2. US EMPLOYED IN TESTING -LEGRAPHIC WIRES BY PRESSURE. A Weight regulating imparted to the W. Hydraulic Ритр Р ; Р J contatti ng а, С.С. Pipes cach J00 fee 1 hermetically seale Observing Glass Be а у Google | А РР. No. 7. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 7. 379 App. No. T. — NOTES AND EXPERIMENTS BY Dr. WERNER SIEMENS AND Mr. WILLIAM SIEMENS. No. 1.—Resistance of Short Cables. One pole of a battery of » elements is joined to the cable while the other pole is to earth; then, if O repre- ` sents the angle through which the galvanometer is turned to bring the needle again to zero, the established :— $ c n E sin ф = zd Wi following equation is E representing the electromotive power of one element and z the unknown resistance of the cable, and W, the resist- ance of the galvanometer. In order to arrive at the actual value of the insulation resistances, a known resistance, say of 10,000 units, is introduced into the circuit instead of the cable, the sensi- bility of the instrument weakened (to Tho) by a branch resistance, W2, and the number of cells reduced to one. Another equation is then obtained, in which I "i repre- sent the force of the current in the whole circuit to be E and the strength of the current PTS И. We 10,000+ —W I passing through the galvanometer will be ; T Wa. E i * 1 =F, F Ma Wı. Wa 0,000 =, | M LE rx and because И =99 We etm E NEC п 2ш Фу zm 100 99 10,000 + 100 Wa Wı being with our instruments equal to 70 units, we obtain by introducing instead of 10,000 units 9,930, ee em 08 аш Фі = 700 ' 10,000 Notes and experiments by Dr. Wer- ner Siemens and Mr. Wil- liam Siemens, Estimating E from the first formula, and combining it with the second one, we obtain " sin $1 TU WB ф in which formula z is given in millions of units. No. 2.—Specific Resistance of Insulating Materials. Derivation of the formula for calculating the specific insulation resistance.—Mr. Werner Siemens obtained the same formula which Professor William ‘Thomson arrived at in a very elegant manner in a more simple way. If d z represents the thickness of a differential cylinder: at the distance x along the length axis of the cable, its resistance will be " : 2 AFAT and the whole resistance equal to 1 R Weg fu. > a No. 3.— Table of Specific Induction. Table of spe- In the tables containing the results of the experiments of «с induc- specific induction, the following is the explanation of the different columns :— Column No. 2 contains the descriptions of the cables subjected to the test. о. 3 the lengths thereof. 7 Nos. 4 and 5 the outer and inner radius of the coverings. No. 7 gives the temperature of the water, in which the cables are submerged. No. 8 the number of elements employed for the test. No. 9 the angle through which the instrument had to be turned to bring the needle again to zero. No. 10 the constant of the instrument. | No. 11 the charge observed by the instrument reduced to one element and to the unit of length, and No. 12 the specific induction of the different materials, the mean specific induction of gutta-percha taken for unit. d ш = ln R э PESE TABLE of SPECIFIC INDUCTION of DIFFERENT MATERIALS. Cable. | Radius No. | Material. Length. | . M ш эш " 1 | Gutta Percha A. 3 m. 4 | 16 4 ” ” : ” » ” B. $m ” » » » A+B ” ” ” — LET HT L ” » —— ” » „ ” LE | 4 ji A.}m 2 | 14 7 5 РА B. àm » % s 6 » A.+B ” ” ” 7 jo A. 3 m 4 | 10 | 2:5 8 » B. } m » yy » 9 » C. I m ” » » — » | РА ” ” » 10 3 D. وو‎ » » | - : < a Ж а " 11 » A. ＋ B. » » js 12 » A. ＋ B. + C. - ) ‘i 13 " A. 4 B. +С. - D. á m » | 14 ý A. Ím. 2 8 4 15 , B. ( | | Number Constant 15 . Tem- of | Deflection! ofthe Sn ¢. | (Gu. P. =1.) perature, | Cells ф. Instru- ln d n? Tension. ment | 2*1 C о | 51 7 20'3 і" 9'92 1'06 72 5 25° 177 9° 82 1°07 51 7 20˙1 1 9'9 1'06 5 7 43°4 1 9'8 1°05 й 5 29'1 1 9*7 1°04 » 3 16'5 1 9*5 1°02 á 7 14°5 1 7°14 1°07 ” ” 14°2 n 0 1°05 » » 28'5 Я 6'8 1°048 » 3 12:3 ý 14°2 1 » » 12°2 » 14°2 1 » » 12°5 j 14'4 1'002 72 "9 15*4 17 14* 5 1'003 51 3 12*5 EC 14°4 1'002 72 2 15°4 1: 14'5 1003 51 3 25°6 1 14°4 1°0 » ” 40°3 ” T 1°0 N 3 61°0 ii 14°38 0° 999 " » 16:9 ] 9 3 I" 72 17°8 7 9'4 1°2 51 3 16'6 1 9°5 1° 208 mg 311 1:7 9'4 0°99 gk dq 4 25'9 1°45 - 0°99 380 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE деке NO Т. APPENDIX Мо. 7—continued. Notes and by Br. Wer- and Mr. Wil- Table of Specific Induction of different Materials—continued. liam Siemens. А Cable. Radius. Number Constant Im S oH. Tem- of Deflection | ox the sin Ф. | (Gu. P. = L) R | perature. Cells ф. Instru- . in 14 No.] Material. Length. шр is puter » | Tension. ment. 2 = 1 e | ‘ 16 | Gutta Percha А. + B. » » T | 51 m 34° 6 1 9°38 1° 003 17 » A 1m. 1 7 7 51 3 11'4 1 6'58 0* 99 — m » » » » 12 » 20° 6 1:7 6'4 0°99 =. » » » » » 92 » 1777 1°45 6°5 1°2 18 » B.1m. » » » 51 » 11'4 1 6°58 0°99 = э » " » "9 72 5 31°8 1*7 6' 49 1 19 » A. * B. | » ” » 91 3 22°8 1 6°47 0°98 20 5 A. Im 1 4 4 51 » 16 1 9*18 0°99 — jj ” ” » » | 72 2 19'4 1'7 9*2 1°02 21 ә В „ „ » | 51 3 16° 1 9*18 0:99 ue b ө EP Я „ 72 5 28˙4 y 9*2 0-99 = " 5 | б 5 » | 92 3 24'6 1'45 9* 19 0°89 22 в А. +В. оа 5 » | 51 3 32°8 1 9°03 0°97 23 ji A. 3 m. 1 13 13 | 5 » 4°8 ái 5*6 1°12 — » - " » „ 72 5 16˙2 1'7 5'5 1°09 — 5$ » » » » | 99 14'9 1'45 5'5 1°09 24 3 B. 3 m. » b „ 51 3 4'8 1 5°6 1'12 25 - с.» „ |» » - » 4'8 1 5°6 1°12 26 М D. 5 » |» » » » 4'8 i 5*6 122 27 $s A. +B. ” » » » » 9*2 » 5°3 1°10 28 T A. +В. + C. » » T P íi 13* à 5:2 1° 29 е A. * B. - C. +D. » T is " » 17:9 ji 5°12 1*1 30 Hearder 450 yards 2 6 3 2 » 5 x 13* 1°24 31 Wray A. Im. 1 7 7 i 5 15 » 5°17 0°77 — » » » » » 79 3 16°1 1°7 5°2 0° 625 = » » » » » 92 3 » 1'45 5°4 0°96 == » » » » » | 51 » 8:8 1 5°1 0°77 32 Silver B. 1 m. 1 62| 92 51 5 13°9 1 4°8 0* 67 m » » m » » 72 3 14°5 1°7 4°9 0° 696 == ” э » » » 99 „ 12°6 1°45 5° 0° 705 == » » » » » | 51 5 14°2 1 4'8 0°68 = » » » » » | 72 » 18*1 1°7 4'8 0' 619 83 j C. Im 1 72 72 | 51 А 12:8 1 4' 45 0° 66 = » ” » » » |. 72 3 12°9 1'7 4'3 0° 518 33 Silver C. 1 m. | 1 72 72 99 3 11°6 1°45 4*7 0° 696 34 » эз, | 1 » » | 51 $ 13 1 4°5 0° 69 — - C. ＋ B. 2 m. » » » | - » 27°6 1 4°65 0°69 ve » » pon » » | Pa » 27 6 » j ў 35 | Hall & Wells A. I m. " 4 4 51 5 34' 6 I. - 11:3 1°21 = » » » » „ 72 1j 18° 6 1'6 11'6 1'38 = 57 » » » ” | 92 3 32°9 1°6 11°6 1°32 == » » » » so li 51 35°2 1° 11'5 1°21 36 » B. 1 m. 5 » и 5 - 25 1° 8:45 0'92 = » » » » » | 72 3 26'8 1°7 8°5 0°91 к= » » » ” » 92 3 23°8 1°45 8'5 0-997 = » » » » » 51 5 24'2 1, 8°2 0°92 37 | Hughes A.1m 1 66 JB 5 16˙4 1: 5°66 0" 88 = ” » Ж » » 72 3 178 1:7 5°67 0°84 == » » | » " » 92 3 16°2 1°45 5 65 0°88 = » " EMT » » 51 5 16°6 i 5°66 0°83 38 | Many coat- Aim || 1| 7 | 7 51 5 193 | 1* 6-61 1'0 ings. т » » ET 17 а ” » » 1° 6° 61 1°0 as » » ” » » 72 3 20*2 1'7 6'62 1°03 es " » "WM A T 92 > 17:7 1°45 6°62 1:04 4 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 881 APPENDIX No. 7—continued. Arr. No. T. Notes and Ai e Table of Specific Induction of different Materials - concluded. ЧА Siemens — 2 е == Cable. Radius. Number Constant Induction. of Deflection | ofthe Sn ¢. ur = 1.) perature. Cells |. ¢. Instru- in Zu a Inner | Outer E. С No.| Material. Length. 7. E. T Tension. ment. 2 1 l. 39 | Gutta Percha A. Im. 1 4 4 51 5 21°2 1° 7°23 0°74 special, = » » ” » » 72 3 20°6 1°7 7°23 0°74 — » » » » » 92 » 18*1 1°45 7'8 О 766 == » » $9 » ” 51 5 21-4 1° 7°29 0° 745 40 + B. 1 m. » » » » » 20°1 1 6°9 0°74 == 9 » » 95 » 72 3 20۰9 1°7 6°93 0° 754 — » » و9‎ » » 92 99 18°4 1°45 6°9 0°75 — T » " ^ " 51 5 20°3 1 6°95 0°74 41 - C. Um. 1 7 7 51 - 20'4 0 : 0°74 42 | Radcliff A. 1 m. 1 7 51 5 21:9 1 7°23 1°09 == » » » » » 72 3 22'1 1'7 2*9 11 — ” » » » ” 92 3 18°8 1°45 7°3 1°1 == ” » * » » $1 5 21°4 1 7°23 1°l 44 » » » ^ » 72 3 229 1۰7 7°63 1°15 TT » n n » » 92 » 19°4 1°45 7° 63 1°15 — » » » » » 51 5 22 1 7°59 1°14 45 | Godefroy 1 m. 1 4 4 51 j 30'6 1 10°18 1°08 ord 99 99 9۹ 99 » 51 5 31 1 10°3 l'l = ” ” » » » 72 1} 154 1.7 10°3 1°12 == » » » m э 92 3 28'8 1°45 10°6 1°12 46 | Gutta Percha 1 m. = 5 5 51 5 28*6 1 9*57 1:1 E » LE » » » » » 31˙0 1 9 57 1°08 47 Siemens 500 yards ^ - si 51 5 8'1 1'7 7*3 0°77 = » 390 yards ” - ” | 72 5 6°5 1°45 7*4 0°78 and No. 4.—Charge and Distribution along the Wire. By combining these formule, a differential equation is Charge and on obtained :— distribution wm с y.2I-dz Ear g, wires infil ~ 2 . . T E by elimating y and substituting its equivalent :— . E:yzcl:l—z y= E (1 — a) А 5 8B | 7 * ex L into the differential equation, we obtain :— . Let A B represent a given length J of uncoiled cable, the lrn K u end B of which is to earth, and A C the electro-motive force тоеп. m E of a battery, one pole of which is in connexion with A, | the other pole being to earth. Then, according to the laws = 21 T" stada of Ohm, supposing the cable to be of equal section and con- = pon A. n Ё ductivity throughout, the curve of the electro-motive force n ANN о at any point along the line is indicated by C B. | 21 p p In 1849 (see Poggendorff's Annalen) Werner Siemens „ ( 8 +) proved that when a current is sent through a submerged 1. 72 In RA 2 3 cable, a quantity of electricity is retained in charge along r the whole surface, being distributed proportional to the 1. 72 tension of each point. Thus, the tension of the electricity = R on any small intermediate given length, dz of the conductor : 3r? A. In — at the distance 2 from a may be represented by y, the quan- _ | | | tity of electricity dq, by which the outside cylinder dz is No. 5.—Table of Insulation of different Materials. ш оГ " charged according to t e formula given previously for in- rent The annexed table gives specific resistances. The figures “fe duction in cables :— are arrived at by means of the formula given in Appendix 1 Indz and 2, from deflections due to a given number of cells, and dq=yk=y2 R a certain constant of sensibility to be multiplied by 1015, in — These figures, therefore, represent, in trillions of units, the S specific resistances as compared to that of m . Certain This quantity of electricity dg has to pass through the re- variations may be partly due to the application of the high sistance of section г, in order to arrive at d x. battery power, which the cables had been previously su The resulting current developes d q in the time d t, and jected to, and to insufficient time allowed for the heat to penetrate through the coiled cables, and to various other we have accordingly the 5 causes. Ect Err Notwithstanding these irregularities, however, the wide dq= x = dt differences between gutta-percha and india-rubber and 172 1＋ K Wray's mixture are very apparent. 3 C The absorp- tion of water by gutta percha, India rubber, &c. 382. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 7—continued TABLE OF SPECIFIC RESISTANCES OF INSULATED MATERIALS. 52? F. 72° F. 92° F. — Number Deflec- Specific | Number Specific | Number Specific | N i MATERIALS, R. | r. | of Hle- Hesist- Defiec- Resi Deflec- | Fpecifle | Number Deflec- Specific of Ele- st- | of Ele- ist- | of Ele- ments. | tion. ‘ances. | ments. tions. ances. | ments. tions. | tances. | ments. tions. Saca. Gutta-Percha - B. 13 | pu. = | - - | 256 | 5'6 0-916 | 64 | 16 05 64 | 19:2 | 0:325 A э ell ж» n — |» 3-6 | 1.45 „ ]|12:5|2:637 | „ | 16-9 | 0-368 A. 7| 1| 512 :2-8 | 4:40 , 128 | 2-6 | 2°63 „ |21:9|0:969 | 32 | 20-2 | 0:407 B. 4| 1) — | e ie ыз E , boi 0-85 16 | 26-5 | 0:221 B. 8 2 — | 5 — 64 | 2:4 | 1°89 „ 170:8|0*538| „ | 21°6 | 0:264 Av (464 [| cm ox — | 256 | 13:2 | 1-09 „ [|30:6|0:996 | „ | lle | 0-393 Bol. get o oe — | 256 | 6-4 | 2:23 „ 21:9 | 1:03 2 9-6 | 0:447 Silver - B. 7.21 — | — = 256 | 1-4 |48:9 512 | 4:4 41:3 512 | 4-6 [31-0 C. 6:2, 1 — — وو‎ 1:2 |52°4 - 3:4 49*0 4 5:3 |24:3 Wray - „ == 5 2:6 23 · 6 5 6:4 :26°0 " 15:7 |38:4 Siemens - -|4|1| — | — | = | " 0-5 |38:4 - 1-1 49-55 " 0-9 |38:4 Gutta-Percha | | Special! A.| 4| 1| — | — | =. | 198 | 21:4 | 2:25 64 | 21°1 | 8:25 "E B 4! 1 = = E ү, 4°7 | 9°44 — 6 4:86 32 1°3 | 8:88 0. 7; 14 — | — | — | 512 | 5:5 22˙9 em d a 8:6 | 1-55 Hughes 6 1 — | — == | 64 | 16-7 | 1°05 8 | 18-9 | 0-153 8 | 11°6 | 0:191 Many coatings -| 7| 1| — | — — 256 | s | 7-86 | 256 | 21-4 | 3-98 з? | 12-8 | 0-696 Hall and Wells A. 4| 1| — | — | — 64 faulty Eg Al be | — 126 — — | 128 | 8-3 1 5:53 | 256 | 27:5 3˙41 Radcliff's — A. 7| 1 — — | — | Faulty 9 | 15°9 | 0°41 2 | 11:2 | 0-087 Bl Б ЛЫ, Sees — 16 | в: | 0-48 16 | 15:0 | 0-350 | 16 | 8-6 | 0:642 И ИК ат eme ees | = | — — | — | 16 | 14:9} 0:496 | 16 | 13-2 | 0-432 No. 5.—The Absorption of Water by Gutta Percha, India from pure water than from sea water, and more rapidly from Rubber, and Wray’s Mixture under various circumstances sea water than from brine. and when immersed in Distilled Water, Sea Water, and In gutta percha this difference is very decided, but the Brine.—See Lithographed Tables. least remarkable, the absorption being about three times greater in sea water, and five times greater in pure water than in brine. 55 5 somewhat less aroy than absorb water under various circumstances. The following 5" e ete 5 Waien oeing tie point of mazi diagrams give the results of these observations. à ihe deco det. CC | The horizontal distances represent the time of immersion Wray's mixture absorbs, on the on at the same in days. | | | | rate from sea water as from pure water, that rate being The vertical distances give the increase of weight ob- nearly equal to that of gutta percha, at the lower tempera- served, each division representing 10 grains, and the original ture of 39? Fahr. weight of each piece of material being —1000 grains. 2. Increase of temperature affects the rate of absorption The black lines give the increase of weight when the ma- Бу gutta percha only very moderately, that rate being little terial was immersed in pure distilled water of the tempera- more than doubled for an increase from 39° to 120? Fahr. tures marked upon the diagrams; viz., 39°, 65°, and 120° Caoutchouc absorbs from brine at about the same rate at Fahr. respectively. 39° and at 120? Fahr. From sea water it absorbs at double The blue lines give the increase of weight when a similar the rate at 120°, and in pure water the rate of absorption is piece of the same material was steeped into sea water con- 8 much as eight times greater at 120" than at 39° Fahr. taining 3 per cent. of salt. In regard of Wray's mixture, the rate of absorption from The red lines represent the increase of weight when the sea water is not materially influenced by temperature; but same material was, under similar circumstances, immersed рт bd elev ш кулар fee паар a hae in concentrated brine. оү теа perature, һе i 900 300 When no pressure is mentioned, it is to be understood сага rd curi н 5 ics at 30 us ahr. Bo that the immersion took place under atmospheric pressure eum пбн ray d b te TE our and lose (or 15 Ibs. indicated). When 50 lbs. pressure per square 120° Fahr. en exposed for many days to pure water of inch was used, the result is represented by broken. lines, and j when under cacuum dotted lines are inade to represent ti We have made a series of observations, extending over several months, on the rapidity and extent to which caout- chouc (india-rubber) Wray’s mixture, and gutta percha 15 З. Increase of pressure within the limits of 50 Ibs. per ' square inch does not affect the rate of absorption mate- g px c is marked, the temperature of the rially. The rate is somewhat higher under a vacuum, 3 „„ i ] h i room, which was regulated to 65? Fahr. is implied. Eu l y to the absence of condensed air upon the Whenever the increase of weight exceeded the limits of 4. The thickness of the sheets of material employed the scale of 100 grains, the curve representing the increase — affect the absorption in a much higher ratio than can be is set down again to the zero line. Therefore 100 grains accounted for by the simple increase of surface. The ab- must be added to the values expressed by the sccond sorption of water by the thicker sheets p to stop ascending curve, and 200 grains to those expressed by the short at a limit which is rapidly exceeded by the thin curve when set down twice. sheets. 'The material was used in the form of sheets of the thick- 5. The conductivity of these materials appears not to be nesses given upon the diagrams. materially affected by the absorption of two to three The following is an enumeration of the principal results cent. of water which may be taken for a limit that will not obtained. - be exceeded in sea water and at ordinary temperatures. We 1. All the materials examined absorb water more rapidly — intend, however, to extend our inquiry in this direction. a жу -~ — | -p — > Day E Son БАЛУ to the Queen. 382 . App. No. T. Notes and experiments by Dr. Wer- ner Siemens and Mr. Wil liam Siemens. — Gu Sie Hi M G — The absorp- N tim of water by gutta ` percha, India ru^ber, &c. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE ا -— - APPENDIX N?7. Day £ Som, i to the Queer 21 days Digitized by Google Digitized by Google t pusan Lua w Aa ay £ Son | | ^ © Mi Ae! — X, . wi m! Ф Digitized by Google GRAINS OF V OO = APPENDIX № 7. SEA WATER AND Tab. IV. Voie M ee | mure ы алы ا‎ а сены c EU UP | Day å Son, Lite hu Queen, SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 383 APPENDIX No. 8. EXPERIMENTS upon GUTTA-PERCHA as an INSULATOR for SUBMARINE ELECTRIC CONDUCTORS, by Ў JOHN CHATTERTON and WILLOUGHBY SMITH. | ~ Gutta Percha Works, M 18, Wharf Road, City Road, . London, January 11th, 1861. SINCE we had the honour to be examined before the Committee, some important facts have been developed bearing upon gutta-percha as an insulator for submarine electric conductors, which we think will be interesting to the Committee. We may add that improvements have recently been made in the preparation of the materials em- ployed, and also in the machinery for putting on the several coatings of gutta-percha; and we can with the greatest confidence state, that any number of miles can now be produced with certainty of uniform electrical re- sistance, and we think practically perfect. We have also removed the only objection urged against the use of strand conductors, which is their want of solidity. To accomplish this, we cause the centre wire of the strand to pass through and be coated with compound, into which the six outer wires become embedded in the process of <“ twisting." The compound, which is forced through the interstices of the outer wires, becomes firmly united to the first coating. of insulating' materials, and thus the whole is rendered perfectly solid, as proved by the fact that a few inches of this strand will prevent the passage of water at a pressure of 600lb. to the square inch. We believe this to be the best form of conductor, as it can be made in any length, without a joint in all seven wires at once. We wish we could feel equally confident that in the subsequent processes of manufacturing and laying a} cable, the core could be preserved from all injury ; but knowing that cables have worked well for a time, and then, without any apparent cause, failed, and knowing also, that gutta- percha itself undergoes no change whatever in sea water, we have endeavoured to ascertain. how these failures have arisen, and from a series of experiments (particulars of which are appended) we feel perfectly satisfied that acci- dental mechanical injuries in the core, whereby the insu- lation has been affected, have been temporarily repaired by the yarn serving being saturated with tar, and have stood the test and passed into the cable without detection. ‘The result is obvious, for, according to the nature of the injury, so is it a question of time only to the failure of the line. Even a wilful injury, such as the introduction of a nail, or other sharp instrument, into the core, might pass unob- SIR, EXPERIMENT A length (4 yards) of core, having the conductor ex- posed in four different places, “ served” with hemp, saturated with Stockholm tar and tallow, was immersed in water, and the insulation remained perfect for three Zinc to line. One minute - - - - „ 8-59 served until tod late td obviafe the result. To illustrate these cases we beg to refer you to experiments marked Nos. 1, 2, and 3. To avoid the possibility of such casual- ties, we would suggest that the yarn or serving material be saturated with a preserving and conducting fluid, which would with certainty show any injury to the insulation at the time of the accident; the core being under a continual electrical test throughout the whole process of manufac- turing and laying. If this plan were fully carried out, and the insulation of the conductor entirely and exclusively dependent upon the compound and gutta-percha, as applied under the present system, we have no doubt of the per- manent success of submarine cables. We will say a few words as to the effect of heat upon gutta-percha. The experiments marked 4 and 5 will show that up to 100 deg. Fah. it is not sensibly affected (except in its electrical resistance); there is, therefore, no fear of the conductor being disturbed in the gutta-percha under that temperature. Notwithstanding this we strongly recommend that in no instance should the core be sub- jected to any hot process, where there is the slightest chance of uncertainty as to the degree of heat employed. We will only add further that the core manufactured for Her Ma- jesty's Governrhént, tested by Messrs. Siemens in Mr. Reid's pressure tanks, has proved unquestionably that the elec- trical resistance of gutta-percha is very materially increased by pressure; and that as an insulator it is absolutely im- permeable. ‘The core manufactured for the Toulon and Algiers line for Messrs. Glass, Elliot and Co., further illus- trated this valuable property. The testing of the 700 miles is fully described in the accompanying diagram, to which we beg to call your especial attention. | We must apologize for troubling you with this long leiter, but the great interest we take in the all important subject of universal communication by telegraph, and our un- bounded confidence: in the durability of gutta-percha covered wires, if laid in the sea uninjured, must plead our excuse. We have, &c. JoHN CHATTERTON (Engineer). WILLOUGHBY SMITH, Electrician. Capt. Galton, R.E., : Board of ‘Trade. THE FIRST. days, the test being applied frequently from a sand battery of 504 pairs of plates, 4 x 34. It was then joined to a line of eight miles, the insulation of the whole, when im- mersed, using the same battery power, being, Copper to line. One minute — — — а - & Commenced charging with reversals from 100 Daniell's, at the rate of 200 per minute. After 48 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute - - - - 118 Stationary for half a minute at 11:82, then rose to 80°. | Same battery power. After 72 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute - - = 11:89 One minute - - - - . 11° Same battery power. Increased reversals to 400 per minute. After 74 Hours. Zinc to line. | Copper to line. One minute - EC y - - 12° One minute - - - - . 11° Same battery power. After 96 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute - - ت‎ а . 13° One minute - - - - - 12:05? Same battery power. After 100 Hours. Zinc to linc. Copper to line. One minute - - ° - - 14° One minute — - - 11° Same battery power, 3 C 2 APP. No. 8: Experiments upon gutta ha as an insulator for submarine electric con. ductors, by J. Chatterton and Wil. loughby Smith. - 984 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 8—continued. After 124 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute - = - - 12° - œ : - - - 12:2 Same battery power. After 1/2 Hours, the last 48 without being charged. Zinc to line. | Copper to to line. One minute - - - . 13:3? End of the first minute needle vibrating between 50° and pi 2nd minute - - - - 40 „ 3rd „ - - - . 68 „ 60 ath „ - - - - 50 „ 60 5th „ - - - - 40 , 70 Recommenced reversals at 400 per minute. After 196 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper rto line. One minute - - . 9:8 One minute - - - 11-8° Same battery power. After 220 Hours. Zinc to linc. Copper to line. One minute - - — 17:5? One minute - - - 45:5 Two , - - - — 44* Three , - - - - 41°5 ` Four , - - — - 36° Five , - - - - 41° Same battery power. Reduced reversals to 200 per minute. After 244 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. Ist minute needle vibrating between 54° and 68° Ist minute needle vibrating between 56? and 65? 2nd ,, » » 61 „ 64 2nd „ وو 55 „ وو‎ 60 Зза „ » 50 „ 65 За „ وو وو‎ 50 „ 60 4th „ stationary 59 4th „ " " 48 ,, 55 5th „ vibrating between 50 ,, 70 Sth „ 3s 3 53 ,, 55 Same battery power used, but by reducing the power to 108 pairs, the following reading was obtained. Zinc to line. Copper to line. 3 minutes stationary = - l3? 3 minutes stationary at - . c8 After 272 hours, the last 24 without being charged. Zinc to line. Copper to line. ]st minute needle vibrating between 60? and 90? Ist minute needle vibrating between 58° and 61° n 39 33 ээ ээ 80 2nd ээ ээ ээ 58 ээ 61 3rd 39 99 ээ | 60 ээ 70 3rd ээ ээ ээ 60 ээ 70 4th ээ ээ 99 55 ээ 65 4th ээ 33 ээ 85 ээ 90 5th وو 60 وو وو وو‎ 70 5th وو‎ ээ وو‎ 55 ээ 63 Battery power 504 pairs; recommenced reversals at 300 per minute. After 296 Hours. Zinc to line, Copper to line. One minute - - 9° One minute - - - 11° Battery power 504 pairs. After 344 hours, the last 48 without being charged. Zinc to line. Copper to line. lst minute needle vibrating between 20° and 30° lst minute needle vibrating between 35? and 40° 25 2nd ээ 33 ээ ээ 60 2nd 33 35 ээ 25 ээ 33 3rd „ Ка i 55 „ 60 | 3rd „ stationary 25 4th ээ ээ ээ Зо ээ 45 4th 99 وو‎ 22 5th وو‎ »* ээ 45 33 55 5th 33 3 23 Battery power 504 pairs. Recommenced reversals at 300 per minute. After 3/2 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line, One minute - - - - - [89 One minute - — - . 7° Battery power 504 pairs. After 396 Hours. Zinc to! line. Copper to line. One minute — - - - 85? One minute - - = - . 8° Battery powers 504 pairs. After 420 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute - - š . 78 Stationary at 7 °5° for 45 seconds, then rose very slowly to 45? Battery power 504 pairs. : APPENDIX N° 8. | | ~ } \ к, w N 9 N БН НННЕ SESE | A = | X с sl RI sie eis ENSE: 8 | 8 н | | i | | | ] | | t | ! ; | ! | | | : 3 53" % | 56° | 60" | 60* ! 59"! 39*| 39"| 59% 60"; 55" 60°: 60°: bn, EI"! ey" 61?! bie ort 59" | ! ' ' | E | | N — Da te — N hier Pressure: | D, E 3 o ^, ee = = E B |- 4 TD / | : ыра V | | | 7 | | „ . ' | | i | CCC | E X 3 | ! Ы — sted in Canal 25 Мау 1800, Temperature. 67? Tested in lanal 291^ Ha v A960, Temperature 63° ' Tested in Canal Sli June. Temp! 61° Cav 4. oF at {е N Ünderlressurc 3 X Before Pressure ^c | «Aucun | TRS ES | ! i | ! In Canal [a | ! i D 3 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 385 APPENDIX No. 8—continued. After 444 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute = e > - 6:9 One minute > o е e 54° Battery power 504 pairs. After 468 Hours. Zinc to line. Copper to line. First minute needle vibrating between 40 and 65° First minute stationary - - - 145° 2 = = ” ээ 50 » 60 2 т - . - ~ 12 3 2 > . M 60 „ 62 3 — = - = - 125 4 - - = ээ 58 ээ 60 4 * = = Е ~ 14 5 - e - وو 15 وو‎ 25 5 ый - е = е 8 Battery power 504 pairs. After 640 hours, the last 172 without being ied it This defect is now offering so little resistance that the battery power had to be reduced to 108 pairs to get the following reading: Zinc to line. Copper to line. One minute с e ә - 75° . One minute m 2 E " 7⁵⁰ ExPERIMENT THE SECOND. Five nails were forced through the gutta percha (passing through the strand conductor) in a length of core, about 4 yards, which was then “served” with hemp saturated with tar and tallow. This was then immersed, and re- mained perfect in insulation for 168 hours, the same battery power and instrument used as in the first experiment. Zinc to line. Copper to line. After 192 hours’ immersion °8° :5? » 216 т 2° 1:2 » 240 ER 3:3 2: „ 288 эз 10° 6: ээ 360 ээ 28° 23°5 وو‎ 384 » 36: 3075 » 904 وو‎ 74˙ 35 Reduced Battery Power to 108 Pairs. Zino to line. Copper to line. After 528 hours? immersion 30? 39 556 ээ 87 70° ээ 580 ээ 86 73 33 652 39 90 72 Each reading taken after one minute’s electrification. This has now become quite bad, so much so that were it to be charged with reversals for 24 hours from a strong battery, continuity would be destroyed. EXPERIMENT THE THIRD. In another length of core prepared same as the above, the nails were withdrawn previously to being served.“ This Two lengths of insulated wire same size as the core used in the Toulon and Algiers cable, 800 yards each, immersed in water at 100° Far., and tested with the same battery and length has now been immersed 724 hours, and the insulation is still perfect. EXPERIMENT THE FOURTH (Temperature). instrument as used when testing the core of the Toulon cable. The following are the readings taken after one minute's electrification :— No. 1 coil | No. 2 coil түт Zinc to line | Zinc to line. After one hour's immersion. A e » 50 » 5:3 5:2 2 66 3 5'8 5:4 » 106 35 5:5 | 4:9 » 130 وو‎ 5° | 4:7. „ 154 5 4°5 | 4°4 » 180 ээ 3:5 | 4:2 » 202 35 3°8 4° » 226 $5 4:2 4:9 » 250 5 4:9 4 ·5 » 274 53 4°] 4°4 „ 298 Pr 4'2 4'4 » 322 = 4° 4°3 „ 346 25 4* 4:5 » 368 b 3:7 4:3 » 396 * 3:8 4:5 „ 420 B 3:8 4:3 } No. 1 coil. No. 2 coil. Zinc to line. Zino to line. After 444 hours immersion. 3:8 4:2 » 468 35 3:1 3:8 » 492 5 32 3°4 » 916 РА 3:2 3:3 » 940 35 3° 3°1 » 964 » 3° 3° » 988 $5 2۰9 2۰9 » 636 5 3:2 3:4 „ 660 3i 3° 3° „ 684 js 3:3 3:5 » 718 35 3° 3:2 ээ 2:9 3°‏ 742 دو „ 766 35 3:2 3°4 2°8 3° 5» 1030 وو » 1054 js E. 2۰9 3°2 3° $5 1078 وو » 1102 УУ 2:8 3* — — — — w̃. ꝛ—— . . — Tm—ͤͤ— 3 ͤ'ſ—ääm— —ͤ—' EXPERIMENT THE FirTH (Temperature). A length of the same sized core as that used in the cable recently manufactured for Her Majesty’s government was placed on an iron cylinder 12 inches in diameter, and im- The annexed Diagram illustrates the testing of the core manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company for Messrs. Glass, Elliot, and Co. for the Toulon and Algiers line. The conductor is a seven wire strand insulated by four alternate coatings of compound and gutta-percha to diame- ter 34, and was tested in coils average length of one knot. The battery power consisted of 504 pairs of plates 4 x 31, mersed in water at 100° Fah. for two months. The result was that the conductor was not in the slightest degree dis- turbed, nor was there any change perceptible. and the galvanometer used known as Reid’s sensitive hori- zontal. The black line shows the test in the canal. The blue line in the pressure tank before pressure. The red line under a pressure of 600lbs. per square inch, and the green line taken after pressure. The reading of the instrument was in each case taken after one minute's electrification. 3C 3 App. No. 8. eo as an nsulator for — — —„ .—..,——-—— — — —__—_—_„ —[—E—U—Uä—é . — 386 . APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE ' APP. No. 9. . APPENDIX No. 9. | ЕЕЕ | ABSTRACT of EXPERIMENTS made for determining the RELATIVE STRENGTH of the OUTER COVERING of | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPHIC CABLES: See PLATE No. 1. Е e Inep 42 94 о Nu eee 255 |529 » | aao [SSS |5з | Weight $ ; Length $25 .| 353 |05 | | E Mode in which experi: 8888 og B |f | Name of Cable. Description of Cable. | ы c» Experiments mented © SÉ ~“ = 3 S 9; Remarks. | е in Air. 25 were made on. REE {4-° 2 2 5 А | ge om | SP sia Енш 1 ص‎ =ч 3 ч е Ibs. Feet. | Fms. | Fms. | fms. | ^ Gibraltar | Core of 7 strands of cop- | 2,409 | 1۰9 | Cable suspended | 20 815 1,232 | Not | This cable was weighted to cable (No. | per, weighing 400 lbs. from triangle broken.| 3,596 lbs. The extension 2.) per mile, covered with (see Plate No. 1), . before removing the weight S coats of gutta-percha, the upper end was — 1:927 per cent. The alternated with 3 coats being fixed, and | permanent extension, after | of Chatterton’s com- the lower end, removing the weight, was pound; weighing 400 | to which the =1°197 per cent. ; the re- Ibs. per mile. The core weight was sus- turn = 73 per cent. The covered with 12 strands pended, being number of revolutions, 18. of steel wire and hemp, allowed to re- each strand consisting volve. of 1 wire, No. 17 gauge, with 6 yarns of tarred hemp, each about No. 16 gauge, with 1 turn in half-inch ; cable, 1 twist in 9 inches ; cable served closely with 1 | strong string. External diameter, i See Fig. No. 2, Plate No. 2). і Ditto - = | Ditto, not served with | 2,409 | 1*9| Ditto - — 20 654 | 1,154 | Not | Ditto. The extension before | string. (See Fig. No. broken.| removing the weight was | 3, Plate No. 2). = 1°875 percent. The per- manent extension was equal to 1*3541 per cent; the re- turn = :52 per cent. The number of revolutions, 18}. | H і Ditto - - | Ditto - а - 2,409 9 Cable fired be- |S ft. in. 2,768 | 3,889 | 5,936 Average of experiments made tween clamps. by Messrs. Gisborne, Forde, | | and С. W. Siemens. | Ditto (No. 4) | Same core, served with | 4,398 | 1*9 Cable suspended | 20 350 546 | Not This cable was weighted to | 9 tarred yarns about from triangle broken. 2,591 lbs. The extension No. 8 gauge, and co- (see Plate No. 1), before removing the weight | vered with 12 strands of the upper end | was = 1666 per cent. The j steel and hemp, each being fixed, and | permanent extension was — | strand consisting of 1 the lower end, 1:328 per cent. The re- | steel wire, No. 14, with to which the | turn = :33 per cent. The ' 6 yarns of tarred hemp, weight was sus- | number of revolutions, 21. each about No. 1l pended, being | | gauge. External di- allowed to re- | ameter, l-4”. (See Fig. volve. | No. 4, Plate No. 2). | Ditto (No. 4) | Ditto - - - 4,398 1˙9 Cable tested in| 654 | 1,176 | 1,947 | Not This cable was weighted to | horizontal ma- broken. 4:467 lbs. The extension | chine (see Plate before removing the weight | No. 1) both was = :946 per cent. The | ends being fixed. permanent extension was — i 866 per cent. The return = ‘08 per cent. Ditto (No. 4) | Ditto - - [4,398 1'9|Ditto - =| 654 | 2,140 | 3,924 — | Cable did not break with the | weight of 13,043 lbs = | 5,683 fathoms in length of | its weight in water. | ; 1 Ditto -|48398,1:9| Cable fixed be- |\8ft.4in.| 3,644 | 5,806 | 9,299 | Average of riments made uad) tween clamps. by Mais. isborne, Forde, and C. W. Siemens. Т | Ditto (No. 3) | Ditto, with 12 strands | 4,330 | 1:85) Cable suspended 10 419 794 Not | This cable was weighted to : of iron wire. External from triangle broken. | 1,787 lbs. The extension | diameter, 1,5,” inch. (see Plate No. 1), before removing the weight | the upper end was = '988. e perma- | being fixed, and nent extension was = °416 the lower end, to The return = :572. The | which the weight number of revolutions, 13.e. | was suspended, | being allowed to , revolve. Ditto (No. 3) | Ditto ] 4,330] 1°85) Ditto - = 10 198 748 | 4,989 | The splicing at top gave way, ; and the core was forced out | between the steel and hempen strands on their return (see Plate No. 9). 'The cable was then re-spli and broke with 11,311 Ibs. at the place where the core had been forced out. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 387 APPENDIX No. 9 continued. | E SES [EES 3827 eight 2 Length TE EFF 533 er | 5 | Modeinwhich experi- S8 f GESE EJ Name of Cable. | Description of Cable. p „ | Ges] Experiments me 8 5 FE $ 2 8 g^ » — › o ө in Air. | $$ were made. ая E 25-2 i | fF SA | ВЕРЫ | seen z 8 8 8 Ibs. Feet | Fms. | Fms. | Fms. Godefroy's - | Core of 7 strands of cop- | 1,211 | 1:9| Cable suspended | 20 | 2,653 — | 3,424 | The number of revolutions per wire No. 22, insu- from triangle = 1. | lated with 2 coatings (see Plate No. 1), of gutta-percha; out- the upper end side of which 22 steel being fixed, and wires No. 21, in close the lower end, parallel lines, insulated to which the with india-rubber, and weight was sus- covered with india- pended, being rubber waterproof can- allowed to re- vass. External dia- volve. meter . (See Fig. No. 9, Plate No. 3). | Ditto - Core of 7 strands of cop- | 1,903 | 1°4| Ditto - =| 20 | 2,596 | 3,500 | Not |The cable was weighted to per No. 22, insulated broken.| 1,787 lbs. The extension with india-rubber; out- before removing the weight side of which 22 steel was = *520 per cent. The wires No. 21, in close permanent extension was — parallel lines ; after- 182 per cent. The return wards insulated with = ‘338 per cent. The num- patent cocoa-nut gutta- ber of revolutions — 0. percha, and protected with 2 coats of india- rubber waterproof can- vass. External dia- meter 13". (See Fig. No. 8, Plate No. 3). Ditto Ditto - -]|1903|'4|Dito - - | 20 | 2,596| — | 3,309 The number ofrevolutions = 0. Silver and | Copper wire No. 16, in- 2,150 |2°8 Ditto - | 20 | 1,642 | 2,260, Not The number of revolutions. Co.’s. sulated with india-rub- broken.“ _ 0. ber, then served with tarred yarn, outside of which steel wires, gauge 21, in close parallel lines, and covered with platted hemp. External diameter, 14". (See Fig. No. 1, Plate No. 2.) Ditto - - | Ditto - s - - | 2,150 |2*8 | Ditto - - 20 1,832 — 3,213 | 'Thenumberofrevolutions — 0. Ditto - - | Ditto - - - - |2,150 |2*8 | Cable tested in 65} | 961 | 2,145 | 2,675 The number of revolutions Horizontal Ma- = 6. chine (see Plate No.1),ends being fixed. 1'35| Cable suspended 20 — 897 | Not | This cable was weighted to Hall & Wells, Core of 7 strands of copper No. 1. wires, No. 22, covered with tape and insulated | with 3 coatings of india- rubber, having between | the 2d and 3d coatings a layer of vulcanized thread covered with cotton, the insulator served with thin hempen twine, lapped spirally, with 4 tarred yarns and again 12 longitudinal tarred yarns or marlin lines. The outward covering made of hemp platting, with 12 longi- tudinal strands or mar- lin lines. External diameter, 144". (See Fig. No. 10, Plate No. 4). Ditto, No. 1 - | Ditto - - Б 5 Ditto No. 2 - | Same core closely served Ditto No. 2 - withthin tarred hempen twine, and 19 tarred longitudinal strands or marlin lines, and 8 lon- gitudinal steel wires, No. 16. The outer covering made of hemp platting. External di- ameter, 145". (See Fig. No. 11, Plate No. 4). Ditto - - — - 1,907 from triangle (see Plate No. 1), the upper end being fixed, and the lower end, to which the weight was sus- pended, being allowed to re- volve. 1,907 |1* 35| Ditto - - 2,577 | 1*6, Ditto - - 2,577 |1*6| Ditto - - broken. 2,256 lbs. The extension before removing the weight was = 3°80 per cent. The permanent extension of the cable, after removing the weight, was = 2°76 per cent. The return = 1°04 per cent, N of revolutions = 33. 20 760 | 1126 | 4,420 | This cable had been im- mersed in water during the night. The number of revo- lutions = 4. 20 1,830 = Not |The cable was weighted to broken.| 2,859 lbs. The extension before removing the weight was = ‘73 per cent. The permanent extension of the cable after removing the weight was = *36 per cent. The return = :37 per cent. The number of revolutions = 11. 20 2,499 — | 2,729 | Thenumberof revolutions = $. 3C 4 Digitized by Google APP. No, 9. No. 9. 388 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 9—continued. 2 aes 8 327 , Weight | 2 Length SER gee 87 bean] werben er Ons | ver E Anr | apal 32 8 DE 88 Remarks Name o е, ption o Mile, oz Experiments mented | © ii b 3 3 8 marks. TE тэш. | on, [EXPE 83-2 РЬ ЗЕ 88 855 gram J 0 8 IE Ibs. Feet | Fms. | Fms. | Fms. Hall & Wells, Core covered with india- | 1,568 |1۰9 | Cable suspended 20 | 2,120 — Not | The cable was weighted to No. 3. rubber, closely served from triangle broken.| 1,787 Ibs. The extension with 2 tarred thin yarns (see Plate No. 1), before removing the weight and 12 longitudinal the upper end was = * 416 per cent. he hemp lines, and 8 lon- being fixed, and permanent extension, after gitudinal steel wires the lower end, removing the weight, ==, 208 (4 No. 15 and 4 No. to which the percent. The return = · 208 14) in asheath of hem weight was sus- per cent. The number of platting. External di- pended, being revolutions = 0. ameter, 12". allowed to re- volve. Ditto No. 3 - | Ditto - - - - | 1,568 |1*9 | Ditto a E 20 2,437 | 4,525 | 5,597 | The number of revolutions i = 0. Siemens - | Сона-регсһа соге, co- | 1,705 |1°5 | Ditto - .[|9ft6in| — | 1,760 | Not | The cable was weighted to vered spirally with 56 broken. | 2,256 lbs. The extension strands of hemp, and i before removing the weight lapped with copper, was = 1:75 percent. The External diameter, % permanent extension after (See Fig. No. 19 removing the weight, =1°15 Plate 4). ; per cent. The return, = •60 per cent The number of revolutions = 14, Ditto - - | Ditto - "LT . | 1,705|1' 5 | Ditto — - 9 ft. 6 in.] 1,342 | 2,552 | Ditto. The splicing of the lower loop gave way. The number of revolutions — 1. Ditto [Ditto s = -| 1,705 {1°5 | Ditto 29 fit. 6 in.] 2,046 | 3,672 | Ditto. | The splicing again gave way. The number of revolutions = 1. Ditto Ditto — «=| 1,705 1˙5 | Ditto - -|9ft6in. 1,694 | 3,284 | Ditto. | The splicing gave way. Fur- ther experiments were stayed on finding that 2 strands in the upper loop had broken. The cable was weighted to 2,591 lbs. The number of revolutions = 0. Allen's No. 1| Core consisting of No. | 2,122|!°6 | Ditto - J Of | 1,519 — Not | The cable was weighted to ed spirally with steel before removing the weight wires, gauge 25, and was = °703 percent The coated with 3 thick- permanent extension of the nesses of gutta-percha, cable, after removing the and finished in cover- weight, was = 282 per cent. ing of platted jute, The return = '42 per cent. saturated with marine The number of revolutions paint. (See Fig. No. = 2. 5, Plate No. 3). Exter- Ditto - - | Ditto = = — - | 2,123| 1 6| Ditto - -| 20 ft 1,283 | 2,258 | 2,936 | The pem of revolutions Ditto (No. 2) | Ditto, but finished with | 1,961 |1°38| Ditto - œ 20 | 2,408 — Not The cable was weighted to too coats of india-rub- broken.| 1,787 lbs. "The extension ber waterproof canvass before removing the weight instead of the platted C E jute. External diame- permanent extension of the ter 33". (See Fig. No. cable was = *234 per cent. 6, Plate No. 3). ; The return = *443 рег cent. The number of revolutions Ditto [Ditto - -|1,61][1:38|Ditto - -| 20 | 2,022 | 3,373 | 4,698 The number of revolutions Ditto - Ditto -| — 1138 Cable tested in a 65 f. | 3,403 | 5,555 | 7,484 The number of revolutions horizontal ma- 6 in. = 0, chine, both ends being fixed.(See Plate No. 1.) Allen's No, 1 | Core of No. 12 copper | 1,351{1°3 | Cable suspended | 20 | 3,835 | 6,340 | 6,348 | The number of revolutions wire, covered with steel wires No. 25, and coated with 4 thick- nesses of gutta-percha, and finished in a coat of Godefroy's com- pound. External di- ameter, 14". (See Fig. No. 7, Plate No. 2 from triangle. (SeePlate No. 1), the upper end being fixed, and the lower end, to whichtheweight was suspended, being allowed to revolve. — 0. SUBMABINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 389 APPENDIX No. 9—continued. per wire, covered with gutta-percha,and served with waterproof tape ; next 15 longitudinal tarred hempen lines ; the whole served spi- rally with 3-twined iron wires (r ), and 3-tarred hempen strings. Exter- nal diameter 43. (See Fig. No. 13, Plate No. 4). Ditto 1,4307 | Ditto 509 11:26 Ditto 2 # Core of 7 strands of cop- per wire covered with gutta-percha; next 17 longitudinal tarred hempen lines served with similar sized cord of hemp. External diameter, fr”. (See Ditto No. 2 | Core of 7 strands of cop- | 1,430 | 1°7| Ditto ZEE 997 | 1,782 Not broken. — 636 5,300 | 8,124 | Not broken App. No, 9. | |ё 1З |sps laar tae 222 85 Weight = ! Length as 5 : er 8 A ш 82 Pa pr | É Mode in which experi- Mr Jr wm Namo of Cable. Description of Cable. ile с Experiments Nin | У E Ex 8 ж E 3 $c Remarks. г 282 in Air. = 5 were taken. ой si = e275 ) eas is SS Sm БЕСШ |5550 | = 8 2 j 4 lbs. Feet. | Fms. | Fms. | Fms. Sinnock’s Core of 7 strands of 2,695 1°4 | Cable suspended | 20 622 | 1,088 | Not The cable was weighted to No. 1. copper wire, ae a пш broken. p lbs. The eum with tta-percha, (See Plate No. 1), ore removing the weight served with, waterproof the upper cnd was = 1'664 percent. The tape; then 11 longi- being fixed, and permanent extension was tudinal thick marlin the lower end, to = 936 percent. The return lines, each consisting which the weight = ‘728 percent. The num- of 9 tarred yarns, was suspended, ber of revolutions = 14. served spirally with being allowed to , hempen string; the revolve. whole served with 2 turned iron wires and 3 tarred strings. External diameter, 1". (See Fig. No. 14, Plate No. 4). Ditto - . - | 2,695 | 1'4| Ditto " i — 463 | 2,855 | Thenumber of revolutions — 0. The cable was weighted to 1,787 lbs. The extension before removing the weight was = 1:3 per cent. ‘The permanent extension was = 1:04 percent. The return = °26 percent. The num- ber of revolutions = 14. 7,132 | The number of revolutions = 0. The cable was weighted to 1,251 lbs. The extension before removing the weight was = 1°404 per cent. Tbe permanent extension was = :832 percent. The re- turn = *572 per cent. The number of revolutions = 0. Fig. No. 15, Plate No. 5). | f Ditto - - - - 509 Mist Ditto - - — 5,908 | 16,982 | The number of revolutions = 0. - Б * = - 21си. — | Ditto s к 4,245 | — | 5114 Experiments made by Messrs. | Gishorne, Forde, and C. W. Ge is Si А - o. = ec. — Dito |- - 3,571 | 4,800 | 4,677 s ; Gibraltar core served | 2,029 '1°92) Ditto - 2 1,610 — Not | The cable was weighted to with waterproof tape, broken. | 1,787 lbs. The extension and 52 steel wires, gauge (No. 22), having | a slight spiral direction, and covered with tape and a composition of shellac and marine glue. External diame- -.. before removing the weight was = '468 per cent. The permanent extension was 364. The return = 104 per cent. The number of revolutions = 0. | | 1,119 aS 3,376 | The number of revolutions = 0. ter, 49”. (See Fig. 20, | Plate No. 6). | Ditto - - | Ditto - - - - | 2,024 192 Ditto - - 10 Hall & Wells, Core of 1 strand of No. | 1,599 1:4 | Cable fired be- 20 | The elongation | 10,510 Specimen 16 copper wires weighing : tween clamps. of the cable in No. 1. 64 lbs. per mile, insulated | | the experiment | with india-rubber weigh- | | | did not amount | ing 160 lbs. per mile. to 0° 5 per cent. | The core covered with 20 longitudinal strands Adan | | Experiments made by Messrs of hemp, steeped in pitch "Hal and Wells. and cork dust, and 8 steel | wires, No. 14 gauge, | braided together with 24 strands of hemp satura- ted with best Stockholm tar. External dia- meter, “. | Ditto, Core of 7 strands of No. | 1,619 85 Ditto = — И II 20 | Ditto ~ - ! 11,635 Specimen 21 copper wire weighing No. 2. 105 lbs. per mile, insula- ted with india-rubber weighing 200 lbs. per mile. The core covered with 20 longitudinal strands of hemp steeped in pitch and cork dust, and 8 stcel wires No. 15 gauge, braided together with 24 strands of hemp | saturated with best Stockholm tar. External diameter, 3". | U n | | mE | ш | ا | BE { | | — ——— сә е, App. No. 9. Experiments on the elas- ticity of steel, fron, and copper wires, and tarred hempen strands. 390 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 9—continued. EXPERIMENT on the ELASTICITY of COPPER W IRE. Diameter of Wire, 1/32 inch. Length, 100 inches. Weight. Triangle.) Elongation. Return. inch. inch, 0156 0156 03125 °03125 *0625 *0625 0625 0625 0625 0625 0625 * 0625 *0625 *0625 *0625 “0625 0625 0625 0625 0625 125 „03125 156 0625 4375 * 0625 l: *0625 1°75 *0625 2°0625 °125 4° 0625 5° °125 6°5 . 5 8° *09375 9:75 *0625 15-0625 * 156 15.187 “156 broke down. EXPERIMENTS on the ELASTICITT of STEEL, IRON, Permanent (On Elongation. and COPPER WIRES, and TarrED Hemp STRANDS. STEEL.* Diameter of Wire, 2 25"/32. Length, 100 inches. Weight. Elongation. Return. inch. inch. ۰0 °0 0 0 0 0 03125 03125 0625 0625 25 09375 1875 1406 25 1875 3125 21875 375 2719 * The steel taken from Gibraltar cable No. 4. Permanent Elongation. 0 °0 ۰0 ۰0 0 03125 04657 0625 *0977 * 1031 IRON. Diameter of Wire, 2*25/32". Length, 100 inches. | . Permanent Weight. Elongation. Return. Elongation. inch. inch. Ibs. d Йй й 7 ° 0 e. 4 A 0 14 `0 0 0 28 0625 0625 0 56 0625 0625 ۰0 112 :125 "125 b 336 -9815 1724 1091 T The iron wire was taken from Gibraltar cable No. 3. COPPER. Diameter of Wire, 4 257/32. Length, 100 inches. ura: ; Permanent Weight. Elongation. Return. Elongation. lbs. | inch. inch. 7 “0 | “0 0 14 *03125 | 03125 0 28 0625 0625 0 56 09375 09375 0 112 125 125 0 168 -1875 | 125 0625 224 875 0625 8125 336 | 7°75 | *0625 7°6875 HEMP.t Diameter of Strand, 7”/32. Length, 100 inches. Number of Yarns, 6. Diameter of yarn, 2/32. ; А Permanent Weight. Elongation. Return. Elongation. ]bs. inch. | inch. 7 *03125 *03125 °0 14 25 ! 25 “0 28 °75 | 625 125 56 1:5 * 563 * 937 112 2°0625 *563 1:502 168 3:25 — — 224 9:5 1° 2:5 336 4*25 1°218 3:032 і The hemp taken from Gibraltar cable No. 3, and had been tarred and steeped in water before experiment. CoMPARISON of the ELONGATION, RETURN, and PERMANENT ELONGATION of the Materials used to form the - Conductor and the outer Covering of Cables. ——— ee —— eA a a A TE ITED | RD | ES TE ED Elongation. Permanent Elongation. ! | | | APPENDIX N°9. Plate N°1. » THE MEANS ADOPTED ОМ AND TWIST OF NTED UPON. yest of the Cable indicated by A „tinnen ° pen the Dise vim the centre ol lhe lop of vented by ho lor. bhy, {stun tilted li lhe distance of thr Discs necesi ef rd alloteet aint. 5j dL П 4 ME | > = i 17 7717 4 ‘ot HE. ' — 2 4 - GEM. 2 "TP — | vw sw S "el n аа: Vs.. 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Y TEA x „ „„ „ "LIP TET a_ Core ol 7 strands of copper wire covered with Gutta percha. 17 Tarred longitudinal hempen. lines. C Serung of hemp. 5 APPENDIX N?9. Plate N? 5. L. CLARK'S ig. № 10.0% — is = چچ SSS‏ —— — — — — чы” — — — _ а. Core off Zstrumts of copper wire covered with with Gutta percha . b. Steel wires. c. covering of tarred hempen lines. Fig N°17. a- Core covered with Gutta percha b. Serving of Tape and hemp C. Steel wires d Covering of canvas and marine glue У ваа мах Е LM ILIA Ро duy ppn p spuras lin, „ р Aapa pu / SAL ун LE ДА pn, n ^ Gs oN 9T, 8.894908 — — ALN VICK Sida V Llp thd I 2 APO Dult? АРЦ) 1 , , Ng . Jnd capul мли dod) = lc oN Sta 8.582890 0H мш) e JP PPN орко? DY MD JO PILI) Мн; д үү М л PONG EC adn) „4 Pun. nog 7.10 ) T 7) р) OG oN Sof ES hS 3 UAL 11111) "SALAM 42215 JL AMY) — —ü—ü—à TTS GIN SH SNOQHOO A ny Mal D111) 0 ДЯ ОТГ. 7 n) n dont) v б NP ШШ Шш» سس‎ S. as E. 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OT 95. | 28-1 ос. 00-0F | 19-96 | 00-02 5 = ‘op 0 06.1 |19.1| &б = £8 OSZ. | ОЧ. ‘uMOUX ION £6۰6 521 85 I 00.92 29.98 OS. 28 = = | mos 00} пәшпзәй ‘usouy JON 29.6 | 46:6 | 66 O "pois? | opdums pgz yuajed 5зәдо pue posa] | c8 | 00-1 | 08. | 5929 | ors | rge“ 9F-G | Zbl Cz. 08 · 46 | 00-45 81.81 | 88889. 11 - = - — taea 151.11 = 2. 18.691 'Á[uo pues дәййогу 18 91 — paie[no[vo JON q "| Sh FI 092.9 [88 · 6 28 · 5 571.9228 . G - » ^ | * = = 29· 8 06 c чәәлр 08 " Ө or Loc‘! I7 I'I 00-¢% | 06.6 8. GLEF. 4 | 00.6 GLE "op ЧУ оа о по Suny sud 64 н € O9c'c Log‘t o£ 11 9.15 | 9B 82. 06.2 00.4 GL.8€ 0P pe od 'sdoo[ Ф 2 ш du po[oo o10) |82724| “ “ "poje[no[uo JON 00-#1 - = OS - 29 e = "pasa o|[dutvS рс ʻəaoqe sv oureg "nj 2 -sqnop Аләл uonvZuo[q | 94 0c. | Oc. 9cg'c #831 т“ 409.98 | Gt. 00° OF-6 08 +9 04۰7 9£.£ [STL | Punodmoo oprsjno moya 2100 Aung 19.8 [48.861 92 GIS. | 06. 9vt'c #954 ELOT 60-6 OF- 96° 0€. 79 00-CF 94.88 03. 7122.88 L. l él iet | = |с6.6 00.9 = 89.8 [486 29.8 81 t 4 “ 009‘¢ EELE oog'c 0с. r9. It. 00-04 29. 97 00.96 "op yg 00 84 Sq A oog | ggg | oog'c 16-1 os- 06. 00.04 | 29.9} | 00-¢¢ ‘op ws оа 2 52 NIA А ооо | ooo ooo'g £I-6 9t. 6с. 00. 92 00.04 0.45 ‘op чә 00 04 “ а оо?“ сод“ o 08.1 rc. те. 09. 29 00.CF | 92 · S8 ор чс опа 697989, FF-8 | OG. | ооо) | ooo | ооо 01.8 HE Lb. 00. 92 | 00.09 0. 46 "Psy dung yp — '0Aoqv st oureq ‘ON (Csoyoupcsowouf| ceu Sur “SULT sn) IN | "yn |N) | Nn | ‘ON [ON | ON | s9 | вт) | Nn | Nan | Le | 822) s a 4 КЕЕ a -c-4 — 1 aet yug G- aH k - Q Up — 2 — 2 PT 3 Q A Еу „ „ Е ЕЕЕ Е ЕЧ врзаа 3 © © | c , © : r rn © O — . - | . - ~ = "^ г. | г. 5 2 S =: E "ureng |Zuryearg| Surqeoig| meng |2urqveig Saryeaig| ‘ureng Surqeoig Зич: = f e д, 8 н z] + ә dut» B 3 Q @ jSurpvoig| oq oq |Suryeoig| oy} oq jSuryverg) ә) eq А ЧА "TH iix 5 ‘SHUVKAY M 3 E J 2, ©, £ £f £ 7 E & "Su11940;) 193n() 2 Q — 2 — e — o = g FM 1010], jo daquiny Jo MPM ‘Sty до ‘ILIA NI IN3TVAIQ0;[ NU TES AE ‘атат do WLONTULG шоху I моя A AO NOLLYOIAIO3AS 121$ IO 35YINSGO-T(T Lar JJ. !!: RR M LL е panuiuoo—so|qv;) ondvasSo[o], eurieung jo 5и1ләло,) IMO jo 0F PEUS JAVI ou Sururutipjop лоу ‘suawaig "AX O PUL әрло рив ousoqstyy ‘sassoyy Aq opvur squourriod xy Jo 0034 V ‘panurjuoI—(| ON XIGNAdAYV ра 294 uM APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THF Apr. No, 10. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. RxsuLTS of EXPERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and FORDE and C. W. SIEMENS for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of SuBMARINE TELEGRAPHIC CABLES. mre — Breaking do. —1'07 Memo.—Elongation doubt- А WEIGHT TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. |Equiva- ent f jos Weight. Length, El ti ie 0 . g n ongation. ; th Experi- of Specimen, and No.| Time. * Tempe-| Insu-| Con- In i for REMARKS. ment. Sample tested. on Sample rature lation. | tinuity. n weight e- 0 : in E Off. Cable. tween | Plus. Minus. Water. P. P. | P. P. | Air. Water. Water. Clamps. 115 | n5 f H. M. Cota. Cwts.| Cuts. Ims. | Ins. | Ins. g ° | В Cuts. | Coots. | Fms. 1859: à . June17 | No.1. (Iron and Hemp.) | 1| 227 1.00 — | 10°00 | 100°00 | 0°00 — 65 0 21°64 | 12763 | 800 Outside diameter 75 | 2 28 1700! — | 20°00 10 °10 — — ; Р — — 1,600 inch. 3| 30 !1°00| — | 80°00 *95 | °5 — — — = — — 2,401 1st Sample tested. 4 39 | 550 — | 35°00 355 00 — — E 3 — — 2,501 [ Breaking strain. b 34 1°00 = 45°00 40 15 == == 2 — = — 3,601 46°67 45 — — — Ф © = = 3,734 | =$ Breaking strain. 6 36 25 — | 47°50 „50 10 — — 5 5 — — 3,501 7 38 '25 | — | 50°00 65 15 — — - © — — 4,001 8| 4|—|—| — 70 | | — | — 2 8 — — = 9 40 25 — | 52°50 77 07 — S 9 © — — 4201 10 49 25 — | 55°00 85 °08 — — D = — — 4,401 11 44 | 25 — | 57°50 | 101-00 | »15 — = E S == | — | 4601 12 46 25 — | 60°00 20 °20 — — o Ф — — 4,801 13 63 | 25 — | 62°50 40 20 — — = c — | — | §,001 14 55 25 — | 65°00 55 15 —| — 2 z — | — | gao 15 57 25 — | 67°50 75 20 — — — — 5. 401 10 300 25 — | 70°00 75 *00| — — — — | gor | Broke at clamp; three | strands broke. Hemp ap- 3 | peared to be slightly in- | Jured previous to testing. July1]| No. 1. 45 Hon ине 1 | 11 30 | 1°00 — | 10°00 100 00 00 — n | 4 21°64 | 12°63 800 3 ned. tside 2. | | diameter 75 inch. 2 as Е c, 1°90, — 20 0 08 °08 = | | = x 1,602 2d Sample tested. 322g 1:00} — | 30°00 71 +09] — | [Кы ые} ло s EGEE 10% — 40-00} 30 18 — ze | — | 3200 | 5 8 85 f “50 | — | 45°00 — — — | — — 3,001 | Drew in clamps. 25° ||| | 1 1°00 | — 1000 10000 00 — | | | 21°64 | 12'63 8oo | Continued July 1st. 2 1°00 | — | 20°00 07 07 — — — 1,600 3 1°00 | — | 30°00 °18 11 — | — | — 2,4c0 4 1°00 | -- | 40°00 9} 11 — | — — | 3,200 . 6| g |10| — 5000 43 14 — — | — | o» 6 2 50 — | 55°00 554 | °11 — m A 4,401 7 £ 25 — | 67°50 °60 | °06 — — ES 4,610 8 B 25 — — — — — — — — Drew in clampe. Ф 1 d 1 B 1°00 | — | 10°00 | 98°00 | 00 — | | 21°64 , 12°63 800 | Continued same day. | 2 2 |1001 — |2000| 05 0 — | | — | — | 1,600 3 а 1°00 | — | 30°00 11] 03 — | aT d s 2,400 4 © 1:00| — | 40°00 18 °07 — ji | — 258 3.200 5| & [1500] — | 50°00 27 09 — | — | — | 4осо e| 5 Бо | — | 55°00 30 63 — — — | 4,401 7 4 50 — | 60°00 36 °06 — — — 4,801 | Continued. 8 2 25 — 62 50 45 °09 — — — 8, oo 1 9 © '25 | — | 65°00 “61 | °16 — — — $,201 | Continued same day. 10 Ë 25 — | 67°50 80 19 — — — | 5.401 11 на 951 — | 70°00 | 99707 27 — == — 5,601 12 * 25 — | 72°50 311 24 — — — | asa 13 E '25 — | 75°00 55 °24 — -- — 3,001 14 = 25 — | 77°50 — — — | — — 3,201 | Drew in clamps. 1| 2 (1500) — [1000|10000| 0 — 21°64 | 12°63 | 8oo | Continued same day. 2| 5 |ro», - | 20-00 04] 04 — || — — | 1,600 3 „Ы 1:00, — | 30°00 *16 | °12 — — — 2,400 4 9 1°00 | — | 40°00 23 07 — | | | — — 3,200 5| E 1.00 — | 50°00 |1] — MET Же — | 4000 6 1°00 | — | 60°00 "41 | °07 — Tested in Air. 6 — — 4,801 A 7 *50| — | 65°00 '48 °07 — | | — | — §,201 8 „50 — | 70°00 556 °07 — — — 5. 61 Drew in clamps. 9 25 — 7200 — — — — — — | Continued. July 5 - - -| 1 = 1°00 | — | 10°00; 70:00, 00 — 21°64 12 63 8oo | Clamps refitted and tesis 2 == 1°00 | — | 20°00 04 °04 — | — — 1,600 continued from 1st inst. 3| — 1.00 — | 30°00 10 8| — | „ one 4 = 1°40 | — | 40°00 17 07 — — — 3. 200 5 = 50 — | 45°00 20 °08 — | — — 3,601 6 = 25 — | 50°00 25 °05 — | | — — 4.001 7 — „25 — 5250 27 02 — — — 4,201 8 — 25 — | 55°00 28 01 — ; — — 4.401 9 — 25 — | 57°60 311 03 — 5 i; — — 4.601 10 — 25 — | 60°00 33 02 — i — | — أ‎ Bor 11 = 25 —- | 62°50 34 01 — | — — Ü ool 12 = 25 — 65 00 86 02 — — — 3.201 13 — 25 — | 67°50 40] 4 — „ cen Gigi 4} — 25 — 70.60 44 04 — e ca gp em [se бет 15| — 25 — | 72°50 Бо | +66] — || — — g RoI 16 = 25 — и "БӘ | °09 — | | — — 6,002 | Slipped in clamps. 1 — 1°00 | — | 10°00; 70°00 | °00 — | t| 21°64 12763 8oo | Continued same day. 2 — |ro| — | 20°00 05 *05| — | | — — | 1,600] Clamps refitted and tests 3 — 1°00) — | 30°00 10 05 — ME DES 3,400 | continued same day. ‘ E colon ro. Жу es | е s | % | 3 Breaking sb 42* а = — | ; — р 3.402 | = ing strain. 5 = 1°00 | — | 50°00 °25 | °08 — | i | | سس م س‎ 4.001 ' | 56°67 29 — — ' 1 س‎ — 4,532 | =} Breaking strain. 6| — | 1°00 | — | 60°00 1] 086 — I — -- 4.8 7 РӘ 50 — | 65°00 36 05 — — — 8.201 8| — 50% — 70.00 40 94 — — — | 1 | 9 — 50 — | 75°00 49 09 — | — — 6,002 10 — 25 — | 77°50 58 °09 — | | س‎ 6.302 111 — 25 — | 80:00 5| 07 — — | 6402 12| — 95 — | 82°50 75| 10| — | ۱ ES | — | 6,602 | Broke fair. This specimen | clamped six times. 13| — 951 — | 85°00} — — — |) — | — | 6,802 | Right strands broke. | | Per-centage of Elongation: Safe strain = 2 per cent. | Ma. do. = 41 „ ful specimen clamped six times. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. Date Description Experi- Of Specimen, and ment. Sample tested. 1859. June 20| No. 3. (Hemp and Jron.) 1 Outside diameter 75 2 inch. 3 1st Sample tested. 7 ` 5 6 7 8 9 10 ll 12 13 14 July 4 | No.2. (Ironand Hemp.) | 1 Outside diameter 75 2 inch. 8 2d Sample tested. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 June 18| No.3. (Hemp and Iron.) | 1 Saa diametër 75 inch. 2 1st Sample tested. 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 13 June 24| No.3. (Iron and Hemp.) | 1 Outside diameter °75 | 2 inch. 8 2d Sample tested. : 6 7 8 9 10 11 : 13 18 14 June18| No.3. (Hemp and Steel.) 1 Outside diameter 75 2 inch. 8 1st Sample tested. : 6 7 1 3 8 4 5 6 7 8 9 | 10 н. м. |Cwts.|Cwts. About опе minute between each additional weight. 11| 1111111 on — © LLL ELLE LL IL T 1011 e o سم ی ص‎ SHA Aboutone minute between each ad litional weight. 1°00 1°00 1:00 °50 „г 8 pad pnd керни = 223 = = о С ATIII ERE ELLE ELLE LT 101011 — M ESS S888 2552282 (111111 8 | — ——2—2— — е SSSSS SSS | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. TESTS FOR STRENGTH. 11| ГІ LETT LL T g 1g | |11 2888888 8 8 888 5 1! 1 | 22 ЕТТЕГІ КЕЕ 883888888 8 111111 “22% sz222229$z — e ook 223 € SIRTSIESRESSS SSSS SSS 888888 28888 8 8888 8888 28S SSS SS SS 2 5 SSSS SS 8888888 E] © „ё ооо o o ө * ® e & 9229225 Length | Elongation. - Tempe- | Insu- of Sample be- tween | Plus. Clamps. Ins Ins 100 00 — 15 15 35 20 39 — 53 18 101-01 | °48 21 — 40 39 °63 °23 80 17 102 00 20 20 20 40 20 58 °18 °70 12 90 20 100 ° 00 °00 °16 °16 *85 “19 *41 — °66 31 86 — 90 24 101780 40 95 65 102 15 20 82 17 47 15 77 °0 100 00 00 35 85 25 Ee 100°00 *00 °10 10 20 10 35 15 * 4 °10 60 15 75 15 85 10 10115 30 382 17 75 43 10220 45 50 °30 100°00 *00 *08 °08 28 20 88 10 51 13 60 09 68 08 80 12 °96 °16 101°18 °22 "47 | °29 °58 °11 "1| °18 100°00 | °00 °15 °15 33 18 56 23 77 21 101°05 28 4¹ 86 100 00 | 0°00 10 10 “98 | 18 “40 | °12 °56 | °16 °63 da 734 17 °83 10 °95 *12 101*10 15 50 40 *56 | °06 Minus.| Water. 1 LTP PUPP Pd bred Prbd dtr re dred CE ТРТ талл! LLT LL g badd Ў ELROTRICAL TESTS. Соп- rature lation. tinuity. of Tested in Water. 5 ы $$ g g . o o = аа * E > = | gjg я 2 2 = © о ї | 8/8 Ез Ф E 23 ж d o o 2. e T. in Air. | | | | E tale ext E 8 — — E — — Tested in Air. | | | ` (| 20°65 | | WEIGHT per Knot. | Equiva- B ent in Depth for In In Weight " in P. P.] p.p. | Air. (Water. water. eee e АСА E — с pá co ©© о = "б * ы an ч т! 11111111111 111 3 PETIT Erbe ИИИ ЕЕ е ea ЕЛА 3 ELLE EL ELLE 1g 101 ' o LIITIN x | A 2 oo w 6 4 REMARKS. + Breaking strain. 1 Breaking strain. Broke very fal seven strands in dito nt places. Core not much indented. = Breaking strain. =} Breaking strain. Broke fair; eight strands broken. of cable ht be gr Ete Dus Scale not properly fixed; elongation not certain. Recommenced. =} Breaking strain. =f Breaking strain. Stretched rapidly and broke near centre of trough ; four strands broke. Core twisted apparently in con- sequence of short lay. Elongation doubtful; speci- men clamped twice. =} Breaking strain. =$ Breaking strain. Fairly broken; five strands parted at different places. Gave in clamps; specimen uninjured; to be continued. Continued 20th June. Test continued from Satur- day 18th June 1859. =} Breaking strain. =4 Breaking stra n. 3D 4 996 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Apr, No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. w. Siemens, for the ll дош of arriving at the best ſorm for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables — contin | ; | | TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. vet EE Bodies. | ) ent Date Description in . 7 : Weight. Length | Elongation. Depth " of of Specimen, and No. Time, | "ET ass ngt | ES empe- Insu- | Con- In | qa |, for REMARKS. ment. Sample tested. ae: ч * "ue lation.| tinuity. Weight , - in zur от. Cable. tween | Plus. Minus.] Water. P. P. P. P. Air. Water. Water. | | : | | Clamps. | ا ن اا س‎ m, . ЕЕ. 4 — H. M. 9 о Cwts. | Cwts. | Fms. June 18 No. 3. (Hemp and Ste) 11 = = 50 — | 20-6 65 | 10°75 | 8,010 сона e diameter 75 1а ЕРЕ — 92 · 50 70 10 ae j Tested in Air. | * pues Е ч 2 7 ^ 26 ! — ' ; 14 acl — 80*00 *90 | °20 -- — ,£39 ы з two strands near 1st Sample tested = E 7 lamp, and one in middle ә BS Core very much twi === | Three more strands broke. E З Core more twisted and in- dented. Core to be tested under pressure, Memo.—Elongation doubtfd, t. being twice KE 14 | | Cwts.|\Cwts.| Cwts.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins. + е — | 85°00 | 102°05 49 50 — 9000 60 55 25 o. 8. (Steel and Hemp.) | 1| 5 27 | 1°00) — | 10°00 | 100°00 | +00 — 20°65 | 10°75 942 ans ба Outside diameter 78 2 32 |2:00| — | 30°00 "4| 4 — — — 2,827 ' : РА 47°50 75 — — -- — | 4416| =} Breaking strain, Sample tested. 2°00 | — | 50°00 80 42 — -- — 4,712 E р 4 36 1°00 | — | 60°00 | 101'13 "204 — — == 5,054 63'38 95 | — — — — £,969 | = Breaking strain. 5 38 50 — | 65°00 *28 *15 — — — 6,125 6 40 50 — | 70°00 42 14 — — -- 6,597 7 43 50 — | 75°00 66 | 24 — Tested in Air. 4| — -- 7,008 8 AL "25 — | 77°50 71 11 — — — 7,304 9 46 "95 | — | 80°00 °97 20 — — — 7,539 10 48 "25 | — | 82°50 102 15 18 — — -- 7.775 11 50 "95 | — | 85°00 37 22 — — -- 8,010 12 52 "95 | — | 87°50 '65| 28 — -- -- 8,246 13 54 | ‘25| — | 90°00 103-00 35 — — — | 8,481 14 56 25 — | 92°50 30 30 — -- — 8,717 15 58 "95 | — | 95°00 — — — — == 8,053 - strands broken, Very air. t on] 1 25) — | 28010000 — | — E | 11°70 | 3°36 | 754 | Nota fair test, two or three June 17} Ne Оша е 2 | | Е 23 of the strands being pre- inch. © | C = oer cut FE * lo tested. 2| + 235 — 5°00 | 99'55| — *05 — = 1, ntraction о ö 1st Samp 3 = *35 гй 7°50 | 100°00 05 NA al E | a ume 2,261 sample consequent on con- o *12 | E 5 | traction of hemp iu water. „id 8*75 40 2 | 2,638 | = 4 Breaking strain. 4| 8 50 — [12:50 45 | *45| — 5 5 : = = 3,708 | 11°75 cwts. = 3543 fathoms = JA" 25 — | 15°00 60 15 — E os | & — Е 4,522. {$ Breaking strain. ; E : 228 — | 17°50 15 12 — ри 8 | E — m. 5,220 "06 | — | 17°86 18 -- › go = з 8.404 8 E 06 | — | 17°62 | 101*00 10 — 3 "E 3 „= x 5,653 | Broke several strands near R 22 5 2 + clamp. mol not —— 2 — | 5151| — |-| | 3 22 | x — 2 and apparen 5, R- — 25 | 12°62 | 102°00 | 1 — ed 8 — = — | Core pricked with piece of = 5 © iron, and . М with 111 2 — 236 1006 — — — а т -- — — galvanometer, which - 12 2 — | 866| 7500 — — — = > — — — showed defl 13 2 00 — 8°10 | 105°10 3-10 — E: — — — As core stretched insulation — Б, 06! — 8°70 | 100785 | 1'75| — = — — — e perfect, ® — | °06| 8°10 | 10750 *75| — 2 zh И ie 16 z — | — | 8°10] 108-00 51 — » — — — | Core not broken. Continu- ity and insulation perfect. No. 5. (Outside iron | 1 — 1'00 | — | 10°00 | 100°00 | — — | 23°80 | 11°80 889 duy? — , жы дар n ~ -- '50| — | 15°00 57 04 — || f -— — Yee rcha.) Out- -- '50| — | 20°00 = 06] — | -- — 1,719 | : Side „ diameter “875 А i NM Mic | 1 әй я Was 1 у. 1 Breaking strain. inch za a — | 30°00 н *18 — А 2 -— -= , 1st Sample tested. 37°67| 2 — | — Tested in Air, — | — | 3151 | = Breaking strain. 5| — 100 — | 0 50| 99|] — — — | 3437 , - — 50 — | 45°00 "65 | 15|] — — -- 3,867 — 50 — | 50°00 °96 31 -- -— -- 4297 8 — 50 — |5500) — . | — | — | +726 | Broke fairly near clamp; all 12 wires. Core apparently uninjured, except at break. No. 5. (Outside iron | 1| 325 100 — | 10° 00 10000 °00 — 70 108 1 23°80 | 11°80 859 А July 15) “wires covered with 2 29 |r0| — 20, 0| 0 0 — — -|-7|""| * og C 9975 25*00 16 з 8 e r . me LI а шоһ. ке 3 31 |1:00| — | 80°00 - 121 — — PAN -- — | 2,578 | = Breaking strain. e А 33°33 "1 2 2 p 4 33 — | 85°00 *30 08 — — 3 2 — — 3,008 | — $ Breaking strain. 5 35 50 p» 40°00 "40 10 — — u - 1 — — 3:437 6 37 | — | °50 | 35-00 او‎ — 34 — 5 5 — — = 7 89 == 50 80°00 34 — 03 cra E E Gan — _- 8 41 | — |1'00| 20°00 8 — 06| — ә” | که‎ -- — — 9 43 | — |1'00| 10°00 20 — "08| — 5 E — — = 10 47 |1'00| — | 20°00 25 05|] — — = E -- — 1,709 11 49 |1'00| — | 30°00 "341 °09 — — o o — — 2,578 12 51 | :50| — | 35°00 37| | — = بم | بم‎ — — | 3,008 13 53 50 — | 40°00 42| °05 -—- -- — — 3.437 е — — — | 45'00 58 213 — -- — — 2585 '25 | — | 47°50 65 | '10| — -- — -- 4,082 16 59 95| — [5000] — 2 da; a |. — = 4,297 | All broke, core included. | | | June 28| No. 6. (Бам and Heap) 1| 2385 |1'00 — |10:00| 900| 00 — [Г | 96-80 13°80 738 i Wright and Co. Out- 2 1°00 | — |2000| 13 18 — — | — | 1470| Specimen laid up by hand, ced diameter 87 : E den — | 30°00 “97 | *14 — | — — 2,204 ch. P Lx — | 40*00 “45 18 — m — 2,939 1st Sample tested, 5| 828 |ro| — |5000| 58 13 — — | =i EE 56°25 68 — — — — 4,225 | = } Breaking strain. - E M — | 60*00 18 16); — — — Ms А — 65 00 83 °09 — : 1 — хра 4, 5 52 * 50 — 70*00 90 07 — Tested in Air. — ла Д 5,144 | ‚ 9| 22 50 — | 75°00 97| 07 — -- — 8.811 | = 3 Breaking strain. 10 a | | — | 80°00] 9703| *06| — -- — | $8 п 25 S| — |8250) ml 0| = кай (ot Ab Mele di z "95 | — | 85:00 u| 2| — -— locu A Bae үс elongatipn : 13 ri 28 — | 87°50 144 03; — -- — 6,429 е m 14 z 28 — | 90°00 20 061 — — — 6,013 i Do. do, =1°01 *95 — 92°50 *95 *05 es = — 6,797 do. 31°61 Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE 397 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. No. 10, Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. | | WEIGHT TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. | per Knot. |E uiva- en Date Description | . | in of | of Specimen, and No. Time. Weicht. | "Leneth |, Blongation, | | Depth REMARKS. Experi- Strain of Tempe- Insu-: Con- In In for ment. Sample tested. Sauiple rature lat ion. tinuity.: Weight of e sd lois Minus.| Water. ‚Cla mps. | Р.Р. Р.Р. | Air. |Water. Water. | | Put | | ud Cable. ———— —— ——— | н. M. |Cwts. — Cute, - Ins. | Ins. Ins | 2 » Cots. | Cuts. Fma. 1859: June 28 No.6. (Steel and Hemp.) | 16 8.4 2 25 — |95°0' »30 o| — | 26°80 13°8 "Ro 6.987 Wright and Co. Out- K ee” 25 — 97°50 °82, 02 — | m | 9,164 side diameter ‘87 394 25 — 100-00 377 0 — = ВЫ 7.348 inch. 19 E 28 25 — 02.50 4 36 — Tested in Ai — р 6 1st Sample tested. 20 2 8 =| 25 — 10300 Hi „% — ested M AUT ш — 7, 99 21 T 25 — 10730, 419, *05 — | — — 8,083 | 22 838 Е) 25 — 110.00 i 55 | *06 — | za — 8,266 23 2 еи РИ wm | EF ш em | 8,450 Broke in clamp from excess | | | (Specimen very Ж | | | | badly laid up) by hand. | | June 17| No. 7. (Iron and Hemp.) | 1| 342 |1:00| — |10°00] 10000: 0'00) — | 26°80 | 13°80 35 Mr. Wel ht, covere 44 — — | "95 | °5 — a | 9 — = Specimen laid up by hand. by hand. "Outside, 2| 4 | 1:00! — | 20°00 101-05, 0 — lg |3 |£ — | | 1470! ! diameter °87 inch. 8 48 “бо | — | 25°00 85 20 — E. S = — — 1.837 1st Sample tested. 4 50 50 — | 30°00 10200; 151 — as z: = — — 2, 204 5 62 50 — 35.90 15 10 — | 98 | 25 | £5 — — Í 3,571 37°50 20 — — S 2 Se | үг — — 2,758 | =} Breaking strain. 6; او 10.00 — | | و‎ % — ea | ee | ge | — — 2,939 7 56 ‘60 — | 45°00 | 50 25 — S = © 25 = 3,306 ! 8 58 23 — 47 50 | — | — — - e © — — 3,499 9| 400 :35| — | 50°00 *05 13 — ‘ 7. 7. — — 3,074 | =$ Breaking strain. | 10 2 | 25 س‎ | 53°50, — | — — | — — 3,858 | Drew in p (to be con | l | | | | | tinued). t | June 30 . . — 1 1.00 | = | 10°00 | 100°33 | 0°00 | — (|) | 6°80 | 13°80 535 | Continued 30th June. FEES ce ен | m ‘ а 7 4 i yd P EX , ` | $ E 50 15) — — | | — — — | =} Breaking strain. | 4 2 : | 1°00 | — ' 40°00 20 18 — | — — 2,939 È | b E 1-00 — 50.600 59 юр — — — 3,074 ' =$ Breaking strain. | A 2s m = ые D %% — | — — 3.858 n 22 2535 — ИТ °80 13 — 4 А А " — — 4.041 8 rr 25 — |5750| суз! 12 — | Tested in Air. 4 — — ne 9 | on | 25 | — | 000 102:00 | °14 — | | | | — — 4^4 10 8 8 "25: — 62.50) 20 14 — | — — 4,592 11 | 8 | *35 — 64°00 | *98 ۰03 — | | | | ERE — 4.776 12 3 25 | — 7°50 38 ‘lol — — س‎ 4.960 13 3 25 — | 70°00 50, °12) — | | — — 8.144 14 < 25 — | 72°50 65 18 — — | — 8.327 15 5 — Fw; — — | m, U — | — 8.511 Broke ten strands, three | | | inches frum clamp; outer | i | | | | covering only unravelled | | | | about two feet back after | | | | | break. | | | | Core not so much indented | | | as with singlestrands steel | | | | wire. | ! Elongation „ | | | i being twi | | une 17| No. 8. (Iron and Hemp.) 1 2 50 — | 5°00 10000 | — | — 20:29 | 13°95 369 | Specimen merely straight- "ne ри diameter 875 2| 9 25 : == 7:50 — — — | — — $53 ened. 1st Sample tested. 4 Р, 50 — | 15°00) — | — — = d = — — 1,106 5 S3 „50 — | 20°00, — = = » E 8 = — 1,475 Memo. Breaking strain 0| EZ , 50 — | 25°00 15 15 — = BE: È — — 1,844 and 3 breaking strain TI 2-а 50 | — |3000) 20 3 — © 8s 3 == — 2,212 not taken out, the 8 sg „50 — 3500 25 °07, — E 2 S — — 2,581 sample not being ° Zs 50 س‎ 9.0 39 05 — ә * 8 — — 2,950 broken. 10 S. 50 — | 0 5; 10 — 5 в 5 = — | 3318 dz 46°25! 86 — — g $ | 8g = e P 1| s3 50 — | 50°00 10 s — | 'Z ve с — | — | 368) ° 12; 2 50 — | 55°00 50 °05 — 8. o o ~ — 4,056 13 Ei „50 — | 60°00 65 15 — Un A Z, — — 4,425 P 25 62°50 | o = a = „боо Not broken, ma оррагев parently 14 *2. — 5 90 25 — — — 4. * | * un injured. lipped in MIN =e June 20! No.8. (Iron and Hemp.) | 1 | 1-00} — 1000 | 100°00 | — — 26°29 | 13°76 937 Outside diameter °875 | 2 1-00 | — | 20°00 22 22 — — — 1,478 n Te 3 1 00 — 90 Hi *18 — — — 2,212 Sample 4 1 — Е °15 — — — 2,950 К 48°25 | 71 — — | — — — =3} Breaking strain. 5| 3 |100| — 50% 80 25 — — — | 3,687 7 8 50 — 00 00 | 101-10 al = | EE Бу, 8 50 — 00 1 °20 — | — — 4-42 * ' 61°67 | 18] — — | — — — : Breaking strain. (08 Р 5 — | 62°50 ' 25 | °5 — | — — 4,609 Slipped i in clamp; to be cone a | 1 $ 1°00 | — ш 9.10 E S | 26°29 | 13°75 737 9 42 2*00 — . б • — TRA — 212 | 8 | 45°25; — — — Tested in . — — — | =} Breaking strain. 8 3 2°00, — шш п °21 — — = 3,687 4 100; — 0° °5 11 = — е 4.425 | = | 61:07 — — — — — — =} Breaking strain. 8 B | s! — |6500] 68s 36) — — — | 4794 6 8 „50 — 70•00 10100 »32 — — ET 5,162 -7 | 9 *25 | — | 72°50 20220 — = === 5,347 8 2 25 — | 75700 | 53 °8 — — = 5,531 9 2 5 |77750) 75 22 — — — | $78 ЧЕЛЕК ЕЕЕ ETE =| =| i П е — 8 e 1 e °18 — — apa 5 BU | '25| — | 85°00 22 *14 — — — 6,369 | Elongation doubtful, being 13 25 — |8750! 45] 23 — — | — | 6,43 | clamped twice. 14 25 — 92 00 | c53| sop | — — — 6,037 . m Je e . — — — i 31 ш © 9250 S Pu = — — — Eight strands broke near clamp very fairly; four strands left good. ` 3 E 898 . APPENDIX’ TO REPORT OF THE ave. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. ==. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables - continued. | | " t WEIGHT | TESTS POR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. Equiva- m C I EET AAA ent Dato Description a | | | | in of of Specimen, and No.| Time. ea Length Elongations 4 "T 7 Depth REMARKS. Experi- Strain of | — Tempe- Insu- ; Con- | In in for ment. Sample tested. ample | түне ation. tinuity.i n ple tested Sampl | | ion. ti ae Weight J€- | | cue Off. Cable, tween | Plus. 3 Water. | Р.Р. | Р.Р. Air | Water. Water. е | Clampw| | | | | | | | | | H. M. | Cwts. Cwts.| Cwls., Ins. | Ins. | Ins i: о | s Cus. | C tots. Fins. | | | July 22 No. 8. (Ironand Hemp.) 1 2 48 | 1°00 | — | 10°00 | 100'00 | 7600 — 70 100 1 26°29 | 13° ae 737 | Outside diameter 875 2 51 | 1°00 p em 20°00 !ا21‎ °21 — — x 1,47€ A slight loss of insulation inch. Twelve welds | 3 53 | 100; — | 30°00 39 °18 — — . = — | 3 before weights were put on, in 100 шо 9 0 one | 4 55 50 | = ША, EL 10 — — = E — — i6 | e t rcha join 3i'o "ode = m © = = E 3,7 - st Ezd Sampl le tested. b 57 50 — | 40°00 59 "10 = — * £ d = 2,950 6 59 50 — | 45°00 о] °11 — — 5 Со e € 3.318 713 1 50 — 353000 85 135 — — o i = == 3,087 | = } Breaking strain. 8 3 50 — 55700 | 101 09 24 = — Е E l = == 4,050 1 9 5 | 50 — | 60°00 4| 33 — SS к» се — | 4425 | 10 7 | 25 — | 6250 '62| 20 — — 2 Ж ee — | 4,609 11 9 25 — 6500 87 95! — | س‎ > € i — | — | em | 12 11 25 — (67 50 10210 »23 -- — А Б — — 4,978 | 13 13 25 — 70 00 36 206 — — T =: == 5.102 14 15 25 — | 72°50 62 26 — — ро = — 5.347 | 15] „ [95 00. ا عت‎ qp — | — | — | — | 31 Six wires broken (three at | | welds). To be tested again | electrically. June 22 No.8. (Iron and Hemp) | 1| 150 100 — | 10°00 10000 40 — 70 | 26°29 | 13°75 737 Outside diameter 875 2 53 | 100 | — | 20700 ZI °21 — — — = 1,475 | A slight loss of insulation inch. Twelve welds | 3 55 1°00 — an 00 d ә 21 — se | , кз € 2,212 before weights were put on, ш 100 е, gone | 4 57 50 — |5700 53 10 — — = — — — — 2, 881 which did not get worse. gutta percha join 37 00 57 — — — S * c= — — 2,705 | =} Breaking strain. 4th sauple tested. 5 59 50 — | 40°00 62 10 — — 2 * 6 — — 2,950 i Е | p 2 | 50 — | 45 00 wr MES — — 2 5 8 8 — — 3.318 50 — 50 00 82 08 — — e — — — 3.687 = reaki train. | 8 5 '50| — | 55°00 99 17 — — EE 55 — — 4,050 р d |.9 7 50 | — | 60°00 | 101:32 |. 33 — | — 2 © X — — 4:425 | 10 9 25 — | ax 5n 53 23 — — | E2 | Æ — — | 4609 11 11 25 — 65 00 82 27 — | — 82 | EL — — 4.794 | 12 13 | 25 — | 67°50] 102715 | 33 — — Ё д — — 4.978 13 15 25 — 7000 о! 251 = | — — — 5.102 | 14 17 25 — 72 50 63 23 — — — — 5,347 15 19 | 25 — 17500| — | — = = — | — | 5,531 Eight strands broke in all | ! „(four at weld) to be tested | ^again electrically. July 21 | No.8. (Iron and Hemp.) 1| 420 |100| — | 10°00 ¦ 100°00 | °00 — | 03 160 1 20'29 13 75 737 Outside diameter 875 | 2 23 100 — | 20°00 32 32 — | — ES — 1,475 inch. n welds in 3 =e 1°00 | — 13010 '50! °18 — — — — 2.212 100 inches, one gutta 4 9 i 100] — | 40°00 619 19 — — : " вл — 2,950 | = 4 Breaking strain percha joint. | 5 31 50 — шоо "NI 11 | — | — E E | — = 3.318 $ Sth Sample tested. 6 33 | 50 — | 50-08 911 °1 [oc — = 2 | == — | 308; | 53°23 101:05 | — — — tb to — — 3933 | — Breaking strain. "E 35 * o0 — 55 u0 *10 19 — — 2 5 — — 4,050 : M 8 37 50 — 60 00 45] 35 == — E = = — 4,425 9 39 "25 | — |250 46 °21 — = bii z — = + ‚10 41 25 | — | 65 00 93 27 — — р © — — | 4795 11 325 — | 67-50! 102-311 33 — | — | © © — — | 4075 12 45 25 — ! 7000 68 | 37! — — © © — — 5,162 13 47 25 — 7250 86 18 — — Ta „ s ЕН 25 = dpud 103:0 a = = МЕ = | 51 One wire broke аё weld. ` — {i ° — — — — ME 16 53 25 — | 80°60 € — — — | — pe 5,900 | Eight strands broken (four | broke at weld), one broke | | in two places at weld and | | тъ solid Five welds in all all roken July 21 No. 8. (Iron and Hemp.) | 1; $85 | 1°00! — | 10°00 10000 00 — 63 100 1 26°29 | 13°95 737 Outside diameter 875 2 37 100 — 20 00 °16 °16 — — — — 1,475 inch Six welds in | 3 39 | 100 — | 70°00 384 18 — — — — 2212 100 inches, one gutta 36°25 46 — — — е < — — 2,073 | à B ing strain. percha joint. 1 4l | 1:00 | — ` 40°00 63 19 = = 5 S — == 2,950 Е 6th Sample tested. 8 43 50 = 45°00 64 11 — — o = — — 3,318 | si „ daa Xm S| FEI 3| 3| mete [is j — ت — — سے‎ E 7 47 50 — | 55°00 Ө: 20 — — = £ NS — 4,056 8 49 | 50 — | 60°00! 10131 36 — — i. c m — | 4,425 | 9 51 25 — | 62°50) 63 299] — — Ф CE qm — | 4099 10 53 25 — | e500; 9% 28 — | — T ET — р 474 | 11 ! 55 ‚25 Коё 67 50 102 41 50 — — 2 بم‎ — — | 4.978 12 87 | 25 — | 0 75 34 — = — — $,102 13 59 25 — | 72:50 — — — — | — — 5347 | Broke very slowly (seven i strands in all). Four | | | | strands broke at weld, | | | | | July 23 | No. 8. (Iron and Hemp.) | 1 | 1150 1°00 — | 10°00! 100°00 | "00 — (| 26°29 13°45 737 Outside diameter 875 2 52 |1001 — 20 00 22 22 Ms | REN = 1,475 inch. Without welds 3 54 11:00! — 30 04 40 18 — | el as at 2,212 or oe рге one 4 58 | 1°00 es 40: 00 *55 15 — | | | — — 2,950 ith Sample tested. 13775 62; — 252 — — 3,226 | = 4 Breaking strain, . Б 58 | 1°00 — |5000 75 20 — | | zs — | 3,687 t i | 58°33] 101°0S = — — — 4.302 Breaking strain ; 6612 0 100 — 60 00 19 ‘4t — с = — 4,435 zii | 7| 2 50 -— | 85°00 бо | °41 == | | — — 4.794 | 8 4 30 — | 70°00 | 109-06 | 46 Б a — 5,162 | 9 6 | "2, — | 72°50 33 27 — | — | | 534 10 8 25 — | 75°00 54 21 pes Pel in water, — — 5,531 11 10 25 | — | 77°50 7 23 AE but not electri. |: - — 5,716 12 12 25 — | 80°00 96 1 19 — cally, raining at | — — 5,900 13 14 25 — | 82°50 | 10315 | 19 — the time. The, — -- 6,084 4 | 14 16 25 — | 85°00 '82 | 17 — core kept to be — = 6,269 | 15 18 25 — 7°50 — | — = Jodo under | — — 6,453 Nine strands broken. water when ^ stripped. | July ?3 | No,8. (Iron and Hemp.) 1| 2 25 |1:00| — | 10:00 | 100700 ! 1°00 — | do 26°29 | 13°75 737 Outside diameter 75 2 28 100 — | 00 25 25 — — — 1,475 inches. muc Hs 3 30 | 100| — 30 00 45 20 „ = -— 2,212 or gutta percha joint 4 32 тоо | — 40 00 °81 16 — | | — — 2,9: reak strain h Sample tested. 5 34 | rwo] — | 50°00 80 16 — | m | = 2.087 st Breakiog 53 33 94 — — | — — ; = Breaking strain 6 36 | 1°00 | — s 6000 | 101723 43 | \ | — | — ee ! | 7 38 50 — | 65:00 *65 | 42 — | — — 4794 8 40 „5A | — | 70°00] 102-15 550 — — — 5,162 9 42 50 — 75 00 * °39 — — — 5,531 10 44 | .50| — | == | — — |J U = -— | 5,900 | Seven strands broken. SUBMAKINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. | 399 | APPENDIX No. 10—continued. | Arr. No. №. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables — continued. | | | | | TESTS FOR S1 KENGTIT. | ELECTRICAL TESTS. | нт Бай. Е | | | | Ent А ( VV C eg ea n Date | Description | . 1 | Weight. Length Elongat: - Depth Experi- of Specimen and No.] Time ibis Strain 2! i'empe- | Insu- | Con- fn In „for REMARKS. ment. | Sample tested. с. Sampie гае lation. tinuity. | | Weit Put Off. Cable. tween Plus. Minus. Water. | Р.Р. | P. P. Air. Water. water К 9m Clamps. d | 22 MP 1 | 1859 : | H. M. Сиб. cite. Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. 9 i | 9 | Cuts Cwts | Fms .8. (Iron and Hemp. 118 1 {100 — | 10°00; 10000 00 — гу | 26°29 | 13°75 737 . Outside diameter 2 3 | 1.00 | — | 20°00 °20 | "20 ез Tested in Water. a | 1475 | inch (withont weld | 3 5 1˙00 — |3000 40 20! — | But nor electrically. =; ЧИТЕР 9r gutia percha jon ts). 1°00 oF as 58 16 — raining at the time. 2 — ! 1925 vee 9th Sample ° E 7 60 a 50^ 00 . ат ЕХ | The core kept to bo ec | к ‚68 =} Breaking strain. 5 аар 300 Hace be tested under 5527 6| 11 |re| — | 60-00 | 101-55. 78 — i d E = = | ens 7 13 [1500] — | 70:00 ! 102717 К d water when stripped — — | £462 8 15 50 — | 75˙00 — | — — iJ | =] = | 5,531 | 7 strands broken. | | 1| 417 | 1°00! — 10 00 10000 00 — , 09 | 26°29 | 13°75 737 чумо (Tron and Temp) | , | "538 | 1-00 00 peer cope does Nr „ Outside diameter 875 | | 78 3 ! i 3 21 1°00 TT 30°00 | 36 15 mcr d = e © m = 2,212 inch (without weld í alae Гю 61 16 — M = 2 = m АВ minae ро 43:50 | 55 ' | FF 2 | 3,133 | =} Breaking strain. 10th Sample tested. 5 25 | 1°00 = aak 55 | 16| — | — | E E = | = 22 =4 Breaking strain. E d , ` 6 27 1.00 — | 60:00! 99 32 — — | 2 м — | — | 44 7 99 |1001! — | 70°00! 1018| 85 | — — © © — — | ‚4162 Se ee ee ae mee iE Eel 10 35 50 | = | 85°00 103 15 | с کر کے‎ — | 6,269 Broke теу fair, 7 stranda [ ] i " ! | l | 100 1 | 111140 |1'00;, — | 10°00 ; 100700 | 00 — ^ 65°0 26°29 | 13°75 737 Julyse | Мов de diameter ary 2 42 1.00 еи ger e | „„ 9475 inch (without weid 3 44 1.00 — , 0 "32 17 — — i — T 2.213 or вече mi ОЕ ЕЕ БАЕ | - 1 . Sam tested | 41°25 52 = 42 = — 5,041 | Breaking strain. раар 6 50 50 — ! 45°00 59 09 | — — 8 8 = — | 3,318 EE See eee Е Е 8 54 25 — | 52°50 0 — — а 3 = == А 9 56 | 25 — | 65:00 8 0 — — B £ — — 4055 | =$ Breaking strain. | 10 58 25 — 5750 ‘| 7; — | — g 5 — — | 4239 | 11,12 0 °25 | — | 6°00 | 101:02 | 12 — — 2 2 == — 4,413 12 ө: 25: omm бочу) . — 2 E = — | 4,008 18 4 25 — | 85°00 41 20 — — ` 3 3 — — 4,792 \ 14 6| 25 — (e750) 2| 301; = ےھ & س‎ — — | 4977 | (15| 8 2 — 1 70°00 {108-00 | 96 — — — € ee 16 10 25 == 72°59 23 25 — — "S "T 5,345 | 17 12 525, — 75-0 50 25 — — = — p PES Eee m. 70 20 m t MES a £, E LEI ЕТЕ И оны ESL г Ек ae tad Goad ee | | | : places. June 20 | No. 9*. (Steel and Hem 1 1:00; — : 10°00 10000 | — — ^ 25°47 | 13^ 11 773 with боор serving) | 2| 8 100! — , 20°00 32 732] — | T E 1.547 Outside diameter 870 3| È 1°00; — | 30°00 "Bod эү, аз. == = 2,320 inch. (Clamped five 4 E 100 — 40-00 | 1 19 — == am 3,094 | times.) 5 $3 |100) — | 50°00! "67 15 — | — — 3,86; | =} Breaking strain. 1st Sample tested. 6 2.5 100 — 60°00 | W 117 — — — 4,041 =} Breaking . 2 2 66°66 °1 | | - strain. 7 f = |1:00| — 20 M : | p. Ea. 5 | . a — | de 8 Es °50 тет 5 i т t тз eL , 9. 8 50 — | 80°00 50 | 14 — — = | 6,188 10 $7 | 50) — 8500 8 14| — . 11 50 — | 90°00 88 24 — — = » 12 S 50 — 95.00 | 1027231! 35 — S OA SEA 13 50 — а, И 37 gs | | = 8 7,735 ble ар Piy ше j в * | | jured | ! 2 20% — | 30°00" 14 14 — T — = ; Е 3 8 8282 ro| — 50:00 | 32 18| — | — — | 3,867 =} Breaking strain, — S. € =4 Break igi ES - Re BBS ‹ с ас E 8 P. = 00 Lond сер» = = AE 4 Slipped in clamp; cable per- 6 8 1°00 100*00 . 80 | 05 | | 7,735 adde To be trod again. : | | ontinued on 21st June. | | Јопе % | - - - — 1| 455 100 — 10500 100.00 — 25:47 | 1311 , 773 | Continued from 20th June. 2| — |200] — | 80°00 "IN 18 — | — — 2,320 Е . 3 — 2-00! — 50 00 30 21 — | | — — | 3,867 | =} Breaking strain. | | 66-66 | * ^ Tested in Air. 4 | | =$ Breaking strain. 4 = 200 — | 70°00 | 58 19 — c — — 8.414 5 — 100 — | 80-00 | 70 | `12, — | — — | 6,188 | D Cai 6 = 1°00 | ses VO = cem | — | | — — 6,961 | inst in clamps. e un- i | | | J 22 5 з - 1| 323 1:00 | — 10% 100°00 | — — | | — — 533 | Continued on 22d June. ™ TT XE | | — — 3357 | =} Breaking strain. = 200 — 50°00 °41 °20 = ұу = = 3, = г h | : | | 66°66 A | " | | ы | = Breaking strain. 4| — 200! — '7000| 63 22 — — — ш | 5| — 1.00 — | 80°00; 73 10! — | | | — — 8.178 | | | | 6 — Pu — 90 00 — | sal — == — | 6,901 One clamp slipped (tight- | | | | | | ; | ones le set at 0 with | | | 90 cwt. of strain. | | | | | ze m “00 | "(X == = — Continued on 24th June. June 24 : 1| 345 | 1°00 | 1000 100-00 "00 ! | | | 3 | e | | ' | | | cimens ; the first amount | | | : ! of elongation not to be | | | | | | | relied on. 2| -— 2.00 — , 30°00 18 18 — — == 2.320 . . 3 == 200 — | 50°00 37 19 | — | | — — 3,86) | =} Breaking strain. 66°66 | | | | | | ={ Breaking strain. 4| — |2'0| — | 0 60 23 — || — — 8.414 5 — 1.00 — 8000 | 0 1 = | | ШИ =| = | $e 6| — 100 — | 90-00) 85 — | — — 967 | 7 — 1°00 | — 0 '28 | °43 | — | = — 9,735 | 1 Wire broke. s| — | | — Поюз! PF |) | | — | = | тй! $8trands broke, 3E2 400 APP. No. 10. [d Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—contin APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. lO— continued. purpose of arriving at the best form for ued. — —ä.ͤʃ “ — — —ü— НС Description of Specimen and Sample tested. 19 J No. 9°. (Steel and Hem шу with 22 July pd u 22 July | №. 9". (Steel and Hemp.) 23 July S 9*. (Steel and Hemp.) 25 July | No.9*. (Steel and Hemp.) Hemp serving. Outside diameter 870 inch. 2d Sample tested. Steeland Hemp.) tside diameter °875 inches. Twelve welds in 100 inches. One gutta percha point. 3d Sample tested. Outside diameter °875 inch, Six welds in 100 inches. One gutta percha joint. 4th Sample tested. utside diameter *875 inch. Six welds in 100 6 шо: and one gutta percha joint. 6th Sample tested. Outsi inch. de diameter ‘875 Without welds orgutta percha joints. 6th Sample tested. — ÉÀÀ —— MÀ € ———————- REMARKS. Scale shifted. =4 Breaking strain. =$ Breaking strain. Scale pan touched the ground. Permanent stretch 2°40 in. per cent. Six strands broken. Estimated — per-centage of elongation : =} Breaking strain = 1:947 r-cent. = Breaking strain = 1°88 per-cent. Breaking strain 3-90 per-cent. A slight loss of insulation before weights were put on, which did not get worse. — Breaking strain. =} Breaking strain. Five strands: broken, four welds. To be tested again electrically. =} Breaking strain. =} Breaking strain. Broke very slowly one strand at the time, three strands broke all welds. =} Breaking strain. =} Breaking strain. Two strands broke. One strand broke; broke very slowly. Three strands welded. =} Breaking strain. =} Breaking strain. WEIGHT TEsTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. |Equiva- DP ent ; : | | | in No.] Time Weight. Dengti Elongation. Т i 5 | Depth Strain ———-— | Тетре- Insu- Con- In In 17 i тише lat ion. tinuity. Weight e- 0 ; in pi of. Cable. tween | Plus. (Minus | Water. P. P. P. P. Air. Water. Water * Clamps. f r pm ; ! ; н. M. |Cwts. Cwts.! Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | 9 | 2 | o | Cuts. | Cwts.| Fma. 1 4 0 100 | — | 10°00! 50:00 *00 — | [| 25747 13 11 773 2 4 | 1°00 | — | 20°00 27 27 — : = = 1,547 8 6 | 1°00! — | 30°00 41 7 — | — — 2,320 4 8 1'00 — 40 00 58 14 = i і -— — 3.094 5 10 |r'00] — 5000 60 02] — | — — 3,867 98°75 62 — — | — — 4543 6 13 1:00) — | 60°00 ‘68 | °08 — | NET — 4,041 7 14 | 100 — | 70°00 79 111 س‎ | — — 5,414 | 78°33 9 | — — C | — — 6,068 8 16 | 100| — | 80*00 96 17 — ! — — 6,188 9 18 1'00 | — | 90°00 51:19 23 — | — — 6,901 10 20 100 — 110000 42 23 — | — == 7,735 11 22 50 — |0 59 17 — Tested in Air. | = = ‚121 19 24 | 50 — moj — — = | lo — | 8,503 ‘ | i | | 1 — 3:00| — | 20:00; 50°00! °00 — | — — 1,847 2 — 4'00| — | 60°00 25 25 — | | — — 4.041 8 — 200 — 80 00 °36 | °11 — — — 6,188 4| — 200 — |100°00 50 14 — | — — | vns 5 — 50 — |105°00 55 °05 — | — — 8,121 6 = „550 — 100 61 °06 — | MN S 8.508 7 — *60| — |115°00 75 14 — أ‎ | | = USE 8,894 8| — 25 س‎ 1117-50 — P | — |) | E) 22 = | 9,087 M | | = | | | | ! i | ! | 1 | 1| 420 1.0 — | 10°00 100.90 % — | 70°75) 100 1 | 25°47 13˙11 975 2 25 |1':00, — | 20°00. 32 32 — | — — 1,647 3 27 |l'00| — | 39°00 51422 | — — 2 2 س ا‎ * | 2,320 4 29 100 — | 40°09 "HA A) ا‎ iem SORGE] UB ue es — | 3,094 5 31 ) 1:00} — | 59°09 0% 17; — — | SB | 22 — — | 2,867 6 33 11540 | — 60.00 | 101-051 15 — | = 24 | F5 — — | 4,641 67°00 131 — — — £S | Ра — — 8.157 7 35 100 — | 70°00 23 718 — — TG 53 — = 8.414 8 37 1°00 | — | 80°00 45 22 — — зә 2 — — 6,188 9| 550% — | 85°00) 50) | — | — | BE} EB | — | — | бу; 10 4 5 — 9200 77) 281 — i — FE SEX — | — | eon 11 43 50 — | 95°00 *03 *16 — — Ay À с == 7.348 : | 1| 515 | 100! — | 10°00 100:00| °00| — 70°75 | 100 | (957 AT 13˙11 773 2 17 ' 1°00, — 2070 2% °23 — | — |, | „ 3 19 1090 — [30709 °41 18 sud Nux i = — , 3320 4' 21 109 | — | mu 57 216 — — © = — | 3094 b 23 ,l1'00' — 50 00 73 16 — — E — = == 3,867 51:25 75 — — | — 8 | S — | — | 3904 6 25 | 1:00; — 6000 89 °6 — — ч... E — -— 4,041 68'33 101011 — | — — = j g — — 5,286 7 27 | 1:00! — 7000 05 | 16 — — 2 P — — 8,414 8 39 100 — 8000 21 9 — — 8 | — — | — | 6788 9 31 '50| — | $5°00 °36 R| — — з L 1 — 6,575 10 33 | 50 — | 90°00 50 14 س‎ — È S — — | 6,961 11 35 | '50! — | 95°00 5 15 — — E | BO eee os | 55348 12 37 25 — | 97°59 75 10 — — . e — = 7,542 13 39 °25 | — [100700 | 87| °13 — == == 7,735 14 41 25 — 10250 — — — — | == == 7,9 | | 1/1118 |1'00| — ' 10°00 | 10000| ʻo} — ү | 25°47 | 13711 773 2 20 100 — | 20:00 21 21 == | | = =< 1,547 3 22 1°00 — 30°00 35 14 = = sc 2,320 4 24 |1'00| — | 40°00) 52; 17 = Tested in water, — — 3,094 43°75 53 — — but not clectrically. | — — 3,384 5 20 100 — | 50°00 "65 13 — Raining at the time. — — 3,867 58°33 77 — = The core to be kept!“ — — 4,512 6 28 100 — | 60°00 80 °15 — to be tested under — — 4.041 7 30 | 1°00 | — | 70°00 96 °16 — water when — — 8.414 8 32 | 1°00 | — i 80°00 10164 68 = stripped. = = »1 9 34 25 — 8230 80 | °6 — — s 6,381 10 36 25 — | 85°00 92 12 — — = 6,575 1l 33 Е — |5750. — — | — |) M owe — 6,7 AK 111129 | 1°00 | — | 10 00 109*00 *00 — 62:5 108 1 25°47 | 13^ 11 773 2 32 1:00; — 20 00 19 10 — — Lo ume = 1,547 3 34 |100; — | 30:00 20 | °0 — — em = 2,320 4 36 1-00 | — | 40°00 30] 10 — — d = — | 3.094 5 33 1°00 | — | 50°00 | +40] 10 — = 3 Ren aem 3,807 6 40 |1':00| — | 60:90 ' 50 °10 — — a С = == 4,041 7 42 |100 — | 70°00; 62 »12 — — = — — 5,414 8 44 50 — | 75°00 | °67 °05 — = 2 b» en “= 8,801 9 46 "50 | — | 80°00 ' *73 | °06 — — — 2 — — 6,188 10 48 30 — | 85°00 76 03 — "E ра . = = 6,575 11 50 50 — `90°00 811 °05| — — 8 = — | — | 6,961 | ` 93°33 84 — — — p 8 = — | 19 12 852 '50, — | 95:00 85 04 — — 8. 2 — = 7,348 13 б% 50 — 100°00 | :101°258 | 40 — = = = == == 7.735 14 56 | 25 — |0250 31 2606 — = 2 o = — | 7,938 1$ 53 25 — 105:00 40 09 — — а — — 8,121 16| 120 | :25| — 110750 48 08] — = 5 = = 8,314 17 2 25 — imo 60 12 — — 2 — zd 8,5 18 11425 — 112:50 70 10 — — zd = = 8,701 19 6 | 35| — 0 88 18 — م‎ — | — 8,894 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs, Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. 401 APP. No. 10. е = ар 3 E 3 WEIGHT | TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. | per Knot. Equiva- беа ас — ci. len f p | Weight Lensth| El Depth © ; eig enzth| Elongation. | p Experi- Rpecimen, and No.| Time | Strain . of Tempe- Insu- | Con- үл in for REMARKS. | ment. mple tested. | on зашрів по lation. | tinuity. Weight | | e- о - in | | Put | og, Cable. tween | Plus Minus. Water. P. P. | P. P. | Alt Water. water. | | : Clamps. | 1859: H. M. |Cwts. Cuts. Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. © ° " Cuts.) Cwts.| Fins July25| No. 9°. (Steel and Hemp.) 20 | 12 8 25 — |1750 | 108.98 | °18 — — 108 1 25°47 | 13°11 9,087 Outside diameter 875 | 21 10 25 — (120°00 | 102713 °15 — — = == 9,281 inch. Without welds | 22 12 25 — 12250 28 15 — — “= = 9,474 or gutta percha joint. | 23 14 25 — 125˙00 47 19 — — 43 4 = = 9,667 6th Sample tested. 24 16 25 — 127 50 60 "13 — — 8 8 — — 9.861 | 25 18 25 | — |00 77 °17 — — = = — — 10,054 | Continued 25th July. 26 20 | "25 | — 32750 95 18 — | 025 2 — — — | 10,248 27 22 25 — 13500 10308 13 — — — — 10,441 28 24 25 — | 137 *50 32 14 — — = == 10,034 29 26 '25 | — 140 00 — — — — — — 10,838 | Broko very slowly; seven strands broken. One strand broken in two places. July 25| No. . (Steel and Hemp.) 1 145 | 1°00; — : 10°00 | 100°00 | 00 — 63° — = 25°47 | 13^ 11 773 Outside diameter 875 9 47 100 — | 20°00 | *31 21 — — — — = = 1,847 inch. Without welds 3 49 100 — | 30°00 46 25 = a == - — — 2,320 or gutta percha joint. 4 51 | 1°00 | — | 40°00 50 °04 — — — — = = 3:094 7th Sample tested. b 63 1˙00 — | 50°00 65 185 — — — — == — 3.867 6 55 100 — 6000 79 14 — = pi m — — | 4,641 65 00 87 5.2) | =} Breaking strain. 7 57 1:00 — 7000 95 °16 — — = eus — — $,414 8 59 | 1°00; — | 80°60 | 101'13 *18 — — — — — — 6,188 80707, 25 6.703 | =} Breaking strain. 9; 201 1:00 | — | 90°00 | 85 22 — — — — — — 6,961 10 3 [аю — (10000; °64; 29 — | — E чаш — — | 4735 11 5 50 — {105°00 85 21 — — — == — — 8,123 12 7 30 — |110°00 102 07 22 — — — — — — 8,508 13 9 50 — 115˙00 35 728 | — — zs EE — — | 889; 14 11 50 — 120 00 03 28 — — — = — — 9.281 15 13 50 — |125°00 °88 25 — — — == — — 9,664 16 15 '20 | — 12750 | 1005705 | 17 — — = = — — 9,861 | Scale touched the ground; permanent elongation 2°25 per cent. 17 | 2 45 -— — {127°50 | 25 — — — — = — — 9,861 | Continued with same weight. 18 47 '25 | — |130°00 46 21 — — — is — — 10,054 . 19 49 — — — — — — — — - — — = Broke fair; seven strands broken. July 25| No. . (Steel and Hemp.) 1! 425 | 1°00 | — | 1000, 100700 | °00 — | 69° 100 1 95°47 | 13°11 77 Outside diameter 8785 2 27 | 1°00!) — | 20°00 12 12 — — — = 1,547 inch. Without welds | 3 29 | 1709, — | 30°00 | 25 13 — — — — 3,320 or gutta percha joint. | 4 31 , 100| — 40.00 40 15 — | — — — | 3.694 8th Sample tested. 5; 33 [175001] — 50.00 563 16 — — 4 2 = — | 3,807 6; 35 | 1°09 | | 0 70 14 — — 2 8 — — | 464 | 66°25 | 70, | EJ £ 5,124 | =} Breaking strain. 7 37 v! — 7000 ‘st! 11 — — = + — — | 5,414 8 39 1°00! — 80.99 101-02 °7 — — 8 2 — = 0,188 . 88.23 °18 | i| £ 6.832 | =$ Breaking strain. 9| 41 11°00; — 9000 22 20 — | — = = — | | 69б 10 43 | 1700 — 109.00 4, 26 — к» 9 8 = — | 7,738 11 45 50 — 105.00 69 21 — | — 5 5 — — | 1 12 47 | „550 — now 93; 211 — — > б -— — 8 08 | Slipped in clamps. | 13 49 * 50 -— 115:00 е -—- =. П — | — — — 8,894 | 14 GL | 50 — 12060 — — — — — — | 925 | | | | Continued same day. July 25 No. . (Stceland IIomp.) 1, 518 | 1°00 | — 10°00 | 100°00 | °00 | — 045 100 1 25°47 | 11 773 Outside diameter 873 2 20 !1:00; — | 20°00 °07 | ^97 — — — سے‎ — 1,547 inch. Without welds; 3| 22 100 — | 30°00 12 05 | ERU EM apes — | — | 2,320 or gutta percha joint. | 4 24 |1'00| — | 41°00 20 08 — ERR = 2 MER = 3,094 ath Sample tested. 5 26 {1°00| — 50 00 29 09 — — — — = = 3,507 6 28 |1'00| — | 60°00 °39 | °09 | — | — — — — — 4.641 | 7 30 |1:00, — | 70°00 50 11 — = — — — — | s44 8 82 100 — | 80°00 °62 | °12 — — — — — — 6,188 o| 3$ 1˙00 — 90:00 744 12 — | = = = — | — | 6,961 | 10| 36 | 1°00} — 10000 87 13 — — — ss — | — | 1735 | 11 38 | 550 — [105-00 96 9 — — — = — — | 81: | 12 40 50 — 1110-00 101-06 10 — — Ey ИЕ — | — | 8,508 | 18| 42 50 — 11500 21| 15 — Em = = е 894 | 14 44 50 — 120-00 45 24 — | — — ү = — 9,281 15| 46 50 — ‘12500! 76 »81 — | — m gen — | — | 7 | 16| 48 50 — 13000 102:15| "39| — ж и Е — | — | 4 | 7 50 23 — 13950 — a - z a 5 са — ! 10,248 | Broke fair; seven strands | ' | broken. : July 26| No.9*.(Steeland Hemp.) 1 212 1.00 — | 10°00 100.00 00 — | 67° 29°47 | 13^ 11 | 773 x Outside diameter °875 | 2 14 1°00 — 20°00 | 22 22 — — a — | 1547 | inch. Without welds| 8 16 1.00 — | 30°00 388] 16| — | — — "E 3 | or gutta percha joint. | 4| 18 1.00 — |4000] ‘52| ‘14| — | — 5 9th Sample tested. 5 20 | 1°00 | — 50700 67 15 — Nr = = 3,867 | 6 22 |1':00| — | 60°00 711 °04 = == -— = 4,641 60:325 °86 А 5,124 | =} Breaking strain. | 7 24 |1700 | — | 70°00 7 26 — — 2 5 — — 8.4574 | 8| 26 |1'0| - 6890.00 101110 17| — | — * E — — | 6,188 88°33 “30 d N | 6,832 | =} Breaking strain. | о! 9з 100 — | 20°00 33 19 — — 8 8 = | — 6.901 10 30 | 1700} — 100°00 5910961 — — E E — — | 7734 11 32 50 — 105°00 81122 — — + = — — 8.121 12 34 | 50 — 110-00 | 102-08 | 17, — — E t — — |= 8 183 3 50 — 115600 42 31 — | — | ё E —| | 889 | 14 38 50 — 120 00 70 28 — — S © — — 9.281 | 15 40 | *95) — 122.50 94 21 — — eA Pa = — | 94 16 43 25 — (025:00,103:09 | 15 — — — — 9,667 17 4$ | 25 — а 93 | 13 — — — — ao t E a L °0 Ў аа — — T DU- 19 48 2 — 132.50 ae = e — == Ex 10,248 . Broke fair; six strands | | broken. | July 26 No.9. (Steel and Hemp.) 1| 331 | 100| — 10°00 | 100°00 , °00 — 67 100 1 20 47 | 13711 | 773 | Outside diameter 875 2 33 | 1°00; — | 20°00 20 20 ei -— E 4 — — 1.547 i inch. Without welds | 3 35 | 1°00; — ; 30°00 36 16 — — 5 5 zm = 2 320 | or gutta percha joint. | 4 37 |1'00| — | 40°00 51 15 — — = = — — 3.94 | 10th Sample tested. 5 39 100 — | 50°00! 67 16 — — 3 3 — — 3,867 | 6 4l | 1°00 | — : 60°00 | 1] 14] — — 2 B -- — | 4,641 7| 4 |10| — 70˙00 92 ul — | — а £ — | — | £414 | =} Breaking strain. | 8 45 1:00 — 90500 10115 a — — g 3 — — Fr | 0| — 90.00 ° 109 | — — — 951 9 NOS 93°33 | be 5 Е 5,319 | =$ Breaking strain. | 10| 49 | 1-00] — 1100:00 62 28 — — a б ~ | — | 7735 | 402 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE App. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. Resul perim de by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for s . тав covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. WEIGHT TESTS POR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. |E uiva- | еп ose SM = acu accedi РЕ Date Description Length| Elongation. | Depth REMARES. of | of Specimen and No. Time. | Weight. 8 Tempe- Insu - Con- In In for Experi- — —1 — Strain | sample rature | lation. | tinuity. Weight mont. Sample tested. on be- Air, |Water in Put | og. Cable. | tween Plus- Minus. Water. P. P. P. P. ‘| Water. onm Clamps. 1859: H. M. |Cwts.|Cwts.| Cwts.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins. | ° 0 | Owts. | Cwts. | Fms . — ties: “85 | 23 — 67° 20°47 | 13°11 8,131 26 | No.9*. (Stecland Hemp.) | 11 | 3 51 "50 145,00 | 101° . — | 20 ; | ig — 8,508 "m Outside diameter 875 | 12 53 "50 | — (110°00 19:08 ES a | EE z E zt € 8 594 inches. Without weld | 13 55 `50 = 115-00 62 22 * a — с — 8,281 tta percha tont: 14 57 "50 | — 120700 95 33 — "e = г EE E 9,667 0th Sample tested 15 59 50 — 125° 00 И 27 " = | e "E — 10,054 16| 4 1 | :50| — 130.00 | 10522 | 227 В 2 25 | — | 10,248 17 3 25 — 13250| 221 % — | -- 5 P aeg Eb uo f f 10 33 m Жей t "n EE 828 | Splendid break. Eight strands 20 9 | 25| — 14000| — uo Meee С Б 5 SRE кох ken. 5 unbroken. July 3 | No. 9. (Bteel and Hemp.) 1 4 85 | 100 — | 10°00 | 100:00 | 700) — 68° LG ae Outside diameter *875 | 2 33 1.94 — 2 | dm m x EN ЕЕ 2,330 inches. Without weld | 3 4 1.90 — |30 4l as: е = E 3,004 or gutta percha joint. | 4 42 100) — Hrs m о ge Es . . 5 = 3,867 11th Sample tested. b 44 | 1°00 | — | 50°00 “86 1 — eni 2 = = == 4,641 6 46 |1'00 | — | 60°00 : : a © © = = 6.414 | = Breaking strain, 7 48 | 1°00! — | 70°00 | 101°04 18 — 2 = __ 6.188 8 50 100 — | 80:00 18] "16| — — oP op z ET 6061 O 1500] = эру, 52 К БЕ a Ё Ё = — 7,319 = $ Breaking strain. 10 2 |100| — [10090] 6 2| — | — E. — 8 34285 11 4 1.00 — |110°00 | 102۰16 | 77 — | — 8 8 a ЧИ к ‚ой 12 6 | 1:00 | — [120°00 74 58 — — t 5 == DT 2667 13 8 50 — 125 00 | 103°08 29 — — £ à = Hi 18855 14 10 | 50 — [130-00 35 82 — — xe ed E 15 12 25 — 1132 50 85 20 T | =o = — iuri аа аа = es 17 ' Бк i pui x = EM j Eight strands 18; is „ — 14000 — | —]| — | — | | E 19,828 STOKO бик, igh А б ° РЕЧ = a — ui Y ë June 21 No. 10. (Hempand Iron.) 1| 4 28 | 1°00 | — | 10°00) 20°00 \ ME up — | Drew in clamps in conse Glass, Eliott & Co. 2| — , 1°00; — | 20°00; — 25 = | quence or quantity of tar Outside diameter | | 59, sam mple- " inches. . ; БЕ - — — ntinued June June 23| - E s — 1 | 5930 , 1:07 | — |10°00] 10°00 ni = | = — — Drew in clamp. „Ж. же |e | | 55 - " men on | _ . - -| 1! 420 / 1:00} — |1000] 100] — — | us acu Ns June 94 z | ДЫ nr — 20°00 ‘1 о M | 8 | = — between clamps. 3, — поо — |30 1 RE. ЕЕ es ER chain broke at s! — ire = | 40-00] ч Ф| — | C * | — : ` Si 3 = — | Broke in the clamp. Speci- oU == | 50 — pue ES ш с men too much tar; not а | fair break. ; ' ' i | | А ! Percentage of elongation, | | | ' | _ 45°00 cwt. = *60 per cent. | | m | : | Elongation doubtful, the ! ; | | | | sample being three times | | subjected to i | | `! ' E pecimen too short | | | for testing. June 22| No. 11. (Manilla Hemp | 1| 217 1.00 — |10:00/10000] 0 — | | . and Iron.) Outside 2| — 1.00 — | 20°00 12 12 — „ diameter 1.125 inches. 3 — 100 — | 30°00 :28| 16 — | Wh = 1,732 гс Bright's specifi- м — 19 — nu bd n — = = Ae cation. = . — ` І : == ' = = Peewee Е Би eels E же Же "E Z | = | 2| = 4 Breaking strain. тү ies 50 | — | 65°00 66 7 — — = a 8 =s Бо | — | 70°00 72 ° 6 — = — 3. ; Pata ole) IE ES =| =| 10 == 50 — > : б жәй ЕЕ j H4 = '5n| — | 85-00 90 36 — " — | 369 | =#В i 12 س‎ 50 — | 90°00 06| ° 6) — = — im 13 — 50] — |95:00|10102| 6 — | | = a 219 14| — '5o| — |(100°00 10| 8 — | = D as. 37 14| — "25 | — |102°50 16] °6| — = i sie 15] — | ‘25| — 108-00 23 7 — Tested in Air cq жа dts 16 — '25 | — |107°50 329 — - a 5 4503 11 — | +95] — [1000] 3898 7 — бу Es 18 — 25 — |112°50 48 9 — m geo ЧЕЗ iS) Hy] НЕ =| =| 20 — 25 — 117 ; : = 2 = | ing from outside 1| — | ‘25| — 120.00 90| 1 — . Far ropping zi — | | — 128700 02.3% cm — кай Ее eee oes *95 pcm 125°0 0 4 — — A» » ] А six ov 262 | 95| — 90| — | — | س‎ | = но бада ое. оту | ; July 13| No. 11. (Manilla Hemp | 1 | 420 | 1°00} — | 10°00 100-00 ‘00| — | 44°74 | 23°40 443 in T Bar ple * and Iron) Outside | 2| 31 |1] — | 20-00] % "98| — ‚фей dur ge ра Sam ple diameter 1*125 inches. 3 33 |1'00| — | 80°00 "42 | 14 — дЕ p 1533 diameter being too m at 2d Sample tested. 4 35 | 1°00} — | 40°00 50 08 — a а 2164 for trough. р . . | — | 2,597 | Tar oozing out. 6 39 | 1:00| — | 60:00 74| ua2| — | == ap c а thu: 63:75 77 — — = = 328 7| 41 100 — . „ 8| 43 | 100| — |80: 05 | ° — E , iain 85°00 | 101°02 | — — — d 3019 = } Breaking s 9| 45 1.00 — 90-00 10| 15| — | ej | 3% наи ши $ 3 - =| =| 38 11 49 25 — [102° : " = Hs the 12 51 | °25 | — |105°00 35] 5 — — = 4545 Tar апр all along 13| 53 | 25 — 107-50 42| 07| — „ 14 55 25 — 110: 51 9 — ps 4570 15 67 | 25 — 0 61| 10 — | = ee е 78 16) 59 25 — 115-00 73| "2| — tup zd hens 17| 6 1 | 5| — [117-50 82 09 — | | б (ШЕ: 3385 18 3 25 — 120-00 102.00 18| — | = 5, а 19 C 55.6% „ „„ 20 25 — 1195:00 ° 1 = Ta > . = A 819 | Hook broke. JJV | T, $519 | Continued July 14 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. | 403 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. i Arr. No. 10. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. TESTS POR STRENGTH. Date Description Weight. h| Elongation. Exper. of Spectmenand — |No| Time. | "987^ | | “of |_| Tempe. Insu- Con. REMARKS. ment. | Sample tested. oH Sanpie rature lation.| tinuity. 0 | Put | og. Cable. tween | Plus. Minus. Water. | P. P. P. P. | 1859: H. M. (Cuts. Cuts. | Cuts. | Ins | Ins. | Ins. 9 ° 9 Cwts. | Ciots. Fins. July 14 . 11. (Manilla Hem 1| 245 1100 | — | 10°00 100.00 000 — N (| 44°74 | 33°40 443 гыр Но oa) Outside 2 47 | 200 — 3'00 18 18 — | ue a. 1,299 diameter = 1:125 | 3 49 | 2:00| — | 50°00 | 13 — — — 2,104 , pp le tested 4| 5 | 2°00; — 70-00 аач а= 3255 N ple . 85:00 *45 3.079 = Breaking strain. 5 56 200 — | 90°00 °50 | 14 — | — — 3.896 6| 59 | 2°00} — [110.00 60 10 س‎ = — | 472 7| 31:10 — |10 *5| 08 — = — | 5.195 8 2 is = 22:00 oe bre me | | gc = 5,303 9 3 e — . • e — SN — $411 10 4 25 — 127 50 78 °06 — — — 5.519 11 5 — | 12750 "99 | 14 — | — — — | Broke immediately after | | | SIOBEAHOR was taken; wo | strands broken. mE AE une .12. (Red Sea Cable) | 1| 558 /1°00 | — | 10°00' 75:00] — == i | 21°00 | 17°30 586 : 2: S ee diameter 2 2 — 1:00| — | 20°00 10 10 — | | = = 1,191 862 n = 3 — 1°00 | — | 30°00 a | 07 — ' | | — — 1,755 | Drew in clamp. — Hia eee sl s К 9 : 100 — °00 ' , : = — — 1,171 3 ES 100| — 30.00 8 3 — | | > же = 1,757 25 0 | 0 " р 1,903 | =} Breaking strain. 4 r0|— | 40° ° — — — 2,342 8 5 42 50 15 — — | s | I a — 2,458 21 presiding strain. 5| 35 50 — | 45°00 16 02 — | | | — — 2,035 | Tar squ out. 6 а. 50| — | 50°00 °20 °04 — i — — 2,928 eet a зке чурк „ 8 8| иа i et А Е d e жез == 3.513 9| 9? "25 | — | 62°50 30 02 — 5 = 3,059 10| * 25 — 65-00 | = = ex | | l| — — | 3,806 | Broke right across near | | clamp: core and all. Core no : | | | | | Elongation doubtful, sample | | | | being twice clamped. | ' | | Estimated per-centage of | | | 5 | | i | | 1 Breaking strain = 27 | | ns strain = 42 | B | | reakingstrain = / June 30| No. 12. (Red Sea Cable.) 1 | 1°00 | — | 10-00 | 100-001 0 — | 21°00 | 17°30 | 380 pae Outside diameter — | 2 FER 1°00; — |2000 "06 | 836 — | = = 1,171 502 inches. 3 32322 1°00 = 30 00 15 00 = | no sd 1,757 2d Sample tested. 4 252 8.5 1°00; — 4 z 2 10] — — = 2,342 ЕОР BESRE 2-5 . * 410 . 9€55|100| — | 50°00 40 15 — — — | 2,928 | Tar oozing out. 255 50 — | ss); — — — | | — — 1 5 Drew in clamps. | ۱ (Continued 4th July.) July 4 8 Я -| 1| — 11.00 — | 10°90] 90°00; 00|] — 21°00 | 15730 | „886 2| — |10| — 20°00 1 b. — | — — и 3 — 1°00 — 3 ° ` — ш 75 1,75 4 — 100 — | 40°00) 20 06] — I. = — | 25342 | К 41°25 °21 Tested in Air. 2,410 | = $ Breaking strain. 5 — 100 — | 50°00 27 07 = | =< — 2,928 | 6 = 50 — | 55°00 311 04 — | — — 3.320 | = $ Breaking strain. 7 — ‘60 | — | 60 00 35 04 = | | — — 3.513 в р е X wi — | LE | a ew 10| — | 235| — |6750] 2 | — S 11 = ‘95 — | 70°00 46 04 — | | = — 4,059 кишке per-centage of ongation :— | 1 Breaking strain = ‘27 | | | f Breaking strain = -35 12 = "25 | — | 72°50 | 50 °04 — — — 4,245 reaking strain = 81 „ ЧЕ ee 14 — : = у 8 TE E реж 4.51 as 225 — | 80°00 °76 °13 — | | — — 674 16 = 25 — | 82°50 — | — — | | | — — НЕ d close to clamps (not : ir). | | | Elongation doubtful; sample | | | clamped twice. . | 1:00 | — [10:00|100:00| `00 | — 21°00 | 17°30 586 June 30| No. 12. (Red Sea Cable.) | © 100 20285 40 e Жеш | s _3 9 5 Outside diameter ^ : : . бэ полов > roj — ав | 5| | ^C | ^ | 3383 | =} Breaking strain $d Sample tested. f $ , = . 1:00] — |4000 18 °04 — | — — 2,342 ; E 1:00 | — | 50°00 26 °08 — | | — — 2,928 Tar oozing out. 38 51°67 20 | 3,026 | =$ Breaking strain. 6 @ *50 SE 55*00 · 30 *04 سد‎ | | | == ЕЕ 3,220 788 50 | — | 60°00 85 05 — — — 3,813 8| „© [25] — | 62-50 38 03 — — — | 3,659 9| as | ‘| — | 68°00 411 0| — ! em. Geor. di 10| «8 5| — | 67°60 44 083 — | = = 3,952 2112-0 32-7. ТЕБЕ 12 *25 — y K Ё т | imn uS 4. 13 be "25 | — | 75°00 56 °05 = | — — 4,392 : 2 . E c == i == = 38 | Fairly broken; all strands 1 = ш | | 9 SUE two inches from Ё ۱ clamp. | | | | Red : — |10 98°00 | 00 — | 21°00 | 17°30 586 June 80 No, 12. (Red Sea Cable) | 1 iis HEIR ше san = | | „ 882 inches. 3 |е 825 1°00 | — | 30 00 a 1 ES | = да 1757 іа азва 4th Sample Ы $298 uiu а ri .96 | 2416 ES Breaking strain. 5 $435 100] — 85.0 „ | um em m . ey со g . | ў (Continued 4th July.) 5 - - -“{ lis 1:00| — | 10°00 | 70°00 | 00 = | 21°00 | 17°30 585 July 4 | ә 58 А 1°00 — 20 00 05 05 — — — 1,131 3| 254 110| — 30°00 "10 | °05 = [ = x 1,757 * FH: ا‎ Kag os а Б e Жар; 241 | =} Brea: in; strain c S$ 1°00} — | 50°00 3| "0| — | — — | 2,028 | А E 55:00 *94 | 3,220 | —$ Breaking strain. 657 j|ro| — | 60°00 z| a| — — | = | sus 3 E 4 404 . APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP. No. 10. APPENDIX No. lO— continued. — d Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. | | . TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. | A E | Equiva- кщ Date Description | п Experi. of Specimen and No.| Time. iiie Strai n^ 3 Tempe- Insu- | Con- In In n REMARKS. aent. Bample tested. Меры Sample rature lation. tinuity. Weight Put cable Я of Air. Water. Win ue | Off. Cable. tween Plus. Minus. Water. P. P. P. р. d Water. aue Clamps. i 1 1859: H. M. Cicts. Ciots. Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. ° 9 9 * Cuts. | Fms. June 30 | No. 12. (Red Sea Cable.) 7 3 50 — | 65°05 326 °04 — |) ' 21'00 | 17°30 3, 806 Outside diameter = | 8 |2 E Z| 50 — | 0 42 06 — | a = 41999 562 inches. 9 58.5 E EY ee 75709 8 be == = em e + А 10 E om e — . * . I €: — › ОИН п 55 ES 25 — (77750 53 05 — | | — — | 4,538 12/9 25| 25 — | 0°00 63 10, — | | — — | 467 13 2 ° 25 س )8259 | س‎ — — Lp. ج‎ — | 4,82: | One strand parted first | (broke midway between clamps; twelve strands | | | broken). | Elongation uncertain, sample | | being twice clamped. | | | Estimated per-centage of | | | | | | elongation of cable :— | | | Breaking strain="% — | | | | | |2530 strain = ‘53 | | : | reaking strain = °99 | i 4 July | No. 12. (Red Sea Cable.) | 1 1°00! — | 10°00! 100:00 | *00 Ms | | 21°00 | 19°30 586 | Outside diameter = | 2 1:00 | — | 20°00 10 °10 ا‎ = 1,171 . ‚ 562 inches. 3 8 100 — e > °13 — | | | — — 1,757 | Specimen clamped in lead. 5th Sam sted. 4 1'00! — | are 32 0 — | — — | 2,342 тегене 3 42°50 34 — — | Pe = 2,454 | =} Breaking strain. 5 E 50 — 4500 „ 36 04 — — — 2,635 6 © 50 — | 50°00 43 °07 — | | — = 2,928 7| ES 50 — | 0 48 05 — — == 3,220 э З 56°66 40 — — — — | 3:312 | =} Breaking strain. 8 du 50 — | 60'00 52 °04 — | — — 3,513 9| 88 25 — | 62°50 55 03 — = e 3,659 10| So 25 — 65 00 "8| 3 — | — — | 43,806 11 25 25 — | 67°50 '60| 2 — | E — 3,952 | 12| 2 25 — | 70°00) c65; » — — — | 4,099 1) a 25 — | 72°50 68 °03 — i] = = 4.245 11 2 25 — | 75°00, +76] 08] — — | —, 4m 15 zx 25 — | 71750 83 07 — — — 4.535 16 095 | — | 8900 °95 02 — | : = — 4,074 17 25 — | 82°50, 101°16 | 21 — Tested in Air. — — 4.521 18 25 — | 85°00 -- — — | == = 4,963 | Ten strands broken (about one foot from clamps). i e | | | | July 11 | No. 12. (Red Sea Cable.) | 1 1°00 | — | 10°00, 60:00: “oo; — | — س‎ $86 Outside diameter = | 2 1°00 | — | 20°00 °06 063 — | | — = 1171 M 502 inches. 3 1:00, — 30700, 10 "04 — | == = 1.757 | Tar begiuning to соге out. 6th Sample tested. | 4 1°00 | — | 40°00. us °07 — | — — 2,342 | =} Breaking strain. | 5 50 — | $5°00 | *19 '02 — | — — 2,635 6 g 50 — 5000 °21) oz] — | — | | 292% 2 55.33 c3 | — | — — | — | 2,116] - Breaking strain. 7 — 50 — | 55°00 “2% *03 — i — — 3,220 8| g 25 — | 51700 255 01 — | — — 3.366 9 o 25 — | 60°00 23 °01 — | — — 3.813 10 8 — °50 55 00 21 — 02 — — 2,220 n| © — 50 50-00 22 — | 2 | — | — | 21928 19 ы — `50 | 45°00 21 — °01 | — — 2 635 13 | = 50 | 40°00 20 — 01 = == 2,342 14 Р — |1'00 0700 18 — 02 | — = 1.757 15 S — | 1°00 | 20°00 14 — 01 — — 1,171 6| 5 — | 1°00 | 10°00 "| — °03 | E = 586 17| 3 1˙00 — | 20°00 13 4 — — — 7,771 | : : 18 8 1:00! — | 30°00 18 03] — — — 1,757 19 Е 1:00| — | 40°00 20 ( — | | — — 2,342 20 2 50 — | 45°00 21 01 — — — 2,63 210 А 50 — | 50°00 22 01 — — — | 2,928 33 © '50| — | 55°00 23 01 — = = 3,220 93 = 50 = 60°00 25 *(2 — — — 3,513 24 .— 25 — | 62°50 “27 02 — — — 3,089 95 = 25 — | 65°00 *28 °01 — | == == 3,805 26 25 — | 67°50 °29 °01 — = = 3.952 27 25 — | 70°00 *30 | ° — — — 4,099 28 25 — | 72°50 31 ‘or; — | — — | «eM. 29 25 — | 75°00 32 01 е — = 4,392 30 25 — | 77°50 83 oaj — | - U = — 1.838 31 '25 | — | 8°00 — — — — — 4,074 | Broke close to clamp a few seconds after the weight was put on. All strands and core broken; fair break. | Estimated percentage of elongation :— | | i Breaking strain = 28 is 1 strain = & | | | | reaking strain = ‘55 | ! July 19 No. 12. (Red Sea Cable.) 1 — |тоо! — | 10°00! 100700 00 | — | 70:6 21°00 | 17°30 $86 | Tested in salt water, . diameter | 9 "EC 1.00 — | 20°00 “04, °04 — ne l = = 1171 ‘562 inches. 3| — (1700, — | 80-00 10 06 — — E +3 — — 1,757 7th Sample tested. 4| — Iroj — | 49°07 10| | — — E S — — | 2,342 | 43°75 19 — — ~ E B — — 2,556 | =} Breaking strain. 5 = 1005 — |5009 | 24 08 — -- S = | — — 2,928 0| — 50 — | 55:00, 27 °03 "n — , © S — — 3,220 . | 58:33 31 — — — S 5 — = 3,408 | =} Breaking strain. 7 = 50 ر‎ 60°00 , 36 °09 — — P — — 3,513 8| — — 50 65˙00 35 — 1 — Б 5 — | — | 3,866] Commenced taking off 9 == — | *50 050700 | e — *03 == Б | [^ — | — 2,925 weights. 10 == — 1'00; 4100 29 — *04 — ҹә i جه‎ — — 2,342 11 — — 11°07 | 30°60 "23| — | 600 — a | 8 — — 1,787 12 — — | 1°00 | 20°00 17 — 3067: omm aree ub E — — 1171 13 — — |1509 10 лз — 04 — 5 =, => = 586 14 — 100 — | 20°00 16 3 — | — 2 bo — = 1,171 | Recommenced putting ou | 15 == 1:00; — | 30°00 V Es E == | == 1,757 weights. | 116 — |тоо — 40˙0 . „% — — — 2 = — | 2,342 17 == 1°00 — аал "52 | H! — |25 5 3 — — 2,928 S сше unb] — 35˙ 35 cati — — © = — — | 3,220 13 — v] — 69 00 a „ — | — e S — — 3,513 20 — 51| — | 65°00 u6| со] — — = — | 3,805 211 — 25 س — — — 08 .49 !16750 س‎ | 3,952 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 405 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. Apr.Ne.10. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form fot Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. "NEAL ج‎ REM MEET — - | WEIGHT TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. Equiva- à — — — — АНЕ ent Due Description Wick { " э , | | їп 0 : А eight, 10 | Elongation. | Depth Experi- of Specimen and No. Time... „ Tenpe-| Ingu-| Con- II * an REMARKS, ment. Sample tested. en бидрә носке lation. | tinuity. Weight - 0 ; 7 in са, Of. Cable. tween | Plus. Minus.] Water. P. P. | P. Р. Air. Water. Water, 2 Clamps. 1859: H. M. зден Cwts.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins o | 0 о | Cwts. | Cwts.| Fms July 12 No. 12. [м4 Sea Cable.) | 22 | — 25 — | 70°00 | 100°54| 05 = | 70˙5 | äg | $4 | 21°00 | 17°30] 4099 Outside diameter = | 23| — :95 | — | 72°50 56 02 — — | Sul Eg ~ — | 4245 *502 inches. Aj — 25 — | 75°00 3| 07 — — ta | 58 — — 4392 Мэ tested. — | “85| — . | 8| — | — | BS йе | — | — | %3 27 — 25 — | 82°50 ‘85 | 10 — — “S| вя — — 4,820 e| — | -ss| (Sei) 15| — | — | 25 | 95| — | — | 496 29 — 28 — 87.50 — — — — == 2 — — £112 | Broke fairly, after bearing 2 * CL the weight a few seconds. MR DR strands and core broken, June 23 Sample No. 13. (At-| 1| 410 100 — 10°00 | 50°00 | °00 — (| 21°70 | 16°30 622 lantic Specimen.) 2 — 1°00 | — | 20°00 03 03 — — — 1,244 E — BEI. cs 4. = e oes ape € 1° im . °1 . — o — 2 = Breaking strain, 5 — "Бо | — | 45°00 *14| °02 — — — ay s : на 6 — 50 — | 50°00 17| 03 — — — 3,112 р ч — 25 — 52°50 18 1| — — — 3,267 53": * = — صب‎ ,315 | Breaking strain, 8| — 25 — | 55°00 20 02 — — — . уры 9 — 225 — |57°50 °21 01 — = — 3.579 — | "95| — | 60°00 "93 | 02 mm = — 2,734 — „25 — | 62°50 °25 02 — — -- 3,590 — | 25 — | 65°00 7| 02 — = | Pome. | d — 25 — | 67°50 29 02 — — — 4,201 — 25 — | 70°00 30 01 — — س‎ 4357 pn 25 — | 72°50 32 02 — — -- 4,512 — 25 — | 75°00 36 | — — — 2568 — 83 — |7750] 0 j — sc (| e e “7 — 25 — |800| = سے‎ — — — 4,979 | Fairbreak (fourteen strands). Core very much twisted, Estimated per-centage of eo :— =} Breaking strain = 588 =3 Breaking strain = * June 22 Shore End Specimen, | 1| 5 50 1.00 — | 10°00 | 100°00 -- 42°70 | 32° Breaking strain = 80 cimen, No. 3.) Out- | 3 — 1.00 — | 30°00 та ae яд 928 side eter = 77 4 —- 1.00 | — | 40°00 — -- — 1,238 inch. 5 =з 1.00| — | 50°00 «еа = = 1,547 Ist Sample tested. 6| — |1.00| — | 60°00 — — — 1,857 | Clamp slipped. June 23 . А 1 — 1:001 — | 10°00 309 | Continued June 28d, 2 = 2°00 | — | 30°00 928 3 * 2°00 | — | 50°00 1,547 4 -— 1°00 | — | 60°00 1,857 5 = 1°00 | — | 70°00 2,166 71°25 2,212 | =} Breaking strain. 6 1°00 80°00 2,476 7 1°00 90°00 2,785 8 °50 95°00 2,940 | = 1 Breaking strain, E nde 3,095 105° ,250 11 110*00 Tested in Air. 7 13 115*00 3,559 nnn 14 12250 3,791 15 125*00 3, 16 127°50 3.945 17 130* 00 4,023 18 132*50 4,101 19| 63 18750 4,256 20 142°50 4,411 eee Wr Ferrer $ WES SO RS АН К sides eessesss Not broken fairly. Broke at clamp. One wire broke some time before the rest. Ten wires broken in all. July 1 | No.14. (Gi raltar Shore | 1 1°00 | — | 10°00 | 100°00 — 42°70 | 32°73 309 End, No. 3.) Outside | 2 2°00 | — | 80°00 . — — Ф: 928 2d Sample tested. 4 2°00 | — | 70°00 خن‎ Zr — 2,106 5 1°00 | — | 90°00 тё а — | 2,476 6 1°00 | — | 90°00 on — — | 2,785 7 1°00 | — |10 — — -— 3,095 8 100! — 110 — -- — 3,404 | Drew in clamp. n" . m . > 1 1°00 | — | 10°00 — -- — 3o9 | Continued July 1st. 2 200 — | 30°00 — — -- 028 3 2:00| — | 50°00 — — — 1,547 + 2°00 | — | 70°00 — — -- 2,166 5 2۰00 | — | 90°00 — m — | 2,785 ЕНЕ 3 ЗЕЕ = — Р — "m «x 3,714 БЫ 1'00| — |0 — — — 4,023 | Hook broke. 9 1°00 | — |1400 — — -- 4.332 10 é — , — — — ,o42 | Broke couplings: scale filled piss pies * for the third time, Large hook attached to scale beam broke. Continued July 4th. Weights put on at intervals of one minute. July | No.14. (Gibraltar Shore | 1 1°00 — | 10°00 | 10 — | 42°70 | 32°73, | 300 End, No. 3.) Outside | 2 2°00 | — | 0 . — — — 928 diameter = ‘770inches, | 3 2°00 | — | 50°00 — — — 1,547 2d Sample tes 4 2°00 | — | 70°00 — | — — 2,166 ig bd. iren 6 2-00 = 110-00 м4 L а eE — Broke shackle, and large hook ist July.) — : Continued July 9th. 9| No. 14 (Shore End, | 1 1'00| — | 10°00 — 70* — — 42°70 | 32°73 309 | Tested in water, but not July No. 3.) Outside dia- | 2 2:00 | — | 30°00 — — — — — -- 928 electrically. meter = ‘77 inches, 3 2:00 | — | 50°00 — — — -- — — 1547 2d Sample tested, 4 2'00 | — | 70°00 — — — — — — 2,1 5 2:00 | — | 0 — — — — — ست‎ 2,785 6 2°00 | — |110°00 — — — — — — 3.404 7 1'00 — 120٥00 — — = = — — — 3,714 8 1°00 = 130°00 — — -— — — — 4.023 3 F ОТ Google 406 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE A! P. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. — е * Results of Experiments made by. Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables continued: | | Tests ror STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. a e Eghiva- ———— dae ———Á——— ——— “шот — ш Ан Айы» — Y leut = - Dute Description | Sas m ы = " | | ч. * 0 ; ; eight. | Length, Elongation. Dep Bxperi- of Specimen and » o. Time E hu. ef Tenpe-| Insu- | Con- In € for REMARKS. ment. Sample tested. | “on Mc our rature lation. tinuity. Wight : 0 n Put | og, | Cable. | tween | Plus. Minus. Water. P. P. | P. P. Air. Water. Water. | мыр Clamps. wats | | | 1359: | и. M. Cuts. Cuts, Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. - 9 ° Cwts. | Cwts.| Fms. July No. 14. (Shore End No.3.)*| 9 1°00 — 114000 10040 » — 70° — — | 42°70 | 32°73 | 4333 Outside diameter =*77 | 10 — | 1°00 130°00 38 — 02 — — — — — 4,013 Commenced taking off inches. 11 — | 1°00 |120*00 36 — 02 -— — -- — — 3,714 weights, 2d Sample tested. 13 — | 1°00 0 33 — 03 — — — — — 3.404 Now Deep Sea. No. 1.| 13 — | 2°00 | 90°00 '80| — “038 —- -- -- -- — 2,785 14 -. | 2°00 | 70°00 24 س‎ 466 | — — es * — — | 2166 15 — | 2°00 | 50°00 17 — 07 — — — 5 — — 1,547 16 — | 2°00 | 30 00 и. b 06 — — -— — — 928 17 — | 2*00 | 10°00 '066|:— | 08 — — -- — — 309 18 2.00 — 30.00 °12) *00| — ы = easy aget — 928 Recommenevd putting on 19 2:00 | — | 50°00 "16 B] te -- — — | — — 1,547 weights 20 2:00 — 70°00 23 08 — — — => | = — 2,166 | 91 5 | 2°00 — 90°00 27 05 — — — mz i5 a = 2,785 |. 22 з 2°60 — (11000 33 06 —- — = zz - А = 3.404 | 93 а 11:00] — [120-00 36 | "031 — — Ll ==. qe -- $714 21 Б 100 — 0 39 03 = = ÈL = ن‎ — 4,023 | 25 c 1'00 — (14000 12 03 — — — — | — = ‚ 332 ‚ 26 = 50 — |!45°00 14 02 — — — = 4 — — 4,457 | Tested in water, but not | 27 ми „30 — 1150700 49 05 — — — — | = — 4,042 electrically. 28 ә 28 — [152*50 54 05 — — — شے ۴ کے‎ — 4.719 | 29 = 25 — |[155*00 70 16| -— — — = We — 4797 | 30 а 35| 1157-80 — = "A = — = 1 — — Broke in clamp, after bearing | E | the weight a qm seconds, July 11 | <“ - - -| 1 9 |roo| — | 10°00} 70°00 — (| 42°70 | 32°73 Continued July 11th. 2 8 | 2°00; — | 30°00 04 " — — — 3 1» | 2°00 — 50°00 08 ‘04 — | — — 4| 2 | 200} — | 70°00 11] e| = -| = 1 - — є |: 78°75 16 — -- — = Breaking strain. 5| 3 | 2°00} — | 90°00 17 -- | — — t S8 | 105°00 *23 —- | | — — = 3 Breaking strain. 6| 2000 — (110-00 26 %% — || -| — 7| = 100 — [120700 98 | o| — |! | — | — 8 1°00 | — |13000 0% 2% — || -- -- 5 Y ` 1°00 — 140 00 32 a2 — چ‎ "S 10 '50| — |145°00 33 ôl = | | | — — 11 50 — |150°00 38 » — | | Iu | — | 12 50 — |155°00 87 02 — r3 эы | 13 Б | — 1137-580 — cx ade — — Broke close to the clamp, | | ' after bearing the weight а | Tested i in Air. few seconds. AH strands broken; Mir break, Clam ps | five July14 No. 15. (Hemp and Iron | 1| 3 30 1-00 — 10°00 | 10000 00 — 24°80 13 80 d double lay. Outside | 2 32 |1'00| — | 20°00 '00 60 — — Cable steeped in water Е diameter = 75 inches, | about two pov огам Е. Wright's Sample. | exposed to the for 1st Sample tested, | about six weeks. | 20 28 | 101:93 | — | ~ | ue = } Breaking strain. 3 34 | 1°00; — | 0 °55 95 = — € 35:00 هو‎ | tam | — = | = = Breaking strain. 4 38 |1:00| — 4000 | 10225 | 70 — — — Tar oozing out. 5| 40 25 — | 42°50 40 | 24 = = — 6| 42 | 35| — |45600| 66| 17 — ы а-у B E = |= E E 25 — | 50°00 103.17 3 — 14 — 9| 49 25 — |8250| 30 1 — Ei pee Broke. ge | ! lashing. | J 15 2d Sample tested, 1 2.5 | 00| — | 10°00 | 100°00 °00 69° " 24°80 | 13°80 = © » T m 23°75 ‘99 — — — Е: — — -- = $4 Breaking strain. 3 1 — 50°00 | 101°62 | 1°02 жс = = ма 31°67 د او‎ | — — E = = = į Breaking strain. 4 20 50 — | 35°00] 102°05| »43 — — 53 — — | j3 | E 5 23 | 50 -- | 40°00 48| 484 — — 5 р" = 5 6] -%8 |—25| — | 48-50]. 73| 8 — — 2 8 м, | “== 7 28 ху | — | 45°00 93 °20 — — La — — — 8 30 25 — | 47°50 Over 3 per cent, — нм — — All broke, including con- | ductor, > July | No. 16. (Tweed aud 1| = 100] — | 10°00| 50'00 | — — 21'42 | 4'£o| Rogers.) Outside) 2| È 50 — | 0 72 "2| — | — | diameter = 1°00 inch. | 3 = т 25 — | 17°50 88 16 == | -— — = &.Breaking strain. 1st Sample tested, 4 3 = 25 — | 20°00] 51°07 | 19 — | = — 5 8 2 28 — | 2°50 38 31 Pm 6 4 ТА 2 2 23°83 43 — — -- — = į Breaking strain. 6| S5 25 — | 25°00 -48 | 10 гт — — 7 — 2 '25 — 27. 50 °55 07 — — -- : * 4E Bur. e| vm + | = = 0 "e: 32 50 800 10 = چ‎ pe 10| & 25 — | 85°00 | 5203| »23 — +i) کچ‎ gx very fast, and 8 е broke near centre. Cut х Sa E ou t | | | half an inch. | | tion previous | 4°06 per cent. | | Tested in Air. percentage оё | | eme i | i + strain = 1°76 | : | $ strain = 9-34 n w^ za | = 4°06 | | July 5 | No.17. E and Hemp.)| 1 -- 1°00 | — | 10°00 | 100°00 00 — | 24°87 | 12°65 Outside d Tz 2 — 1600 — | 20*00 °13 13 — І 5: pe *844 inches. 3| — |1090] —-]| 30°00 20| 07 — | 2 = 1st Sample tested. °50 260 — = "T — 4 = 100 | -—.| 40°00 20 09 — | — — 5| — |1500] — | 500 42 13 -- | — — 6 — 100 — 2 62 — = — 7 — 50 — 0010100 38 -- — — 2m * - d 1 i 8 2 50 — | 70°00 "45 | "45| — | RC { 2 9 — *50 ew 75°00 *85 40 em — Digitized by Google - die 77 SUBMARINE: TELEGRAPH . COMMITTEE, 407 APPENDIX- No..10—continued. Ar. No.] . owe в Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Fórdé and С. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for . Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. = — 2 gH mmt 2 ا‎ es 2 — — — жы | WEIGHT | | | | | . TESTS FOR: SPRENGTH. ‘ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. IE iet | - = ent Date Description i | | in | | E or of Specimen, and No. Time, | Weight. Length Elongation. | : | Depth REMARKS. bnt "OBI E —-— — Strain |g, 0 Tempe- Insu- Con- In | In or i ple tested. ' on panel mure lation. |tinuity. eight | E 0 ai Ц п пе Off. Cable. tween | Plus. Minus. Water. P. P. P. P. Air: Water. Water. E Clamps. | | 1859: H. M. Ins. | Fms. 6 July | No.17. (Iron and Hemp.) |. 1 11 1 — "00 ! 100° — — |) | (| 24 "87 13°65 Soo Outside diameter = | 2 — — |20:00 г — — 1,600 84 inches. 8 — — | 30°00 "62 | ^35 — — 2,400 p | 2d Sample tested. RON 35°00 77 — — -- -- 2,800 | =$ Breaking strain. (Joint in gutta; 4 — -— | 40°00 63 31 — Ж — — 3,200 | percha, and one | 48:67 | 101°05 | — | — -- — 3,733 | =4 Breaking strain. wire welded.) (5 = — | 60°00 15 22 — — — 4,000 | Tar oozing out. 6 — — | 55:00 40 2 — — — 4.400 7 — — | 60°00 „80 40 — — — 4,800 8 == — | 62°50 | 10224| 4 — — — {оосо | Cable opening slightly round : - . .- | the bend of the thimble. 9 — — | 65°00 43 19 — — — 4,200 | Tar oozing out . 10 — — | 67°30 „66 17 — — — 5. 400 more at that part. 11 — — | 70°00 | 103'06 | 46 — | — — |: s,600 | Broke at the p of gutta percha and conducting wire, diameter "ыс c | | considera re- | gored Seron wiresbroken. ita x : Tested in Air. hikes олеше remained Tested by Mr. Biedermann. 7 July No. 17. (Iron and Hemp | 1 — — | 10°00 | 100°00| — — 24°87 12°68 800 Р ire.) Outside dia- | 2 — — | 20°00 *90 20 — — 1,600 meter = ‘R44 inches. | 3| — — |300| % 20 — d] = | = | e за Sample tested. 4| — — | 35°00 48| 08 — E — — 2,800 : Labelled (weld in 3760| ‘653| — | — || — | — | sooo | =} Breaking strain. re). b — — | 40°00 ‘6d | 08 — — — 3,200 | Tar oozing out. : 6 — — 45*00 °07 п — ` s — — 3,600 7 — — | 50°00 "85 | °68 — = — 4,000 =$ Breaking strain. 8| — — | 55°Q0 | 101°20| 35 — í = — 4,400 9 — — | 57°50 ‘38 | “IB — | d —— — 4,600 10| — — | 60°00 614 96] — | f = — | 4,800 А Inj — — | 62°50 90 — -— — $,000 | 12 — — | 65°00 10220 80 — — == 5,200 13 — — | 67°50 48| 26 — 2 = $,400 14| — — 70.00 +60] 17 — 2 5e 5,000. 15 — — | 72°80 75| ^H — | > — - 5,800 16| س‎ — | 75°00 | 103°00 | 25 — — — 6,000 | Broke icm wo feet from | . - | | clamp. wires. Core ` ' E | od. equally and : : : | Eos ' | apparently u 8 July No.17, (Hemp and Iron.) | 1) 4 0 | 1:00) — |10:0 100.00 — | — N 7r (| 24°87 | 13°65 | Воо Without joint. Out- 2 2 |100| — | 20°00 17 7 — — 1,600 mae diameter = *844 | 3 5 |1:00| — | 80°00 "85| 18 — | | = — 2,400 Tore in water with 92 */, nches, — : ! salt. dth Sample tested. 87°50 47 — — — — 3,000 | =} Breaking strain. ` ; ..| 4 7 [1:0 | — | 40°00 6511 516 — — — 3,200 5 9 50 — | 45°00 °63 11 — — — 3,600 6. 11 50. — | 50°00 75 *18 == ә == — 4000 | =} Breaking strain. Ta 7 13 50 — | 55°00 | 101°03 | 28 — | = — 4400 | . and air oozing through. 8 15 | 25 — |5750 30 |) — 1} — — | 4,600 9 17 | :35 | — | 60-00 59 | 29 — = — | 4,800 10 19 | 25 — | 62:50 75 14 > | | | XS - | 5,000 11 21 | :25 | — | 0 95 | 20 — 6 e 5, 200 12 23 25 — | 67°50 | 102°35 40 — ; — — 5 | 13 25 | — | 1°00 | 67°50 35 — ЕС s i 5: | = 5 Commenced taking off M 26 — 100 47°50 18 — | 17 1 — — 3,800 weights. pa 1'25 е 11 RET 0 کے‎ — 2, 17 81 — -1°00 20°00 : *00 — °06 with 3 of salt. NEN d 1,600 Bf de | = [EB] ee ЕЧ Е: =| =| = Р ? — |1°00|.0, "81| — 10 : ' — == m 20 | 86100 — | 10°00 °85 | °04 - | — — боо | Commenced putting on 21 37 | 1°00 | — | 20°00 °91 | °06 == | = -— 1,600 weights after readjusting 22 38 | 1°00 | — | 80°00; ° °08 — j — — 2,400 lev .93 4l |1'00| — | 40°00 102-97 °09 ЕЕЕ == — 3. 200 Outside diameter = *797 ins. ‚| 24 43 50 — | 45°00 134 05 — — — 3.600 25 47 50 — | 50°00 "16 | 04 — I — — 4,000 | 20 50 °50 — 55 00 21 05 — : — — | 4400 27 51 | »50 — | 80°00 5 4 ||. m — | 4800 28 52 „50 — | 65°00 *80 | °06 — Е — — 5:200 99 53 "95 | — | 67°50 °86 | 0 — — — 5 20 25 | m — 000 50 14 — — — j^ [] PEN е *64 *14 РСЕ — — 32 5 128 — НЕ; 103-10 | 46 — — — | босо Klongating gradually. 33 2 ża — | 75°00 АЕ = — 3 = نت‎ 6,060 | Broke faire near lashing. All : twelve wires broke. Core not broken. 18 July | No.17. (Hemp and Iron | 1 100 — | 10-00 | 100-00 | oo) — | e 10% | 1 | 26°87) 12°65] воо V with one gutta percha |. f ‚ : l , Perfect. MS s ` joint.) Outside dia- | 2 1°00 | — | 20°00 08; '08| — = — | eas "E me 1,600 meter = 84 inches. | 8 1'00| — | 80°00 25| 171 — = — | а x — J 2400 z 4] 8 1°00 | — | 40°00 43 18 — = = 25 22 — 3,200 | Tar oozing out. 5 45:00 54 — E om T» ge = — 3,600 | =$ Breaking strain. 51 5 1°00] — | 60°00 66 | 288 — — dm — — 44000 6 H 3 — | 0 '84 | 18 — — 12 49 — — ре © . — • . . — — hd — om i : E 500 — 80 ma | H 8 ES ats ES — — Lice Brote i MY d in. several $ Z a Ls . wee IT € E Rud Lx. ES £.400 ven strands d © © ; Ü | Sa roken; ono strand broke f in two p 18 July No. 17. (Hemp and Iron ; - | | ; y neat jont). Out- | 1 2 1°00; — 10:00 100 00 00 — 722 ГҮ (; 24°87 | 13°65 Eoo | Tested in water. monem ш Ыр СЕ з ЕБ = th EISE > i +2 i — > S и — — 3 — == 2,4 : zen Sample tested. 2 qd: 37°50 20 — — = | “= — | 900 | =} Breaking strain. ‘ | А 41 6 1:00] — | 40°00 °31 11 — — | ; — > 3,200 ; 5| e [1:00] — | 50°00 "46, 15 — — — — | 4,000 I Breaking strain. 6 a 50 — | 85-00 65 | 19 — — | — -- 4,400 | Таг oozing out. 7 8 50 — ош 10106 | ‘41| — |, — - Perfect. 4 = = 4.800 | Insulation commenced to be 8 2 BO uA, *00 46 °40 e — | l 2% — 5,200 imperfect. 9| 2 "25 | — | 67°50 70 24 — — : — | — | $40 1i z — 25 ш 70 — — — | — — 5. 200 11 — 50 “GO 70 — — — |r E {| — — 4,800 12 — 5% 3500) „ — 70 | — |! | — — | 44oo i 13 eons PA pres اوم‎ | ‘os س‎ || ; | — р 490 | | 14 | — | 1°00 | 40°00 El o ЖЕ uU Ti Ч — — 3,200 | 3F 2 408 APP.No.10. . APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 10—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. Ea ————— — — ә ө——ГГКГЧНЧ П TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. he ei RPM, ent Date Description 5 | їп of T ids ый No.| Time Weight. e Elongation. 5 * Experi Tr , ; Strain " Tempe-|Insu- Con- In In or REMARES. ment Sample tested, Sample WE dg lation. tinuity. 1 Put Off. Cable. tween | Plus, Minus. Water. P. P. P. P. Air. Water. water on. Clamps. 1859: н. M. |Cwts. |Cwts. | Ciots. Ins. | Ins. | Ins. ? ° * Cwts. | Ciots. Fms. July 12| No. 17. (Hemp 35 Iron 1s < -- de 2.8 "n = ke 72° perfect perfect | 24°87 | 12°65 у == w t join ut- Р — — — — = — = 4 sido “diameter = "S44 | 17 Б — |1°00 | 10°00 2 06 — — — — = 8oo inches 18| $ 1°00 | — | 20°00 46 04 — = 5 ча = | а. |. св th S Sample tested. | 19 32 100 — | 30°00 51 *05 | — x — — e] uj dado 20| 23 1°00 | — | 40°00 56 05 — — — — — فت‎ 3,200 21 Ең 1'00| — | 50°00 °63 "07 — — -— — — — 4,000 2| SE 50 — | b5'00 66 03 — — — — — — | 4,400 23 So 50 — | 60°00 ۰70 °04 — -- — — — -— 4,800 94| 22 50 — | 65°00 "4| 04 — — — -- — — 8.200 25 zu 25 — | 67°50 81 07 — — — -- — — 8, 400 20 | 2 25 — | 70°00 90 15 — — 1'0 — — — 5,600 | Tested in water. 27 5 25 — | 72°50 10213 17 — — 1'0 — — — 5,800 28 B '25| — | 75°00; — = P — — — = ¬ 6,000| Broke fairly; nine strand zs broken, July 13 | No. 17. Iron and Hem 1 3 5 1'00 e 0°00 | 100°00 | — — 74° 24°87 | 12°65 800 ч и tside diameter 75 2 7 |1'00| — | 20°00 "08 | '08| — — "t a 1,600 pee in water, and elec- nches trically. oe le tested, 3 9 | 1°00; — | 30°00 '23 15| = — * — 2,400 | Cable steeped an hour in 7 p water, with a p of 10 85*00 | °80 1 2.800 =$ Breaking strain, 4| mniro|- | 40°00} 37 14 = ЕЕ S| 2 -—] om |) gioco] op 5| 13 38 — | 45°00) чє — | — | ® | — | س‎ | 3,600 А К 3,733 ES B IBAEJEAEHEEEJEAESEIERESE3E-S A г. 7 17 — 50 s : — Р — => — 3, Commenced taki 8| 19 | — | :50|4000| 57 — 02 — E E — | — | 3,200 9 21 — | 1°00 | 30°00 511 — *06 — = * — — 2,400 10| 23 — 100 20000 44 — | 7 — s s — | س‎ | 1600 аж үсе не || ср я ЕЧ Б-и РЕ 12 — |1 ' — — — — E E — — = weight off. 13 29 [1-00 | — | 10°00 801 — | 86 — B 3 — — 800 14| 81 | 1°00; — | 20°00 38 08] — = E 3 wd - cn 15| 33 |1°00| — | 30°00 "45 | 7 — — 2 2 — | س‎ 240 16 35 | 1°00; — | 40°00 514 °09 — — — M — -- 3,200 17 87 | 50 — | 45°00 °58 °04 — — — — — 18 39 50 — | 50°00 681 07 — — — — 4,000 | Tar oozing out. 19 41 50 — | 55°00 °90 *25 = — — -= 4,400 20 43 '95 | — | 57:50 | 101716 °26 — v — — 4,600 21 45 285 — | 60°00 '47 '81 — — — — 4,800 22 47 28 — | 62°50 "Ва | 37 — — — — 5,000 23 49 1255 — | 63°75 °91 *07 — -- — — 5,100 “т О Msi ee Î ИЛ! ce m ПИ бей 9 e in frou about ои m LI July 19 No.1 17. ;(Iron wirecovered 1| 115 1.00 — [10:00 100.90] 00 — |> (| 24°87 | 12°65 8оо | broke. Core remained per- h Hemp.) Outside | 2 21 | 1°00} — | 20°00 9| 19 — — — 1,600 fect. хеле "844 inches. 3 23 100 — | 30°00 834214 — | — — 2,400 : 8th Sample tested, 35°00 41 2,800 A Breaking strain. 4 95 |100| — | 40°00 50 17 = — E 3,200 46°64 °64 3,734 | —1 Breaking strain. 5 97 |1:00| — | 50°00 “71 | '21 — — -- 4,000 6 29 50 — | 55°00 °90 °19 — — — 4,400 7 31 | 50 — | 60°00 | 101:30| 40 — — — 4,800 8 33 '25 | — | 62°50 65 35 — | — — $,000 | 9 35 25 — | 65°00 :92] 27 — — — 8, 200 . 10 37 285 — | 67°50 | 102°23 31 — — — 5 11 39 25 — | 7600] — -= -- Tested in Air — — 8. Six strands broken. July 7 No. е соон ное Наар 1 8 ae -- а ме EA — 25°77 | 12°80 792 with compound over | 2 4 Ё — ? " z = = — I, core.) Outside dia-| 3 82 1°00 | — | 30°00 ‘18; 08 — — — d meter = 815 inches, S8 33.75 "26 2,073 | =} Breaking strain, ' 1st Sample tested. 4| вс 1:00 — 2 00 30 12| — — — 2365 i 5 50 — ' : 10| — — — | 3,564 | =} Breaking strain, 6 22 ‘60| — 50-00 52 12 — —| = | beetle 7| 88 50 — | 55°00 73 21 — — — 4,356 8| ът | o| — | 6000 | 10:35 | *62| — — — | 4,752 9 = 2 "95 | — | 62°50 '56| 21 — т — 4,950 10 2 °25 — 65°00 °76 °20 — L — — £,148 Tar out, 11 8 25 — | 67°50 102-00 — — — — $,346 Er oie t across, core and June 18 | No. m. (Core рош.) ^ © — — (^ 100*00 | *00 | — 7'15 | 3°36 188 outside compoun 8 . — . 0| ‘00; — — — Outside diame T 3 red 134 — 2°50 "05 | *05 | — = — ЧИ inches. Labelled core | 4 z "3| — | 8°80 "08 | °08) — Ф — | „= ИДИ 0. 1. 8 4°70 *09 2 1,413 | =} Breaking strain. 1st Sample tested, 5| 8 12 — 5°10 10 02); — = — =< 1,507 6| ч 12 = | 6:30 15 05 — В 2 * — — | 1,884 | =} Breaking strain. T. s 12 — 7°50 | not observed. | — — 2 4 -- — 2,261 | Gave sudden start. 8| 3 '08| — 8°10 | not observed. — S y^ = — — 2,450 7 рои e not work b 2 a = caught On block clamp EE 2 2 © ом t on m block, m — d © 8 — " КЕ 85| А . -|1| g 50 — | 5°00 | 10000 | 000 | — 3 =. | = | wer Recommenced after adjusting e, 31 8 ‘18| — | 6'30 102-05 2705 | — & — — 1,884 3 2 1214 — 7°50 10 05 — В "- ә 2,261 5 z 07 25 9-40 106:00 5:85 — S а pa 2526 Elongated suddenly. с . om . Е . — А чи 2 y А —| چ‎ — — | 9°40 | 11480 | &80| — — — — — — — — 9°40 11940 4°60 — -— — — — — — 9°40 | 123°75 | 4'35 | — -= — -— а in — | — | 9°40 | 125°50/1°75| — — — — | Broke "— » t Digitized by Google — —— —— ͥͤ—— — =. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 409 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. | Arr. No. io. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form ſor Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. WEIGHT | TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. |E uiva- Ju A EE) ا‎ ee EAL К UL PE ртр Weight Length| Elongati NEM Depth of : eight. n ongation. кх. ol Specimen, and No.] Time. Eo РВ? n MEE ^ REMARKS. ment. Sample tested. | sis Sample rature lation. | tinuity. Weight 0 n Put | og, | Cable. | tween | Plus. Minus. Water. | P. P. | P. P. Air. Water. water, i Clamps. | 1859: н. M. | Cwts.| Cwts.| Cwts.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins. M x н Cwts.| Cwts. | Fms. 0 Aug. 3 No.19. (Gibraltar Core). 1 1°00 | — | 10° 79°00 | 00 — 61 7°15 | 3°36 Outside diameter = | 2 1°00 -| — | 20°00 -08 | -08 = = Е: 30 ‘50 inch. 3 1°00 — | 80°00 °09 | 01 — — — =- 2d Sample tested. 4 1*00 — | 40°00 "15 | °06 — — — — Total length of sample o^ 5 аа eine aon бы ст E МЕ 89 feet, coiled up іп | 7 '50 | — | 65°00| 86:39 | 4°57; — — — — Scale pan touched the four loops, 79 inches — a in length, thus 8 — 50 | 60°00 | 86°89 | — *00 — — — Commenced taking off weights, 9 — | 1°00 | 50°00 '29 | — *10 — — — 10 — | 1°00 | 40°00 '29 | — °00 — — — 11 — | 1°00 | 30°00 24 — ۰05 -- — — 12 8 — | 1°00 | 20°00 20 — "04 — — — 13 2 | — | 100 |0 JH m А ia | К -| — N Е 51 58 g | N 14| 5 |100 | — |200] 2 — 56 "A 3 8 — — 5 Adjusted scale and recom- N Я > £ = ES 2 * menced putting on weights. J E — = F F Permanent stretch of core N 8. £ E E =7'12in 79 inches or 8*9 / N 15| 5 jro | — 30.00 8&8 — | – | — 2 = -| — Е N 16| = 1:00 | — |400 | F2Q | — — — 2 — — — 2 N 17 É 50 — | 45°00| 282 — — E 2 3 = = = Ч [5| & |:50 | — |so00/ S88} - —| — | Ж | =| -| £ N 19 2 °50 — | 55°00 qe "e: — - ES — — m © N n . . a ^ À mr E. 50 | — | 60°00) 86°39) — Е ch = = Hook broke. Scale was ` Е: 2 emptied. S » : — N 2| 100 — | 10°00 $4 = = = > = Recommenced putting on N 2 | £ оо | — 20-00 28| – | — | — D * weights. N 24 © 1°00 | — | 40°00 | 2% — — — -- — N | 2 10% | — | 50-00 | 3 — — — — — N 26 '50 | — | 55°00 | 86°39 | 7°39) — — — — S 27 50 — | 60°00 17 ‘06| — -— — -- N 28 50 | — | 65°00 88 388 — — — mi : 29 "25 | — | 67°50} 90°00 |315| — = — — Broke right across, near centre o trough about 17 8 feet from end. Electrically № perfect throughout. S Estimated per-centage of ENS elongation :— g strain = 14 per cent, No. 19. (Gibraltar Core 50 | — 50 | 50°00 | 00 — . 36 181 Вере. 8 without outside com- : 50 — |1l'00 00 00 — 3 اي‎ 382 pound.) Outside dia- | 3 °50 = | 0 “01 | 01 mn T — £03 meter = "50 inch. 4 °50 | — | 2°00 02 01 — — — 603 8d Sample tested. b "50 — | 2°50 "04 | '02 — — — 754 Memo.—This sample 6 "50 — |3'00 "06 | 02 — = ~ got tested by hanging | 7 "50 — | 3°50 10 ‘04 — T == 1,055 weights to the core in 3°75 14 1,130 | = Breaking strain. a vertical position, 8 '50 | — | 4°00 21221 = — — 1,206 9 50 | — | 4°50 ‘55 | 36 — = — | 1,356 RHEE EE See 11 A . a 5° 1° LI — E. em 1,507 - 12 E '25 | — | 5° "75 | °45 |- — — —— 1,582 13 13 a "25 — | 5°50 52°20 | 45 — - v 1,658 14| S "25 | — | 5°75 70 50 — — — 1,733 15 | "25 | — | 6°00 | 53:34 | 64 — - — 1,808 l| o |95 | — |625 | 54:002] 7722) — = — | 1,884 5| E |95 | — [6:550 | 56:00] 100| — üi — | 1,959 18 % °25 — | 6°75 56°31 | 1°25 -- a — 2,034 19 °25 — | 7°00 58°18 | 1°77 — dim — 2,110 20 E 3 | — 1.50 87 | 269| — — = | 38s & Me. Е € position, sible to Bow Broke fair. — Sept. 8 | No. 19. (Gibraltar Core 1| 3 | *50 "50 | 50°00 | °0 7°15 | 3°36 181 without outside com- 2 8 1°00 — 1°50 *00 °00 — — 452 | Broken by the same arrange- pound.) Outside dia- з ment as the 3d Sample meter = 50 inch. Р. tested. 4th Sample tested, 3| я (100 | — | 2°50 “03 | 03 — — — 784 4 2 1°00 — | 3°50 10 °07 — — 1,055 * — | 3°72 14 1,121 | =. } Breaking strain. 5 E °50 — |4'00 19 °09 -- — — 1,206 6 50 | — * Toe — — — — 1.386 Ы *50 — | 5°50 *87 | 772 — — — 1,65 і 9 °25 — |5 52°39 | °52 -- = — 1,733 10 *25 — | 6°00 "95 | °56 — — — 1,808 11 °25 — |5 50 55 — =- — 1,884 12 °25 — | 6°50 54'312| 812 — — — 1,959 13 *25 — | 6°75 55°50 | 1188 — — — 2,034 14 *25 — | 7°00 56°75 | 1°25 -- — — 2,110 15 '25 — | 7°25 "95 | 1°50 -- — — 2,184 16 125 — | 7°375 | 60°50 | 2°25 — — — 2,223 17 "0625| — | 7:4975| 62°50 | 2°00; — — — 2,242 | Broke fair. Sept. 8 No. 20. (Co con- 1 = 50 | — °50 | 50°00) 00 — 8°57 | 3°125 "P Em P ibraltar 2 = °50 — | 1°00 2 *02 —- — — e cable.) 3| — |°50 | — | 1°50 5| 08| — -|-| — 1st Sample tested. 4 om °50 — | 2°00 *08 *03 — Tested in Air in а — ==> — Shim) | = pee 11| '09| — || vertical position; mE uc fx 2°87 14 weights hung om = Breaking strain. 6 — 50 — | 3°00 "15 | °04 direct — — — 7 — 50 — | 3°50 20 11 — , -— — — 3°83 43 = $ Breaking strain. 8 50 4'00 1 '07 — — — — 9| ~= "25 | — | 425 | 51°65 | 72 ~= — E | зға Digitized by Google 410 . APPENDIX, TO REPORT OF THE - Arr. No. io. APPENDIX No. 10—continued. ; --- Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form or. | ех Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables. | | E WEIGHT m ` TEsTs FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. Equiv ——————————Á—— Cul —n s ent SU ор Weight Length| Elongati Depth 0 А eer eight. en ougation. p Experi- of Specimen and No. Time. Strain . 9f. —— Tempe- Insu- | Con- 15 m for REMARKS. ment. Sample tested. an Sample тише lation. | tinuity. Weit ›е- 0 А n Put | og, Cable. tween Plus. Minus.) Water. P. P. | P. P. | Air. Water. Water. ; Clamps | | | я 1859: H. M. |Crots.|Cwts.|Cwts.| Ins. | Ins. | Ine. o $ о | Cuts. | Cwts. | Fms Sept. 8 | No. 20. (Copper conduc- | 10; — |95 | — | 4°30 | 52:50| 85 — N (| 3°57 | 3°125 — tor, Gibraltar Cable.) 11 — °25 — | 5 53:50 | 1°00 — m = == е : 1st Sample tested. 12 — 125 — | 4°875 | 54°25 | 75 — — — — Elongation meter slipped. 13 — 125 — | 5°00 — — — Tested in Air in a — — — 14 — 125 — | 5:125 — — — vertical tion, — — — 15 — 125 — | 5'250 — — — weights hung on — — — , 16 — 125 — |5373] — — — direct. — | — — 18 — 125 — bed _ — — — — — — 125 — [086 — — — — — — : 19| — 125 — | 577509 | — - — — — — | Broke fair. July 27 | No. 16. (Al Hemp.) 1 255 | 1°00; — | 10°00 | 100°00 00 — 67° 100 1 21:42 688 1,204 | Tweed апа Rogers. | 18°75 78 — — — — — 3,382 | =} Breaking straiu. Outside diameter = |. 2| 3 0 |1:00| — | 20°00 °96 | 98 — — — | — | 3,608 - 1°00 inch. 3 2 | 50 — |95°00|10149| 44 — | — +3 $ | = | 4510 | =4 Breaking strain. 2d Sample tested. 4| 414 50 — | 30°00 96 544 -| — 2 © — — 8.412 кошо 1st ee д i — z 102:20 24 — — 8 E M Nor 5,863 see page 16. : — . 46 26 — — * بم‎ — = 314 i eee 7 10 25 — | 37°50 = an ий — — — 6,766 | Broke fair. Ten longitudinal : | | 95 | strands broke. " Outside covering and core remained The increased ue in water in thie instance is due to the specimen having been soaked in water for a considerable period before having been weighed. Specification of Specimen : à j Core: Longitudinal hemp strands put on ! - with marine glue 7775 „ | ; Web hemp cover- ^ ing - -658 „ Total weight in air - -21'42 „ Weight in water 5°>58* ,, — Aug. 22 No. 22. (Gibraltar соге | 1 |1215 100 — 1000 80:00! °00 id 4 Lay of covering at this strai 1 covered with vulcan- 4°62 inch. ized India-rubbert ape, 2| 1 1 1.00] — | 20°00 78 78 — | А , the outside covering 27°50 | 81:03 | — — =4 Breaking strain. being .12 iron wires, | 3 8 |1'001 — 130:00| 81'13 | 40 "e At this strain, lay = 4°75 No. 15 gauge, cach inches; elongation of hy wire serv with = 4 inch. hemp.) Outside dia- 36°67 33 — = =} Breaking strain. meter = °750 inch. 4 5 |1.00| — | 40°00 60 °47 — Ist Sample tested. 5 7 25 — | 42°50 75 15 — At this strain, vulcanizcd ’ rubber serving squ | up between outside strands e surface of rubber serving covered with small | iow bubbles, which on | ursting liberated pow- dered sulphur. 6 9 25 — 00 92 177 — 7 11 25 — | 47°50 82 07 15 — 8 13 | 25 — | 60°00 90] 183 — . : 9 15 25 — | 58°50 "85 | °15 ша At this strain, outside dia- meter = °688 inches, 10 17 25 — |o] — = EM Broke instantly weight was ut on. our strands Notk roken midway between Tested in Air. ot known. clamps. 4 4 At site of fracture core у | much twisted and indented, ie irs section of core much like the figure 8. Estimated percentage of : ue Gee => reaking strain = 1°39 Breaking strain — 1:72 | ing strain = 92:93 Aug. 22 No. 23. Red Sea Core | 1| 1831 | 1°00) — | 10°00 | 80°00] °00 а Lay of outer covering at this covered with vulcan- | strain 4°062 inch. ized India-rubber tape, Better laid up than Specimen the outside covering No. 22. being 16 iron wires, | 2 4 |1'00| — | 20°00 40 °40 25 =¥} Breaking strain. No. 18 gauge, each | 3 48 50 — | 25°00 87 47 ЖЕ wire served with 96:67 | 81°10}; — — =$ Breaking strain. hemp. Outside dia- | 4 50 ‘50| — | 30°00] 81°45 | °58 = Rubber showing between the meter = '625 inch. outside covering, but only 1st Sample tested. | in & few places. 52 ‘50 | — | 35-00 At this strain, of cover- | ing = 4'185 Inch. 6 54 | 50 — wol — 3 is a) L Broke at the place the rubber was visible. Eight strands broken. Core murh in- dented at place of fracture, | also twis ; the cross | | section of core like the figure 8. Estimated percentage of elongation :— — М 4 1 Breaking strain = 50 } Breaking strain = 1:37 reaking strain = 2°46 = TES per Knot, | Copper - -= 3°37 Cwt. | | : | Gutta - 3:57 „ I 4 А і à E 4 i b à » 1 4 b SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 411 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. * ° App.No.10. ‘Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables continued. ep WEIGHT TESTS TOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. |Equiva- p — . ̃ ey , —— pees LS) MP ey Description waa | ie in m 4 Speci - А eight. | | Length | Elongation. Depth ваме. of Specimen and No. Time | . strain oF — Mfempe-| Insa- | Con. In bb for REMARKS, ment. Sample tested. | Sampie ature lation. tinuity. Weight r m Раё! Of. Cable: | tween | ptus, (Minus, Water, | Р.Р. | P. P. | A. | Water! water - | А Clamps. | | | 1 — — - — -- = — — 1859: н. M. |Cwts, Ciots. Cwts.| Ins. | Ins. | Ins a е о Cuts.) Cwts.| Fms. Aug. 22 — a diameter 2 = 18 -- 19 00 80 0 00 ize 41°22 | 35°60 311 zz ine ] “ — abdo ЕЕ: [1] 1st Sample tested. 3 29 |1'00| — | 30°00 09 03 — | — — кау | Lay of covering at this - а, 1 — — | 40 8 10 01 — — — 1,245 strain = 6°125. — | DO 14 04 — — — " Memo —This Specimen | 6 2 |1'00| — | 60°00 16| '02 — — — 2280 3 vig ошо 00 y PIS eer A @ 18| — — — — 2,224 | = $ Breaking strain, en No 0 = 20 *04 -- — — 2,380 1 Gibraltar deep Sea), | 8 46 |1'00| — | 80°00 25 05 — — — py اا م ا‎ | T «a | 1:00 90-00 21 н is ai = ==] Шыда ыза ape serving 1ns 0 — 28 03 — — o 3,002 | hemp, and No. 12 10 * 50.|1'00| — 100˙00 311 *03 — — — 3,314 | Rubber coming through the | gauge wires instead of outside covering, but only No. 11 gauge. 11 52 | 1°00 | — |10 40 09 — — — 3,625 where the wires are not 13 54 |.1'00| — 120500 *59 | °19 — — — 3,930 well laid. 13 56 | 1°00 | — |0 -- — — — 4247 | Broke directly weight was | pat on (nota fair break). en strands broken. Broke close to clamps, | соон per-centage оѓ elongation :— Sept. 10 No. 25. (Gibraltar core | 1| 2 0 | 1°00) — | 10°00 | 100700, 9 — | 58°51 | 41°70 243 1 Breaking strain = *22, coated with compound | 2 2 [2'0| — | 30°00 "15 | °15 — — = 729 1 33. and covered with vul- | 3 4 |2:00| — | 50°00 "95 | 10 — — — 1,216 reaking strain = '73. canized India-rubber | 4 6 |2:00| -- 70°00 36 | n — À — -- 1,702 thick itd dux 5 8 | 2°00 90-00 45 ۰09 p3 кы E 2/188 DS sri - — 4 — = — aw ‚1 3 pound, the outer| 6 10 | 2°00) — |110°00 52 °07 -- -- — 2,675 | = Breaking strain, covering 18 iron wires, | 7 12 |2'00| — 113000 63 11 — — — 3,161 ! No. 10 gauge). Out- 8 14 | 2-00 | — [150°00 80] 17 ы is = 3,047 side diameter = "925 | 9 16 | 1°00 — [160-00 | 101:25| *45| — — | — | 380 inch. 10 18 50 — 116500 — — — — | — 4,012 — —— One strand before : e others, Sept. 10 | No. 26. Gibraltar core | 1 5 1°00 | — | 10°00 | 100°00 | % =~ . 36°43 | 15°35 661 cudcovered wihvu | 3| E |1-00| — || „ „ = || = = pope - eanized - India-rubber | 4 g 100 — | 40°00 70 "35 — . — -- 2,044 tape, over which a o 42°50 9114 — — — — 2,809 | = } Breaking strain. thick coating of com- | 5 E 1°00; — | 50°00 | 101°55 | 884 — — — 3,305 One wire broken. pound, the outer = ^ 54°67 102.40 — — — — 3,013 | = 4 Breaking strain, covering 12 iron wires, | 6 © 50| — | 55°00 |102'50 | "95 — . — — 3,6035 : No. 14 gauge, each | 7 — 50 — | 60°00 10350 | 1°00 | — — — 3,900 | Second wire broke, Third covered with hemp, | 8| 8 '25 | — | 62°50 | 103°90| '40| = | — — 4,131 broke. Prou diameter 1°125 | 9 3 '25 |, — | 65°00 — — — — ges 4,296 "ur iren Ar Five inch. | . roken x broken. Ist Sample tested, 10 4 25 — | 67°50; — — — | — — 4,461 | Seven wires broken, Eight . 1 = 25 — | 70°00! — — — — — 4,026 broken. 12 E 25 — | 72°50 — — -- — — 4.792 18 5 '25| — | 75°00; — — — | — — 49:7 Nine wires broken, lá = — — 17 50 — — — — — 5,122 | Ten wires broken, " -— 00 — — =- а -— — 16 3 "95 | — | 82°50 — — = g» =e S Eleven wires broken, Twelve 2 | wires broken. 17 E 25 — | 85°00) — — — — — 5,618 | EE 1 , emo.—The excess о Tested in Air. hemp over iron in this 8 en may account — the above extraordi- results of the hemp hol ng the cable to- s pap Mr ey wires Sept.12| No. 27. (Tweed and 1 1700| — |10:00| 49'00| * — = } Breaking strain. Rogers.) (No parti- в 13°33 -- — — Breaking strain. €ulars given.) Out- 2 3 1°00 | — | 00 om — ы Bro е very 1 2 (Core as p diameter 7 25 inch. а well as outside covering.) ple Outside diameter = *656 | 1| 2 50 — 5°00 — | inch, к MP 95| — 7°50 | a — — 2d Sample tested. ES 8'75 [SFS — om = i Breaking strain. 3| $53 25 — 10.00 22 — | — 23 11:47 | $2 É Ж Ti Жай = $ Breaking strain, 4| = 25 — | 12'50 | = E ау — -— š Specimen too short to take 5 o 35 | = |1600| 048| — >» elongation, also to getat the 28 а breaking strain accurately. 6 a” "25 | — | 17°50 — ~ needed —— зв well as ou covering. Outsids diameter = 78 1| 2 ‘50| — | 6°00) 7875| "00| — inc 2| ©% 95| — 7°50 | 74°15 | 40 = Breaking strain. 3d Sample tested, 8| 3 25 — | 10°00 | 75°55 | 1°40 ip = 3 Breaking strain. 4| = 25 — | 12°50] 76°35 | 80] — 5 “25| — | 15°00} 77°05 | 70 — Broke fair. (Core as well as outside covering.) Estimated per-centage of elongation :— | 1 Breaking strain = *50. | 1 ^ tx | reaking strain= 4°47. ) я Oct No. 28. (Henle Gib-} 1| 243 100 — | 10°00 , . This Specimen was tested $ 4-4 соге Y) eo rex * * ا‎ ked * with swiveis at each end. withl8IronandHemp| 2 45 |1'00| — | 20°00 24 24 — — | — | 1,485 | Tar oozing out. strands, each в 3 47 50 — | 25°00 "36 | 12 — — — 1,856 composed ofthreeiron | 4 49 “25! — | 27°50 '43| '07 — — — 2,041 wires, No, 20 Birm-| 5 51 25 — | 30°00 46 °08 — — = 2,227 gauge, with 31°25 5114 — = — — 2,325 | = 3 Breaking : strain. three small hem 6 59 : - _, .32*50. — > 10 — — = — — 2,113 — — — — * ds. Outside 7 65 | *25| — | 35°00 64| “08 | — = Se А а 9 | И к.А tel vee] = -]|- 24] Memo Hemp. ser ‚Л wet ШЕР aw| m | = Е 3,094 = { Breaking strain. . — 30 * LI — — — 1 left lay. Inside serving | 11 3 | +95] — | 45°00 81 “6| = = 2 i 22 yarns, outside serv- | 12 5 '95 | — | 47°50 ووه‎ ° — | — cdi 3,527 | A great deal of tar oozing out ing 24 yarns. 13 7 | ‘25| — | 50°00 101-00 “07 | — — — 3,712 allover cable. 14 9 28 — | 52°60 ‘09 | 00 — — -- 15 11 28 — | 55°00 19 0 — -— = 4 и вары аш d =) oe on ' M . - = <= % ps: Broke as soon as weight was Z 5 7 : on, strands broke. Digitized by 412 APP.No. 10. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 10—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens for the purpose of arriving at the best form for the Outer Covering of Submarine Telegraphic Cables—continued. 1859: Description of Specimen, and Sample tested, Oct. 17 No. 28. (Henley.) Gibral- tar core covered with 18 iron and hemp strands, each strand composed of 3 iron wires, No. 20, Birm- ingham gauge, with 3 small hempen strands. 1 diameter = 878 nch. 2d Sample tested. Memo. — Hemp serving round core right and left lay. Inside serv- ing 22 yarns, outside ditto 24 yarns, Oct. 18 No. 9. Outside diameter = *875 inch. 12th Sample tested. Swivels used. Memo.—Lay of 12 strands 6°5 inches. Lay of hemp round wire 1°9 inch, Oct. 22 | No.9*. Outside diameter = *875 inch 13th Sample tested. Swivels at each end. Memo.— Lay of hem and steel strand = 6 inches, Lay of hemp round steel, 4 strands = 1 inch. Oct. 18 | No.12. (Red Sea Cable.) Outside diameter = *562 inch. Sth Sample tested, Swivels used, WEIGHT TESTS FOR STRENGTH, ELECTRICAL TESTS. per Knot. |Equiva- ent Weigh L h| El i — No.] Time. eight. |Length| Elongation. 1 me. Insu. Con- e REMARKS, Strain — — pe- r z In In - on 8 ic lation. | tinuity. bi . n Put | og Cable. tween | Plus. Minus.] Water. P. P. Р.Р. | Air. Water. Water. on. Clamps H. M. |Cwts. Cote.) Cwts. | Ins, | Ins. | Ins. 9 9 | е Cwts. | Cwts.| Fms. | | L| 2| 45 [1:00| — | 20-00 17 | 17| — | — | — | 1484 | аз first sample. RN | — |. = | cee] 7 335 == — — — 2,505 | = ing strain. 4 49 |1'00| — piden e 15 — | — سے‎ 2,968 Р в: . . — — — — 3,3 = Breaki strain. 5 51 30 — | 45°00 '55| 10 — — — 22 i = 6 53 50 — | 50°00 62 07 — — — 3.711 7| 55 50 — | 55:00 75 13 — ны Xii 8 57 28 — | 57°50 "B4 '09 — — = 4,267 9 59 *95| — | 60°00 | 71°00 | *16| — | | — — 4,453 10| 1 1 95 | — | 62°50 19] 19 — — — 4.638 11 3 25 — | 65°00 27 08 — — — 4,824 12 5 28 — | 67°50 — = | — — — | £99 Broke instan the last | weight was (Ten | strands.) Estimated per-centage of elo ion :— Breaking train s T 8 = “Fi. — ae A 1| 110 |1:00| — |10:00|100:00| *00| — | 25°47 | 13131 | 773 2 15 |l'00| — | 20°00 | `1 — — = at - 3 17 |1°00| — | 30°00 88 16 — — جت‎ 2,320 4 19 |1'00| — | 40°00 ‘40 | 16 — | — — 3,094 5 21 |l'00| — | 50°00 64 15 — — — | 3,867 6 93 | 1'00 — | 60°00 VM) 1% — — — 4.641 7 95 100 — de i 161 — — -- 5,414 А DM 7 — — Ex E 5,7 = Breaki strain, 8 27 1.00 — | 80°00 | 10111 | *18| — — — 6,1 * 9 99 100 — | 90°00 88 23 — — — 6,961 10 31 50 — и es 1! ص‎ — — 7348 . B LJ EU ou ame ome А 5 — strain 11 83 '50| — 10 ‘63| 18 — -- — 7.735 ! p s RETI mm =| = | ges о аа — c * я 1: —- — — „928 | The same weights 13 54 '95 | — [105700 °82 | °07 — — — 8,121 eis 14 56 "95 | — 10750 92 °0 — -- -- 8,314 15 58 *95| — |110°00 | 102°05| *'13| — — = 8,<08 16| 2 0 "95 | — /|112°50 4| 00 ص‎ — — 8,701 17 2 285 — /|115°00 27 °13 — — — 8,894 18 4 "95 | — |117°50 38 11 — — — 9,087 19 6 25 — |120°00 ‘54 | *16| — — — 9,281 20 8 '95 | — 122 50 67 13 — — — 9,474 aj „ INE TEE = | E | 988 | shat of amps bate y — 127 ” Б — TET — — 9,861 es of 93| 339 | — | — 130-00 | 103-30 | »34 — Tested in Air, e-— | o ANM 24 41 25 | — 0 3 13 — — — | 10,248 25 43 *95| — [135°00 *55 | 12 — — — | 10,441 26 45 25 — 13750 65 10 — — — 10, 634 27 47 "95 | — 14000 79 144 — — — | 10,828 98 49 95 | — | 0 *92 | °18 — — — | 11,021 29 51 °25 | — |[145°00 | 104° 06 | 144 — — | 1,215 30 53 25 — 14750| — -= — — — | 11,407 | Broke fair. Eight strands. 1| 3 8 |1'00| — | 10°00 | 100°00 | 00 IM 25°47 | 13' 11 773 2 5 |1°00| — | 20°00 709 | "09 | = — — 1,647 3 7 |1°00| — | 30°00 20 11 — — — 2,320 4 9 |1'60| — | 40°00 88 °1 — — — 3,094 5 11 |1:00| — | 50°00 48 10 — — — 3,867 6 13 | 1°00 | — | 60°00 57 | 12 — — — 4,641 7 15 |1°00| — 10% D *13 — |l — -- ^ 1'25 2 — — — — ‚о | =} Breaking strain. 8 17 | 1°00} — | 80°00 88 18 — a — 6,188 Ы ing 9 19 |100| — | 90°00 | 101°05 | 20 — — — 96z 95°00 *11 = — — — 7,34 = Breaking strain, 10 21 | 1°00 | — 10000 27 22 — — — 7.735 ! 11 23 | 100| — (|110°00 ‘5G | 29 — — — 8,508 12 25 | 1'00| — 120500 92 36 — T -- 9,281 13 27 |1'00| — 130°00 | 102740 | *'48| — — — | 10,054 14 29 *50| — |185°00 0 | °80 — | 10,440 15 31 50 — 1140700 — — — — — | 10,826 r Scale obliterated. 16 33 '25 | — 142'50 — — — | — — | 11,019 | Broke fair, Six strands, 1| 4 8 |1'00| — | 10°00 | 100°00 | ‘00 — 21°00 | 17'30 £86 2 16 |1'00| — | 20-00 09| » — | — — 1,171 3 18 | 1°00! — 3000 16| 7 — | — — 1,757 4 20 |1'00| — | 40°00 23 07 — e — 2,342 i 43°75 25 — — — -- 2,557 | =} Breaking strain, 5 29 |1'00| — | 50°00 „29 06 — | e =- 2,928 | 58°34 38 — — — — 3,409 | =} Breaking strain. 6 24 100 — | 60:00 °87 | °08 — — — 3,513 ! 7 96 *50| — | 65°00 42 *05 — — =- 3,806 8 28 '50| — 70*00 48 03 —— — — 4,059 9| зо | — |7250| 50 2 — -— cta d 10 82 285 — | 75°00 55 '05| — || —- — 4.392 11| 8 | ‘25| — | 77°50 60 | s — | — — | 4,538 12 36 "25 | — | 80°00 65 | 08 — | — — 4.574 13 38 25 — | 82°50 73 '08| س‎ — — 4,821 14 40 25 — | 85°00 811 608 — | — — 4,968 15| 4225 — |8r50| — | | — |) — | — | 5,114 | Broke close to clamps. | (Twelve strands.) Digitized by Google i 1 | i SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 413 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. APP. No. 10, — FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH. ABSTRACT of EXPERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and Fonpz and C. W. Siemens, for determining the Strength, &c. of STEEL and IRON Wires, and HEMP STRANDS, SEPARATE and COMBINED. жеъе DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS. | of سے سے‎ | WIRE AND HEMP COMBINED. | WIRE AND HEMP SEPARATE. SaL — —-—-—ä — _] Mae- " o 2 гілі | WIRE. | HEMP, я WIRE. HEMP. | - combined. 2 Per. ا ۆز‎ 2 compared * | a 0 a Weight |Number а Strength. паво | Per- Per- |£ Strength, ; > of 8 4. 'entaze |a | › — | separate a | Fathom, Strands. E | gation. | Strength. „ептен Strength. sa mee Pus. (Cols. 15 | REMARKS. ' — |———|— г SE | gation. galion. © 3 5.) | g | |e Ez 9 | E EE oa А И Ул. = | > |ЁЁ E | 2 85 | 22 E Salê Pa] JE] $|À zb | |. | || |# | | l 8 Ё sia 32 £ = “| КҮЙ. № ф | СОИ О GNE A © - Бе ЕРЕ e E e| SSE S Дь! у 25 „ 2 3 2 5 7 22 " ва EEE 2|S| E ||] $| & agi £128 3/8 3 $|3|8|z|$|3 |23 E gej = |в |55551 5530 @ 228 131735737 4 28 z = ЕЕ SEES BSE S E АЕА РА E Е АЕ s E un 2 |2 |4 a3 | 2 |2 SS A le „ fà [| f£ | we | £A |] fA | и | А | | FA 14 | Z 1/2 4lsieizisio!1]nl m 14 | 15 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 0120 | 01.122 23 24 25 | 2n | 99 30 ( > | | | h No. | No. No. Vo. Tus. lbs. | ls. No, No. us lbs. | lbs. |Cwts|Cwts Ius. Ins. |Cuts|Cwts Ius. Ins. Cute Cuts Ius. Ins. | Cwts|Cwts Cwts No. UNWELDED. | MANILLA. | 1| l!SteelOne| 14 0707097] -| 4| 4| 2076 173 [t62 | 9°25 |:39 17% [4°25 9°50 28 [08 | =| - | -| - | - | =| =| 1 » z ” ” ” ” " 3 " » » * ” $162 | 9°25 35 177 = ” = e кө - = с - = = 2 — 3 * » ” » » as ” » ГА „ |462 | 9°25 36 [ 77 — = = e ~ p - — — = 5 , 2| 1| 5 | „| „| „| „| =| 4| 4| 1|'040 |:146 15°56 11-12 |:49 [5720 [4°00 800 [33 r'| =| = | =| - | = | -| =| 8 * 2 » 9 » ” » rt » »" ” rm " 5'69 11°37 Ri 3°80 < - з en 7 = — - = = =” 4 ” 3 » ” ” » » T ” ” , ” ” 3˙37 10 75 40 3504 - sa e - = e - — — х e T 8| 1| » „| »| „| »| =| 4| 4| 051 148 |6 34 |12:67 42 3.32 4°00 8°00 32 |т'оо | . [5787 | - | - 187/780 -| 5 » 2 » » s » ” 2 ” » » ” „ |0'18 12˙37 | 38 2'48 = = - а E- “Р — — - v» ча 6 » 3 » » » » ” E „ " » » „ 6˙50 |13*00 | 48 3°12 - | = ^ = м n — = - = - РА » 4 ” * " * ” i ” ” " " T] 6°06 12° 12 | 48 2°86 "d s =» - — — — - m. - » 5 ” » » " | ” ag ” ” ” ” „ |6 25 |12*50 |°45 2'33 Srp res s - 3 * — - — = * » m) ; ” » ” ” "n » » „ 2 , 6'50 |12'87 40 2°68 — | - — — * — — E — - — » * ” ” ” * » ” n » Ра 11°00 5 - = - = = 3 e — miy - ar x ” Wei ht ut onat 9 | 4 1 » " " " ” i 4 4 13 052 119 5'04 11°87 60 13°36 4'00 8°00 34 1°40 * - Е - — еч * 9 fire roke. once | ” 2 ” » n LI] LET = ” PE ” n” ” 5°94 11°87 61 13°32 = e» = = те „> - - - = — 10 3 » » ” „ „ “ » » ” » » 5°75 11 50 59 3˙30 — * = - = = — — — " i: . | UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. UNWELDED. 5| 1 Steel One 14 079 097 - 4| 4| $7077 174 |5'00 100 |*356 |2°00 | - "dub а = РЕ 0) РЕ E N ETA ha " 2 » „ | » " » E „| » ” » » 1*75 | 9°50 °37 1°80 Е — | E — — — = — - — - * ” 3 ” э n" » " Е " » | ” 4°75 | 9°50 45 2°18 — — — — = - — — = — » 6 1 ” ” ” ” ” | ^w » » 1 0530 147 3°81 |11°03 51 3 26 - - = | = — - E — — = = | 12 Sent from R. S. Newall ss 2 „ » » » » = ” ” n » » 5°62 11°25 48 3 o6 - - - | - e =- - - — - — " & Co. ” 3 ” ” ” ” ” 2 » " » ” 5°31 10˙63 *44 |2 66 * — — | - = = — — — > - | 13 7 1 % |» " » »" e ” » | 12 |°055 152 (5°44 [10°87 |*45 |2°70 |4'25 (8°50 30 1 80 |1°31|2°62 - = |t1'12| ~ 25 14 2 ” ” | e ” “ „ M" m m „ 3°75 11°50 40 2 46 — — — — = — — — — = — | 15 » 3 ” ” ” ” ” A ” ” ” » » 5°88 |11°75 "со |2°42 == — — - - — — — — — — وو‎ n 4 * LL] ” , ” ns Г ” ” n T] 5'88 11°75 40 2 38 e => - - 9 * — - - = - 16 ” 5 " ” ” ” "n * ” I " , » 5°62 111°25 37 2°28 - — — — P - - E — = — » ” 6 ^" » ” ” » - m » T 9 - |l1'00 - — — - — - — - - ә «ә - — — 8 1 » ” ” ” ” = ” „ 1% |*050 147 (5°93 11 87 49 2˙32 — — — — m — — — — e — | 7 Weights put on with- ” 2 » „ ” » ” = » » » ” „ 19°69 |11'37 “42 |1'92 - — E — - — — — E — — РА out stoppin the usual » 5 » » ” ” ” 4 ” ” » ” „ {9°63 112543 [1°85 - - - — = - -| -= — - -|18 — of — "sli 331-5] p] 8 ы = ы Ss) ES ТЗ eba |. F es pm) Ж 3 اک‎ nt from Messrs. B. : я “ы” е piss x 2 | 35 | 32 | 19 Johnson, Manchester. Bul au с = ЖА Ж Жыл Sh «se: - | -| = [ато (8-37 I:t|rss| -| - | -] - | - | = - |» x 3 » ” ” ” x Tj = 5 Б 2 = = > - - [444 (8°87 32 |1°42 — — -| -= - - Е 10; 1| » ی‎ =[ = =) =) = = -| - — -| - |862 7824 92) -| - | -| = | - | -| - |1 ” 2 ” » ” ” 29 = T = si = = es — = |3'56 7°12 22281 — — — — — — — т » 3 » ” ” » = T = = = = — — — — = 3°38 6˙75 °18 67 — — a - = - „| 292 11 : ” ” ” "з E! X T Е; * > T Y = 2 = . Hoe a- E e C A A T É e -|33 {Soak tees E , ” ” = Ei * = TT -i т? = T * E = ш * T > = е" 2 » * $ 3 z " ” * 7 = or z = = = = > = - |3°06 6°12 10 78 = — — — — — — » 12 1 ” sms" rA "Pa d cll EE Ea = = ә» = -| - {4°00 8°00 18 ‘s24 - -j - - -| -|24 13 1 » m " — 5 * = = = ү» p = ” os = 1°69 9°37 |'26 30 = - - - - - -|25 ” 2 ” ” " - = 7 ps G = * = än = = = |425 8°50 |*22 | ‘68 жы - - - - — — "T » 3 ” » » * E T 21 " = а = a ^ ~ |4 68 9°37 26 "92 * — — — - = - | 26 о Meee 1 | et = = <= =- | =| = 93 '9°87 7331722] -| - | -| - | - | =| -] » WELDED. WELDED. ) 12; 1 emn 14 | - | - -| -| =- - -| - - -| - (2°13 4°25 [:99 | 4 -| - 61. г р mr 13 2 » » » ч a | bs « = ج‎ = а - - an — — 00 02 | 30 - - - 5 - 25 UNWELDED. MANILLA, UNWELDED. MANILLA. E= * F r со tO M зз: зз: Bes Cro Qe со во M با من‎ Iron One 140790901 » »" ” ss ess 8 32238 sN gt LO. f ! . MAL AER LP SLT ЖЕ ' to E. ст æ -| 4| 4| 8 [70770 |*1731 |225 | 4°50 |*17 4% 2°20 40 |'14(7$66| [ » » ” ЗА ” ” ” ” „ |2°37 | 4 75 | 24 | 79 - - - - - - — — " ” » E m » ” ” „ 12°31 | 4°62 17 | °6 - - — „ — es * ы ” » ar = ” „| 1 |° 0615 |*1570 [2°75 | 5°50 23 [2716 (2°18 (4°37 14 46 127374775 = = 9°12 3'62| 29 | Wire broke first, and weight was sustained " aloneby Hemp; (when tested combined). x * ” ” — » » » » » 2°31 | 5°62 22 2°17 — — - - — - - - - e — 30 Do. Do. Bd ” " » +, „ » , ” „ 2°87 | 4° 75 16 48 — — - - - - - æ - == - 90 Do. Do. j „| skof =| »| › | 1% *1559 4°25 | 8°50 |*33 |2" 58 |2:22 |4'43 |*18 | “бо |1'81/3*62 11/262 8% |*45 | ~ | 91 ^ ” * » * » n ” " ” ew зі 32 2° $6 — - on — = e = = < = - | 32 , D ser ” ” , , „ [4 2 >, 2°56 — — — — — — — — — = - Ра E : ж мр Же Жей Бей Ше = „ | = | 5°00 di - - “fof am кс 6 Кы. шы! = 8 Weight put on at once. » » و‎ T ” » * » LL 4°06 | 8°12 27 2 80 me 2 = =~ = s = 4 * n 5 „н Роба -| „| mo] TE [ood (uS [3 45 | 6-86 з 12:36 ma een 6 | г] -| - | -| - | z (See on R.S. Newall. » » ” > ” ” » ” ” 3°06 | 6°12 '26 |1'83 * — = = = ж - * — =| - | 35 & Co. - ” „ » — » » ” m „ 19:00 | 7°12 |^ 33 |2°20 - - - - - - - - - - — РА 3G Digitized by Google 414 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE App. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10. —FArLMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Abstract of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, for determining the Strength, &c. of Steel and Iron Wires, and Hemp Strands, separate and combined—contin DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS. нашы 0 WIRE AND HEMP COMBINED. WIRE AND HEMP SEPARATE. WIRE. HEMP. E WIRE. HEMP. E | = Per- e | Weight |Number B | Strength, | Contage Bis BE e. r 0 © ntage ntage * Fathom.|Strands. = : gation. Strength. of Elon- Strength. of Elon- = REMARKS. : à E gation. gation. |: sa E LI Ё fg . Е — 2 "aus ые гы Cea ann B. e PIE ЁЗ А ‚9 |^Ё 32 i ЗЕ. Esl; = $|* |Z. Ss 2 Ё 15 19 ex £ = и: (Sele: та " ; " " 5 - TES Ea Ea E [SSE Е | ЕК ы, |||] s |ui © gje | S| ESR] a] s| a Pele] 3133131314131313 lala (gs Г а. 2. — д = с sig 5o = 2 i TERE FEE хаа 5 ЕНЕ E a $ S Pis E S iia E {5 5 31314 rare caer 11 12 |as |14| 15 16 17 | 18 | 19 | 20] 21 |22| 23 (24 | 25 | 2% 29 No. | No. No.| No. Ins] lbs. ts, No.| No. Ins lbs. | lbs. |Cwts|Cwts. PR Ins. n caia Ins. Cts Outs Ins. Ins. |Cw | UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. — | | | NWELDED. RUSSIAN. 18 | 1 Iron On 14 079, 096 -| 4| 4| 2(077 173 2˙38 | 4°75 22 *66 (2°25 [45012186 [ — | -| = - -|- TN » 2 * » » m „ Е ” ” » » „ jo 44 | 4'87 19 88 ui = * = - = - - = = = » 3 » „ » ” ” - » ” » m „ 250 | 5'00 10 °93 = = x = т & = e = = - 19 1 ” » ” » ” = ” " 1 146 2:93 | 5°87 |°22 |2°10 — — = — РА - РЕ - e 5 Ed ” 2 » » » „ ” = » ” ” n | » 3°56 | 7°12 27 |3 o8 3 = = с» - = 2 = » = = » 3 » » » » m = » » » 9] „% 3˙00 | 6°00 22 |2 40 2°09 |4'18 [12 °48 - - - - - = аќ 1 » » » ” » = » „ 13 "049 145 (3°25 | 6°50 |°26 |2'46 - — — — аё ә = an e ТА к » 2 » ” ” ” ” 5 ” ” » * „ 3°18 6°37 16 |2'оо T = = xj = = = = = - - » 8 » " » ” » il » » » » " 3°06 | 6°12 22 |1'60 - e = d = = = = "x = = Soaked in water 22 hours. » 4 ” » ” » » T » » » ” n |2 `88 | 5°75 20 І 34 = F x: = = 2 = = d = = Do. Do. » 5 „ „ „ „ ” т » ” » » » 8°71 | 7°43 | °32 |2 46 2 rs = с = - = = - - = Not soaked. * 6 » » » ” » = ” ” M" | " 2°50 | 5°00 16 1°04 2 09 |4']8 12 48 - - ~ — — — — 2¹ 1 " » ” » ” s » » i 050 1483 3°81 | 6'62 281 92 - - - — — Е - - - - Ра » 2 " » " » ” = n „ n » | " 3'63 | 7°25 34 2 30 |- = Ed - = - - = ا‎ e - » 3 » » » " » e 5 1 » » » »" 2:88 4°75 717 1°48 | - — E - - - - - - e às NAKED WIRES. | | | | | UNWELDED. 22 | 1 Iron One] 14 |:079j*096] – | - | -| - БЫ Ие os Жы -| = |2°18 [4°25 [% | "о |. -| - -| =- - -| = Not known from whom 23 1 " » „ үч "A Г "E “ = = | - = - = =. (2°18 4°37 °13 50 — — — — E - = sent. 24 1 * » " os = ка = x = а 1 * | 2 - = - 2˙25 4°50 [18 52 — - — - E - on 25 1. » » ” 2 ES T = = = =, 4 IT — — — 2˙25 4°50 ("то 38 — on = = - s ین‎ 26 1 » ” » ^ ы e: r m e = | 9s | = = = = 12°38 4°75 "33 °48 - — - - - Ed — 27 1 » » „ E = = - Es - - - — — — = |2°88 |4'75 08 °48 E — P = с «а 2 28 1 „ „ „ = D - = = - — — — — — = ]|1'93 3°87 l'o8 50 T 5 im - io EM NAKED WIRES. | WELDED 22 1 ” » " = ы = T = e e - er е a 1°31 2°63 04 38 - - - - - 24) 1| » = МЕ Жы Sh Ce ae eh ы - - - - -| - |1'831/2*62 o3 | 28 - | - -| = - 26 1 ” ” » a = T = = =. — = — - — ~ 1°50 3 00 04 18 — - - - - 28 1 n ” ” = = = = x — — — — — — - 1°12 |2*95 02 40 - om = а m » 2 " ” » d ES e * = — m - - = = - 1°19 2°37 04 38 — — E - - » 3 » » » = 3 = > = = — = - - - = 1°13 {2°25 l*oa 22 - - - - - COVERED WIRES UNWELDED, RUSSIAN, 29 | 1 Steel One] 14 |"076095| -| 4| 4 j| 1% | ‘045 140 5°37 10-75 |°38 [2740 3 87 [7°75 |'9o 2°40 |1*12/2*25 |*24 [1°00 |to*o9/*7$ Sent from R. 8. Newall 2 » " n ” n = » " M" " " 5°37 10°75 48 [а 20 x = = - - - - - =. & Co. 30 1 » » » » " = ” T] 14 | *042 | 137 |5°95 10°50 °38 1°48 4°00 8500 40 |1°70 1°37/2°75 38 [1°24 |10' 56 * 2 » » ” » » = ” 90 . 55 » 8.50 [11°00 [36 168 — — — - = = & = — 31 1 " M" » „ » ы " » 11 041 130 5°62 ne 52 (2°02 13°87 17775 34 1°64 1°62/3°25 |°62 |т "бо |tt* ма | | erin e | А n aa | are а tively 25 cwt. lower | | than — — | experiment sheet ; directly it touched the scales. NAKED WIRES. UNWELDED. 32 1| „ a | 14 POO. -| -| -| -| - - | - =- | -| - {8°62 | 7°25 go |г'оо | -| -| -| = | - Sent from Messrs. Web- ster and Horsfall. » 2 » » » » » x у „ = = — — — — - |8'62 | 7°25 32 |1 ' oo E - - — - Do. do. 33 1 » ” 13 |*085|'118| — - - =- - - nd - — — |4'75 | 9°50 3° | '9o — E — c — Do. do. 34| 1| | » | 12 097150 -| -| - | -| - 814 = | =| - [5:12510:25:33| 92», = | ={ &.| = Do. do. ә 2 „ „ » » m x = — = — — — E — = 5°25 1050022 -84 - - - - - Do. do. WIRES, NAKED. WELDED эз 832] 1] , » | 14 0750890 -| -| -| -| - - | - - | =| = {1°62 | 82512| ^33] -].- | -| - | - Do. do. " 2 » » ” ” ” 2d = * = =æ < - — E 50 | 3°00 10 °24 E - - - = Do. do. 33 1 » » | 13 ° 085 118 — = = = i - - - - - "12 | 4°25) - - - — — E — not taken. " 2 » » » n * x * ¥ = = = = э o = 50 5°00 = = > = = = = Wire much bent close 35 1 » » 12 097 150 — — - - - = m 3 :12 | 6:25 z a ч n to тоё do. » 2 n » » " »" T "m Pz = = = = " = 2 °75 5 50 = = x = r- >. > . Do. do. UNWELDED ds 36) 1|» expres Жы ыз am -| -= - | =| - 9935596 75 °зо 1 | -| - | -| = | = | -| - | во | Patent steel. „| 2|» „| == =] =] ed = | =] = . 50°26] on) 4| = | obese р eh Л Da. + fixa -|-| -| -| =] =] =] = | -j| -= 266" S. % | 2| - | -].- LE - I | | Zl RENE sil. -|-| أا‎ =| 7|] -| -|= 850909 | —- -|- | - | -| |4 1 De » — - - = — — — | = — — 3 у 30 ras = = e en "Es * = 61 : 3 ? „э 2 » = = - — - = o~ =A abi A ы б“ 25 14 46 E = “3 i рз i * e bs d „| 3|» „Кер = =] =] = |. =] =} = У Чё [о] 4] 9-7 =f. nl - d «= Ie f : T 55 - =- — c — — — - m - 25/4" 50 * 16 30 эр = = Е = LI = 62 е Do. 4 2. “ши Бе Б бын б ы Н aa LEB AER »| 9|» "cct, eS » = - - = | - (2° 254° 6 -=| - -| = - -|-- 1. TE is A4. 1 LI z a > * i | La T Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 415 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. APP. No. 10. RrsuLTs of EXPERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and FoRDE and С. W. SIEMENS, upon the STRENGTH of STEEL and Iron Wires (WELDED and UNWELDED), and Hemp STRANDS, SEPARATE and COMBINED. umber | 8 | DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Е Weights. E — —————— = 8 WIRE. HEMP. ——U | | [4 W No.of | ; | 8 £s e 0. [6 i 0 ers | Н Gauge. per Fa hoi. Strands. . E 23 Experi- à a Terre ee Pie |e ee ee eet eee a А 5 Е REMARKS. ments. 3 ` tg g © 9 5 4 m, i © 8 2 3 E 8 8 88 9 8 4 3 5 B 5 N 2 i — 3 a 2 2 а 8 E 5 se 5 | ЕЕЕ е | d 82 2 F | 5 |55 93 ž S co; ea] $i] S S 33 „ 5 38 = | om da & = | |Z |а zd ein] BB 1859 Owts. | Cuts Ins. | No. | No. | Ins | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. Irs. | lbs. | lbe. UNWELDED. MANILLA. 28 Sept. 1 | 1 °50 "50 | 75°00 | 00 Steel] One | 14 079 097 — 4 4 4 | °076 | ‘173 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 °06 °06 » » » » » Tx m „ 99 » » and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 12 06 » » » » ээ == n „ „ ” 9e . وو‎ 1°00 8:50 "20 *08 ” ” » » » T | ” ” ээ » » Nome put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 °28 °08 » D » » » 5 » » » » rr 1} min. 4°62 "29 1°00 5°50 °35 °07 » » » » ” me » » ” » » 1°00 6°50 °46 11 » 5 » » » nx » ” м » » 1'00 7°50 °81 °15 m » „ » » =» » m m » 25 °50 8°00 72 11 » » » „ » 5 ” „ » » *50 8°50 °90 °18 وو‎ „ » » » = » » » » з °50 9°00 76°33 48 » » » [T] » oue v td Т) r » » — ээ 25 9:25 EX == » » " » » TT | 75 » „ se (0 Broke ur | | Memo. e above fs a steel and | hemp strand combined. | | се of elongation : — ng strain = 89 | i | dr strain = 1: 77 28 Sept. 1 1 °50 “50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel One 14 | 079 007 — 4 4 2 | ‘076 з Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1'00 1°80 °03 *03 » » ГІ] 99 ГТ] сөй 9, » »9 bo | and Co. Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 °07 °04 » » » » „ == » » » » » 1°00 3°50 "1|, 704 » " " P » |= | "n » i » „ | Weights put on аё intervals of 4°25 °14 1$ min. 1°00 4°50 °16 °05 » » ” » ” re » » » » » °50 5°00 °19 °05 » » » » » ж * » » ” » 50 5°50 . 22 °03 » „ „ » » ae » m * » » *25 6°75 ` 24 °02 » » » » » S эз » » ГА ” * 25 6°00 °26 02 » » » » » TT » » » » » . °25 6°25 °28 °02 » » » |.» » тт » » » » н °25 \ 6:50 30 °02 » » » | » » = » » » » » °25 6°75 82 0 » » » » » EIS » „ » » ” 25 7°00 35 °03 » » m » » — » » T » » 25 7°25 38 *03 » » » » » = » » » » » 25 7°50 41 °08 » » » » » — » ГА » . ә » 25 7°75 °45 °04 3 » » | » » 9 „ » » » » 125 7'875 *49 °04 | » » » \ » » = ” » » » ۰ ° 0625 7°9375 °50 °01 „” » » » m C owl » » » » » *0625 8°000 : "52 °02 3 » rm | » » peri „ „ ” ” » *0025 8° 0625 54 °08 » | » э, „ 99 — ». » » » » *0625 8°1250. 55 °01 „ وو أ‎ » » » == » 70 » ГА 70 0625 8.1875 57 *02 » " » |» » = » »" » » » И 0025 8° 2500 61 °04 » » » 75 » = » ээ » 0 » "0695 83195 °64 °05 » ДД 99 9 ?* = » Д4 » 99 »» 0025 8°3750 71 07 » ” » » » же » m » » ” Peer яйы 55 Ey » » » » » == » » » » „ Broke : ээ » Д » ?9 p9 99 e» [21 » Memo Naked steel wire. Same G „Kc. ав above. er-contay e of elongation :— pora ng strain = °28 | Sent from Messrs. E. B. Par d 28 Sept. 1 | 2 °50 50 | 75°00 | 00 Steel One 14 079 097 — 4 4 4 | °076 | °178 nt from Messrs. e an 1 1 m be » ” » ae » — » ” » » » Co., Birk enhead. 00 X К » » » » T = » » » „ n 1°00 3°50 18] 07 ө й " e Б — "i is » Ў » | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 *25 07 » » m, » » = » » » » » 1% min. 4°62 °26 1°00 5°50 °34 °09 » » »» » ” oF » » 9 99 o 1°00 6°50 ы `10 » » 55 » » — » ГА 55 » » 1°00 7:50 °59 15 » ,» » в» = n » » „ » °50 8°00 °60 °10 » ” » » » = » » » n so E 8°50 16.90 ' п „ „ » T ” <= » má » ” » э 3.33 |— | 2) 2] 3) 2] „% „ 3 | 3 | 7 | Broke while the last weight was being put on. Per-cen of elongation :— B nim °35 One | Bent fem Mears R. B. Newall and · 50 „50 | 95:00 | °00 Steel] One 14 | -079 097 — 4 4 $ | -076 | 173 Sen essrs. e sid : 3 1:00 1:50 et * ob °05 97 »» » » » — »9 9 99 эз э Co., Birkenhead. Е а саа °07 ” » T » » = » » » » А 1200 3-50 * E OF 5» |» „ „» » | -— » » » : 9 Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 °28 °07 » » » » » = ГА » » ГА » 1} min. 4'62 i "n Ы. 21 2 1:00 5:50 88 07 » » » » » => » » » » » 1:00 6°50 *48 °09 » » » » 55 Ix » » » » » 1°00 7°50 * 15 » 70 » » » == ээ m » » » 50 8:00 *08 °09 » m » » » an ” ” » » °50 8°50 85 P „ „ » » T PY 75 » „ » » шо 3.2 „ „„ „ „ т] S| o | | Broke while the last weight was a ? i being put on. | Per-cen of elongation :— à ng strain = °36 | — Sent ton Mee sirain, Newall a d 38 1180 во | 78°00 | °00 Steel] One| 14 % | ‘oor | — | 410% 10 m Mesers. R. an Saps 1:00 1°50 1°05 bs T » » » » = » » np , m ” Co., Birkenhead. reo | sco] ләр ту | „| tt rE od 21 2] z| zi 7 | Weights put on at intervals of ro | 450 || „| ow fom | „| mw | — | „| „| „| „үр » min. 1°00 5°50 *86 *09 » T » » m == » ГА T m » 5:56 87 — 1°00 6°50 ~ °50 °14 в ” ” ^" e = » » » „ „ *00 7°50 °68 18 ” ” » a rm e 0 09 » » ۰0 °50 8°00 °85 °15 55 » s0 м » =. ” " ae » ” °50 8°50 76°04 | °31 ” » » e » == н е » oo » °50 9°00 46 v 42 m » n » »" > » e ve » » 8G 2 416 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE rr. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMouTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires, ( Welded and Unwelded). and Hemn Strands, Separate and Combined—continued. Tu $ DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. 2 * ; Weight. E Р о н 2 WIRE. Hemp. = | = Weight | No.of 18 . e о. о 3 | B Gauge- per Fathom.| Strands. B ER TE, | E —— „„ E E E REMARKS. menta Е | 5 lal 25 | s 3 E | 4| 28 a | $ Ф151 5а 38 ы 5 | 8 | as gis] . VVV | 2r ша BI E * ©з & |s | 22) 83 28 ЗЕ z ® 3128 ese AFE EE E © 2 — — 3 8 2 — 8 р = © ZI S & [ CHE ER 252 te п та E Е ТЕ 1859: Cwts. | Cwts. | Ins. | | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | | UNWELDED. MANILLA. 29 Sept. 2 1 = > a | :05 Stcel | One | 14 | *079 | 097 — 4 4 1 | 00] °146 25 WIE (Жолы S4 x Il е e Ж а aub xl 25 10°00 77°00 16 " „ » » ” Mr. » » » » ” 25 10°25 13 13 » » „ ” ” = ” » ” » „ 25 10°50 °21 08 ” ” » » » т » ” » ” ” °25 10°75 30 09 » ” ” » » SE » » ” » » 25 11°60 °40 10 » , ” " » TT » ” ” , ^ 125 11°125 RU — ” » » ” » s » * » » » Broke fairly, after sustaining the weight 1 min. Per-centage of elongation :— chi M = oa reaking strain = 3° 98 Sept.“ 2 1 iu 125 oe *00 | Steel | One | 14 079 | *007 | — — — — -- — | Naked Steel Wire. 1°00 2°50 “09 а 8. A E E — — — — — — | Weights put on at intervals of i. 388 js b » » ” » » SF з — ss y 1j min. | ge ey | Sie) ҮҮ А EET BA ee 50 5°00 22 03 T » » ” » Fo — T xc v "E 50 5°50 "25 03 » » » ” ” = E TS a T < °50 6°00 °20 04 » „ » » ” = =s = = "т pa "50 6°50 33 01 » * » » ” = = EX = TES a °50 7:00 39 06 ” » " » » = = = as aay zi | '25 7:25 °42 03 TI » » * » — — — 4 Big Ia i i e d » ” » * " -— = 3 — = Tü | .95 О И T ЖЫ ek Чол ДЕРИ cu Гры om. (7 г a per ‹ | The wire broke after the weight, (same as before), was replaced. Per-cen of clongation :— A E RR = ; = | reaking strain = l' 28 Sept. 2 | 2 | -50 „50 | 75°00 | °00 Steel] Опе | 14 | ‘o79 | ‘o97 | — | 4 1 | ‘oso | 146 | Sent from Messrs, R. S. Newall 1-00 Her ane Ee. » » » » — ” » » » » | & Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 3°50 20 08 „ M : " : LS 3 А : : „ | Weight put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 27 :07 » » » » „ — ” ” ” » » 1} min. 1 00 dis E 09 „ ” ” ” » — * » » » ” 5 00 6°50 "49 * 13 , » , э, — 2 , » 1°60 7°50 67 °18 » s » : == » Ө 5 E ” 7 den 80 2 » » » » » — » » » » » | » » , » T * , ” bs dis 76°27 ла » m ы » => » ё ві s » 25 | 9°50 JJ 25 9°75 75 18 T » » » » — ” » » » » *25 10*00 "96 21 » ” » ” » = ” » » » » ۰125 10:125 | 77°05 ۰09 » » ” » » — ” » » » » * 125 10°250 *19 *12 » » » » ” > ” ” » » » 12 10:375 23 04 » ” » » » — » » » ” » 125 10°500 °30 07 » » » » » === " » » n » 125 10°625 °35 05 » » » » == „ » » » » 125 10:750 13 08 „ » » » = * » » э » 125 10°875 51 08 » » » » » — m » » » 125 11°00 °60 09 » » » ” » — » » » » 4 h pea y 8 07 » ” ” » ” — » » » » » °25 ? 18 ” , , » » = » , Ы , М 1 125 11:375 = — » ” е » » — » i з i н Broke fairly. i " " v Per-centage of elongation :— 1 Breaking strain = 51 Breaking strain = 3°80 28Sept.| 2 | з 0 50 | 75:00 | °00 |Steel| Опе | 14 |-070 0 | — | 4 | 4 | 1 | ‘04o 146 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall e 9 0 $e e я ” , ” » A » з » ” n & Co., Birkenhead. 1:00 $5 | i чё , |. 2| ж = | »|»|n»|»| »|Weight put on at intervals of 1°00 pe a 05 ” » » » A » » ” » » 1} min. 1°00 5°50 31 10 "ә 1.00 JJ . ek ae 8 a 1:00 7°50 F ж И. ECL eU mi. 50 8-00 79 12 ر‎ " » » ES » » ” ” ” 50 8:50 .95 23 е : » » B » ” ” » » 50 9°00 76°20 25 9 " ; „ » E » » ” » » 25 9:25 42 22 , » » БЯ ” ” ” ” » 25 9°50 -59 17 6 " x » » = » » » ” ” "95 9°75 ۰85 s 26 is s. 6 * » ne » Ll * p ” а о Mice + РЧ oS Da И = Ж Ж. ИН Б.а 6 95 | 10°95 2 M DE e ИЕС is LO ql. ep $*|me | s) e НЕЕ 25 10°75 — — 7 2 » > x — 5 ©. Ж in » | Broke fairly. : Per-centage of elongation — Eun . . . ing м n r 20Bept.| 3 | 1 ge 1.20 [50:00 <00 Steel! One | 14 079) "007 — | 4 | 4 | 12 | ‘051 | +148 | Sent from Messrs В. 8. Newall 1°00 9-50 *06 Ee ” ” * » » =< » » » » » & Co., Birkenhead. d з $ К „ » ” » UM 1.0 | 3750] m | %% %% „% „ „ „„ ow | | a | о (чена put on at intervals of 1°00 5°50 17 Es » ” » » » гж » ” ” ” ” 1‡ min. 6°34 *91 » » » » » S » » » » » iu des Es $e »" » ” ” ” x » » » „ 9 1-00 JJ = 50 9°00 *38 “04 в jt x » » 2 » ” ” э, » , indie 21 E 23099 3108] d cw Dow d o3] olt] 01-14 2051.2 50 | 10°50 "uiu ol ж & > e ОА быш ЖЖ ТЖ Жу. АЕ, . 25 10'75 `67 °06 ” „ „ » » иј н s о 8 » | 25 11°00 721 °05 ” ” " » m = » » » » » 1 x : = L » Г — — ü 4 \ d iA AA, «ЕЧ D Digitized by NI UN M SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 417 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH-——continued. APP. No. 10 Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined— continued, "m 8 | DESCRIPTION OF BAMPLE. 2 of Weights. > 8 | WIRE. HEwp. : в | Weight | No.of 8 2. e 0. 0 4 vate 3 Gauge. per Fathom.) Strands. E 59 REMARKS Ехрегі- M an ШЕ | >i g |Б meuts. 3 8 | g © ч ig 5 4 m | 2 | 8 5, g E FE | a8 2 g 5 2 | 88 3 А 8 2 P E «o 2 А | E = = + С 5 2 g n S E o - E £ аг | e 3 se ; 5 = AB “2з . o = te am © e. E © ы f 2 ^^“ to a Mo £|B8| s 3 88 S $ | o ££ $^ 2 ЗЕ S 3 |x 2 | 5 & z $. = 72 zZ im | | on 8 ве ie . | і — 1859: Cute. | Cuts. | Ins No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED. MANILLIA. 20 Sept. 3 1 23 11:25 50°75 *03 | Stcel| One 14 *079 | *097 — 4 4 1} *051 148 | Continued. 23 11°50 °05 зе » » » » =" » » » » » °25 11°75 85 08 5» „ » » » I | » » » » 9 *125 11:875 °93 °08 » » , » n == » » » ” » ‘120 12:00 °04 m » „ » э» T ” 75 » » » 125 12:125 | 51°01 °04 » » » » » тт » » » » » 12 12250 *05 '04 » » » » » m » ” » ” э. *195 13:375 11 *06 ss » Р NE й — » $» j 37 АЕ *125 12:500 16 °05 И 99 » » » xaz » 95 » 9 m *125 12:625 = = » * » | „ » TS » » » » " proke fairly. er-centage of elongation :— i Breaking strain = 42 Breaking strain = 2°32 20 Sept.] 3 1 50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel] One 14 079 (007 — — — — — — | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1°00 1°50 °03 °03 » » 0 » » СКИ ТЕЕ = = E = and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 09 °06 » N à е s — — FE == = — 100 | 3°50 13| %/ 5| » | » | „| » | | — | — | — | — | — | Weights put on at intervals of 50 4'00 °16 °03 n” » » » » x v T = x — 1} min. 60 | 450 1 % „| „| „| „| „„ — — °50 5:00 21 02 » » » » » x = pem ux pus = Naked steel wire. °50 5°50 *24 *03 ” » » » » zu T кше "c a x M °50 6°00 29 05 » ry) وو‎ » P уу Tu CHE ren T = *50 6°50 °31 °02 » » э» ГА » e— o TA m Ta E ==, °50 7°00 °39 °08 „ » » » » mE A = ux — xd °25 7°23 *41 *02 n » » » n == m a ne m — "25 7778 i b » » » » » == E: = == == -— 25 73 . ° ” ” » » » == = = = == — 2 8°00 — — » s $i > 5 — — — — — — | Broke fairly. The Hemp (Manilla) Per-centage of elongation :—» stripped from the j Braking strain = 82 above samplo carried reaking strain = 1°00 a Weight of 3°875 cwt. 20 Sept.| 3 9 *50 "50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel One | 14 | -079 | *097 | — 4 4 1} | ‘C51 | °148 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1°00 1°50 °02 02 м » 99 » 99 » » » 99 ээ апа Со., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 °05 °08 وو‎ » » » » aad » » » » * 1°00 3°50 °10 0⁵ » » » » » — » » » » ” Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 12 02 » » » » » = » » » » » 1} min. 1°00 5°50 °16 °04 » » » » » миз » » „ » » 6°18 °19 1°00 6°50 21 05 »" » » » » = » 2 » » » 1°00 7°50 29 *08 » وو‎ 22 n » = » „ » ” » 1:00 8°50 30 °07 75 » | » » » = » » » » » °50 9°00 41 °05 » » | » » » cor » » эв 75 » °50 9°50 °48 °07 ” » | » » » эже » » » » » 50 10°00 °55 °07 9 » » » » EE » » » » » °50 10°50 °69 °14 » » » » » — » » » » 3» 25 10°75 77 08 » » » » » == »» » » » » к 25 11 Е 00 °83 °06 э 9 99 » » Sir » Г] » 99 29 25 11:25 °90 °07 » » » » » = » »" » n » 2 11°50 51°00 *10 m » » » » — » » » n » °25 11°75 y 04 » » » » » = n » РА ” » °15 11°875 *10 *06 » 1 » » » — * » » * » °125 12°00 *16 06 » » » » » = » » » » н d 12. 25 5 ” » » » » = " T » ” » °1 ° ° 5 э m, » » » = » T 99 n * 128 | 12:375 = Aa " » » » » ul » э » n » | Broke fairly. : 1 Per- cen of elongation :— | i Breaking strain = °38 00 | Steel! One | 14 i ма Sent from Mies R. 8. Newall °50 "0 5000 ne 079 | 097 — 4 4 1 *051| ° n m Messrs. . New Sept. 8 31.00 1˙50 % 2 | „| „| „| „ —| „| „| „| „| » | and Co, Birkenhead. 1:00 2°50 07 05 m » » » n Ет » » » » » А 1°00 3°50 12 05 » وو‎ » » » == » » » n " Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 16 °04 » » » » » тг » » » » » 1} min. 1°00 5°50 20 '04 » وه‎ » ө » A » » » » » 1'00 6°50 °24 °04 » » n ө » = » » » » » 1°00 7°50 *30 °06 ” » » » » т » » » » » 1'00 8:50 30 °09 » » » » » = э » »" » эз °50 9°00 °45 °06 » » » » » = » m » » » °50 9°50 °52 07 » 75 » » » == » » » m ” *50 10*00 °61 00 » » * » » Ex » » » » » °50 10°50 72 11 » ээ » » » = » » 99 » » °25 10°75 °81 °09 » » » » » == * „ „ » » °25 11°00 °00 °09 » ” » se » == » وو‎ ГА » » 25 11:25 °99 °09 » » » » » = » » » » » 23 11:50 51°08 09 2 » » » » — » » » ө 55 25 11°75 17 09 » 50 » » » == » T » » » 125 11:875 22 05 55 » » » » m » » » » » *195 12*00 28 °06 » » » » » — э » » Фэ » *125 12:195 °31 °08 А Dn » » » == » » * E » 12 12:250 34 °03 » » » » » 5, » ГА » » » *195 12:375 05 m » » » » == 90 » » » » °15 12:50 42 08 » „э з э » » » » » 9» 125 12:625 47 °05 » » » » » = » T » » »" 125 1210 125 be. » » n” » » = » » » » » *125 12:875 i i » » » » э =s » » » * » u А . as =< А — m » | Broke fairly. 125 | 13:00 » » , » » " i: й Per-centage of elongation :— Brea strain = °48 А Bent from Mise R. B. Newall . x Y *00 | Steel, One | 14 | *079 | "097 | — 4 4 1 “051 | °148 n m Mesern. . New звера 4 1.0 1M | 0 |» n | =| =| r= | «| =| «|» | | ааа Со, Birkenhead, 1°00 2°50 *08 К » 3 » » » = 3 » » » » 1°00 3°50 12 °04 z 2 Ш ш — ж і s » » | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 17 °05 75 » » » an m 55 » » m 1$ min. 1°00 6:50 21 *04 » „ » » » m » » » » Р 6°06 24 1°00 6°50 27 °06 „ » n » » = » m » 55 » 1°00 1:50, 32 °05 » » " » м "uy 99 ж » э » 1°00 8° *43 *10 » » » » ” = ” »" » » - *60 i^ 9°00 80 08 » » » » » m " » эз » ” 3 G 3 418 . ÁPPENDIX TO REPORT OF. THE Arr. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FArMovTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined — continued. | ` 8 | DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. » е Weights. " WIRE. : HEMP. Weight No. of P * Date Gauge. per Fathom. Strands. А, | —ͤ— REMARKS. tr er, Wire Gauge. Hemp combined. o — Length of Sample between Steel or Iron. No. of Wires. Birmingham Length of Lay. Weight per Fathom. Weight per Fathom, Wire and Sample tested. Elongation. Specimen. > © S = ъ 3 = 3 > r z UNWELDED. MANILLA. 28 Sept. 3 | 4 | ‘50 | 9'50 | ‘60| 10 steel One 14 | .079 | » — | 4 | 4 | 1} | *051 | *148 | Continued. ы, °50 10°00 72 12 d » » "M » XA ” o» » | » » 50 10°50 °88 16 » | m d^ d. x | » = » » h dT o T 25 10*75 °98 10 » | ” | „ | „ » e | „ » | » | ” » 25 11°00 51°05 "07 » & | а 3 T ” = » » | » ” » 25 | 11°25 Чү LI ae oe м жыз ae ae {еә 25 11°50 23 08 * "x w | » | » LET »" „ „ ” » | 25 11 "15 P 32 к 09 n ” » | » » YT » » » ” ” 125 11°875 °38 "06 » | » | » » » =" ” » » » ” *195 12*00 °43 °05 N 2) + АА » A » » » » » *125 12:125 — = 2s | » | » m il ” -—1 » „ | ” ” » Broke fairly. ( | Per-cen of elongation :— || | | | soaking Sain eH | | | 4 strain —2'86 — 28 Sept. 8 | 5 | 50 50 |75:00| °00 | Steel One | 14 0% | 002 | — | 4 4 | 1% | '051 | ‘148 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newalland 1 *00 1 50 "04 "04 T » $e | » |! » — ” » ” » * Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 s 10 06 ә » > | ^ Ne" = » » » » » 4 | 1°00 50 16 °06 ә » æ » » — ” » " » " hts : tervals 1°00 4°50 "22 "06 » » | » | » | " =. ” » ” » » "ai. adii — £ 1°00 5°50 °29 07 » » | » i » | » г » » » ” ” 6°25 °34 | | 1°00 6°50 36 07 » „ » | » | » — | » ” » » » 1°00 7°50 45 09 " » s [| р ? = | » " » » » 50 8°00 51 "06 » „ » | m " >= » „ m " » 50 8°50 '56 °05 » » EM » „ — | „ ” ” ” » 50 9*00 '63 07 8 ” » | » ” = 4 »" ” ” * » 50 9°50 71 08 | » | „ „ » | » | * » „ » » ” 50 10°00 °82 o: » | „ " | „| * ads | * » » » ” * 2⁵ 10°25 "90 "08 » » »" » | , | MEX » " , » » | a *25 10°50 °97 °07 » » » , ik oL | » ” ” ” ” * 25 10°75 76°04 07 » » ” » Ы "== » » ” » » *25 11°00 12 08 » » 10 »" | „ "тет » » | ” ” ” 2 11*25 21 "09 » » » ” | А с » „ » » m °25 11°50 31 10 “ы eet * » | s p » » » » ” °25 11°75 40) "09 " | " » » ” — » " ” ” ” 2⁵ 12°00 °50 "10 » | ” ” » | » =r ” » » » » 125 18'195 57 07 „ " » » „ T ” » » » » 125 12:250 63 °06 T ” » 5 » — „ » | p ” » 125 12:375 °69 °06 » | » » » „ TCR » n " » » 125 12°50 75 °06 ۰9 » » M" | „ TT m ” | »" M" * Broke ? of | . Per-cen elongation :— | | | reaking strain =з | = 28 Sept. 3 | 6 | ‘50 20 | 75:00 | *00 | Steel One | 14 079 0% | — | 4 | 4 | 1} | ‘051 | ‘148 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall and POT DNE ЧЕЧЕ Sg alla) wx Lo] €]. а „ Birkenhead. ] "00 2°50 07 03 " " »" | ” | ” — , * | „ „ ” в 1'00 3°50 °10 03 » » У » ” cx » » d ” ” Weights put on at intervals of i 1°00 4°50 °16 °06 » | " ” » | „ — » " | » " » 1i min. | 1°00 5°50 '22 °06 ” ” ” » » iu " » » ” ” | ! 1'00 6°50 30 08 ” ” „ ” | " Y^ » ” | » ” ” І 1'00 7°50 °40 °10 ” ” " » „ kx d » » | » » » °50 8°00 45 "05 ” ” " » » 1% ” ” | » » a | 50 8°50 °52 07 » » » " » т m) " ” ” ” 50 9°00 "60 08 » » " ” „ FP » ” | » ” » °25 9°25 '64 °04 ” » ” » | ” Т. " » ” ” » *95 9°50 °70 06 " » " n” ” — Г] ” * ,» э» | °25 9°75 "76 °06 » " " „ | " TT ” " ” » » *25 10°00 *84 08 » » 5 n » = p ” n » э» - "25 10°25 "90 "06 » ” ” ” ” IX ” ” ” ” ” ' `25 10°50 99 "09 » n ” » ” v. » | ” » » Ы "25 10°75 76°10 11 » ” ” ” » or ” » » * » '25 .| 11°00 20 *10 » 4 ја 55 » = » » „ „ » "125 11 `125 30 10 » » » ” ” P ЫЈ » » ” ” "125 11'250 36 "06 » » " » " EE » » » » » *125 11'375 41 05 > * » » T x: T » » ” » °15 11:500 47 06 » » ” »" »" ттт ” » ” » 125 11°625 52 °05 ES $5 Ф * 55 > ” ” „ „ » 125 11750 57 "05 ” ” ” ” ” XT ” ” ” ” ” 125 | 11:875 61] ‘04Î , м ji "M E ee 9 » » м a *125 12°00 67 °06 FAE РА » apart » = » » ” » » : 125 127125 74 07 ” ” ” ” " TES ” ” » » » " "125 12.250 80 "06 » » » » n x: » » » ” » *125 12°375 85 05 ” » * " , EL " ” ” * » 125 12500 “90 °05 » » » „ ” = * " » » » | 125 12*625 95 05 „ » " „ ” =? * » , » LE ig 125 12°75 77°01 "06 ” » » „ „ p ан " » » ” 12⁵ 12875 is = ” ” » ” m TT ” ” ” ” ” Broke d А 3 7 11°00 11°00 * 55 » » » " » == „ „ ” ” » Put on once. Wire : weight а few i | Рег of = strain = 40 strain = 9 Sept. 4 | 1 °50 °50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel One | 14 | ‘079 | 097 — 4 4 | 1} | ‘052 | ‘149 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall and 1°00 1°50 "05 '05 » » ” 55 » = » „ » » » * | d. des ix е "04 » » » » » PE » ” * » » w at — 3 : : °04 » ” , D „ = " » , , eights t on 2 1°00 4°50 °18 °05 » » : 4 » SE » » : н a M min. - 2 1 1' 00 5° 50 °26 °08 » " I » » Fem » »" " ” * š . | tls | : 1 "85 09 » ” ” » » Fy , » » , | 1°00 7°50 "47 *12 » » » » » =з » » » a ы | | re? °50 8°00 56 "09 » " » » ” . ” ” » » » m "50 8°50 67 11 » » » ” ” © ” ” » » " | n 50 9°00 "79 12 ” » ” » " ES ” ” m » ” s °50 9°50 °98 19 * ” " " ” Gy R^ Wi ^on » ” 2 5 * і Digitized by Googl SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 419. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. APP. No. 10. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined continued. ! 8 , DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. 3! Weights k к : | о Dato J А ZEN | om. of | 3 | — per Fathom can 3 |2Ё REMARKS. Experi- KFSUFIET ctm з |a| E Tm i FILI . XA FEET 5 i (BA) El 5|5 ЕА 2 ]l7 25 |58 43 3 E e E L to Я 3 у | 3 | o a © $ i © = E E 8 zi © 24 @ E A. pa =. А |А © a E Ы B в i | | ' 1858 Cwts.| Cwts. | Ins. | No | lbs. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. ! i UNWELDED. MANILLA. 29 Sept. 4 1 128 | 11:125 °54 | °04 | Steel | One 14 079 | 097 — 4 4 ! 1$ *062 | *140 | Continued. 25 M: 200 d be » m » » » 277 » » » وو‎ » H5 11'50 | 768) OR] „) „| „| ow ad „| o » 125 11:625 65 °08 ” 8» ” | Rem » » 7 | T » 125 11:750 68 08 » , » » [+ SSS m, » „ » 9» *125 11:875 =s — » m » „ » ! = 99 3» ” | ” ээ Broke fairly, | | Eer cen e — | | ng s . . . . | | | reaking strain —8'36 29 Sept. 4 1 50 50 | 50°00 00 Steel One 14 079 | 097 — suec | == — — — | Naked stcel wire. 1°00 1°50 "05 | 05 "m 2 " » " — — — — — — | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall ш 3 9 Ps > Е A » А | — — — — — — and Co., Birkenhead. 50 4°00 17! °08 И : $ 4 — — — — — — | Weights put on at intervals of 30 300 - бе » » » » » E zd Tx m тт == 1$ min. F! 88 50 6:00 °31 °05 » » » » » ES E = т =; ax °50 6°50 88 07 ” ” РА » » = == — — — — 50 | 7°00 4 ‘10| „ „ FCC rer uoc AN *95 1:25 * 53 *06 » » » » » uM ЕТ — = a жа: "25 7:60 °68 °10 » » » » » дын T — = — = `25 7°75 °70 07 » „ » » » ad T "9 — — = °25 8°00 = = » »" » » » = 7 т cat 5 ES Broke fairly. rel gati i er-cen ot elon on :— =< MER ng 8 = 29 Sept. 4 3 "50 "50 | 75°00 | °00 Steel | One | 14 | ‘079 097 — 4 4 | 1} | °052 140 gent from Messrs. R 8. Newall 10 s ч i » » » н » == 7 „ „ „ „ & Co., Birkenhead. » 39 » » » = » » » » » 1°00 3°50 22 08 " ГА » » э "T m m » » 1:00 4°50 31 “09 : ^ x 5 * я i E : E Miror put on at intervals of m э » » » E э » 9 » 9 5:94 *46 1:00 6°50 58 18 وو‎ » » » » == » n „ „ » ө 1°00 7°50 "72 *19 » » » » » T » ” » » э? °50 8°00 °84 °13 » » » ” » ES » » » | » » °50 8°50 76:02 *18 ғ „ » » » ma » » » » » 50 9°00 22 20 m » » » » > , m m | » „ 50 9°50 48 21 9» » وو‎ » » т, » » » » » °50 10°00 °65 22 » » » » » — » » ” » m '25 10 '26 ` 79 °14 » ээ » » » — » „ » » » "95 10°50 °90 11 » be » » 9» mE » ” » 99 » 25 10°75 77 02 12 75 » ” » » ка ” » »» 9 ” 285 11°00 11 °09 »9 » P » » ^ n э » » | 90 » 125 11:125 18 *07 ээ 99 » » » mud ээ 99 99 | » » 125 11:250 24 °06 » » ” » » SIS » » ,» » » 125 11:875 °29 °05 » » » » » or m » m » м 195 11.500 382 °08 » э » » » RS » » » | ээ » *195 11:625 38 °06 » » » » » =, * ээ э. » » 125 11° 750 42 04 „ » » » » са » » » ! » » | 195 11 *875 49 *07 » on » » n vaa » » » 3» ә Broke fairly. Per-cen of elongation i B Geren” = а reak strain 8 $9 Sept. 4 3 °50 „50 | 75°00 | °00 Steel One | 14 '079 | 097 — 4 4 1} | -062 | °140 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall and 1°00 1°50 °07 °07 эз 9» » » » "тт „ э. » 99 » Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°60 *14 07 99 » » » » — oe ” os ээ L Mie put on at intervals of 1°00 3°50 °22 °08 » ” » ө » == » » » » 20 min. 1°00 4°50 31 ۰09 m » » » » == se » » 1:00 5°50 40 °09 9 » » » » uu ٠9 » „ » * 5°75 "44 1'00 6°50 58 °18 ГА » » н 2 ES » э» » » » 1 К 00 7 M 50 " 79 т 19 [T] » » » » TT РТ] »» os » 50 8°00 °86 °14 » » » » » s [7] » 99 » oe °50 8:50 76:01 15 ө е? LJ » » — » »9 »s » ээ °50 9°00 28 22 » se » "n э = » » » » » °50 9°50 °46 °23 99 Г] ” » » == » ээ 90 99 » °50 10°00 л "26 » » » » » = эз T » 9 ” °25 10°25 °85 °14 » » » » » — » » 9 ® m °25 10°50 °98 °18 » » » » » == „ » 8 99 °25 10°75 | 77:12 *14 „ » » » » = » „ „ » » °25 11°00 22 10 » » » » » T э » » » ә *125 11:125 81 °09 » » » м » — » » » » » °195 5 би бе » м » » » — » " » m м 12 п“: 3 я m 9 » » » um » » » » » ° • * е » » — *» ээ » Broke fair HS А uc x we. 8 i E Е К of elongation :— | гае ын 23.38 RUSSIAN. = Bept 50 ‘50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel] One | 14 079 097 — 4 4 $ | ‘O77 | "174 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall and n 8 1°00 in Pe 06 5 » » » » — » » » »" „” Co., Birkenhead, 1°00 К ч » » ar э » | 1°00 8°50 °11 0s » وو‎ 8 5 и Баг » y " » "i 1°00 4°50 *16 05 » » » » » — » » э » ә 5°00 *18 » » » » * ro | eso | % ст „| „| || |= s Ж 2 ° ? 9 = » , 3 ” ro | 750 86 9| „| „|„| „| »|—l|l „| „| «| a | e | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 8°50 °50 a »9 » » » «99 =. » ee ээ »9 9?9 1% min. °50 9°00 68 : » » » » » — » 99 ” 99 * m d а Mad э s = : EE Mm ii E íi : ” | Broke while the last weight was 50 10°00 » » » » , 8 bel add 1 : Per-centage of . strain = 2°00 3G 4 490 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined —continued. fæ] "3 8 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. | z Number | Weights. | | |р of 2 WIRE. HEmp. 8 = | Weight No. of g g Dato B Gauge rFathom, Strands. = еч СИ E pe А NE | 2 REMARKS. perl : MES FR 8 ment. E © д 5 g 3 8 g F 3 "E ЕВ с 8 РА © =ч чац i ig ma © 8. S8 8 А 2. pe 5 E М з E А „* a 42 аз @ ' Bia) 8 a FE 5 | з EE 2 E B se] E „ „ S sii 3 „ Bie 5 3 E ele) Fis S c аё и А S & 2 & | РЕ 1859 Cwts. Cwts. | Ins. | Ins No. | No. | Ins | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins | lbs. | lbs | | UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 21 Sept. 5 | 3 °50 *50 5000 °00 , Stcel! Опе | 14 | *079 | 097 — 4 4 t | 0°77 | "174 | Sent from Messra. R. S. Newall 1:00 127 be. 18 » | » » » » ux ” » » Т) m and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 `50 Е 5 н » » » » Ta »" » m ” ” 1°00 3°50 12 01 | » » » » » TE * » » » » Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 1 rH °05 » » » » » == „ » » » » 14 minutes. 1°00 5°50 23 “OK » » » » » = » » » » » 1°00 6°50 °30 °07 » » 75 » » “= » » » » » ? °50 7°00 °85 °05 » m » » » ES » » » » » 50 7°50 °40 °05 » » » » н = » » » »" » *50 8°00 | '45 *05 » » » » » = » » » T » °50 8°50 °55 °10 э | » » » » F^ » » » » » °25 8°75 | °63 °08 » » » » » = » n » » » °25 9°00 | °76 *13 * » эз » » mE » » 9» m, » °25 9°25 90 °14 » » » | » » = » » » » » *25 9°50 | 5 = » » » » ” = » » n » » Broke fair. | Per-centage of elongation :— | | } Brenking strain = 87 | Breaking strain = 1°80 91 Верь 5 | $ | ‘50 | ‘50 50.00 -00 | Steel One 14 | '079|-09] | — | 4 | 4 | ¢ |'077 174 | Sont from Mesirs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1:50 05 k 0 h " m » » — у; » وو‎ h ái and Co., Birkeuhead. 1°00 2°50 °11 T » э » ” ” T » » " n ” 1°00 3°50 15 04 ” » ГА ” » = 7 m m 7 D Weighta put on at intervals of 1'00 17 | i °06 » » » » n T » » | » » » 14 minutes, 1°00 5°50 °27 °06 » » » » » fv » » » | وو‎ » 1°00 6°30 32 05 ” » » » " = » » وو‎ 55 n °50 7°00 °38 °06 » » » » Е = " » 12 » » °50 7°50 42 *04 » » » » | » = » » » n" ” *50 8:00 ! *49 °07 » » » » | وو | » » — وو‎ » » °50 8°50 °58 °09 » n » » | ГА zx » » » „ »" *95 8°75 °65 07 » » " » » = » » »" » » ‘25 9°00 °76 11 » » » » n = » | » »" » » 23 9:23 92 16 » » » » وو‎ == » T » » „ °15 9:375 ¦ 51°09 °17 » » » » n — » | »" » » ” 1 125 9:500 — == » » » » » = PY) | „ » » э» Broke fair. | Per-centage of elongation :— | 4 Breaking strain = ‘45 | reaking strain = 2°18 ?238ept. 6 | 1 50 "50 | 50-00 | °00 | се! One 14 079 ‘007; — 4 4 1 | 050 | '147 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 “03 z » » » - „ — " " - "i " and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 08 05 » » » » » Т » » »» » 75 1°00 3°50 13 05 „ М " » s... m " | » " » » | Weights put on at intervals of e 380 Ey be э » ” » » Eri * » » » » 11 minuten. 5°81 25 | | 1:00 6°50 30 °06 » » » » » = » » » T » 1°00 7 °50 °39 *09 » 75 » » | » E » | » n” » » °50 8°00 `48 07 ээ » » وو‎ | , em » | э э » » `50 8°50 51 05 ээ » 2 » | 7 — » | » » » » *50 9°00 61 10 » » وو‎ » " тй » | 9 ” 39 n °25 9°25 °69 08 э | » » ” » — » | » ” ” » °25 9°50 "79 °10 » » „ » » D »5 в » * » *25 9°75 88 °09 ээ » ! ” » : » "X. » » э, э” » W 10°00 *97 *09 وو | „ » وو | وو‎ == „ » » ,» » *25 10° 25 51°09 12 » » 99 » ” x » » 99 n » `25 10°50 °18 09 9 » [D 2 n = » » » » » *125 10:695 °24 06 » э ”„ » » = э | » БЫ oe эз 125 10:750 32 | 08 » n” » ” n Ea ” ” » » ШЫ 125 10:875 38 *06 » » » » » == » » » » » 125 11*000 43 05 » » » » ry} = » » » » ^» 125 11:135 49 06 » » » TI » — » » » m » 135 11:250 53 °04 РА » » » ” = » m T » » *125 11:375 58 05 » » » » ” UE » ” » T » 125 11°500 *03 05 وو‎ » ” » » = » m » » » 125 11:625 — m » » » » » 8 » » » » » Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— reaking strain = °5] Breaking strain = 3°26 238ept.| 6 2 "50 °50 — 4 4 1 | 050 | *147 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1°00 1°50 *03 *03 n » » ээ » ES ээ » » » эз апа Со., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 *08 05 » » m » » EM ” ” ә? » 9 1 ч 00 3 t 50 12 *04 » » » » » = [T] » » [7] 95 Weights pue on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 18 *06 » » » » » ج‎ » „ » » » 1} minutes. 1'00 5:50 23 °05 5 m » » n T T » » » m 5:02 *24 *00 6°50 80 07 » » » ” » = » » » » ээ 00 7°50 *88 °08 » » T » ” == ” » » э» »" *50 8°00 46 *08 » ” ” » » — ov » " » » °50 8°50 °51 °05 5 oe » T » a » » „ » » 50 9°00 °61 °10 9 » » » » = 99 „ „ » » "95 9:95 °70 09 » » 39 ” » = 55 "m » » » "25 9°50 79 09 » » » » » EE » » ” ” » *25 9° 75 °10 T] و‎ » э » Ex » » a ” 9 23 10°00 51°00 11 » „ » » » == » » » n n °25 10:25 11 11 » » ” » m = » » » » » 25 10°50 °23 °12 » » » » » == „ » » T » *125 10:625 *30 °07 » » » » * — » » „ 75 » *125 10.750 87 07 » » » » » = » » ” » T 125 10:875 ! 42 05 » » » n » == » » Р) » » *125 11°00 49 07 » » » ” rm =" » „ » T » : 125 11 | 125 53 °04 وو‎ » r » » E 99 99 » » » Я 125 | 11'250 =; Se » » »" » » тт „ » » » » Broke fair. Per-cen of elo ion Breaking RE °48 | 50:00, *00|Steel| One | 14 | '079 , *097 reaking strain = 3°06 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 421 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. App. No. 10 =- = -———— — =~ Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded) and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined continued. S "d Munde : 9 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. 5 Ss Weights. E E WIRE. HEMP. | 2 г Date 8. G Weight No. of 8 8. of 3 auge. per Fathom. Strands, o |3 KA T REMARKS, j š К 2 = | pats ment. % a Te oe. 5 А a 3 2 8 8 d 2 © E 2 | BS E 2 S 1 = c аы g ч E . o B 2 : =“ B ы E we ra 2 з 2 | us > & A| © d | хае BE $5| €| 8 | ER | 8 | 9 | & | S E E. S OI S| S| s ЕЕ ЛЗ #| E | se] 8| g| sm 7 E e 8 |2 и А jA a a d = | 4 | > |р | —Á— P RO RS 1859 Cwts. | Cuts. | Ins. | Ins No, | No. | Ins | lbs | lbs, | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED RUSSIAN 27 Sept.| 6 3 * 50 50 | 75°00 "00 Steel] One | 14 *079 | 097 — 4 + 1 '050 | *147 | Sent from Messrs. R.S. Newall and 1°00 1°50 : ۰05 "05 » ” ” » » "Y m » » » » Co., Birkenhead 1 00 2°50 *12 07 » » ” » » S » » » ” ,› 1°00 3°50 *18 °06 ” » » s » Е", ЕД 92 ?5 ” ээ 1°00 4°50 °26 °08 ” » » ” „ ki ” ” ” ” » 00 EM y 08 a 5°50 2 P » ” ” ” m TX ” ” » ” m Weight ut on at interva of 1٥00) 6°50 44 "10 » » ” " ” X » | » „ » » 11 min. a ы 1'0) 7:50 55 p » m m) » ” SA ” » » ” ” '50 8°00 65 10 » ” ” » LEJ = э, » ЁД » » °50 8°50 76 11 » » * » э, T э, ” » » э, `50 9°00 °95 .19 » , » » » TM " ” m ” э *25 9°25 76°04 .09 " » » ” » T ” ” ” ” ^" 25 9°50 20 16 » » , » „ ны » » ” » m *25 9°75 36 16 » » » » 55 с ” » » » » *25 10*00 '53 17 ” » m » » i T » » „ » °25 10:25 73 20 5 * 3 » ” ” = » ээ HI ээ ” *25 10°50 90 17 » ” ” » » — ” » » T » °15 10:625 99 09 » » » » » — » » » ” ” Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— i Breaking strain = 41 Breaking strain =2°66 Resutts of EXPERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and Fonp and C. W. SIEMENS, for the purpose of arriving at the best form for OUTER COVERING of CABLES. TESTS FOR STRENGTH, ELECTRICAL TESTS, Bila set) Raita ent f iced cin Weight. Length| El ti | | D E 0 a А eigh en ;longation. ep Experi- of Specimen, and No.| Time. g "Sg or Балаа itas] Venn | Quis Я 8 for REMARKS, ment. Sample tested. | | o "npe | | nre lation.| tinuity. кшн 0 bs AT Off, Cable. Ae Plus. |Minus., Water. Р. P. Р.Р. Air. |Water. Water. H. u. | Clamps | | | | | ES a 1859 : Cwts. Кык ш Ins. | Ins. Ins 2 T o ndi Cwts. | Fins. 7 Sept. No. 14. (Gauge Steel |6-4| — 50 — *50| 50°00 | *00| — (| — -- —- Wires). Diameter of — 100 — 1°50 $ °03 — — — — Wire *079 inch. — 1'00| — 2°50 °07 | °04 — -- -— — 1st Sample tested, — 1'00| — de a °04 — — — — ә — 1°00 | — 4°50 16 05 — = — — — 50 — 5°00 19 03 — — — — — 50 — 5°50 22 03 — — — — — 50 — 6°00 20 04 — — — — Z [m = | 6-75| 2 0 Z se eot aee — . — . 5 LJ . 7 — b — — — — *95 p 7°00 *35 03 — Tested In Air. 8 — — — 25 — 7°25 38 03 — == — — — 25 — 7°50 °41 03 — — — — — 28 — 7°75 45 "04 — — — — — 125 — | 7:875 49 "04 — — — مت‎ -— 125 — |8000 *53| °08 — — — — — 125 — /8°1250 55 03 — — — — — 125 — 8 0 61 °06 — — — — — 125 — 8 p E — = — — 53 = еы 90 14 — — — — | Broke fair immediately the elongation was taken. Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = °30 Breaking strain = 1'80 Digitized by Google 3H Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires, (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Number Weights. between WIRE. HEMP. Weight No. of Gauge. per Fathom.) Strands. RE KR of Clamps. Wire Inch. Hemp combined. Ы EDE Weight per Fathom, Wire and Length of Sample Elongation. Steel or Iron. No. of Wires. Birmin Decimal Single Wire. Wire. Total. 1859: No. | Ins. ‚ | 158. Cwts.| Cwts. | Ins. | Ins. pan UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 4 4 | 1} | 055 °152 | Sent from Meena E S. Newall 50°00 *00 Steel] Опе | 14 *079 | °097 7 Ё » » m and Co., Birkenhead S8888 pe ? in v is si Weights put on at intervals of 11 min. Lond pad ndi لسم‎ уы KEN SSS 88888 » » » » This sample was steeped in water „ | for 22 hours. SesssssSSEZSEEEEEZE з о A a *125 10°00 51 3 3 s s SSBRzsssss 429 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE _ App. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FaLMoUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. PEP UTEP EET ELE DL GL 1 11011 10 » » » » 135 10:250 10 » E 3$ РА РА » » „ „ E 105855 02 э » э 3 » » » » » 500 05 » ?, » 9 » » 125 | 10:695 „ „ 125 10°750 05 » ry) Т] 75 95 n 9 » » » 126 10* 875 nord Т) » ГТ) [T] » » » » » рок fairly. f elo Breaking strain of er-centage of elongation =~ Russian Hemp, 2 cwt. F 625. ing strain = 2°70 8 Sept. 7 | 1| "50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel One | 14 079 07 — | — | — | — | — | — | Naked wire. 10 | 1.50 0, % » | „| » | » | —-| —~| س‎ — 1°00 2°50 07 '04 » » » » » = җе — = = — 1-00 И И Кей тес ее mmm sem 425 | °15 ! 1°00 4°50 °16 °05 » » » » » no ES n uu P ag 50 5.00 19 3 s | „| » | س | پد | د | | تر | م‎ | 50 | 550 | 21 | „| „ „| „ү „———|— | س | س‎ | °50 6°00 °26 °04 » » وو أ‎ » ” = гае БА in D = °50 6°50 °30 °04 » » » » » TT EY UE Е ЫЕ a i :25 6°75 32 '02 » » ” » » = ES m T — = '25 7°00 "85 '03 » » » » » i 25 E unt — = °25 7°25 °38 03 » » » » » VET i жаш x ERN m | '25 7°50 | °41 °03 n » » » » E T t s == gy ge 2 7°75 | 4 °04 » » » » » = == mm cms AE — $ 125 7 875 49 °04 » » » » » uc уе ЕЕ = = D 425 d 000 | 52 { 03 » » » » » i _ = m 123 E ° 125 55 03 » » » » = == = m = =~ "125 8.250 *61 °06 » » 8 » » NES x E Es = | ues wwe // qo у екл eme he | | *125 8:500 | 90 19 „ # x ч „| — | — | — | — | — | — | Broke fair immediately elongation та taken. er-centage of, elongation — 3 Breaking strain = 0 Breaking strain = 1°80 8 Sept. 7 2 50 50 50°00 00 Steel | One | 14 | "079 | 097 — 4 4 1} | °055 152 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall | 1°00 1°50 2| °02) „ B ш » „ cs И Е Е " pa and Co., Birkenhead. 1 *00 2°50 *05 *03 » ГТ) » ГИ 27 — » » » » » Fo | $5 | % Wl n] nan] „р » | » | — | „| » | » | » | | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 °16 °06 » ” » » » d » » » » » 14 min. 1°00 5°50 °22 °06 » » » » » EJ » » э » n | 5°75 23 | Steeped in water 22 hours. 1:00 6°50 *29 07 » » » » » сеа: » » » » » ' 1°00 7°50 °37 08 » ” » » » 5 » » » » » 1 00 8'50 47 10 » » » з » = ” » » » » R 50 9°00 °54 07 » » » m) 75 TUS » » » » * 50 9'50 67 13 » » » » » — » » » » » °50 10°00 °80 °18 » وو‎ » » » x » » » » » I 50 10:50 °90 °10 » » » » » T » » » » » "25 10°75 51°00 10 ” ” ” » » » » » » » 25 11°00 12 12 D » » ээ » et » » » » » `25 E 11:25 23 11 وو‎ » » » » Pm » » » » ' 25 11°50 = т » » » » » mE » » » » » ж fair. fel er-centage ore ongation :— è Breaking strain = °4 Breaking strain = 2'46 i 208ept.| 7 | 8 50 ‘50 | 50°00 | 00 Steel Опе | 14 | 079 | » | — 4 4 | 1} | 055 152 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 "08 "03 » 55 » » » TT » » » » » and Co., Birkenhead. | 1°00 2°50 *08 *05 » 55 » » » m » »" » э 1°00 3°50 *12 °04 » » » » » Te. » » » » » Ww eights put on at intervals of 1 °00 4°50 °18 °06 [1] »* » n » TR » » LI] » » li min. 1'00 5:50 22 °04 » » n » 9 Б » » » » » 1°00 8°50 30 | сов | » » » » » » » » » » 1°00 7°50 °37 °07 750 » » » » = „ » » » » | 1 : 00 8°50 44 07 ” » „ » » m 37 » » » » | : 50 9°00 °51 07 » » » » m) x » » э » » 1 50 9'50 °58 À » » » a” ” PL » » » * » : 50 10°00 °70 12 » » » » » == » » » » ” “50 10°50 °85 °15 » » » » » UTR » ээ » » » | 95 10°75 92 07 » وو‎ » » » 5 » » » » » | 25. | 1100 (SLO OO o DL ow | wq a „ре ж н |" эы ae و‎ | 25 11:25 *10 °10 » » » ” » — » » » » » ! `25 11°50 21 11 » » ГУ) » » EE » » » » ө 25 11°75 — — » » » » » к ” » » » » Broke fair. | PO RAMS of elongation — reaking strain = Peaking Strain = 1 8 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Sse 423 APP. No. 10. · Resalts of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued. © DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Num ber à Г Weights ЕЁ ' i ? £ WIRE. | HEMP. s | Weight | No. of | a 1s 0.0 P 3 Gauge. per Fathom, Strands. | Ехрегі- А т ا‎ , ' ments. g = ; la |3 „ y 829 |E. à | 3 | (= E $ | © =“ B a 2 xeu o Ф " ag + 5 E pO а А E d * | a BI 6 ъа | d = | 6 EE 95. £ ZE, ш t | IE s Е: 8 £ 5 S W RI $1851 2 | 2) a Ё E | 3 | E in | ^ |m 2 d E | é 3 i 1859: Cwts. | Cwts. Ins. No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | UNWELDED RUSSIAN. W Sept. 7 | 4 | 50 50 | 50°00) °00 |Steel| One | 14 | "079 07 — | 4 | 4 | 1 1°00 1°50 "03 °03 » » 77 » » EU » „» » 1°00 2°50 "06 03 » » „ » » => » » » 1°00 3°50 11 "05 » » m » „ 55 » » » 1°00 4°50 "16 "05 » ” ” » » == » » » 1°00 5°50 "20 ‘Os » » » » » "E. » » » 5°88 “23 1°00 6°50 "26 °06 m "n ” ” Ы uz » » ә 1°00 7°50 :32 °06 T ” n ” »» as 99 » » 1°00 8°50 "42 °10 » эз » ” ” T » ” » °50 9°00 52 °10 » » » » » == » Т » °50 9°50 "62 10 » » » » БЫ mE » » " °50 10°00 1 °09 T » » » » a ” ” » °50 10°50 "79 08 وو‎ » » » » Kg » » » *25 10:75 "88 09 "m s. » э ” = ” ” » 23 11'00 "99 11 э» »» » » » тт" » ээ » | 25 11`25 51709 10 „ » » » » P » ” » °25 11°50 19 °10 is » » T » TUM » ” " "25 11°75 dh e » ” » ” 7 xd » » n 20 Sept. 7 | 5 | ‘50 50 50.00 °00 Steel One 14 79 0 — | 4| 5 ¢ 1 °00 1 i 50 А 02 А 02 » »9 эу » 35 = » ” » 1°00 2°50 "06 °04 » ” » m = ” » ” 1:00 3°50 "09 °03 » » » э» ээ a, 95 » » 1°00 4°50 13 °04 » » Г » 99 I » » 20 фа 1 E "05 э »" ” " » x » R n 1°00 6°50 22| 04 „ " % # ЖЫ om » » » 1°00 7'50 "81 °09 » » » » » = 99 ” ” 1°00 8°50 "89 | 08| „ я З » Ж » " » °50 9°00 50 1|, 5 » К emm » " " °50 9:50 "58 °08 » s » » - E » » » 50 10:00 72 14 - » B » » — » ” " °50 10°50 93 21 » » » » » um » » » *95 10:75 51°03 °10 »" ^" » » » us ” » » 25 11°00 °14 11 » Pe » » » = » ” » °25 11°25 T а » " » ” LES » » » ?08ept.| 7 | 6 | 11°00 | 11°00 '00| °00 Steel] One | 14 079 0 — | 4 | 4 | H 29 Sept. 8 | 1 '50 "50 | 75°00 | °00 Steel] One | 14079 0 | — 4 4 ,H 1°00 1°50 "05 °05 ” » э » » = * » » 1'00 2°50 °11 °06 m 57 » m » тт „ » ” 1°00 3 50 18 : 07 » os » » » = » » » 1°00 4°50 "25 *07 » » » » » bi » * * 1°00 5°50 "33 °08 » " » » » тй » » » | 593.| °37 1'00 6°50 41 08 j » » 35 » > " э» » 1*00 7°50 "53 :12 » » » » » = Е » » `50 8°00 “60 °07 » » » » ud d »" » ы °50 8°50 "68 `08 » » » » » = » ” a °50 9°00 78 °10 » » » » » XE » » » °50 9:50 . "90 :12 » » ” » » id » » Е "50 10°00 7602 12 ” » » وو‎ » EX » » » °25 10.25 "12 "10 н » » T ” җы » ” * 25 10°50 . °20 °08 " » » » » tet » ” » | 25 1 ° 00 : 10 n » » » » » d » » » °25 ° Е » » » » = » » » 125 | 11128 |. ^43 | 8| „ „ „ " „ س‎ á Е *195 11:250 52 °04 " » m » m 2 » » » 195] 11375 | 58 % „ „„ „ „% «| 125 11:500 °61 °03 ji 5; Е » 5» — » » [ 125 1165| 68 % „| „| "lua „„ „„ „„ „„ 125 117750 °75 °07 10 » ! » » » <= ” » 72 125 | 11878 с = ” ” ” » » = » » » 0 Sept. 8 | 2 800 50 | 75°00 | °00 Steel Опе | 14 07 0 — | 4 | 4 | 1 1°00 1°50 °05 °05 » » » » » — » » » 1 *00 2*50 ; 10 À 05 » » » » » 5 » » » 1°00 3°50 °16 °06 » n » » » т » » » 1'00 4°50 `22 *06 ” ” » » » = » " „ 1°00 5°50 °30 08 » » * » » == » » » 5°69 31 1°00 6°50 39 09 » РА » » » 5 n » » 1'00 7°50 °50 11 » » » А » == » ” » °50 8°00 55 05 وو‎ » » » » NT » » » * 50 8°50 61 °06 » » » n » m э » »" °50 9°00 °71 10 » » » 72 » 5 » » » 50 9°50 82 11 ” » » » » = » » » °50 10°00 °95 °13 » * » » » — ” 57 » °25 10°25 76°03 °08 » » » » » A » » » *25 10°50 11 08 » » » э » Ет » » » *25 10°75 "20 °09 » [7] » » н Е » » » "25 11:00 °30 10 ” » » » » T ” » » 125 11:125 °38 °08 » LJ »» v n $i 99 » .. | " 125 11 250 ' 41 00 ” Lr] 7 э” ” RS » *9 | * | "125 I » ! » » * | » | =a * ws! * 11375 — Weight per Fathom. ~ e ^ *055 3 732333353 050 Weight per Fathom, Wire and > $ emp combined. REMARKS. ‘153 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall and Co., Birkenhead. Weights put on at intervals of 1% min. Hemp soaked in water 8 hours. Broke fair. Per-centago of elongation :— i Breaking strain = °46 Breaking strain = 2°38 +1592 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall and Co., Birkenhead. Weights put on at intervals of 14 min. This sample was soaked in wator 28 hours. Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = 87 reaking strain = 2:28 152 | Sent from Messrs. R.8. Newall and 147 * e = Ф $2 29385593333 ¥ ¥ 3 ¥ 3 ¥ Co., Birkenhead. Weights put on without stopping the usual interval of 13 min. Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall and Co., Birkenhead. Weights put on at intervals of 14 min. Broke fair. . Per-centage of elongation :— 1 Breaking strain = 49 Breaking strain = 273 Co., Birkenhead. 2 ‘147 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall aud 122132232322 ¥ 2 ¥ | Weights put on at intervals of 15 min. | Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— i Breaking strain = 42 Breaking strain = 1:92 3H 2 494 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMouTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued. J — a Е DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. E of Weights. = Р ~ r E W IRB. НЕМР. = = Weight No. of mee vee e Gauge. per Fathom.) Strands. E At REMARKS. Мау E E Pte tf ESQ 2 ments : Я مھ‎ А «la $E 38 |2 3 $1 25 2 | 8 24 © E : Es = = & — о : 2 = - 2 5 2 . 2 ? — 22 Bi 8 s SE © ы | se BI d |=? e = |да 8 Il o = юа 3 o Fs E о ex 2 22 = * ы wo g В 42 5 — = © . > ej е ы 8 b= | ” 8 zZ з Gl: = @ = о © = E © ET om E 2 S — n |a = E A — ار‎ a m = n n — A Е |B 1859 Cwts. | Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 29 Sept. 8 | 3 `50 '50 | 75:00 | °00 Steel] One | 14 | *079 | *097 | — 4 4 | 1} | *050 | *147 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall and 1°00 1°50 "05 "05 » ” " ” ” == „ » " ” » Co., Birk ead. 1°00 2°50 10 05 » » » » » = ” » » ” ” 1°00 3°50 М МИ | ж " " » „| = м " " » » | Weights put on at intervals of 1'00 4°50 '23 "06 » ” „ „ » TT ” » » » » 1j mmu. 1°00 5°50 "81 "08 » * » ” ” = ” » » » » 5°62 32 1°00 6°50 40 ۰09 » m ” m » v ” » » ” ” 1°00 7°50 *51 | "13 » ” » » » = » ” ” ^ ” 50 8°00 57 08 » " » » » = » » » » » 50 8°50 °64 °07 » ” » » » = ” ” ” » » °50 9°00 73 | "09 » » " ” ” =e » » ” » ” 30 9°50 83 10 | „ " ” » | " T * » » » » 50 10°00 °98 15 » ” » » » a ” » ” » » 95 10" 25 | 76°06 | 08 » ” ” ” ” di ” „ » » » 25 10°50 "15; "09 9 » » » | ” = ” » » ” ” 25 10°75 *24 09 » " » » » == » ” ” ” » *25 11" 18 32 08 » » ” ” ” е ” » * » ” 125 11°12: 39 07 » ” ^" T m = » » » » » 125 11:250 -— | — ” ” » » " = ^ » ” ” ” Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— | Breaking strain = ^43 | | А Breaking strain = 1°85 29 Sept.] 9 1 °50 °50 | 0 00 Опе | 14 *085 | Not | — | — — — —- — | Naked wire. 1°00 1°50 °04 °04 | ” » | „ taken — — c aa — T. 1°00 2°50 A1 °07 E » m) | ” | ” — = — ues „= -— Sent from Messrs. B. Johnson's, 1'00 3°50 19 "08 а " » | ” » а=: == ig = = es Manchester. | 4-38 | °86 | 88 | 1°00 | 4°50 2 086 55 - - $ „ | — | — | — | — | — | — | Weights put on at intervals of | 1:00 5°50 35 | '08| 9 | ж " " ЖБИ б а Жы е E Ben 1} min, 1°00 6°50 75°47 | “Д9 | & 2 » " * " = Los = i: ттр T 1°00 7°50 62 15 | $O " 88 -— AQ SN SE SLE. 50 8°00 °76 | *13 = » | » " „ ج‎ = — = m — 50 8'50 °90 °24 ” » | m » ж — Y ac =? "Es Broke fai * 25 8'75 = = » » » ” ет == DER ary <= ж токе r. | | | Per-centage of el — | | } Breaking strain = *35 | | f | strain = 1°32 29 Sept. 9| 2 °50 50 | 75°00 | °00 One | °14 685 Not — - -- — -- — | Nakedw 1°00 1°50 05 05 | 8 „ | * | ” jt en = = — = р =~ 1°00 2°50 10 05 © ” | » | ” ” — re T 2m = s Sent from Messrs. B. Johnson's, 1°00 3°50 15 ۰05 | » | » | „ » — "=: m = TT Manchester. 4°19 19 | , 1°00 4°50 23 08 1 ” " | m ” = — — == = = Weights put on at intervals of '50 5'00 °37 | °04 oO » » » » к=, "TT zu | а T E 1‡ min. 50 5'50 °33 05 к=) " ” » " = == = — — — °50 6°00 37 05 | » ” ” » = e — = EX T 50 | 650 | 43 °6 & 1 ww] we Lye Т ГЕУ pen *25 6°75 47 *04 g » » | » ” = ==? ci се 22 = *25 7°00 °51 "04 3 » ” | ” » = = == =: ees — °25 7°25 * 55 °04 ә » » ” ” = «=з т — = = °25 7°50 61 06 E ” „ „ „ з > ре» =. — = *25 7°75 67 °06 2 ” ” ” » s ss ج‎ = sza = ч 34 8°00 * 76 1 2 — » » » — m md а = — *25 8°25 91 4 » » „ * — x е == — — 125 8˙375 | 76°01 10 ” » ” » = =r ا ا‎ — — Broke fair. Eie elongation :'— | B strain — on 30 Sept. 9 3 ^ 2 i 50 | 75 5 b One 14 085 | Pus == те == — — — | Naked wire. : °50 "05 à „ » ” еп — = 7 77 3 TE 1:00 -| 2°50 11! °06 н s 2 „| — | — | — | — | — | — [Sent from Messrs. B. Johnson's, 1°00 3°50 1 "06 » d ۹ -- — — — -- — Manchester. 4°44 x 1°00 4°50 34 | 7| 3 : 8 : „|— | — | — = | — | — | Weights put on at intervals of `50 5°00 '29 "05 un » » ” ” EC — P P C саи 1} min, °50 5°50 32 °03 ә ۹ » — > — — s S == — °50 6°00 37 "05 а » » » „ е e *T = E ke. °50 6°50 4| '05| © $ P ж د | | د | و‎ и р س‎ | — *25 6°75 46 "04 á * м ^" — — — — — — 25 7°00 *50 °04 * * = " — — — — — — 25 7°25 54 04 e ка 5 ә — — — — — — '25 7°50 ‘59| °05| B б н کے | — — — د لے‎ ЕЕ 2⁵ 7°75 "64 "05 = ^" » ” ” = =! > — d E "25 8°00 70 "06 t » » ” ” aem p 7 а аы EE 125 | 8123| °74| 04 2 OE e ee Iro M SC быу Же ass "125 8'250 7 "05 £ ” » ” ” NS me tig == тс = 125 8375 84 °05 r 125 8'500 90 °65 ” » ” » MIU em T. — T ei *125 bas Р с „ » | » " TEP T T EX xA == 125 750 14 А » » m " — "25 TU — 22 5 12 8'875 = c » » ” » = Ed "S > dm Ar n fair. ta f er-cen 0 elongation м 3 Breaking Strain = 32 V Breaking strain = 1°52 30 Sept.) 10 1 "50 50 75°00 00 S One "14 | *082 | Not — — — — — — Naked wire. 1°00 1°50 “05 | +05) & aw uw „ акеп — | —|—|—|-—|— 1°00 2°50 UM 08.1. i М Я ر‎ Б 42 — | — | — | Sent from Messrs, B. Johnson's, 1°00 3°50 17 06 3 8 > " س | س — = | ب | ص | ي‎ Manchester. 3°62 °18 10) 4°50 26 *09| F " & Р" „ | — | — | — | — | — | Weights put on at intervals of “5 5°00 31 05 5 Е. 8 ә » — — — -— -= — 14 min. 50 5°50 °30 05 = ә » * à — -- — — — — "50 6°00 42 05 Е » » » » ج‎ Tt T ==, al i °50 6°50 52 10 - ” ” ” ” . Hy - ER тт — 95 | 678 60 | 8 | | „46 „„ „„ 4 | د | س | ت | ت‎ 2⁵ 7°00 69 09 = » » » ” A — — TE т” — 2 7:25 v T К ” » ” » үт =” ч T =o T Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 425 APPENDIX No, 10,——FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPU—continued, Arr. No. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires, (Welded and Un welded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined - continued. i Breaking strain = 18 Breaking strain = °67 g DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. d d Weights. 8 d : E WIRE. | HEMP. E > P © ; А М = Weight No. of B. ре А Gauge. perFathom. Strands. 8 £ E REMARKS. Experi- . : Колы ae ear T. 3 | sé menis = E gi give . Р >» — alr $ VRC 8 ڪا‎ 28 223 LISI а E alal 538 a 2 2 c 42 эз E = с E 2 8 n. o - Eg es © "S OE . 5 = -Z 8 $ 3 ES | 518 | 3 | Fe lei а с 3 x| S/XS | 8 2) 2 [ills E E „ EIS 5 5 2 * Ф N بت‎ E 2 un n Ез M * 1859: Cuts. | Сов. | Ins. Ins. No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs | NAKED WIRES.—UNWELDED. 80 Sept.] 10| 2 `50 `50 75°00 | °00 3 One | 14 082 Not) — — — — — — | Naked wire. 1:00 | 1°50 05. 05 8 » а „ аке || —|—|—|-—|-— 1°00 2°50 111 086 ш » s 5 К — — — — | — — | Sent from Messrs. B. Johnson's, 1°00 3°50 17 °06 E К К 8 » — — — | = — — Manchester. 335 Я 1°00 4°50 24 ^07 7 T > т - — | — — — | — — ми put on at intervals о °50 5°00 30 °06 » — — — — — — 14 min. '50 | 5:50 35; 0 „ „ „ | m pur | m EM E NEM REY: ЧЕЧЕ БЕ ы ы Ее 25 | 6°59 49| °05 | 5 A У eu ROM Ed De | d ques 25 | 6°75 55] 051 B а 2 рари ا‎ 25 | 7°00 61 — 3 xu EE ta den | Ha ee MA ENE sh | °125 | 7:125 — — و بغ‎ b z " — — — — — — Broke fairly. | Per- ceutage of elongation :— | | | „„ = = = reaking strain = ° 80 Sept. 10 3 *50 *50 75°00 | °00 $ One 14; 082 Not | — — — — — — | Naked wire. . 1'00 1:50 “04! 01 @ » = „ {акеп — — — — — — 1°00 210 "09 | 05 3 ñ Е 5 | „ ا‎ — ̃ʒ‚8o»V—bꝛ — — Sent nm Messrs. B. Johnson's, 3° anchester. 1:00 | 3-50 14 °05 is lal MN AT ELE [ean een aes | 1°00 4:50 20 01 2 < 7 4 e — — — — hires put on at intervals of *50 5° “2 °0 » — — — — — — min. 50 | 5:50 20 07 8 CCC!!! 8 | 36 0 » » » == RE T NE a т j! 8 25 | 6°50 50 8 = : E B ud MUR TM E e 25 6°75 == — E » » n | » т» me = = cxi ج‎ Broke fair. £ Per-centage of elongation :— | L^ 3 | | | | 3H 3 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Tests for STRENGTH of SINGLE IRON and STEEL WIRES, both WELDED and UNWELDED, made by Н. C. Forpe and Weights. Le m gth - Elonga- No. Sample Ibetw ееп tion. Put on.) Total. j Clamps. Cute. | Cwts. Ins. Ins. Tested 2d July. 11-1 2* 00 2°00 50°00 *00 3°00 °03 2°00 4'00 *06 *06 2°00 6°00 21 15 11-2 | 2:00 | 2:00 | 50700, 00 1°00 3°00 H 04 1'00 4'00 *10 06 1°00 5:00 18 * 08 °50 5:50 23 05 50 6°00 "40 °17 25 ES ERA „2. 11-3 2°00 2°00 50°00 °00 1°00 3°00 °05 05 3-00 1:00 4°00 11 06 1'00 5°00 20 09 °50 5°50 25 05 25 5°75 31 06 25 6°00 39 08 125 6:125 — — Tested 28th June. 12-1 1:50 1°50 50°00 00 50 2 00 00 00 50 2°50 *02 02 50 3°00 "OF *02 `50 3°50 06 02 50 4°00 09 03 50 4°50 11 ‘02 50 5°00 °18 *02 °50 5°50 15 02 25 5:75 17 02 25 6°00 19 02 25 6˙25 20 01 25 6°50 21 01 25 6°75 22 01 25 7 00 25 01 25 7725 *24 °01 28 7°50 21 00 25 T 49 505 °01 25 8°00 26 01 Speci- Sample tested. menu | 12-1 1'00 1°00 50°00 00 50 1:50 *00 | *00 25 1°75 °02 °02 2°13 "(4 °50 2:25 05 03 50 2°75 °07 02 25 3°00 09 02 25 3:25 10 °01 *25 3°50 *13 02 25 375 14 02 25 4 00 17 °03 25 4'25 — — Tested 29th June. | 19-1 | 1°00 | 1°00 | 50°00 00 1°00 2°00 °03 | °03 1'00 3°00 °07 | *04 1:00 4'00 10 03 4°69 13 1°00 | 5°00 14 04 C. W. SIEMENS. Description of Sample and Remarks. Naked wire. Labelled Best Steel, No. 1. R. S. Newall and Co. Not welded. Birminghain, 14. Broke fairly. Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 06 Breaking strain '42 Naked wire. Labelled Best Steel, No. 2. R. 8. Newall and Co. Not welded. Broke fairly. °25 just touched the scales. Per-centaue of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 08 Breaking strain = ‘80 Naked wire. Labelled No. 3. Best Steel. Newall and Co. Not welded. R. S. Broke fairly. Per-centage of elongation :— 3 Breaking strain = 10 Breaking strain = 78 Naked wire. Sample from R. S. Newall and Co. Marked Steel Wire, No. 14 Gauge, (Light 14 Gauge as measured). Not welded. Broke at thimble, but not fairly. Per-centage of elongation :— 3 Breaking strain = °18 Breaking strain = °52 Naked wire. Same Sample. samc picce. Welded. Cut off Broke at the weld. Per-centage of clongation :— à Breaking strain = 09 Breaking strain 34 Naked wire. No. 14, Canvas. Lahelled Steel Wire, 14 Gauge. Not welded. Sent from R. S. Newall and Co. Best Steel Wiro. No. — ô p — M - 18-2 18-2 Weights. Length | Sample between Put on.) Total. pv i | | Cwts. | Cwts., Ins. 1:00 6°00 19 50 6°50 21 50 7°00 24 | 50 | T'50 '28 | *50 8° 00 32 25 8°25 35 25 8°50) 38 25 8:75 41 35 | 9:00 “47 | 25 9°25 65 125 9:375 — 1°00 1.00 50:00 2°00 8'(4 °06 1°00 4°00 10 4°25 11 1'00 | 5:00 13 | 1°00 6°00 *18 . *50 6°50 20 50 7°00 2 50 7°50 25 | 50 8'00 30 50 8°50 34 1°00 1°00 50°00 , 1°00 2 00 “01 1°00 3°00 "03 °50 3:50 °06 °50 4°00 °15 *35 4°25 — Tested. 1°00 1°00 50°00 1°00 2°00 04 1°00 3: (0 *06 1°00 4°00 *10 4°68 °13 1:00 5:00 14 1:00 6°00 16 1:00 1:00 *20 °50 7°50 * 24 *50 8'00 28 25 8°25 °30 "25 8°50 32 25 8°75 31 25 9°00 40 25 9°25 * 46 125 | 97375 — 2°50 2°50 50°00 2°00 4°50 09 4°93 11 2:00 6°50 18 2:00 8°50 31 25 8°75 32 25 9°00 °34 25 9:25 388 125 9:575 41 125 9 50 43 ms | 9025 47 125 9:750 51 id 9:875 61 Elonga- tion. as табаа F ESS se gê: fgs SEESSELZEZ 58 Description of Sample and Remarks. Continued. Fair break. Per-ceutage of elongation — 4 Breaking strain = 26 Breaking strain = 1°30 Naked wire. No. 14 Gauge. Not welded. Broke quite fair. Per-centage of elongation — Breaking strain = ‘22 reaking strain = 68 Naked wire. Cut off the same. Welded. Breaking weight. Broke instantly. The weight was ut on (at the weld), not from any Imperfection at the weld, but from. a less sectional area of steel. Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 02 Breaking strain °30 Naked wire. No. 14 Gauge. Canvas. Labelled. Not welded. Steel Wire. Per-centage of elongation :— 1 Breaking strain = 26 Breaking strain = 92 Naked wire. No. 14 Gauge. Cut off the samo piece. Not welded. Steel Wire. Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = ^22 Breaking strain — 1:22 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. i 497 APP. No. 10 . — — APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Resutts of ExrERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and FoRDE and С. W. SIEMENS, upon the Strength of Sr EEL and Iron Wires (WELDED and UNWELDED), and Hemp STRANDS, SEPARATE and COMBINED. Е DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. E Number d е Weights. E Р + E WIRE. HEMP. E о — х Weight | No.of Wr Date E Gauge. рег Fathom.| Strands. 8 5 E: REMARKS Experi- ; 2 А й up Am Ж? - E ments Е: à: : E : z & © » E 3 m * A 3 o . 8 2 . 58 E — © R, 9 E2173 FARE % TIER = 2 2 8 2 5 E A g & X E E: се 38 ef | ® * |8 Н B œ E So | © | $ | с | SE/ SS) 8| B | SE E |= | om ala & & 8 — 828822 2 zd £ 4185 |B 1859: Cwts. | Cwts. | Ins. | Ins | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED. MANILLA. 28 Sept. 14 1 °50 ‘50 | 75°00 | °00 | Iron | One | 14 079 | 0961 — 4 4 ł | ‘077 1731 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall . 1'00 1°50 "07 07 » » » » » „= » » » ” » and Co., Birkenhead, 2°25 °13 1°00 2°50 *15 °08 » m | ” » ^ RES E » » » » 50 3°00 *21 '06 | » м » » ” = » » » » » Weights put on at intervals of *50 3°50 20 05 | » ” » » ” = » » „ » » 14 minutes, °50 4°00 °35 09 » » ” » » rad » » ” ” » °50 4'50 = — » » ” » " Es » » » ” » Broke fair. Per-cen of elongation := 5 strain 17 reaking strain = 47 28 Sept. 14 2 50 50 75˙00 00 | Iron | One | 14 079 "0961 — 4 4 4 |7077 1731 Sent frem Messrs. R. S. Newall "00 1°50 08 " » ” » ” = ” » ” ” ” and Co., Birkenhead, 2°37 *18 1°00 2°50 19 1 » ” » » aep = » ” ” » » 50 3°00 23 °04 » » » » » M » » " M » | Weights put on at intervals of * 50 3°50 *81 08 ” » » » ” TS » » ” " ^" 14 minutes. 50 4'00 39 08 » » » » » = » ” " » » 50 4 50 59 20 » " » » „ = ” » E " » °25 4°75 = = » ” ” „ ” "m » » » » $5 Broke fairly. i Per-cen of elongation :— Breaking strain = °24 | Breaking strain = °79 28 Sept. 14 | 1 “50 *50 | 50°00 | °00 | Iron | Опе | 14 079 sogor ee Pose. = ЕР LS" ч °50 1°00 02 02 » ” ” » » == — — — — — 50 1:50 704] 02 „ » » " e | — | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall °50 07 03 » » » » » Bs = — — — | ЕЕ and Со., Birkenhead. 50 2°50 "09 | °02 » » » » » = = -- — — | — | Weights put on at intervals of 50 3°00 11 02 ” » » » » LER Em = — ы — 11 min. 50 3°50 14 03 » » ” » » ач TT == т жы | — 25 3°75 17 03 ” » » ” ” ahi pct ج‎ тз Sh e °25 4°00 °19 ۰02 » » » » ” x = = T = ج‎ *125 4'125 21 02 » » ” ” 9 S = == == — 12 4'250 23 02 " » » » „ кс ы —= Мыр = — 125 4 375 28 05 » ” » » Tm = a — = — — 0625 44375 — = » » » " TS — = و‎ — — Broke fairly. Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = ‘14 | Breaking strain = ‘56 28 Sept. 14 | 3 °50 50 | 75°00 | °00 | Iron | One 14 | "079 0961 — 4 4 Фф | ‘077 1731 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 50 1°00 03 03 ” ” » ” ” T ” * » м » апа Со., Birkenhead. * 50 1°50 07 04 » » " » ” rat ” ” » ” РА *50 2*00 10 03 » ” » » » x: ” » » » » 2:31 13 Weichts put on at intervals of 50 2°50 14 04 ” » » » " 2 » » » » » 14 min. 50 3°00 19 "05 » м ” » » zc » » » » » 25 3°25 °21 °02 » ” ” » » 2 " » » » » *95 3°50 °24 °03 ” » » ” ” xm ” ” ” E " *95 3°75 27 03 ” ” ” ” ” * ” ” " » » > *25 4'00 31 '04 » m » » ” * » » » ^" T 25 4°25 °37 °06 ” ” » » » — » " ” ” » È *125 4'375 41 04 „ " » ” » = » » » » » *125 4°500 48 07 » ” » » » tzi » ” » ” ” 125 4'625 -— JT ” * » » » TT » » » ” » Broke fairly. j 27 Brean of elongation :— ng strain = ‘17 king strain = ‘64 23 Sept. | 15 1 50 50 | 75°00} °00 | Iron One | 14 079 0061 — 4 4 1 0615 ‘1576| Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 °08 °08 » » » * ” == m » ^" » » and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 14 °06 » » » » " = ” » » » » 2:75 18 | 50 3°00 91] 07 P - i " Š — » 4 ы 2 » | Weights put on аё intervals of 50 3°50 24 03 » m ” ” ” m ” » » » » 14 min. *50 4'00 33 09 ” ” ” ” ” T mm » » » °50 4° 50 '46 13 » » » » » a ” » ” " » *25 4°75 61 15 » " » » ” E » ” * » » Wire broke first, hemp alone sus- °25 5°00 89 °28 » » " » » = » е i ie » tained the weight for an appre- 25 5:25 76°31 42 » » » » وو‎ az ” ” * " » ciable length of time. °25 5°50 31 » » » ” » TT ” » » » * Per- cen of elongation :— g strain = 23 reaking strain = 2°16 23 Sept. 15 1 E. wa n d Iron | One | 14 079 | 0961 — 4 1 1 0615 1576 Naked wire. 00 1°00 | "001 01 1 | » | „„ aa Sent fron Meas B. S. Newel 50 2°00 °06 ۰02 ” » ” » ” and Co., Birkenhead. " 2*18 '07 I ” » ” » ” °50 2°50 09 03 » » m ” ” = » „ » » » 50 3°00 11 02 » » » m ” = » ” „ „ » *50 3'50 '14 °03 » » » » » "m: » » ” ” » °25 3°75 "y 03 ^" » » » " =. ” » ” ” » *25 4'00 20 03 » ” » m » = » » » » » *125 4'125 2¹ 01 » » » » » T ” » ” » » *125 4'250 “28 02 » » » * » ex » » ” ” m *125 4°375 nan = ” ” ” ” ” = » " » ” „ Broke fairly. 8 of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = *14 Breaking strain = *46 Digitized by Google 3H 4 428 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Ару. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. ` Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined. — continued. | с | | * | 3 Rink ! E | | DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. of Weights. E | | Р X WIRE Hemp. a. NN ч, 2 | | ates. | Welsh No.of | | 8 |B, рае E | | Be. per Fathom.) Strands. | | EEE REMARKS. Experi- . | n | "" = oa = du 2 E — E в | а ЖЕМЕ $ (3| В d 3 | i E ч | gola | E | | © А, &2 2 Ф ° | | ~ = = i в . = . . — | чә = Я | < д З 2 & | © w |SP as 2 3 Zz 1 B 2 = „ ЁЁ ЯУ ESTES H E з © Eo S E | Сб EZ E^ | H — 2 | © e m — 2 & E S A | ص‎ | А | @ 2 |а еа lA [Ё | 2 1859 Cwts. | Cuts. | Ins. | Ins | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. \ UNWELDED | MANILLA. | 23 Sept. 15 2 50 50 75˙00 00 Iron | Опе | 14 | ‘079 | °0961| — | | 1 1,706015, 1576 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 "06 06 » | 5 » РА » | = » | » | » | » » and Co., Birkenhead, 1°00 2°50 "14 "08 | » » ” ” » | =~ » | » ” » * 2°81 *50 3-00 17| °03 " ч / ۴ == " | ^" 3 2 „ | Weights put on at intervals of 50 3:50 "99| 5| „ » n ES wl » " á 1j min, °50 4°00 °28 "06 " ” » " » а ” | » " » » 0 4'50 °38 10 ” ” ” » » ES » | » ” ” ” 25 4°75 °49 11 » » » » ” м » | » » » " г *25 50) 75 20 » » " » * = » » » » ” °25 5°25 76°13 °38 | » » „ ” ” * ” ” ” » » °25 5°50 °49 °36 | » ” » ” » 2 » » » э » "195 | 5628 c63| "14 „| » | „| » | = |e "| o» » | » | Atthis weight wire broke, *195 5:750 °94 .31 | 50 » n » » T ” | » | » » » > 95 | 5:875 | 77°14 | 20 „ A 5 ‘i x 7 E Re 5 „ | Weights were taken off. Wire broken close to the top. Suspen- Breaking strain of the sion hemp perfect. hempaftertheremoval Per-centage of elongation :— of the wire 4°75 cwt. Breaking strain = '22 reaking strain = 2°17 23Sept.| 15 3 °50 50 | 75°00 00 Iron Опе | 14 079 0061 — 4 | 4 | 1 | ‘0615 | ‘0576 Covered iron wire. 1°00 1°50 °06 06 » » » » " FE: » » | » » » 2°37 ۰12 | Same as 1 and 2, 1'00 2°50 13 07 ” ” ” ” ” T ” ” ” ” ” 50 3°00 17 (4 » » " ” » Las » ” » ” » 50 3°50 °21 04 ” ” » * ^" =< ” » » » ” 50 4'00 27 06 » ” ” » » — ” ” ” ” ” °50 4°50 *36 09 » » ” » ” js ^ » » ” ” а = 2 4°75 cr . : Б т 2 2 а. = 2 : » | Wire broke. Hemp sustained the lioe — n. gation er-cen oT elon — 1 Breaking strain = 16 Breaking strain = ‘48 21 Sept.| 16| 1 50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron One | 14 | 079 0961 — 4 + 1} 0598 1559 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 ‘04| °04 x is x 2 Ê = * = si 8 » aud Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2:59 "09 "05 » ” ” ” ” s » » » » * 2 Б 1°00 3°50 "13 | °04 : * ж É E — & x » s » | Weights put on at intervals of `50 4°00 п" b “ à „| — " " » м " 1 min. 4°18 e °50 4°50 19 03 ” ” » » » Lo » » » » 50 5'00 22 03 » T ” ” ” N » » » » °50 5°50 °33 ا‎ » » » » ” ue * » » ” » 50 6°00 51 18 » » ” » » m » ” » ” 25 6°25 "61 10 » " » ” ” E ” ” ” » » *25 6.50 71 10 »" » » » » =< » » » » » 25 6 75 80 "09 » » ” ” ” F ” ” ” » ” *25 7°00 87 07 » ” ” ” * T » E » ” ” *25 7-25 93 "06 » » » » ” X ” » » » » g 25 7 y 50 51 02 у 09 * ” " " " =" » » » » » 9 125 7 625 : 09 ^ 07 " n »" » » r= » » » * » 12 7 Ы 750 11 °03 »" » » ” » = ” ” ” ” ” * 135 7°875 13 02 » ” n " ” "E p n » » » T ] 25 8 " 000 j 16 ^ 03 » ” » » » T » * » » » 125 8* 1 25 "2L "05 | ” » » „ » TY " ” ” ” ” 125 | 5.930 2 02 А Ч. m * , P | , » » ^" ” 125. 8 37 290 оз ji , = " » » ” ” . 2 105.1 ЖИ Я а a Ы Ж Р : ks : ы „ | Broke while weight was being put on. | _Per-centage of elongation — | лат дё strain = 33 reaking strain = 2°58 21 Sept. 10 | 1 50 ‘50 |50:00| °00 Iron Опе | 14079 0961 — | — — Naked wire. 1 j 00 1 S 50 i 03 “ 03 » " ” » " Fi » P » » 2:22 ۰09 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1 °00 2°50 10 07 ý н T * » — — — » — » » and Co., Birkenhead. °50 3°00 13 03 » » »" ” " — xxx. » had » » *50 3°50 161 °03 s : ^ 2 ч P - : = й „ | The hemp strands had been pre- 25 3°75 18 | +02 2 Е E z С — — K — ý ә viously removed .from this '25 4'00 ЖҮ SEL x id É ө »|-—|-— „| = " » sample. * 195 4'125 °23 °03 РА » » » » та — " aer " » 577 4° 250 '25 *02 » n p " ” — TM * >: » » 1 4° 75 °30 05 n » » * » I ad ” n » » 0625 4°4375 — р „ „ » » » E m: » 5 » ” Broke fairly. Per-cen of elongation :— B strain — *18 Breaking strain = *60 21 Sept. 16 1 50 50 | 50°00 | °00 = | — 4 — |*0598 Manilla hemp. Removed from the 50 1:00 25 25 „ " К Á uu HD E » á above sample. 50 1°50 48 23 ” » ” n» » xxm xd » p » » 1°81 °56 °50 2.00 °63 °15 5 » s» » » = = ” = ” ” °50 2°50 81 18 » " ” » » Fai 7 ” med ” ” *25 2°75 *90 | °09 » РА » 3 — - » a ” ” 25 8°00 *96 °06 » ” ” p »" — к — » * *125 3:125 | 51°08 *12 M " ^ » » = = " — n » ЕУ MEE OUR ᷣͤ⁰ / PU DULCE РУ be dE 3°375 *95 °07 » ” » ” » T TT ” p owe ” » *125 3'5600 °31 06 , — » » РА pes = n — » " 125 3°625 — = i » » » » dm == ” == ” » Broke fairly. Per-ce of Breaking strain = 1°11 акне анец = 2'62 21 Sopt. 16 2 "50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron Опе | 14 | *079 | *0961| — 4 4 | 1} | ‘0598| ‘1559 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 °03 03 | a | » » ” ” — » » » ” » and Co., Birkenhead, 1°00 2°50 ۰09 °06 | "i FS » | РА » — ^" ” " » » 1°00 3°50 12 03 „ I ET S m 5 8 » á » | Weights put on at intervals of 50 4'00 *15 | ЧӨ | м »]| wn » » == | ” ” ” » 14 шіп, 4°18 “16 | | 50 4°50 | 19 “Ob | ” ** ” * " = ” » "n » » - | | | °50 5°00 | 23 °04 | » " | » | » » T ” ” » * » | *23 5°25 °28 | "05 РА ” ” | ” ” те „ » * * » | 25 5°50 32 04 » “© | » | ” » те ” ” ” ” ” » | | | *25 5°75 39 | 67 ** , ” » ” — ” * * ” ” | °25 6 °00 | °49 | 10 ” " m " » т » ” ” * » | | | *125 | 6°125 °57 ‘OS 99 » | m » » | Å= ” “ » " ” i 2125 6°250 | °61 06 y ” ” ” ” = ^ „ » » » i Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 429 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. App. No. 10. oa Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wircs (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued. Bre strain = 35 reaking strain = 3°36 8I = N а DESCRIPTION ОР SAMPLE. E of E 2 С WIRE. HEMP, $ Ф l | | А Date 2. | Gauge. Weight No, of | 8 8. А EN © of g per Fathom.] Strand EME- Е REMARKS. Experi- ў d WWW! r fs ments. 3 TIRE 8 8 : д 3| а "E. „| S E E ЕЕ " E 8 5228 © ps " R 2 ha 2 М ч E А ° a 4 22 Ba 58 S 5 8 SE Б | e| 253 3 | 8] S RE S| |Z) gE Ble 35 3 ЕТ su 9 S | 2 б | & an B Б © d а {41а i & я Аа |а 4 4 2 2 im ê S E ile 1859: Ins. | Ins No. | No. | Ins. | Ibs. | lbs. | No. | No. Ins. | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED. MANILLA. 21 Sept. 16 2 „125 6:375 67 °06 Iron] One 14 | *079 0961 — 41! 4 11 |'0598 |*1559 | Continued, "125 | 6:500 “71 `04 » » » » » n ” ” » ” ” "125 | 6:625 77 °06 » » » » » T » » " » » :125 6:750 "80 "03 ” » » » » T » » » » » ‘125 6:875 "85 "05 » » » » » E » » » ээ 75 *125 7:000 "90 05 » » » » " Ед » » » » " 125 77125 "95 "05 » » » » » EA » ” » » » :125 7:250 "98 "03 » » » » » БРЕ » » » » » °125 | 77375 | 51°01 "03 » » » » » s » » » » » 128 7°500 07 °06 » » » » , I » » » » » :125 7°625 °10 °03 » ” » » » TT » » „ » » *125 7:750 13 °03 » » » » »" PAX » » » » » "125 7:875 "19 "06 » » » » ” Mx » » » » » "125 8*000 °20 01 » » » » » is э » ” » » 125 а о be » » ээ » АЛ T 99 » » » » "125 ; : : » » » 99 ” i ” » » » » 125 | 8'375 <= = » » » » » i » » » » » Broke fairly. Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 82 Sent from Mess. k. B. Newall 21 Sept.] 16 | 3 °50 "50 | 50°00 | 0°00 | Iron | Опе 14 | ‘079 0961 — 4 4 | 1} |°0598 1559 | Sen m Messrs. ew p 1°00 1°50 d f » » 8 a — » E = " » and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 : °05 » » » » » » » » » 1:00 | 3°50 12 °08 » " з » s — “ » Wi e " "nuns put on at intervals of °50 4°00 17 05 » » » » » | — » » » | » » 14 шіп, °50 4°50 °20 °08 » » » » » == » Г * » » 50 5°00 23 03 » » 0 » » Y » " » » * 50 5 50 37 14 » э» „ » | » == ” А » | н » °50 6°00 58 21 90 » » » » — » 7 » ! » 2 *25 6°25 E 70 12 » » » » » = * | „ » 5» 2 6°50 °80 °10 » » » » ” == » 7 | » » » 35 | 6°75 905 10) 5| » | » | » | » | == | E eee ee e 2⁵ 7°00 °98 °08 А » » » м = » ا و‎ » » » *25 7°25 51°06 08 » » » » » = » » » | » » °25 7°50 °13 °07 » » » » » == » » » » » 25 7°75 °19 °06 » » » * » = » „ | » » » ao 7515 я be » » » » » — » » ' » » » у i ^ » » » » » Lai | » » » » » Broke fairly 5 m » э , » = n » ° ud icc E" i а i ý i " Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = °34 i | | reaking strain = 2:56 * * — — — — — — -- — — — — — — This wes ht having been put on at 21 Sept.“ 16) 4 | 5°00 | 5°00 | | | once, the hemp covering was cut | | | . throngh, and wire broke imme- "u ! eg *00 | Iron | One | 14 | °079 |0961 | — 4 4 | 1} 0508 1659 | Sent from Messrs. R. B. Newall xdi mad б 1:00 | 180 05 1 „„ ож ³ Ve aber des | cg | VO Mo ROO NN and Co., Birkenhead. ү : *10 ° , » » » » y » » » » » à 80 то 13 43 а » 5 Ri » — " | M э » | » | Weights put on at intervals of °50 8°50 °16 °03 » » » » » == » » А » » 1$ min. °50 4°00 °20 °04 » » » » » kaga n » » » » °50 4°50 "25 °05 o» » » » » — » | » » » " 28 4°75 *80 05 » » » » », — n » ” » » 25 5°00 | 84 °04 » y » » ” | md » » » » э 25 5°25 | *45 11 » وو‎ » » » — » | » » » 99 °25 5° 50 °57 12 » » » » » | — » | E 99 » 99 °25 5°75 °80 23 » » m » » — » » » »p | وو‎ 25 6°00 °99 °19 » m » » » — » » » » » °25 6°25 76:17 18 » » » » » == » | » » » " 25 6°50 30 18 » » » » » sud MEE. » » , » › °125 6°625 '40 10 ” » » » » == ” | » » | » | » 125 | 67750 49 °09 » » » » » — | » » » | » ” °125 6°875 54 °05 » » » » » -— ээ » н „* » °125 | 7:000 *61 °07 ” » » 9 99 77, » » n » » 125 7:125 *66 *05 » » » » » ated * » » » » 125 7:250 72 °06 » ” ” » » — » » » » » *125 7 375 °80 08 » » » " » == | » » » » » *125 7:500 *86 °06 » » | н » n — » » » n » 128 | 77025 ‘91 °05 » » » » » — » » » » » 125 7750 °99 °08 ” » » » » — ээ » » » » " 125 {. И 77 Е n 0] » э 79 99 ээ “ТР 99 ээ н » 99 °1 М Е в » » » » » — » 0 » » » Broke fairly. | 125 8 125 | — | » » » » » | » » » 9 Per-cen tage of elon gation : ng strain = °27 | 8881 рген кэш. т pi . . . . One ۰079 | 0986 — 4 4 1} | °062 | ‘158 n m Messrs . Newall Sep 17 11.80 | 5 100.00 Ton e| 14 |7979 |708] Z] | and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 14 °07 » n » n » == » » » » Weights . : . . » 8 M tee 2 » j 8 g put on at intervals of 50 м у 19 05 » » | 14 min. °50 3°50 24 *05 » 2 » » » — » » » » » °50 4°00 °28 °04 » » » » » — » » » » m °50 4°50 °35 °07 » n ” » =s э » n » » °25 4:75 51 °16 ” ” ” ” ” — » » » » » °25 5°00 68 "15 » » " » » == » » » » » °25 5°25 °73 Ы » » » » » — » » » » » °25 5°50 76°03 °19 » » » » » — » » » ” » 25 3°75 *18 *16 » » » » » — » » n » » °25 6°00 °31 °18 » ” » ” ээ == ээ » ээ » » °125 6°125 °39 °08 » » э » » m » » » » » *195 6:250 40 07 » ” ” * » 7 * н » » » *125 6:375 52 °06 » » » » э” тт » » n : ээ ээ °25 6°500 °58 06 » » » и ” — » » » » » e E E en 7 ," » » » » ré * » » ii » s , M » ” » n » == » » " D , Broke fairly. 125 6:875 — — » » » » » — » » » » » Perceni of elongation : m 490 APPENDIX ТО REPORT OF THE App. No. 10. APPENDIX No, 10,—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TEÉLEGRAPH— continued. — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and С, W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued, ш ; DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Е 2 3 WIRE. Hemp. Ё. > 1 Gauge, | Weight | No.of "BE S 8 uge. per Fathom.| Strands. o 382 3 8 2 22 REMARKS. Experi- ? А gls | ре : z 2 "и : E | j | E © | А 3 — 2 „ „„ IPAE: с = | EJES 1 å А 3$ Ss д 8 8 232 4225 313 28 t * 5 ES Ве | 3 = 8 te С; rt OLS | $| é EF 34 g ЕЁ |e = | [sm 3 = n д |А | @ n E 8 EE | | 1859 | Cwts. | Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. | No, | No. | tms. | tbe. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins | tos. | tbe. | UNWELDED. MANILLA. 27 Sept. 17 1 50 ‘50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron Опе | 14 | 079 | 00% — | — | — | — | — | — Naked Wire. 50 1°00 "02 | 02 2 & e * A — — — — — — Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 50 1:50 "04 | 02 Ec. a " — — — — — — and Co., Birkenhead. 50 2°00 °06 °02 is & is а " — — — — — — 2:21 *08 Weights put on at intervals of '50 2°50 "10 | °04 2 A à á " — — — -- — — Iz min. 50 3°00 *13 02 РА ” ” ” " as — == * ET = `50 3°50 15 03 " 2 A. * * —- -— — — — == | 2 3 75 18 03 » ” ” ” ” T = X3 = CY cT | °25 4°00 °20 °02 » » » » ” = = = — =y xe 125 | 4 195 '24 |. °06| „ 3 ә I | 125 | 4/250 Gru LA OEIL . x pp 125 4'375 "36 "06 ” " ГЫ » » TA = — — c — " `0625 4°4375 — = РА » ” ” ” T — — — — 1 | — fair. f el tio | er-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = °16 | | reaking strain = 72 | 28 Sept. 17| 2 '50 °50 75°00 | °00 | Iron | One | 14 079 | 0'96 | — 4 4 14 | '062 158 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 3 1°00 1°50 07 а) 3 5 = » 8 — |^, E UE aM ж and Co., Birkenhead. А 1°00 2°50 "14 ” » ” ” E ” ” » ” ” 1 : °50 3°00 “19 °05 = se + is pe 286 “ hi M zs N Weights put on at intervals of 3°06 " Ы 14 min. 50 3°50 "24 "05 » » » ” " SA ” » ” ” » | | 50 4'00 30 °06 » » » " " А ” » зр Kl » wid | `50 4'50 40 10 " ” * ” ” چ‎ ” ” » » ” '25 4° 75 50 10 ГА » " " " — " » " ” » *25 5°00 '64 14 » » » ” ” = ” * ” ” LI "25 5:25 i 77 13 » » ” " * ды | " ” » » » '25 5°50 76°01 '24 " ” ” " ” — " " » " » — a E е » „ » ” ” а » » ” ” з 5 7 E 1 „ ” ” „ » = ” ” » | ” ” Broke fair اا‎ m e ” " ы » ETT " н » | " » Per-centage of elongation :— | | J. Breaking strain = 25 Breaking strain = 1:83 Sept. 17| 3 °50 °50 75°00 | °00 One | 14 9 | ۰096 | — 1 ‘062 | 158 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall em E OE a hd Бый Буз фы A E E BE beg RA Шү» Ce 1°00 2°50 14 07 " » » „ " Lnd " м | ” ” 2 -50 3°00 20 +06 a E : : ре 2 B as ч Weights put on at intervals of °50 | 3:50 ФА) 0| م‎ : з : 1} min. 3°56 » ES » » ” ” ” 50 4°00 *29 "05 ” ” * » » ig » » ” » » | °50 4°50 30 07 РА » ” » " ne ” ” ” " ” 2 4'75 °41 ۰05 » » * " » | жы ” ” * » " "25 5°00 48 1 07 ” ” ” ” ” ET ” » | » » ” 2 5:25 60 12 ” ” ” * ” PI * ” ” ” ” °25 5°50 "79 19 » * » " ” Ex ” » ” * * 25 5°75 98 19 РА ” » » ” 23 ” » | » " » | *25 6°00 76°13 15 ” » | ” ” ” — ” * " " * » "125 6:125 "232 °09 » » » ” » = » и i » ” » | *125 6° 250 E 31 °09 ” » » » ” 2 ” н | » » " "125 6:375 37 °06 » » ” ” ” эт » » | ” ” » 125 6:500 43 "06 ” » » " » тее » ” » " » "125 6'625 °50 07 » » » ” ” = ” ” ” ” » : 125 6 750 55 4 05 » ” ” ” ” = * » ” ” ” | "125 6° 875 °61 °06 » ” " „ » — ” ” » ” ” 12⁵ 7 000 66 "05 » » » » » c-— | " „ ” ” » » | 125 7:125 = =й » ” » » » = | » » | ” ” » Broke fair. | | Per-centage of elongation :— | | Breaking strain = 32 | RUSSIAN | NES a Se | . *50 50*00 n 14 € '077 | 173 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall %%% шашыб һе eres EE P | 707. 7178 | d Co, Birkenhead. | 50 1°50 °03 02 ” » * » » 5 » ” | » ” ” °50 2°00 °08 05 » ” » * » m: " » » ” ” | 2°38 *50 2°50 211 03 » » » » » — „ „ | „ » » 50 3°00 14 03 ” ” ” » » Y » „” | ” ” * 25 3°25 °16 02 ” ” ” ” ” ** » » » » » °25 8°50 19 03 „ » ” ” ” тт ” ” » ” ” "25 8°75 °21 02 » » » » » — » ” * * » °25 4°00 22 01 » » м ” ” — » » » ” * | *125 4'195 °28 01 " ” ** » » = ” ” ” ” ” *125 4'250 21 01 » »" " » „ = " ” » * * 125 4'375 *26 02 » » » » » = ” » | » m ” *195 4'500 20 03 ” » ” " ” jia ” sit d » » » E 125 4° 625 i 33 04 * ” ” » » ==: * ” | » " » *125 4°750 — = ” » * » ” * ” ” ” ” ” аш: fair. f el er-cen 0 ongation :— i е strain = 22 Breaking strain = ‘66 22 Sept. 18 | 1 °50 50 50°00 | 00 | [ron One 14 079 | *0900 | — — = | — ^ — | Naked wire. 1°00 1:50 ا‎ i. T » Š Ж »|-—|/-—1|—|-—1-—.-— | Sent. from Meurs. Б. 6. Newall 2°25 °06 and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 '07 05 » » " » ” T 2 == — T °50 3°00 10 03 " » » » E aî -— — SE Ж °50 3°50 °13 02 ” ” ” * ” т” xi = — Es € °25 8°75 14 02 " ” ” ” n e а = E эрк rm 2 4'00 17 03 » » » » » = — ii ә c Ms 125 4'125 °20 °03 » " » ” » == Tu а Е" = eX 125 4'250 22 02 „ „ » m » = ss ii * = “F 125 4'375 '28 °06 » » » » » — TE E 5 a ri | 125 4 500 — amd » n » " эз = | == — Бы — -— Broke fair. el ^ ion Per-cen ongat s | 8 strain = 12 i | | reaking strain = 88 Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 431 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPn— continued. . AFP. No. 10. ———— Resulta of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined. — Мае ` | 8 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Е Weights. | 3 or 3 WIRE НЕМР £ . = о 2 е = Weight No. of g : Date g Guage. per Fathom.) Strands. E AT pie ; — : э | 85 . Spent 5 | 4 | А i. | S 2 ments 2 | = 5 2 E 9 © 2 1 | $ . مو‎ nE сі E | е a o — К * N — S . RS i.i aili egla Elaa E i| Bm 5 < 1981. $| 2] s 155 ЕБ e =) а = | 88 E | 3 8 с 8 23 К ES 8 2 EEN S © DE d з © o 9 E о era $i E © > Ф ajaj مغ‎ | Е 3 [2s um | | а [7 0 & Еч 8 Bis 1859: Cwts Сів. | Ins. | Ins | No. | No. bs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. i | | | UNWELDED RUSSIAN. 23 Sept} 18| 2 | ‘50 | ‘50 | 50-00 | “00 | Iron | One | 14 — | 4: 4 | % 174 | Sent from Messrs. В. S. Мома] Ке үр 1385 А 5 e » » » Sa » | » » » » and Co., Birkenhead. » » » » » » ” » 50 | 2°00 07 '02 | » » ” = » » » » » Weights put on at intervals of so | 25 | % os] , m | TRE » » » 99 » » * » °50 3°00 12 02 » » » = » » » » „ 25 8°25 13. 01 » » » mne » » н » » *25 8:50 ' *15 02 » » » E T » » ” » °25 8°75 17 02 м н » VE » » 9s » » *25 4'00 *20 *03 » » » ax » » » » » *135 4'125 21 01 » » » m » » » » » *125 4°250 *33 *02 5 » » 55 » » » » » 125 4°375 W 02 » » » A, Ге » » » » * 125 4* 500 M 28 S 03 E » ,» MA 98 ” » » » °125 4°625 °32 °04 » » » = » » » » 75 125 4'750 44 12 » 59 » =< » 99 » 9 ээ 125 4°875 = = » м » т » » » » » Broke fair. | Pene of опо T i reaking strain = `1 | : | breaking strain = °88 23 Бері) 18 | 3 -50 50 | 50°00 | 00 Iron | Опе | 14 == 4 4 è | ‘077 | "173 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall | 1590 d i » » » т » » » » » and Co., Birkenhead. ээ » » ps » » 95 » * 50. 2°00 04 °02 n » » == » " » » » | Weights put on at intervals of °50 303 | 10 04 » » » == » » » » » 14 min. °50 н : °02 1 » » e » » 1 » » р 25 8°25 11 01 » » „* E. » » » » » 25 3°50 *12 *01 РА » » zs 55 » » » » 25 3°75 1838 01 » » м = » » » » » *95 4°00 · °15 °02 وو‎ » » xad ” эз ” » » *195 4°125 u 02 н » » = » » эз » » 125 4'250 °20 °08 وو‎ н э” к, эз » » » „ 125 4°375 22 02 » » » == „ » » » » *125 4'500 24 ۰02 » » » = » » э» » » ‚195 4° 625 27 °08 » » » = » „ » » » *125 4' 700 |. 30 *03 » » » = » » » » » *195 4'875 | 46 16 » » ^ ээ L3 » » » » » *125 5:000. — — ” » » = - » » » » | Broke fair. b Per cen в of clonestion = reaking strain = ° Prenkin strain = 92 93 Sept. 19| 1 °50 °50 | 50°00 | °00 | Iron | One 14 — 4 4 | '1 | °050 | 146 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall P 190 m ы s а a — " 9 > M a and Co. Birkenhead. » » » P » » » » » 50 2°00 °05 | °02 s s — 7 j $i "i » | Weights put on at intervals of °50 des *08 08 » » » EAE » » ” » ” 1} mits. °50 3°00 11 03 » » ” 5 » » » » » "25 3.25 13 02 » » ” TA » 99 » 99 ” 25 3°50 15 02 » » » zs » » » » „ °25 3°75 17 02 » n » d » » » » » °25 4°00 °19 °02 » n » T. [7] » » » ” *125 4'125 °21 *02 » » » TY ” » » » » *125 4'250 22 01 99 » » A » » м » » 125 4'375 °26 °04 » » » Т2 » se » » » 125 4'500 830 °04 " » » = » » » » » *195 4°625 84 04 » » » “тг » ,» э » э | * 125 4' 790 | 40 °06 وو‎ » » oor » » » » » | °5 4'875 °50 °10 » s » = » » » » » | *125 5°00 °59 °09 ” » » — » » » » » *125 5° 125 69 10 ” » » ag " » » » » *125 5:250 *80 11 » » » — n » » » » *125 5:376 88 08 » » » — » м 9 » » °125 5:500 °94 °06 » » وو‎ » м » » » *125 е | “ш °06 » » » == » » » » » *125 У : *05 » » — т э » н *125 5°875 | — — T : » — : » » » » Broke fair. 5 of enon | reaking strain = ° | I O 4 1 050 | 146 | Sent non dei 8. "Nes all : 2 50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron Опе | 14 — 4 ` ^ ° nt from Messrs . New Б Бер | * 1°00 1°50 °08 °03 ” ” » == n » ” n and Co., Birkenhead. ' 1°00 2°50 °09 °06 » » » 25 э з » 3 » 50 3°00 | 1| 702 » » » = ^ » „ » » | Weights put on at intervals of | 50 a | °18 °02 » » » — n » » » » 14 min. *50 4'00 ! 17 04 » » n = » » n » * | °25 4°25 | 22 *05 » » » m » » » » “ 25 4°50 25 03 » » » LESS » » » » , °25 4°75 1 *06 » » » T n » n » » °25 500 47 16 55 » » m » » » » » 25 525 64 17 » » » — » » n » » *125 5:075 | °78 °09 » » » = T ” » » » *125 5:500 *81 *08 » » » se » » » » » 125 5°625 90 09 » » n == » » ) » n 125 5 750 °98 °08 » » » = » » » n ” °125 5°875 51°02 °04 » » » ax » » » ” 9 *195 6:000 | *10 *08 » » » == » » » ” » °125 6°125 °19 °09 » » » ==" » » » » » *125 6°250 °24 °05 » » n == » » » " » *125 6:375 °27 °03 » » » = » » » » » *125 6°500 1 *04 » » » == » » » » » 18 6:635 | *89 *08 » » » — » „ ” ” » *125 6° 750 "43 *04 » » » I » » » 7 ” *195 6° 875 | °50 °07 ээ » » Ex » » » » » 125 7°000 | 54 *04 » » » == » » » » E : 125 7°125 == - ” " » т » » ," » » Broke fair. 8 . T ! i Per-centage of elongation :— , 1 Breaking sttain = 27 Y * tee Breaking strain = 3°08 312 432 Arr. No. 10. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined continued. = з I Number $ DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Е | А of Weights. E р | 2 WIRE. Hemp. = | | 2 Weieht | No.of 18 £ eie 0.0 Date Gauge. r Fathom.| Strands. g | E of E por Fathom Berens) ЖИН STI REMARKS. Experi- ы $ ms "^12 ‚||| "|! | FFE 8 © | & 5 . g AG ЗЕ ДЕ E : a 2 2 2 ы 2 2 42 Фә i$ fla (HIE e illli i o 2 б | P^ £ 8 Ф © da à & É 5 ص‎ Z А 0 0 32 E: A Е |Е 1859: Cwts. | Cwts. | Ins. | Ins. No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 23 Sept. 19 | 3 50 50 50°00 | 0°00 | Iron One | 14 | .079 | 096 — 4 4 1 | *С50 | °146 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1°00 1°50 "03 °03 2 » » ”» » cu » » » » » and Co., Birkenhead. 1*00 2:50 °08 °05 » » »" » * » н » ” ” °50 3°00 11 0 » » » » » = » » » » » Weights put on at interval of °50 3°50 "15 *04 » » n » » oU » » » » » 14 min. °50 4°00 °20 05 » » » » » s » » » » n °50 4°50 °26 °06 » » » » ” = ” ” » » » 2 4°75 °38 "12 » » » » » тт » n » »" » *25 5°00 "38 °20 » n ” » » m » » » » n "25 5°25 °79 21 " » » » ^" = ” » » »" » *25 5°50 °96 17 » » » » » T » » » » » "125 5° 625 51°05 °09 » » » ” ” шыг » » » » » "125 5°750 12 °07 » » * » » = ” ” n » » °125 5°875 °20 08 » » » " » S » » » » » :125 | 6:000 = ect » » ” ” » = » » » » » Boe fair. fel er-centage of elongation — Breaking strain = 22 reaking strain = 2°40 93 Sept. 19 | 3 50 50 50°00 | °00 icu: One | 14 079 098 — — — — — — [Naked wire. 1*00 1:50 02 °02 " К > | 8 — — — — — | — | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall °50 2 "06 | °04 * » a K М — — — — — — and Co., Birkenhead. 50 2°50 °08 | °02 " 5 ۰ — — — — — | Weights put on at intervals of °50 3°00 °10 02 j n ч D » — — — — — — 14 min. °25 3°25 11 01 » »" 9 Ж 5 — — — — — — а с Есе е ° 5 • е а А 8 — — S und "ut = 25 | 4°00 0| % 5.5 „| «|» (| | | — — 195 | 4125 | 24 4 „| „| „ „„ | | — | س | س‎ | "0625 | 4°1875|] — | — » " 2 я بس | س | س | و‎ | = | — | - | Broke fair. Per-cen of elongation :— peo ng strain = 12 reaking strain = °48 17 Sept.] 20 1 50 °50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron One 14 | ‘079 | 096 — 4 4 | 1} | ‘040 1486 Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newa 1°00 1°50 °05 | °05 » - 8 " > — ù " я и » and Co., Birkenhead. °50 2°00 °08 "08 » ” » » » = » » » » » ә `50 2'50 *09| °01 S » ч 15 „ س‎ » HM i " » | Weights put on at intervals of "50 3'00 °11 °02 » » » » » x » » м » | n 1i min. "25 8°25 °18 °02 » » » » » e n » » » | » °25 3°50 °15 °03 » » » » » RIT » » » » » '25 $°75 17 °02 » ” ” » » Pei » » » » » "25 4°00 °19 °02 ” » » n » a » ” ” » » *125 4'125 °21 °02 » » 55 » » m n » » » н 0625 4°1875 "22 °01 » » » » » = » » » » » "0625 4'2500 '23 01 » » 90 » » a ” n » » » °0625 | 4'3125 24 01 » 5 РА » " — » i S » » 0625 43750 26 02 » » » » » тт" » » » » 55 *0625 4° 4375 "2 °01 ” ” ” » » es э » » » » "0625 4° 5000 "29 "a » » ” » » u » » » м ! » 0625 4 5625 30 01 5 “ » н 70 = » „ » » » *0625 4'0250 32 02 » » » » »" es » » »" » " 0625 4 6975 °36 °04 » » » » ГА za » » » » » 0625 4° 50 °38 02 » » » » » EE ” » ” ” » *0625 4'8125 "41 °08 » » » ” » d ” ” ” ” » *0025 4'8750 40 °05 » м » ээ » a » » » » » 0625 4 9375 50 "04 » » » » » TS » » » » » 0625 5 ° 0000 °54 °04 » » » » » I » » » » » "0625 5° 0625 50 05 n » 70 » » TM » » » » » 0625 51250 62 03 "э a” ” ” ээ EZ » »9 n ” » ° 0625 5° 1875 °68 °06 » » » » ” d » » » ” » *0825 5:2500 "70 02 » » » » » Ni А » „ ” * 0625 5°8195 78 03 » » » » » т? » » » » » 0625 5°3750 77 °04 » » » » ” S » » » » » 0625 5'4375 °80 °03 » » » » » py м » „ » » *0625 5° 50090 °81 °01 » » ГА » » mca ” » ээ » 9, 0625 5 5625 81 03 » وو‎ » » ГА — » » » » » *0625 5'6250 °87 °08 » » » н » тат э » » » » *0625 5°6875 "89 °03 ” ” » » » P » » » » » *0625 5° 7500 °91 *02 » 99 » ө ээ = » » 50 » » *0625 5°8125 °94 °03 » » » » 99 ттт »9 » » 99 » *0025 58750 98 *04 n » » » » == » » ” ” » £ 0625 5 *0375 51 T 01 P 03 » » » » » * » » » » н *0625 6° °04 °03 » » » » » — » » » » ” *0625 6°0625 *07 *03 » » » n ^ == » » » » » 0625 6:1250 *09 °02 » * э » = » » » » » 0625 6°1875 11 *09 » » м » ” * » » » » » *0625 6° 2500 *13 °02 » » э » » — » » » » » 0625 6°3125 *16 °03 " m » » » — » » » m " 0625 6°3750 19 03 » n » » » == » н » » » ber d 3000 2 °04 m » » » » = ” » » н » Broke fair 5 'o ت‎ — » » » н = » » » » » . т ا‎ of elongation :— I. ng strain = °26 reaking strain = 2°46 17 Sept. 20 3 | ‘50 “50 | 50°00 | °00 | Iron One 14 079 098 — 4 4 | 1} | `049 145 | Sent from Messrs. R. B. Newall " "n 1:50 bo °01 ” ” » » » = » » n ” ” and Co., Birkenhead, °00 2°50 *03 n » » n » E » » ” » » И °50 3°00 °07 °03 н А РА РА » ==» » » » » » Weights put on at intervals of 3°18 *08 1% min. °50 3°50 *10 °03 » » н » » D » » » » » °50 4°00 18 08 » » » » » == » » » » » 50 4°50 °20 °07 » » » » » TE » » ” ” » °25 4°75 25 05 » н » н » = » » | » А 20 25 5°00 °35 °10 ээ » н » » Ez » » | » » » *195 5'125 44 °09 » » » » » = » » n » " *195 5° 20 51 °07 » » » » » — » * » п м "195 5.875 89 *08 » » » ^ » — » ” » 10 » *125 5.500 .63 °04 н и n ” и == ," » и и и SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. 433 . APP. No. 10, Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued, . g | 3 | Number © | DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. E | и Weights | Ё 3 WIRE. HEMP. Е | © * | 4, Weights No. of B oe Due Gauge. per Fathom.| Strands. 8 23 | РЄ LA f NP Ae REMARKS. LI L | — 2 — E ments. 5 А g É | $ 3 E 3 Ee TIS E : s 8 С = | EE 2 $ Š © g, 2.8 ваа 4 | 8 ае ааа ае. S | age 2 d | $lsBISA P ssi 24| P| 2 |e 3 & © — $ 8 E 3 ^| 8 z = S | Om 2 = 8 — РА Z | = 2 a IA = 4 Е | 1859 : Cwts. | Cwts. | Ins. | Ins. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. UNWELDED. RUSSIAN, 17 Sept. 20 2 *125 5:625 70 ‘07 Iron Опе | 14 | *079 | *0900 | — 4 4 13 | 049 *145 | Continued, "135 5'750 11 07 » ” ” ” ” tw ” ” ” » » 125 5'875 *82 *05 » „ » » » = „ ” ” » » *125 6:000 88 °06 » » " » " = ” » » » » *125 6°125 '94 °06 » » » " ” ==? » » » ” » *125 6'250 51°00 06 » » » ” » dte, » » » » 12⁵ 6°375 = = » » » » » =r ” » » » n шабу fair, f elongati | | ег-сеп ot eion on :— | | | | Breaking strain = 16 | | reaking strain = 2°00 17 Sept. 20 3 | +50 '50 | 50°00 | °00 | Iron | One | 14 | *079 | "09668 — 4 1 | 1} | 049 145 | Same as above, 1°00 1°50 "04 04 » » » | ” wir У ” » » » » 1°00 2°50 09 "05 » » » | „ » е » » | » »"^l » °50 3°00 11 02 ” ” » | » » — » » ” | » » 3°06 | 50 3°50 *13 02 » » m » » T » » ” ” ” 50 4'00 15 "02 » » » » Be UD NET ” » » | ” m 50 4°50 „19 *04| رو‎ м З ®, „| — di E Tox » | This sample was soaked in water 50 | 0 3| GE a К Ыы SL е == [ж o d as | „ „ | for 22 hours, | °25 5:25 40 10 ” » » » » T » „ ” » » | | *25 5°50 *51 241 » » » » КАШ ЖЕ... * » ” | m » 25 5°75 °69 *18 » » » » T be. ” » | » » * 925 6°00 °80 "13 » » ” m „ | — ” ” | ” ” ” 125 6'125 - -— » n » » » cx ” ” | ” » » | Broke fair. | Per-centage of elongation :— | | Breaking strain = 22 | Breaking strain = 1'60 17 Sept. 20| 4 °50 .50 50°00 | °00 | Iron | One | 14 | *079 | 096 — 4 4 | 1} 040 145 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 0S | 06Î » á » ý » — ы =й ee a н and Co., Birkenhead. 1'00 2°50 09 °06 » » E m » — » » » » | 2-88 | | Weights put on at intervals of 50 | 3:00 ЛЫ о ae) ae oe Кр БО oa еи AMENS °50 3°50 13 02 » » ” » » Des » " » » » *50 | 4°00 17 "04 ” » » ^" ” at " * » » » | . 50 | 4 Ы 50 * 21 i: 04 * | „ " " | » :چ‎ » » » n >, °25 4°75 26 05 » | » » | » ” * » » » " » 25 5°00 °35 | °09 * ^ NE: | E n я 7 „ | This Sample was soaked in water к 25 5 А 25 3 50 J 15 » ” ” өй | » = » mI ” » " 22 hours, *25 5°50 *'ar |. *37 ” » » m | " а $» » » » » : | 3 25 5° 75 oo ج‎ » | 9» | " " „ кж | э » " » » d fair. f 1 i | | er-centage of elongation :— | | | | i Breaking strain = 20 | | | Breaking strain = 1'34 17 Sept. 20 5 | 50 ‘50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron One 14 | 079 | *096 |a ee 4 11 049 | "145 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 °03 | °03 2 2 М И » | 2 3 js м and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 | 2°50 l F à 5 i= ^ : : M „ | Weights put on at intervals of 50 | 3°00 CINE IE s 5 „ — a es JP e » | 13 min. 50 | 3°50 "15 | °04 2 i » » — i 5 5 ә „ | Sample not soaked in water, 3 x 71 4 16 | | 50 | 4'00 "17 "02 » » » » » pom ” ” ” | » ” [DOM > 50 22 05 ” ” » ” ” PS » » » » » | š 50 5 Я 00 t 32 1 10 » » » » » T ” э” ” » » 25 5:25 42 10 » » ” » » Te » » » » » *95 5:50 56 14 » ” ” ” ” T ” » » » ” *125 5'625 "64 °08 » » » » » E ” ” » » » 125 5'750 "72 "08 » » " " » =; » » » » » *125 5:675 77 "05 » T » » ” кыр: ” » ” ” » *125 6' 000 °81 °04 m » » | » ik, => » » » » » 125 6'125 °86 05 » ” ” ” ” = ” ” ” ” ” *125 6:250 90 °04 وو‎ ” » ” » P » » » » » к 125 6 x 375 * 94 s 04 » » » » » -— { ” " * » » *125 6:500 °99 "05 » ” » " » 2 ” » ” » » y 125 6 ^ 625 51 j 02 К 03 ” ” » ” » тут » " » ” » 125 67250 °08 °06 » ” » » " xs » » » » * 125 6'875 *12 °04 وو‎ ” » » » E » » » » è 00625 69375 14 02 si 8 pa ^ ә — ч n а " „ | With this weight the scale touched *0625 | 7:000 15 °01 ^ Ba не E RN — à ml » à the ground. After the removal 0625 7°0625 ‘16 01 M " e epe „ — = 5 8 ә 5 of weight, the amount of elon- 0625 7 1250 17 01 » " xd x % -- а 5 а : on was '92, '0625 | 7'1875 19 02 » » » | » » |= = » » ә 5 eights replaced, Elongation as „0625 72500 °20| 01 „ » m cue ome Ld A] Р ww » | before 51°14. ы 0625 4 z 3125 + 22 * 02 » ” » » з — Г] э » » * 0625 7:3750 °23 01 » » ” ” » = » » E » | » "0625 7°4375 — | I ” » » » " — » ” » | ” ” Broke fair. | Per-cen of elongation :— | | Breaking strain = 32 | | | | reaking strain = 2°46 | | Digitized GOOGLE ine 434 ° APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE ` Arr. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMoUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. RESULTS of EXPERIMENTS made by Mrssns.G 1SBORNE and Еокре and C. W. SIEMENS, for the purpose of arriving at ) | the best form for OUTER COVERING of CABLE. TESTS FOR STRENGTH. ELECTRICAL Tests. | WEIGHT i per Knot. E ea | P Description Tm i rhe. pis | 0 Weight. | Length ion. p Bond: of Specimen, and No.| Time. ЖИДЫ АЕ * Elongation. Tempe- Insu- | Con- In Ра {ог REMARKS. ments. Sample tested. on Sample rature | lation. | tinuity. Weight Put Cable, | , De = Air. Water. yi 7 А '| tween us. |Minus.| Water.| Р.Р. „Ж T 3 n M. M. I en. 1 Of t Plus. | Mi W Р.Р. | P.P Water. Р Clamps. — — — — ——— — — — ¼ʃ — — ل‎ — — ез — —ę—ę— —_———————— 1859: | Cits. Ciots. Cwts. | Ins. | Ins. | Ins. ә » ° [Owts. | Cwts. | Fms. чк 8Sept.| No. 14. (Gauge Iron 20-6 — 50 — °50 | 50°00 | °00 — — — -= — — Sent from R. S. Newall Wire covered with | | — 100 — | 1°50 02| 02 — — аф. E Jde mes - and Co. hemp.) Diameter of | — 100, — 2:50|. O08 | °06 — — = i: EM = 55 Iron Wire 079 inch. — ]lroo — 3°50 13 °05 = — Pe = 25 — x Specimen immersed in — 501 — | 4°00 19| *'06| ت‎ 2 < — ds = = - - later for abo about 22 | — :50| — | 4°50 41]! — = = = e 5 > 4 ours, — :5| — 4°75 4 31 — — -- — — — — — 1 — 4°875 52 °10 —. — — — — — — — "X — 5°00 — — — — — — — — -- Broke fair. | Per-cen of | Area ani 219 4 = 7 Sept. | No. 14. (Ga Iron 20-0, — *50 °50 | 50:00| 00 — — - = == == — | Naked wire. "T "- Wire, 93 079 — 1°00; — 1°50 °02 02 — — — — — -- — inch. — 50 — 2°00 °06 04 — — |*— — — — — | 2°09 : — 50| — 2°50 °08 02 — = — — -- — — — 50 — 3°00 10 02 => — — — — — — — 25 — 3°25 11 01 — — — — — — — — 25 — 3°50 *13 02 = feb — — — — — — 25 — 3:75 *15 02 — — — — -- -- — — 25 — 4'00 *20 05 — — — — — — — — 128 — 4'125 '24 04 — — — — — — — g — 0625 — 4 1875 — -- — — — — — — E Broke fair. Per-cen of s B strain = '12 AD a | reaking strain = ‘4 Resvutts of EXPERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and FongpE and С. W. SIEMENS, upon the Strength of STEEL and Iron Wires (WELDED and UNWELDED), and Hemp STRANDS, SEPARATE and COMBINED. т | Number Weights. ә DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. 8 8 | of | E i WIRE. HEMP. E 8 | | E | 1 Weight | No.of £g | А eig NO. O . Pu 3 „Ө | А 4 2 Gauge per Fathom.| Strands. 3 “2 | REMARKS. Experi- | 2 | | E Ж | H p m Ф | = $. as ments, § © e 29 — [» | = tom . qa . | E 2 oe uH . В Lia] a БЕ & | S| & БРЕ ВЕ ер з 2 4 f 52 Bee E $$ 4 scl SE| ЕЁ |23| 3 a ee H # | E S |S |e) a | 2 Bad ase] $8 2 а |в PA 1859 Cwts Cwts. | Ins | Ins. | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs. No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lbs UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 23 Sept. 21| 1 50 ‘50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron Опе | 14 79 096 — 4 | 1% ‘05 | ‘146 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall and 1°00 1°50 '04 '04 ” » m ” ” — ” ” ” ” ” Co. Birkenhead. 1°00 рән a "06 mI » „ » | " = ” » » » » °50 3° ч А 02 " ” ” » » a 2 » * 3°31 14 | Weight put on at intervals of °50 3°50 °16 °04 » ” n » ” ы * s » » » 14 min. °50 4°00 °20 04 me ^" » | » ” -i » „ » ” ” 50 4'50 "25 "05 ” » „ » ” е " E » ” » °25 4°75 30 05 ” , " | ” » [ " » » » " °25 5°00 87 07 » » » „ * TS ” » ” E ” *25 5:25 47 10 » » " ” " چ‎ ” ” » » ” я 25 5 50 е 59 + 12 Г p Г] ” БЫ — » » s „э » 125 5°625 63 04 » ” ” » » 2 " ” m » » 125 5°750 69 06 » » » ” " LEE * » » ” » *125 5:875 °75 °06 » " " ” ” — ” ” „ ” » 125 6°000 79 04 » „ 55 * »" — " ” м. ^ » ” 125 6°125 °83 04 » » 25 " » Vm, » » * ” » 125 6'250 °88 05 » y» » " ” тч ” ” | » d » " 125 | 6° 375 °91 ^ 03 » „ » " » == ” | » ” ” » 125 6° 500 ый `05 „ „ „ „ „ т » " ” ” ” Brok fairly 125 6° 625 PT — „ „ „ „ » x ” * ” ” ” roke riy. | Per-cen of elongation :— | | renting n 3 g strain = 93 Sept. 21| 2 50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron Опе | 14 079 | °096 | — 4 | 4 1j ‘05 | *146 | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall and 1°00 1°50 "04 04 ” » " » , сы * | » " ^" » Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 des 6d 06 ” » | ” ” » P. | » | » » » » 50 x a 03 ” m , " ” tr ” ” ” » ” 50 3.50 17 % „| » | oy | » | » | — | „| »| »]| |н | Weights put on at intervals of 3°63 14 min. °50 4°00 19 02 , " LET ” ” ” == ” » » ” » °50 4°50 23 04 " m » ” » — » ” » » » *25 4°75 °28 05 » H ” » т, * » ” » » *25 5'00 33 05 „ » » * ” "ES " ” » ” ^" *25 5:25 E "23 » T » » » TR » » » » » *25 5°50 56 12 »" ” » ” " ач ” ” » ” ” 125 5 625 63 07 » » „ » » * „ » » » » 125 5:750 69 °06 » » н " " € " » ” ” ” *125 5° 875 * 73 °04 » „ „ m ” " » ” » » » я 125 6° 000 " 76 į 03 » » РА » ” ra ” » ” ” ” *125 6125 °81 °05 » " ” » „ г » * » » » 125 6° 250 °84 °03 ” ” ” „ " — » » » » » 125 6'375 °90 °06 »" ” ” ^" ” жа " ,› " * » 125 Р 6'500 °93 °03 » » » » ” "e, » ” » E »- — 125 6°625 99 '06 ” ” » ” ” а » » ” » » 125 6 һ 750 51 Р 02 E 03 " » | " " | ” * » LEJ » » * 125 6° 875 d 09 м 07 n” " » ” » — » » ” * » 125 рм 11 02 ” » » ” » F~ ” ” » | » » 125 *125 '15 °04 „ " » » ” хар * » » | » ” 125 7°250 = T ” ” » » » v ” » ” » » Broke fairly. Per-centage of el E | $ Breaking Strain = и | | reaking strain = 2 а 23 Sept. 21] 3 °50 ‘50 | 50°00 | °00 Iron | One | 14 (079 | "096 | — 4 4 | M | °05 | ‘146 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. N 1°00 à 2 | "04 °04 » » » ” ” xS » ” ” ” " Co. Birkenhead. ) 00 2° 50 а 09 С 05 » , ” ” ” aay » ” ” ” » ^ 5$ | 30% | MM Gl „| „| „| „| „|—| „| „| „| „| „ | Weights put on a intervals of `50 3°50 17 03 э ” ” » » — » » » » » 1 min. °50 4°00 °20 °03 » » ” ” ” — ” ” ” ” * | 50 4'50 '24 °04 = ” ” °25 4°75 — — » APPENDIX No. 10. —FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH-—ocontinued. SUBMAHINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 4365 ‘ests for STRENGTH of SINGLE IRON and STEEL Wires, both WELDED and UNWELDED, made by Н. C. Fonp and С. W. SIEMENS. 22-1 21-1 24-1 Weights. Cuts. BE Cwts. Бен le between Put on. Total. шз Ins. Tested 29th June. 1:00 — — 888888 85 88 S a оо cecco oome, SES SASKSASKSUSS „„ E к S8 8888888 осты FENSI & сокого mt 55852 Elonga-| 10n. S828 | | | | | ! | Descriptio. of Sample and Remarks. Naked wire. A 1. Leather labelled. Small 14 Gauge. Iron Wire. Not welded. Broke fairly. Per-centage of elongation :— 3 Breaking strain = °09 Breaking strain 40 A 2. Leatlier labelled. Not welded. Broke fair. Per centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 12 Breaking strain = °50 Naked wir A Welded. Cut off the same 1. рїесе : Broke 1*5 in. from weld. Per-centage of elongation :— $ Breaking strain = 01 Breaking strain 38 Naked wire. Sample B 1. Not welded. 14 Gauge Iron. Leather label. Broke quite fair. Per- centage of elongation: — 4 Breaking шш = °18 Breaking strain 52 Naked wire. B 2. Leather labelled. 14 Gauge. Not welded. Fair break. Per- centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = 10 reaking strain = °38 Naked wire. Same sample as B 1. Welded. Cut off same piece. Broke at weld. Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 03 Breaking strain = ‘28 Naked wire. C1. Leather labelled. Small 14 Gauge. Not welded. Iron wire. Weights. Length 0 d RSS Elonga- Description of Sample No. | 5 tion. and Remarks. Put on. Total. | Clamps. | | | | Cuts. | Сиба. | Ins. Ins. | °50 8°50 12 04 | Continued. 25 3°75 °18 °01 25 4°00 15 °02 °25 4'25 ۰17 02 25 4°50 22 05 125 4° 625 24 °02 125 4750 — — Fair break. Per- centage of elongation: — 3 Breaking strain = 12 Breaking strain = °48 | | | 27-1 1°00 1°00 50°00 | ‘00 | Naked wire. 1°00 2°00 | 33 °03 | C2. Leather labelled. 14 Gauge. 2°39 '04 | Not welded. 1°00 3°00 °07 04 50 | 3°50 11 "04 | °50 4°00 °14 03 125 4°125 °15 °01 125 47250 °16 °01 125 4°375 `18 02 125 4°50 °20 °02 125 | 47025 °23 02 125 4750 24 O02 | Broke. | | Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 08 | | | Breaking strain = 48 | EN 26-1 1:00 1:00 50°00 *00 ' Naked wire. 50 1°50 02 ‘02 C 1. Cut off the same piece. 50 2 00 05 03 'elded. 25 2 25 06 01 25 2 50 07 01 ' 135 2°625 07 00 125 27750 08 01 125 2875 | ۰09 01 125 ! 3°00 — — Broke 1*5 in. from weld. Per-centage of elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = 04 Tested 2d July. Breaking strain = 18 * 28-1 1°00 1:00 50°00 ‘00 | Naked wire. 1°93 No.1. Best Charcoal Iron. Not 1°00 2°00 "04 “04 welded. No. 14 Gauge. 50 2 50 08 °04 50 3°00 11 *03 25 3°25 14 °03 25 3°50 19 05 125 3°625 22 °03 125 3:750 '25 *03 125 | 5 — — Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— qo ne strain = °08 reuking strain = 50 28-1 | 1°00 ! 1°00 | 50:00 ‘00 | Naked wire. | 1:12 °01 No.1. Best Charcoal Iron. Welded. °50 1°50 05 05 No. 14 Gauge. 50 2:00 °13 0 125 2125 20 : | 125 | 2:250 — — Broke at weld; the last weight | scarcely touching scale. | | Per-centage of elongation :— Dn strain — '02 | reaking strain = °40 28-2 1°00 | 1°00 '00 *00 | Naked wi 1°19 `02 No. 2. Best st Charcoal Iron. Welded. °50 1°50 °03 °08 50 2 00 10 07 125 2'125 12 02 125 , 27250 °19 °07 125 2 375 a — | Broke at weld. ] Per-centage of elongation :— оао strain = 04 | | reaking strain = '38 28-3 | 1:00 | 1:00 | 50-00 | 00 | Naked wire, 1°12 °01 No.3. Best Charcoal Iron. Welded. 50 1°50 "04 °04 50 2°00 11 07 '25 2°25 — — Broke at weld instantly; the last weight touched the scales. Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = 02 reaking strain = ‘22 314 APP. No. 10. — .486 | APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. RESULTS of EXPERIMENTS made by Messrs. GISBORNE and Еовре and С. W. SIEMENS, upon the Strength ot STEEL and IRON WIRES (WELDED and UNWELDED), and Hemp STRANDS, SEPARATE and COMBINED. |н. | "d ИМИ | $ oi DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. E of Weights. Е кекш 8 F- | WIRE. НЕМР. = е | 1 k t à = | . В | Date 2 u Weights No. of E S . : o 3 | Gauge. per Fathom.| Strands. | 2 2 2 | REMARKS. xperi- ' сз ore Muir CR PS. S | fs ments TONES 7 d { & | © Е 3 3 B „ 8 g А A 5 E 8 FE | Е © Е 8.8 а РЕ ede Sl EH] ЗЕ o 35 |E & В Е 21312 | à S 8 gja Eê 3 35 [АЦЕ 5 1850: Cwts. | Cuts. | Ins. | Ins. No. | No. | Ins | lbs. | lbs. | No. | No. | Ins | lbs. | lbs UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 18 Dec. 29) 1 °50 °50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel] One | 14 | °076 | "005 | — 4 4 1} | °045 | 0°14 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 '0| j „ » - ñ » — - » " » » aud Co., Birkenhead. 1'00 2°50 °05 °04 وو‎ » » » » — » ээ » » э 1°00 8°50 10 '05| , s i: " 4 — 8 i » » » Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4 50 15 °05 - » » ” ” = » » » » » min. 5°37 1°00 5°50 °20 °05 » | » » » э s » » » » ” 1'09 6°50 *80 *10 „ | o» » » » = » » » » » 1'00 7°50 40 10 » | » » » » т" э » » ^» * 50 8°00 47 07 » | » » » » = » n » » » °50 8°50 *56 *09 » » » » ” — н » » » » °50 9°00 °69 *13 |; . 99 » » n 2 » n 99 ээ » °25 9°25 °75 °06 » » n * » = » » » » » °25 9°50 °83 °03 » » » » » == » » » T » 25 9°75 °88 °05 |o» » » » » = » » » » м 25 10*00 96 “OR » » » » » T » » » ” E 2 10:25 51°05 09 » n n » » мех » » » » » *25 10°50 *11 06 „ | "m » » » — » » m » وو‎ 25 10:75 °20 °09 ! » | » » » n ET 20 » » » и Broke fair. н Percentage of elongation :— | | Breaking strain = 2:1 | iug strain 2:49 18 Dec. 29 | 1 *50 "50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel) One | 14 | "076 se — 4 4 | 1} | 045 | 140 Naked wire. 1:00 | 1°50 10 10 „ „| „| „ „„ „„ » | » | » Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 2°50 „22 12 „ : а » „р— ро» " " » е and Со., Birkenhead. 1°00 | 3°50 | 36 14 „ j ecl semel сж ә] л» n we з | 3:87 * 45 | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 °55 °19 » » » » » = | н » ” ” » 1} min. °50 5°00 , °62 °07 » | » m » » = » » » » » °50 5:50 | °70 “08 | » » » » » — » n » » ” °50 6°00 °79 °09 „ „ » n » — » » » » » 25 6°25 °84 05 » | » | » » » — ul » » » 9 m 25 6°50 *90 °06 » 55 » » » — | » » » » BÉ °25 6°75 °95 °05 » » » » » — ” » А » | » | °25 7°00 | 51°01 °06 » » » » » — | وو‎ » » » » | Es Es R “09 | » » » ” ” — 25„ » » » | » „ T : 10 » » » » » — " ” ” » » | Я *25 715 اس‎ — |» | » » » D e я " po ug p Boxe directly weight was put | | i Per-centage of elongation :— & | | | 1 Breaking strain = 90 ! | Breaking strain = 2°40 18 Deo. 29 1 50 50 50 00 | 0 | = 4 4 1} 045 | 140 | Hemp from above sample. 1°12 *12 1: 90 : ° 05 1 20 „ | » m, » » — 75 » » » | » : °41 °20 و‎ | » » » » == » » » » ! 35 | rm ою % %% c „„ „ || „| FF веке l | | | Per-cen of elongation :— | | | | ٠ Breaking strain = 24 і | | | reaking strain = 1°00 14 Dec. 29 2 °50 | *50 | 50°00 | °00 | Steel One 14 | °076 | ‘095 ses | 4 4 1} | °045 140 Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1°00 1°30 °05 °05 » | » » ” » -— » » » » » | and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2 50 *10 *05 | » o. » » » ” — » ” » n А 1:00 3°50 15 s D„ „ с с 5 d á 8 ё » таеш put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 *20 *05 | » » » » » — » » » » { » 3 min. 5:37 | 1:00 5:50 *94 *04 ” ” ” » » eu. Ч] » » » » » | 1°00 6°50 31 *07 э 7 ^m » » » -— » » ” » » 1°00 7°50 °40 °09 » ” » » » — | وو‎ » n » » °50 8°00 | 45 °05 » | » » » » — | وو‎ » » » » °50 | 8°50 °51 °06 ” » » » m — » » وو وو‎ » | °50 9°00 °55 °04 » » » » » — » » ” » + » | °50 9°50 °70 °15 » » » » » е Е" m » „5 » *25 9°75 | °76 °06 » | » ” » » — | n » » » m 25 10°00 *83 *06 » | » » » » — A » n » » | » *25 10°28 °90 °08 » 0 » n » » — | » » » „оз 25 10°50 *06 °06 | » » n » n” — i» » » » وو‎ 35 | 1075 15110] "14 | » » » » ЖО eae zn ý " » » | Broke after sustaining weight near | ae f elongati | | | | er-centage of elongation —~ | i Breaking strain = °48 i = | Breaking ND = 2°20 16 Dec. 80 1 °50 50 ' 50°00 | °00 Steel One | 14 | "076 | 0s — 4 4 1$ 042 137 Sent from Mesara. R. S. Newall 1:00 1°50 | 02 *09 | » | » » » » — | » » » » ! » and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 | *05 *03 » i » » » » — i » » m „ 1°00 850 | 10 %s „ » » » » — | » » » » » | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 | °15 °05 » » » » » » » » » » | 1% min. 5°25 19 = 1°00 5°50 *20 *05 » » » n » — » » » » | » 1°00 6°50 25 *05 » » » » » — » » » » » 1°00 7:50 °34 °09 » » » » ” — » n » » » 50 8°00 *40 *08 » » » » » — » » » » » °50 8°50 *45 *05 » » » » » — » » » » » | °50 9°00 °53 °07 » » » » » — » 1 » » » | °50 9°50 59 °07 » » » » » — » » » ” » `25 9°75 °64 °05 » » » » » — » » » » » | °25 10°00 °69 °05 » » » » » — н » » » » 25 10*95 °74 °05 » » » » — » » » » 25 10:50 — — » » » » » » » » » » Broke fair. Per-centage of elongation :— ng strain = 38 | Breaking strain = 1°48 16 Dec. 90 | 1 "50 50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel] Опе | 14 | *076 8s — Naked wire. 1°00 1°50 05; 05 „ a ^ 6 » — 5 = 2 Я » | Sent from Messrs. R. 8. Newall 1 с EH i » » »" » » EE » » » э » and Co., Birkenhead. 4°00 °20 К й li ” ” E Y Ы "d Weights put on at in 1°00 4°50 °23 °07 » » » » » s » » » » | " ił min, 5 ни 1°00 5°50 *80 | °07 » m » » » а: » » » » » 50 сш) :84 :04 ” » » n » | pos » » » » | » 50 6°50 41 °07 » » » » » Ex » » 10 " » SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 437 APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—~continued. Arr. No, 10, i Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued. ae | B DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Е е Weights. E ы 3 WIRE. Hemp. - а 3 S : 8 Dat & Gauss. Weight No. of 8 8 „ i uge. per Fathom.) Strands. E 43 REMARKS. Experi- + n wr WEE ONES ENC сик Б [e - з 5 E ment, 2 г = РА | , 4 3 рч g 8 Е S8 [S [951° g 2 8 |E 5 2 2 8 = = 28 БЫ 8 ч 2 RS — 3 = = — 2 а 2 . = H 3 = 22 8l. 5 z S| Е | | 138332 *5|1': 12 [за gS] £ 3 |34| = [5 | 82/28] $ 3 93 33 58 E z © ФӘ 2 $ ó | 52 | 34| £ £ = 3 2 5 = S |Ф@ 2. — — [e un a | e Л 7 E — 3 Sie 1859 Cwts Cwts Ins. | Ins fo. | No. | Ins. | lbs, | lbs. | No, | No. | Ins. | 108. | lbs. ! UNWELDED. RUSSIAN. 16 Dec. | 30 1 °50 7°00 *50 "09 Steel] One| 14 “076 | “0985 | — 4 4 1% *042 | *137 | Continued. "25 7:25 57 07 " » » » ” — » * * " ” "25 7°50 °69 12 » „ ” ” » == m » » » ^ "25 7°75 °85 16 » ” * » » — » " » ” » '25 8'00 rca mi n "n » ” » »—-- » » ” ” » Broke fair. Per-cen of elongation :— Breaking strain = 40 Breaking strain = 1°70 16 Dec. | 30 1 '50 '50 | 50°00 | *00|Steel| Опе | 14 | 076 *095 | — 4 & | 14 | *042] *137 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 50 1°00 10|. "Hi .. z x : »„ i- є x - T ы and Co., Birkenhead. 1°37 19 Weights put on, at intervals of *50 1°50 "28 13 » E » » ” ж ” ” ” ” ” 14 min. *50 2°00 39 "16 * » » » » a » » » » » °25 2°25 59 | 18] „ s Fá „| — * * $ 8 » | Hemp from the above Sample. 25 2°50 '62 °10 » » ” » ” s ” ” ” » » "25 2°75 — — » а к * „| =- " e a E » | Broke fair. Per-cen of elongation :— i Breaking strain = 38 Breaking strain = 1°24 16 Dec. | 30 2 °50 "50 | 50°00 | "00 Steel] One | 14 | "076 | ‘095| — 4 4 | 1} | ‘042 | ‘187 | Sent. from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 02 02 ” » ^" » ” * ” ” ” » ” and Co., Birkenhead, 1°00 2°50 *04 "02 » » ” » » Рт ” » ” E ” 1°00 3°50 09| °05 ,, s 8: 5 2242 a e : = » | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 14 | *05 * re s m ** — * = < ы * 1j min. 1'00 5'50 18 "04 » ” ” ” ” d » » ” » » 1*00 6°50 °24 00 » * » » » == ” ” ” » » 1°00 7°50 "81 07 * " " » " т ” * » » » 1°00 8°50 40 "09 ” ” ” ” ” — ” » ” » » "50 9°00 47 "07 * ” ” ” ” — ” ” ” ” ” °50 9°50 55 05 ” ” ” ” ” — ” » ” ” ” "25 9°75 60 "05 » ” ” ” ” DA ” » ” ” ” "25 10*00 °65 "05 ” ” » » ” > n " » 5 ” "25 10°25 "70 "05 » » » ” ” rE * ” ” ” ” "25 10*50 "75 "05 » ” ” ” ” р » * * ” » "25 10*75 °84 09 ” ” ” » * ете ” ” ” ” ” "95 | 11°00 — | — = * B < Ми = Е: 5 » | Broke instantly weight was put on Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = *36 Breaking strain = 1°68 1? Dec. | 31 | 1 *50 ‘50 | 50°00 | *00|Steel| One | 14 | *076 | .095 | — 4 4 | 12 | -o41 | ‘186 | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 1°50 “05 | *05] „ S x s [== ё 1 + — and Co., Birkenhead. 1°00 2°50 "10 05 » » ” ” » = ” » ” » ” 1°00 350 15 | >? e. > = * м = : * » | Weights put on at intervals of 1*00 4°50 “19 "04 ” » ” "^ » ж ” ” ” ” » 1} miu. 1°00 5°50 25 °06 * ” » » ” = ” ” ” ” » 5'62 °26 1°00 6°50 "81 "06 ” ” * » " PIS » ” ” ” ” 1°00 7°50 °40 "09 » » ” » » — ” ” ” ” ” "50 8'00 "45 *05 ” ” ” ” ” zz ” » ^" ” » 50 8°50 °51 "06 » ” ” ” ” »— » ” ” ” * °50 9°00 "56 "05 ” ” ” » ” = ” » ” ” » *50 9°50 °64 08 » » » ” » iz » ” ” ” ” °50 10°00 “71 "07 » ” ” » " — » » " » ” "25 10°25 "79 08 » * ” ” » т " » ” » وو‎ 10°50 °84 "05 » » » » * Tm » » » » » 7 10°75 "89 "05 » * * ” ” “г ” » ” ” n "25 11°00 95 "06 " » ” ” » TZ » » ” * » *25 11°25 | 51°01 | '06 S * = z » — * х. > — = r _ after sustaining weight min, Per-centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = *52 Breaking strain = 2°02 17 Dec, | 31| 1 °50 "50 | 50°00 | °00 Steel] One | 14 | *076 | .095 | — — 1 — — — — | Naked wire. 1'00 | 1°50 5| 051 „ | , # oe Be oF РЕЈ РЕЛ Lev d e у чут 1°00 2°50 "10 | *05 * * < — — — — — — | Sent from Messrs. R. S. Newall 1°00 de A : *05 * ы a 3 а = — — — — — and Co., Birkenhead. 8 LI 1°00 4°50 20 05 E " к Е - — — — — — — | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 5°50 *80 | °0 5 » " “ а — — — -- —- — 14 min. 50 6°00 34 °04 " ” ” ” — =ч 22 Ee 2 Y^ mutate) al el oe bell. oP le te e г pe 0 cone ЖҮЛ ш 9L zl rl oe bee iret er ee РЫР n "Gm a ae be eee "25 7°75 °83 16 * ** ” » » — ad — ап — Tu» *25 8°00 — — » » и к * — — -- — — — piece at once. - er-centage o elongation :— 4 Breaking strain = ‘34 Breaking strain = 1°64 17 Dec. | 31| 1 50 50 |50'00| *00| ,, " " " » | 4 | 12 | ‘041 | ‘136 | Hemp stripped from above, 1°00 1*50 °22 *22 ” ” ” ” ” — ” ” » » " 1°62 *31 "50 2*00 °40 18 » " » » ” — » » эз » ” °25 2°25 "50 °10 » ” " » » = ” » ” ” ” 2 2°50 *55 °05 » " ” ” » == ” n ” » *25 2°75 °60 "05 » ” ” ” EE om ” ” ” ” ” 25 3°00 *66 *06 » » » ” ” = ” ” ” " » *25 3°25 °80 "14 » ” ” ” ” == ” ” * ” » .95 3°50 а. с » » „* » „ — » " » » * Broke instantly. of elongation :— à strain = "62 Breaking strain = 1°60 19 Dec, | 32 | 1 "50 : 50°00 | °00 Steel] Опе | 14 | *075 | 089 — | — | — | — | — | — | Naked wire. 1°00 *50 *05 05 - 2 - » „ — — =- — — eu Sent from Messrs, Webster and 1°00 2°50 10 05 ^ » "n ээ м = س‎ » ы = a * Horsfall. 1°00 3°50 14 °04 LE * ^ " E — — — — — — Weights put on at in of Mn. ЧР pineal Google 3-62 | +15) — 438 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE ‘ Arr. No. 10. APPENDIX No. 10.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continuad, Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and ——— اا‎ id Number 2 : DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. Е En Weights. E 8 WIRE. HEMP. 2 | a ; » 2, . Weight No. of ; |B —_ Б Gauge. er Fathom.| Strands. E Е Experi- 2 e са и пау GS | 3 |38 REMARKS. ments. t с ; eit : $ 2 22 E V [aile | Bil E317 1152 E . 4E 1851. "| s ГЕ | Bs 2 d az Г dir 417 19 |е g 3813 25 A - Е 9 38 EE 98 338 а|ь|% CE | з 3 ©3 |:3 |s [ES 35| 2| EJES] E |E | mim Ё — S [25] 7 A ld 0 Ф — S Е |Е 1859: Cwts. | Cwts. | Ins. | Ins го. | No. | Ins. | lbs: | 158, | No. | No. | Ins. | lbs. | lds. | NAKED WIRES,—UNWELDED. | 19Dec.| 32 1 | 1°00 | 4°50 20 | 06 | Steel} Опе | 14 | “675 %% — | | — | — | — | — | Continued. | 1°00 5°50 26 "06 » " ” ” ” m 8 = A T — - 1°00 6°50 40 14 H p» ээ „ n хе < Sod 2 a — °50 7°00 45 "95 » ” ” „ » а 5 Ex = ея — °25 7°25 50 05 do » МА ma » phe > "- چ‎ x "bus Broke fair. Per-centage of el — + Breaking strain = 30 , ыш. = 100 19Dec.| 32 | 2 i. * T - Steel| One | 14 075 ("089 | — — 21 * ^ | — | Naked wire. 1' X "05 » » » " " ES Ce. ж Xa =] pam Sent eBsrs. bster 1 Ў 00 2 50 я 10 05 , ” ” LE] LET 2 == а Рта A ne | mt fom и We and 1°00 3 aa `0%5 ” » » » " =ý n di ome е 2 Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 4°50 *21 06 ” ” n » » E Ja Б: c — — 1°00 5°50 °26 05 , ” ” » » — AN x» ra, =, T3 | 50 6°00 '81 05] , 2 = ss » -— — — — -- — °50 6°50 °36 05 э» * " » » — = xA ж == — °50 7°00 50 14 ” * ” ^" » x S те ж; ЫБЫ — l "25 7 °25 ти ج‎ » » ” „ 3 e T — = ad T Broke fair. Per-centage of з NAKED WIRES.—WELDED. Breaking strain =: p 20 Dee. 32 3 | во | 80 | 50-00 | 00 Steel] One | 14 078 | 080% — | | — | — | — | — | Naked wire melded = 1°00 Li can "UI" „| » " » TA اا‎ send ios A писа г зас [ае Seni from Messrs. Webster and 10% | 3% 1] "191-061 4] اخ‎ Pe id wil uid — dey mst te of EL Iu rao m | so B d c A СИ СТО ы], en ml к= b dob Ки akas et '25 "à =ч Ea » ” " ” ” = EE — ъч — — Broke instan ht touched the scale atthe weld. | Per-centage of elongation :— 20 Dec.] 32 2 50 diee * = Steel] Опе | 14 | *075 | *08 | — = — 14 — | — | Naked ~ ded. T " = 1°00 5 а J ” ” ” ” ” za S -— A — — 50 —— aa he ” * » ^" » TM E * — — — Кын Messrs. Webster and 50 50 " 8 ” » ” » T = LE саг! — — — Denen Weights r "25 3°00 T = ” » » » 9 Ep us - ke — | Broke at the weld. Per-centage of NAKED WIRES.—UNWELDED. $ Breaking — = 10 19 Dec. 33 1 °50 "50 | 50°00 | °00 | Steely Оре | 13 | 083 *118 | — - — — — — Naked wire. x 1°00 12 ФО А " * " И КЕРИ lel М) Мыс "re Туз * from Messrs. Webster and 1*00 2 b з „ m » " ” = Xm — سے‎ — — Horsfall. 1°00 1 * y ” ” ” ” „ eg و‎ „жы — = سے‎ 1-00 4°50 44-0. 7 > , * Sap “кәй мее Honc кыа ар Жкн. put on * intervals of à: 4'75 *15 — | 1°00 5°50 “19 "05 ” » » ” » =a — — — — کے‎ | 1°00 6*50 °24 °05 ” » » » ” —€ SR * — — — 1°00 7°50 °30 °06 ” ” ” = -— T — — — f 1°00 8°50 39 "09 ” » „ „ » M — n v — — | ! *50 9*00 45 °06 » » » ” » — — 2 == — сенә °50 9°50 ano — ” » „ » » — => ER — — — „ ас m | { NAKED WIRES.—WELDED Breaking strain = :30 20 Dec.] 33 | 1 Pee 12 50°00 | 00 Steel] One 13 | ‘086| 16| — | 7 | | 71 7] — nt from MS Webster aad Y у = چ‎ ” ” » » m — Xi a7 a a = orsfi f 1'00 2°50 5 FA » » " » » =; Сады E 21 c] тт W hts t | "50 3°00 — y " » m » " LE 5 т Р). m P fen * “ intervals et °25 3°25 n Ei » » » » ” =, ap’ vat LU "1 — \ °25 3°50 5 ы: ” ” , » ” = br: e P x — "25 3°75 je ЖУ; ” ” » ” „ — E ki N m. wu "25 4°00 E. um E ” » » " ы VL je "y ^ Р "25 4'25 iai An " „ » » ” -— TEM = iri = Te Broke at the weld. 20 Dec. 33 2 *50 50 p — — — c — — — — — — — anm | 1-0 1°50 — жаң И ын! 0 Ёз Шы Мык Мый йт EN ыш, а 1°00 2°50 — — — = = — РЕР: — — т — — bis ! * 50 3°00 pee cmp -— — — — — — — 5? — — — oe te slat tote | дул | ак йым be Fa b= ey gO ави ar | sad GES FA en f рел 0 a ga e: А рыт n pe EQ 25 8°75 ар — — — — — — — — — —— — — a) Ati ot ia = Pots loro ho ba bh ba Тень зы 28 4'25 gmo * — — — — — — — — — — — а ві а Е Г Рс А Е з | eee ween? е Oe К ae a oe Бл бе — | — | — | Broke about 1 ор Elongation o taken. Wire very m bent NAKED WIRES.—UNWELDED. | close to welds, " 20 Dec.] 34 | 1 50 ‘50 | 50'00 | ‘00 Steel] One | 12 | 097 ‘150| — | — | — | — | — | — | Naked wire. 1°00 1°50 "02 "02 » ” ” » m = ZF р, — ав: — Sent EX. Messrs. Webster and 1°00 2°50 "04 '02 ” ” ” » ^" EY d — — — — 1°00 3°50 °06 02 » » ” ” ” ca = T" — ж — Weiehts x эй da ail 1°00 4°50 09 "03 ” ” ” ” ” — m: — — — — . | 5'125 “р == 1°00 5°50 12 03 ” ” » ” ” т xi — = am — 1°00 6'50 14 ۰02 » » T » » — = = — — — 1°00 7°50 17 °08 » ” » » » a | m -— — — — 1*00 8°50 "23 *05 » " „ "T » — -— — — — vam *50 9'00 '25 03 ” ” » * » m x. — — — 50 9°50 33 °08 » ” » * » a um -— — — — 2 9°75 °39 "06 » » „ „ » — a =- — — — 2 10*00 "48 |- 07 " „ » ^" -— m -— |. == — — °25 10°25 | ч ж. ” ” „ „| „ E - —| lo! Boo] — | Eh | | | | Il [dr | . | | i | | TENE 4 Bini Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE 489 APPENDIX No; 10.—FaALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued. Arr. No, 10. س — Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steet and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Beparate and Combined—continued. — | 8 DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. 3 of Weights. = 2 2 WIRE. HEMP. E | З хема No. of g 4 Date Gauge. 8 8. © of 3 рег Fathom.| Strand E 22 REMARKS кри ; als. 2 5 | ae 3 men 8 А а! ы © Е 1 о, 8 £ E E E: = g EE | = | © d a | = 5 = us F Е д е |22 | в o ~} & — © 5 8 d lv 7 "to! 55 | 4| # | å 8 33 EB E |! [su FE & & & ia il el eile ia я Si eB | 1859: Cwts. | Cwts. | Ins. | Ins, No, | No. | Ins, | lbs, | lbs. | Хо, | No, | Ins. | 108. | tlbs. NAKED WIRES.—UNWELDED. 20 Dec. 34| 2 °50 ‘50 | 50°00 | °00 | Steel] Опе | 12 | 097 10 — | — | — | — | — |.— Sent from Messrs. Webster and 1°00 1°50 02 . " ” »! „ ” ж=- Mor же PA o» РЕ Horsfall. 1°00 2°50 "04 1 » » LE » » 8, = d EM 2e] »3 f * — d 1°00 3°50 "06 |} *02| „ н * 5 „= f — | — | — | — f | Weights put on at intervals of 1'00 4'50 1 °03 » ” ” » m T x: — Ji Lex — 1# шіп. 5°25 "ў - ro | 5-50 | 3$| $] „ „ It WI wit е at a at ك‎ 1°00 6°50 14 d. » ” » » m -— — езе — = и 1°00 7°50 v í » ” ” * ” VE: E: T ny y —4 1°00 8.50 € 2 ” LAJ ” „ » =a TA а UN Ed 3 "50 9*00 "28 : » ” » » » = -— d T PE =” `50 9°50 "26 "03 ” ” „ ” m — =] gE um pns E "25 9°75 "29 "03 ” ” * ” ” — Más x4 "3 "we © "25 10*00 °34 "05 » " m » » — ко l3 EE "A — 2 10*25 °42 ۰08 * ” » э ” СБ Ems RES EY = — "25 10*50 e | ” » ” ” ” A "m T F^ um TT Broke fair. Per-centage 2 i Breaking strain — NAKED WIRES.—WELDED. strain = св 20 Dec.| 35| 1 °50 °50 — | — |Stel| One| 12 | 097 1600 — | — | — | — | — | — | Sent from Messrs. Webster and 1°00 1°50 -- — » „ 4 x Е — — — — -- — Horsfall. 1°00 2°50 — u m * ” „ * = —1 "a — ж — 1°60 350 | — | — * x t xd ب ااب آل‎ — — — | — | Weights put on at intervals of *50 4°00 zB "T ” * " — а am -— ux = H min. 8 d 2 M ” * " * * T ET EE j ти — 8.838 УУЧ | 24| 1) أب اب إ4‎ 4| ‚ `®5 5°50 E اه‎ » ” ” ” ” P 4 T Y ~N "€ < '25 5°75 Жар a * ” ” » ” m лай ar m E v *25 6°00 —s — » » " » » — — — —— — — Broke at weld. "25 6°25 D ＋ » ^" ” э I | || | 20 Dec. 35 2 *50 50 = -ma " 51 4 " * — — — — — а 1°00 1°50 A^ - ” ^" E " - — < e ай e 1*00 2°50 ж T » " ” -— жар * s 1°00 3°50 "AA = ” ” ” ” * ж: = T mm — = 1°00 4°50 7 T] * " " ” » к — = — в P 50 5*00 km T " "n * ” * S — = — -— ма "50 5°50 “ T ” ” " " » — = -— — m < — -- d 1 1 d »Il—1-2!/-—[L.—1.-— |. — | Brokeat the weld. Elongation of these samples not | | taken. Wire very much bent NAKED WIRES,—UNWELDED. close to welds. 91 Dec. 36] 1 *50 "Бо | 50°00; 00 Опе | 14 070 ‘078| — - 1 کے‎ о — | Sent from Messrs. Webster and 1°00 1°50 *05 "05 1 " " 55 со — — — — — Horsfall. 1'00 2'50 n *06 4 4 4 * — ta = 2 ed E 3375 °15 r d 4 4 4 et Т — | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 3°50 1640 ~ 1 4 z R — E - M — бы 1} min. : 1'00 450 E "07 $ ” ” » 5. -— =ф — * — 50 5°00 \ d 2 » ” ” V -— — — < a -35 | Б% | % #Б4Ь1єЕ&БЕ1Е4[ 341-4141 А4%— `25 5°50 32 `02 » ” ” ” E E. -— “+ -— Ks *25 5°75 *85 03 Я m ” ” ” — -= — - — — — 25 6*00 °40 "05 » " ” MS — — — e: — "25 6°25 *45 3 ” " ” n — — ج‎ — —— — 25 6*50 "55 | °0 à 4 4 £ — E. m A ! e — 35 | 675| — | — ilillldi-3iAdt JI 4 4 | 1 Веке, ! | | Per-centage of elou of “==” — | reaking strain | reaking strain =1' 90 31 Dec. 36| 2 50 50 | 50°00 90 One | 14 07 ‘078| — "TIN EI Ne — | Sent from Messrs. Webster and 1°00 1°50 05 05 4 2 a ү — m - Ra — - Horsfall, | 1°00 2°50 10 05 3 d 4 A لے‎ ond — * — 3°25 1314 — 3 4 4 „ f = f 4| = | — | — | — | Weights put on at intervals of 1°00 3°50 "15 | 05 3 à 5 14 . Cot EN 5 1 14 min. 1°00 4°50 *23 07 á 4 1 » — => - * -— سے‎ 1°00 5°50 °31 09 9 * a — al —} ==> — — '25 5°75 °35 à à £ — = > | — e джа *25 6°00 “38 » " , ” — — — — -— — °25 6°25 °46 4 4 * i — — = = i -— — *25 6'50 e - " » » ” — د‎ — aub — — Broke fair. $ Percentage of elo n m= — breaking s 2 * P strain = 92 21 Dec. 36| 3 "50 "50 50*00 "00 E ” ^ " ” = а -— — -— = 1°00 1°50 "05 "05 ” ^ ” ” и b -% — = = 1°00 2°50 "10 | *05 2 2 b K — zi * E * - $95 | "1| — 1 4| 414 T-PA3T414213l- 1°00 3°50 "15 | *05 4 4 a a — ed ча * - — 1°00 4°50 "22 | 07 4 4 а 2 е Beek Ра и рро р ре у Иге 1'00 5°50 32 10 » i “ a -— 2 = "o — — *25 5°75 "85| '03 4 a 3 » — «id ed ed — — *25 6°00 "40 | °5 3 4 a Е — - — - — — *95 6°25 °45 °05 ” mI ” ” э — — — — —— Sv | *95 6'50 -| — E 4 4 ata 25 E ER ow Em туе ра T | | of elongation :— | {Breaking strain = = %6 | | | strain °90 29 Dec. 37| 1 50 ‘50 | 50°00 | ° Опе | 13 12| — | = | = | | — | Sent from Messrs. Webster and 1*00 1°50 А А i d 4 " z: — 5 " = i Horsfall, | 1-00 3-0 : : РА 7 " eer 0. SS Ei уер put оп af intervals of » - -——--2: - - T— M uum. 4 = — — — — — — = я 8 1] 181 3] = 9 * si ш - А M gg ot zi — — 1$ min. 1'00 5'50 *19 *04 * * d » — A ms ensi — -- 1°00 { 6°50 °24 “05 m ^" » — — — — — vus Digitized by oog C 440 APP. No, 10. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. l0.—FArMoUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH—continued, Results of Experiments made by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde and C. W. Siemens, upon the Strength of Steel and Iron Wires (Welded and Unwelded), and Hemp Strands, Separate and Combined—continued, 1859: 29 Sept. 29 Sept. 22 Dec. 22 Dec. 22 Dec. 29 Dec. 29 Dec. 29 Dec. Specimen. 37 39 39 39 Number Sample tested. 1 Weights. E14 — > ё Clamps. ae of Sample between Hi Elongation. | cats. Cwts. | Ins. | Ins. *50 *35 25 25 2 5888 5 түү TE 252 Сосо دب‎ сом во FD M ы ee Co Со to bo о à‏ ج ج ا جج ج ҮТЕРЕР со =л E чило ал ез — SPITE Coco SRSUSSRSS ise '04 05 Steel or Iron. Salter's Steel. Salter's Steel. Salter's Steel. Patent Steel. Patent Steel. Salter's Steel. Salter's Steel. Salter's Steel. DESCRIPTION OF SAMPLE. 1114 | Dig WIRE. HEMP. Weight No. of Gauge. per Fathom | Strands. ) > » © 2 |53 E: 3 4 " 3 3 „== — 2 d a Е е = © A | BS ® — Ел! d to s EB] SS) E | £ | se) 8 | € a | a un ün E E — No, | No. | Ins. | lbs, | lbs. | No, No. | Ins. NAKED WIRES,—UNWELDED. One 13 *087 | *122 — — — — ” ” ” =" — T e x » „ » “Р aa — = Опе | 13 087 122 — — =- -- % » » » — A. ed — ” » » » — TE TOY 2 ” ” "n ” "= с = эж „ „ ” » — = — ” ” » ” — E. эм = » ” ” ” а даг те T » * „ ” "е T — — ” » ” » — жЕ = — » » ” ” — P — — ” » » ” = — — — „ „ ” » 3 — == e Опе | 16 | *064| *065 | — — — — * » » » TS T = — ” ” » „ 2 ES 5 "cef " ” ” » a TT T — " » » » = T = = » » » „ жы — e — One | 16 | ‘064 | +065 | — — n] " ” ” ” — X TE түр » » ” » — — = — » » » » s E жы — * » " ” TE — = ее » » ” РА 2 is — — ” ” » » — ЖУ, de وس‎ » » ” ” E рч me тер » ” » РА — тр — — Опе | 13 | *083 | ‘111| — | — | — | — » » » » — у => -— » * » » T- 271 — — » ” » m E — = — » » " » азе а = — One | 13 083 111 — ы — — ” » * ” zx а т — ” ” m ” => = ==> — ae ж.р ар РО а Дже кее » » * m 2299 = — ” ” ” „ че? =S >; — ” » » » = T = — One | 13 | "083 | 111 17 Google = Weight per Fathom. Ir Be pA M NE ЖШ ILE iat se ТЕК |] ПТТ Weight per Fathom, Wire and = LET DEPPTLU/ ИКИ (1111 1111 LUTTEPELE] L1 111] Hemp combined. REMARKS. Continued, "ote fair, T = er-cen of elon on: à Breaking * °30 Breaking strain = 1°06 Sent from Messrs. Webster and Horsfall. Weights put on at interxals of 1j minutes. Broke = tage of elongation er-cen 01 eio мә 4 Breaking phen men *30 Breaking strain = 1°50 Sent from Messrs. Webster and Horsfall 0 LI Weights put on at intervals of 14 minutes, Broke fair. Per-cen of elongation :— + Breaking strain = *12 Breaking strain = ‘28 Sent from Messrs. Webster and Horsfall. Weights put on at intervals of 1j minutes, Broke fair. Per-cent of elongation :— 3 Breaking strain — *14 g strain = 46 Sent from Messrs. Webster and Horsfall. Weights put on at intervals of 1} minutes, * fair. ге er-centage of elongation :— 3 Breaking strain = *16 Breaking strain *50 Sent from Messrs. Webster and Horsfall. Weights put on at intervals of 1j minutes, ome fair, а er-centage of elongation :— $ Bree strain — *16 reaking strain = *30 Sent from Messrs. Webster and Horsfall. Weights put on at intervals of 1j minutes. Broke — f elongation er-cen of elon — Mies i 22 Strain = 4 Horsfall. Weights put on at intervals of 1$ minutes. * fair, * er. centage of elongation :— Breaking strain = *16 reaking strain = 8 i || TE" APPENDIX N? 10. APPARATUS FOR MEASURING THE KING-STRAIN OF WIRE. EXPEF USED ELONGATION & BREA OF SINGLE STRANDS Scale & of an Inch to a Foot. — — — Dav © Jon. DURS to the (urn SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 441 APPENDIX No. 10—continued. MACHINE used by Messrs. GISBORNE and Fonpz, and C. W. SIEMENS for Testing the Elongation and Breaking Strain of TELEGRAPH CABLES. Tuis machine consists of a strong beam A, resting on suitable supports and firmly secured to the ground. To one end of the beam is bolted a strong wrought iron angle plate a, carrying a hook for the purpose of attaching the cable to be tested, while the other end is provided with a suitable bracket 5, which serves as a fulcrum to the weighing lever В. is lever B, which is in the proportion of 1: 10, carries on one extremity a scale pan, and, on the other, the second hook for attaching the cable. The scale pan, as well as the lever, are balanced by the counter weight C. ‘The cable itself passes through the trough D, filled with water, for the purpose of testing it electrically, and also to observe the amount of shrinkage and other changes in cables covered wholly or partly with hemp. The two openings through which the cable passes are filled up with hemp, packing lightly tightened down by wedges. The scale c, used for measuring the elongation of the cable passes through & pipe fixed in the trough, and is loosely connected on one side to a clamp d, fixed on the cable itself. The connexion is made by means of a circular flange on the clamp, which is fitted into & notch on the scale so as to allow the cable to twist itself without altering in any way the position of the scale. For the same reason a small cylinder e, is fixed on the cable so as to slide along the divided part of the scale, and this cylinder being divided as а vernier with circular divisions it is evident that the elongation can be read off with great accuracy, although the cable may twist itself while the weights are put on. It will be seen from the arrangement above described for moving the scale, that the elongation indicated by it is entirely in- dependent of any stretching that may take place in the chains, joints, or other parts of the machine; nor can it be influenced by the slipping of the ends of the cable. In proceeding to test a cable a small weight is first put into the scale for the purpose of straightening it; the vernier is then adjusted, and the weights put on at timed intervals. It will be seen from the drawing that the propor- tion of leverage will always remain as 1:10 in whatever position the lever may be. To measure the elongation and breaking strain of single strands of wire, the simpler apparatus, shown in the draw- ing, is used. The wire is suspended at the top on a round beam F, by being twisted several times round it, and is fixed in the same manner at its lower extremity to a round block of wood G, which carries the scale pan. A scale H is attached to the top of the wire, and a ver- nier i to the lower part, sliding along the divided portion of the scale H. APPENDIX No. 11. FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR CABLE. MEMORANDUM OF Mzrnop adopted in manufacturing and testing the Government Cable designed to be laid between Falmouth and Gibraltar, about 1,1 knots direct distance. In May 1859, it was decided by Her Majesty’s Govern- ment to lay down a telegraph cable between Falmouth and Gibraltar. Messrs. Gisborne and Forde were appointed engineers to the Government, to out this underiaking, being already engineers to the Red Sea and India telegraph. The core of the Red Sea telegraph, for lengths of 500 miles, is composed of a seven wire copper strand, weighing 180 lbs. per knot, covered with two coats of gutta-percha and two of Chatterton's compound, weighing per knot 212 lbs., making the total weight of the core 392 lbs. per knot; this was designed to work at the rate of 10 words per minute, through a circuit of 500 miles; the result roved that 12 words per minute could be sent through that gth. In the case of the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable it was decided that from five to seven words per minute would be 8 fair practical speed. It was therefore designed to consist of a seven supper wire strand weighing 400 lbs. per knot, covered with three coverings of gutta-percha and three of Chatterton's compound, equal in weight to 400 Ibs. per knot; the total weight of the core is therefore about 800 Ibs. per knot, and measures about half an inch outside diameter. Before finally deciding on this core the Government referred to the late Mr. Robert Stephenson and other eminent engineers, and their unanimous opinion was that the core was suitable for the purpose and superior to any- thing that had hitherto been designed. The following tabular statement will prove interesting to show the progress made in this all important portion of a submarine cable. It shows the comparative weight and size, as well as the rate of speaking of the three longest cables that have been made :— TABLE I. Length of Cable. Weight and Size of Core. Speed of Working. Name of Line. Total In | Co Total ; Through |Reducedto| Observations. pper|Insula-| . Outside д from end] longest | рег |torper ro diame 5 т to end. |Sections.| Knot. | Knot. r Knot. of Core Section: rouse Knots. | Knots. Ibs. Ibs Inches. per minute, | per minute. Atlantic Telegraph - | Jan. 1857 | 2,000 | 2,000 261 368 34 Doubtful. 8* As compared Red Sea and India with the conduc- Telegraph - - |Aug. 1858| 3,548 730 212 392 °30 6°5 14 tor of the Red egra Falmouth and Gi- braltar Telegraph |May 1859| 1,260 including about 15 per cent. slack. 1,260 Sea cable, the speed of working should be eight words per minute through 500 knots. 50 5* 31:7 The Atlantic cable was tested for insulation by gal- vanometer readings, independent of temperature, and not * It may be interesting here to mention that previous to deciding on the Red core, it was tested with and without Chatterton's com- pound, and the former invariably proved superior to the latter in the ratio of 23:1. The Atlantic core was covered with three coatings of gutta-percha without auy compound. reduced to any standard of resistance. The resistance of this core given in the following table has been reduced by the method adopted for the Red Sea and Gibraltar cables, as wil be hereafter explained, the temperature being 60? Fahr. The tests were made at the Gutta-Percha Com- pany's works. 3 K 3 Arr. No. 10. Machine used for testing the elonga- Arr. Nc. 11. Falmouth and Gibraltas telegraph cabe. Method adopted in manulactur- ing and testing. 442 Name of Telegraph. Atlantic Telegraph - | Jan.1857 Red Sea and Indis Tel h » l Aug. 1858 Falmouth & Gibraltar Telegraph А } May 1859 This table shows the great progress made in the mode of putting on the insulator, which in all cables hitherto laid consists of more or less layers of gutta-percha with or without intermediate coatings of Chatterton’s compound. On making final arrangements for supermtending the manufacture of the Falmouth and Gibraltar cable, the engineers specified that they should have the entire control of the cable, both during manufacture and laying, and that the most perfect system of electrical tests should be es- tablished in order that every portion of the cable might be thoroughly investigated, and its electrical condition fully ascertained as the work progressed. The experience gained in testing the Red Sea and India . telegraph cable during construction and laying, made it ap- rent that the system of electrical tests adopted by Messrs. iemens, Halske, & Co. and the delicate instruments they manufacture for the purpose, were eminently successful in thoroughly investigating the various phenomena produced by atmospheric and terrestrial magnetism, humidity, tem- ture, &c., and which have hitherto rendered the in- vestigation of the absolute resistance of the conductor and insulator so uncertain and unsatisfactory. The Government under the advice of their engmeers, secured the services of Messrs. Siemens, Halske, & Co. as electricians. | The insulating covering of submarine wires is neces- sarily liable to defects, caused either by accident or im- perfect manufacture, and the insulated wire has therefore always been tested electrically before sending it out. The first method of testing was introduced by Messrs. Siemens & Halske in 1847, in preparing the wire for the underground lines then about to be laid down in Prussia. It consisted of passing the coated wire through a bath of acidulated water in connexion with one qois of an induction apparatus, the body of the observer чь part of the сш which was completed by the second pole of the induction apparatus being connected with the line wire. It will be readily perceived that so long as the coating of the wire in passing through the bath was comparatively perfect, no induced current could pass from the wire to the beth, but the instant a fault occurred the high tension-induced currents would pass through the body of the observer pro- ducing a very sensible effect upon him. | For a final and more delicate test the coils of coated wire were then completely immersed, and their perfect stete of insulation ascertained by means of delicate galvanometers. Subsequently, galvanometer tests alone have been enerally substituted. Each mile of insulated wire before ede the авас works was subjected to two kinds of tests. The “ continuity test by metallic circuit in- cluding & ba and a sine or ent galvanometer, and the “i ion fest" by connecting one pole of a powerful battery to the copper of the insulated line wire, and connecting the outer covering (or water surrounding the coil of insulated wire) with the other pole of the battery, in- cluding a delicate sine galvanometer in the circuit. "These tests were repeated at the sheathing works, both by the contractors and on behalf of the purchasers of the cable, and a record was kept of the deflections obtained. During submersion of long submarine cables their elec- trical supervision has generally been entrusted to inde- pendent electrical engineers possessed of the mathematical and physical knowledge required to guide the paying-out engineers in his operations. In the case of most of the Mediterranean cables, of the Red Sea and Indian, and of the Batavia, and Singapore * cables, Messrs. Siemens, Halske, & Co. were employed in this capacity. | The system of testing hitherto employed is defective in many important points. The tests at the gu works and at the contractors’ works having been entrusted to persons unconnected with the electricians finally em- ployed in submerging the cable, the latter were de from the opportunity of acquiring an intimate knowledge of each part of the cable, or of carrying out a complete system of tests in which each operation should be the foundation of success. But suppesing even that the results of the early tests were at the di of the electrician directing the final operations, they would have been of no avail to him, because these results consisted in angles of deflection of galvanometers which are subject to daily varia- tions, and which were seldom compared with & standard. The continuity tests had been taken by a different descrip- tion of instrument from the insulation tests, rendering it impossible to form a correct estimate of the comparative conductivity of the insulated conductor and the i : medium. No account had been taken in the testa during 0 af temperature and of the time during which the current had been active before each ob- servation was taken, altheugh both temperature and time exercise а very large influence upon the results obtained. . In taking charge of the electrical department of the Fal- mouth-Gibraltar ph cable, Messrs. Siemens, Halske, & Co. have for the first time had the ity of opportunity ing into effect their complete system of testing. The . deductions upon which this system is based will be found in the Appendix, under the title of ** Outline * of the Principles and Practice involved in dealing with * the Electrical Conditions of Submarine Electric Tele- * graphs,” by Werner and C. W. Siemens, read before the British Association at Oxford, on the 3rd July 1860. . The chief object simed at in these tests is to obtain strictly comparative results. For this purpose a unit of resistance is established by which the conductivity of both the copper and the insulating medium is expressed in definite and strictly comparative numbers. This has the advantage that when the separate coils. are united in а continuous cable, the records of the tests of the first short lengths form a standard of comparison for the. electrical eondition of the whole, in comparing the total resistance of both the conductor and the insulating medium with the sum of thé resistances previously. obtained in testing each coil separately, due allowance being made for changes of temperature. бо Between the limits of 40 degrees and 75 Fahr. the conductivity of the insulsting covering of the Falmouth- Gibraltar cable is found to increase in the ratio of 1 to 7. This increase, however, is by no means constant; it was therefore thought necessary to test the coils at the works of the Gutta-Percha Company at an uniform temperature of 75 degrees Fahr. | | This comparatively high degree of standard tempereture has the advantage And it is seldom exceeded in nature, and that the conductivity being seven times greater at that temperature than at the winter temperature of 40 degrees, the effect of minute faults upon the measuring instruments will also be proportionately exaggerated. TEE In order to insure uniformity of temperature, the coils to be tested at the gutta-percha works, being two knots in length and wound upon an iron drum, were.placed for 24 hours in tanks containing water regulated to /5 degrees. This length of time was found to be absolutely necessary in ә SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. order to insure uniformity of temperature throughout the coil. The coils were then removed into pressure tanks con- taining water of the same temperature, and tested both for conductivity and insulation, in the first instance under a vacuum of 25? on Bourdon's gauge, and afterwards under a pressure of 600 lbs. per square inch, with a view to forcing the water into any cavities or fissures that might exist. | : The application of hydrostatic pressure sensibly decreases ‘the conductivity of gutta-percha covering when perfectly sound, but in slightly defective coils no increase, and even decrease, of the insulating property is produced. A clue is thus obtained to ascertain otherwise inappreciable defects. These precautions, however, do not yet suffice to obtam truly comparative results. Gutta-percha, unlike a metal conductor, offers a variable resistance to the current according to the length of time it has been applied; and to avoid the errors arising from this cause, the principle has been adopted to take observa- tions at definite periods of time after the action of the galvanic current has commenced, for which purpose minute glasses are employedt. Ж As the effect of the electric &ction remains in the gutta- percha for some length of time, care has also to be taken that the gutta-percha has returned to its natural unchanged state before subsequent tests are applied. The results thus obtained are expressed in units of resistance. . The measuring instruments employed consist of com- binations of variable resistance coils of silk-covered &lver wire, arranged in the manner of & Wheatstone's bridge, in which the two permanent branches are also made changeable in order to obtain a larger range of measurements. The gutta-percha resistance of very short lengths of cables surpassing the limits of the arrangement just de- .scribed, is obtained by means of a very delicate sine gal- vanometer or a Weber’s magnetometer, the deflections of which are reduced to units of resistance by means of a special formula, the constant of the instrument and the electro-motive force of the testing battery being measuredat frequent intervals. i | It is now well understood that insulated conductors can only be properly tested when under water. Therefore the coils at the gutta-percha works were placed immediately after their manufacture under water in the canal, and a rough test was taken to find out any large defects. They were then wound upon iron drums and placed in the warming cisterna, thence into pressure tanks, and tested accurately in the manner before mentioned. The annexed Forms A. and B.* show the principle on which these tests at the gutta-percha works were recorded. Form A. con- tains the conductivity measurements of the copper wire ; Form B. those of the insulating covering. Each coil has its own number recorded in col. 8; the observed resistance of the copper wire is noted down in col. 10. This obser- vation i8 reduced to the uniform length of 1,000 yards in col. 11, and to a standard temperature of 20 degrees centi- grade in col. 12. "These records of the comparative results of the conductivity of each portion of the cable serve, during and after completion of the cable, as a basis for all subsequent tests, and are of the greatest practical value. The Roman figures in Form B. give the tests taken before the pressure was applied, and the Italic figures mark those taken under pressure. | | To the measurements. of the resistances of the insulating ‘coverings those of charge and discharge are added, as a further control to the preceding results, and for the sake of appreciating eccentricities of the wire, coils not giving the proper results in all these tests were set aside. e mini- mum standard of the gutta-percha resistance for the Gibraltar cable had been fixed at one hundred millions of units of resistance per knot, at the temperature of 75 degrees Fahr. The perfect coils were put back again into the canal until they were taken to Messrs. Glass, Elliot, & Co.’s works at Greaneich: Having arrived there they were at once placed again under water, until required to be covered with hemp and iron. After leaving the sheathing machine the cable as com- ‘pleted was to be coiled an кү. in water-tight tanks. During the manufacture of the cables as well as after their completion they were tested daily. Form C. shows how these tests were recorded. l LU * Pages 5 and 6. 443 ` The numbers of the coils composing the cable are noted down in column 9; the observed resistance of the copper wire is given in column 13, and the reduced resistance to the standard temperature in column 14. Column 15 gives the resistance of the same length of cable, which follows from the tests taken at the gutta-percha works, and which ought to coincide with the measured resistance to prove the satisfactory condition of the conductor. | The measured resistances of the gutta-percha covering when both positive and negative currents are applied are given in degrees in columns 18 and 19. The resistance in units is given in column 21, and the resistance per knot in column 22. The tests of the charges and discharges of the cables are given in columns 23 to 27. The tanks at Messrs. Glass, Elliot, & Co.’s works proved unfortunately defective, and in consequence of the cable becoming partially exposed to atmospheric influence spontaneous generation of heat was observed. Warned by this observation, Messrs. Siemens, Halske, & Co. constructed certain instruments, called by them resistance thermometers, which they placed at intervals between the layers of the cable when coiled on board ship, for the purpose of ascertaining at all times the temperature ‘of the interior of the mass, in order that any dangerous accumulation of heat might be checked in time. These resistance thermometers are based on the well. ascertained fact that the conductivity of copper wire in- ‘creases in a simple ratio inversely with its temperature. They consist of silk-covered copper wire, wound upon a metal rod, about 18 inches long, and offering at the temperature of 20 degrees Celsius, a resistance of about 100 units. The wire is covered for protection by india-rubber and gutta- percha, and hermetically sealed. The two ends of each thermometer are led into the elec- trician's room on board, by means of insulated conducting wires, and the resistance of each coil is ascertained by a special measuring apparatus. As the resistance of such a thermometer would undergo an increase of 021 units of resistance, if its temperature should rise one degree Fahr.; and as the system for measuring the resistance permits of appreciating one tenth or even one hundredth part of a unit, it is nót difficult to calculate the temperature of the cable at different points throughout its mass with the greatest accuracy. The first tests taken on board the S. S. Queen Victoria," after the cable in the ship's hold had been kept dry for 12 consecutive days, proved that the cable had heated inter- nally to above 80 degrees Fahr., although mercury thermo- meters applied externally only gave a maximum tempera- ture of 60 degrees. The rate of increase of temperature was found to be about 3 degrees Fahr. per day; and considering that gutta-percha softens at 92 degrees Fahr., it follows that this cable might have been rendered unfit for use if the heating had been allowed to proceed many days longer. This danger would unquestionably have been avoided, if the original plan of placing the cable in water-tight tanks on board ship had been enforced. The temperature of the cable could only be reduced by daily watering, a circum- stance which delayed the departure of the expedition. Form D. shows a record of the tests of the cable on board the ship Queen Victoria ” while in this condition. Columns 1, 2, and 3 give the date and time of observa- tion. Columns 4 to 10 contain the regular insulation tests of the cable. Columns 11 and 12 the continuity resistances in metallic circuit &nd with earth. Column 13 gives the calculated average temperature according to the observed copper resistance; columns 14 to 17 contain the readings of three resistance thermometers and the temperature cal- culated therefrom ; column 18 contains general remarks. In order to prevent this dangerous generation of heat and the destruction of the iron covering by the joint action of air and water upon it, Messrs. Siemens, Halske, & Co. proposed to place strips of zinc at regular intervals between the layers of the cable, which by galvanic action with the iron have been proved by experiment to prevent to a great extent the oxidation of the more negative constituent. The cable having been tested in this manner during all the stages of its manufacture, has to be tested subsequently in the same manner during submersion. The chief care during the submersion is to detect at once the slightest change in the insulation, in order that the paying-out machinery msy be stopped instantly. The following is the plan here pursued. A clock-work arrangement at the land station is made to Put the cable by rotation to earth, to the poles of a battery and to insulation. 3 K 4 App, No. 11. Falmouth and Gibraltar telegraph cable. Method adopted in manufaciur- ing and testing. APr. No. Il. Falmouth and Gibraltar telegraph cable. Method adopted in manufacture ing and testing. 444 On board the ship & balance of resistances is always in connexion with the line. The electrician, by keeping the balance simply in equilibrium, is enabled to ascertain alter- nately the resistances of insulation and continuity, accord- ing to the connexion made by the contact arrangement on land. The attendant of the station likewise observes these two data and transmits them periodically to the ship. If these four tests differ materially they indicate the existence of a fault the position of which can be calculated from the data obtained. Means are provided to repeat these tests after the line is completed, in order to watch and record its electrical condi- tion daily, by which means slight changes in the condition of the line will be observed, and proper measures adopted in time to avoid serious stoppages. | Prior to deciding upon the form of the outer covering, the Government, at the request of their engineers, sanc- tioned a series of experiments to determine the relative proportions between strength and weight of various forms of outer covering and the amount of elongation due to known strains. The results of these experiments are given in Appen- dix No. 10. The core to be covered in this case is about half an inch in diameter, which is but little less than the outside diameters of the Atlantic and Red Sea cables. The maxi- mum depth of water between Falmouth and Gibraltar is about 2,/00 fathoms. The outer covering for this great depth became a matter of the utmost importance, and the result of the experi- ments prove that a combination of steel and hemp pos- Besses lightness and strength with less tendency to elongate Specification. than any form of covering hitherto adopted ; although this form of covering was not eventually carried out on this cable in consequence of its destinution being altered to Rangoon and Singapore, yet it has been tested in a cable laid between Toulon id Algiers for the French Govern- ment, which was made similar to that designed by Messrs. Gisborne and Forde, and manufactured under their super- intendence., The following specification was, upon all these data, drawn up and approved of by the Government, and ten- ders were invited for the covering of the core. FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH. SPECIFICATION for the Manufacture and Laying of a Sub- marine Telegraph between some Point on the British Isles and Gibraltar. The cable is to be made according to the following speci- fication :— 1. Shore End, No. 1. Copper 7-wire strand, weighing per ore} knot . i ; : ; З 400 lbs. Gutta percha and compound 400 ,, Total ° e К e . 7°15 cwt. Best Petersburg clean hemp yarn serving, steeped in best Archangel tar . А . 10°18 cwt. 12 wires, best selected charcoal iron, No. 3 gauge . à . А i ‘ . 120°62 ,, Total weight per knot . . 13/795 وو‎ = 6:897 tons. Shore End, No. 2. Core same as above І : . 7 15 ewt. Best Petersburg clean hemp yarn serving, | steeped in best Archangel tar . : 5:60 ,, 12 wires, best selected charcoal iron, No. 5 gauge я г i : Р 85°81 „ Total weight per knot . 98:56 ,, — 4:928 tons. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Deep Water, No. 1. Core same as above. .. 715 сж. Best Petersburg clean hemp yarn serving, steeped in best Archangel tar . Р р 2:00 ,, 18 wires, best selected charcoal iron, No. 11 gauge ; . ‚ : ; . 33°56 „ Total weight per knot . . 42°71 „ | == 2:135 tons. Deep Water, No. 2. Core same as above Ж з; ue xs 7°15 cwt. Core to receive a thin serving of best Peter- burg clean hemp yarn well saturated with best Archangel tar . Ў А с Р 1:78 „ , Outer covering to consist of steel and hemp yarn strand, the latter to be steeped in best Archangel tar, and twisted round each iron wire in the following proportions, viz. : —Hemp yarn strands steeped in tar. 6:00 ,, 12 steel wires, No. 14 guage . . . 11:37 „ Total weight per knot . . 26:30 , = 1:315 tons. Specimens of all the above-mentioned cables are to be seen at Messrs. Gisborne and Forde's offices, No. 6, Duke Street, Adelphi. ' In case it should be deemed advisable to cover the shore ends of the cable Nos. 1 and 2, and the deep water portion No. 1, with hemp and tar or marine glue, or other covering to protect the iron wires from decay, the contractor will be required to cover them according to the specification of the engineer, and at a price to be settled between the Govern- ment and the contractor, or in case of difference by Mr. Robert Stephenson. 2. The gutta-percha covered wire or core is to be sup- lied to the contractor by the Government at the Gutta- ercha Company's works, in accordance with the specifica- tion of the engineer, but the contractor will have to satisfy himself that the core at the Gutta-percha works is in accordance with a standard knot to be supplied by the engineer, and will have to bear all expenses attending its removal to the contractor's works, and be held responsible forany mechanical or other injury the core may receive after it is handed over to him. The contractor to supply good and sufficient, iron drums capable of containing two knots in length of core. The core must be forwarded from the Gutta-percha works to those of the contractor upon these drums and be so placed in the pressure tank for testing. 3. The core to be subject in every instance to the approval of the contractor, the engineer, and the electrician, and to be tested in pressure tanks capable of being exhausted of air. Each two knots shall be placed in the apparatus, the air shall then be exhausted to not less than 25 inches on the vacuum gauge, after which the pressure of the water is to be raised to 1,000 Ibs. to the square inch, which pressure is to remain on not less than ten minutes. 4. Any part of the core in which defects in manufacture may be discovered when tested under pressure shall be returned to the Gutta-Percha Company and replaced by them at their own cost. The core after being tested under pressure must be sent to the serving machirie, and it is desirable that the core shall be kept immersed in water until it is taken to be tested under pressure. 9. The length of cable required will be as follows, viz. :— 60 knots shore ends, No. 1 to 50 fathoms depth. 0 6 99 39 وو‎ No. 2 59 100 5» ээ 940 „ deep water No. 1, 600 „ P 360 „ „ „ No2,92,600 „ 5 These distances include 20 per cent. for slack. 6. In the case of No. 2 deep-water cable, the manufacture of it must be delayed until after the 31st December 1859, and in the interim the Government reserve to themselves the right to alter the class of covering should they desire to do so, it being understood that whatever covering is finally adopted, the cable shall be able to bear 5,000 fathoms of its own weight in water, with а maximum elongation of one per cent. , SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 445 In case the covering is altered so as to necessitate the employment of a greater or lesser quantity of the same material, or a cheaper or more costly material, the difference in price is to be settled between the contractors and the engineer, or in case they differ, the matter is to be referred to the arbitration of Mr. Robert Stephenson, whose decision is to be final. 7. As the cable progresses the finished portion in each tank is to be tested under water, and the engineer and the electrician, or any person they may appoint, are to have the right of inspecting and testing the cable and materials during manufacture, and while laying, in such manner and at such times as they may think fit, so as not to interfere with the progress of the work. 8. In joining the different lengths of core, the contractor will be required to use Chatterton's compound immediately over the conductor and between each coating of gutta- percha; the joints to be made in every respect similar to samples to be seen in Messrs. Gisborne and Forde's office. In making the joints in the outer covering, the iron or steel must be most carefully and neatly welded or joined together as required by the engineer; breaking joint at least five feet, and the outside hemp yarn covering carefully interwoven and spliced by hand, so that the whole shall be nearly as strong as the portion not jointed. 9. The breaking strain of No. 2 deep-sea sample, made with steel wire and hemp, must not be less than five tons, and it must be capable of bearing a strain of 50 cwts. with no greater elongation than 0°75 per cent. of its length. 10. The engineer or the electrician shall be at liberty during the manufacture, and at any time, to take any portion of the cable for the purpose of testing it, and satisfying themselves that the cable is being made according to the specifica- tion. ll. The contractor is to supply two first-class screw steamers of sufficient tonnage, including coals, crew, and all supplies and wages, and fit them out with all necessary machinery, instruments, and appliances for laying the cable and picking it up; each ship to be supplied with four buoys of different dimensions, two of which must be capable of buoying the cable 2,500 fathoms if necessary. Five thousand fathoms of five to seven inch hawsers to be also put on board of each ship, as well as six grappling irons and six mushroom anchors with 2,000 fathoms ef four-inch hawsers. When putting the cable on board every knot in length must be carefully marked with a leather label, upon which the number of knot must be legibly branded. The direction in which the cable shall be laid will be as near as possible on the line marked on the chart by the engineer. 12. Thecontractors shall lay the cable and maintain it for 30 consecutive days in good working order, to the satisfac- tion of the engineer, in respect of insulation and capability of transmitting at least five words per minute upon Siemens’ improved recording instrument, or such other instrument as may at the time be approved of by the engineer. 13. The contractor shall at his own expense connect the shore ends of the cable with the land stations and instru- ments, but in case the aggregate length of these exceed a statute mile, the extra length will be paid for in accordance with a price per statute mile, to be stated in the tender. The wire to be used in the land connexions of this telegraph to be of the best deecription of iron (No. 6 Birmingham wire gauge), fixed on to Siemens’ insulators, specimens of which may be seen in the engineer's office. The poles are to be of well-seasoned larch, round, with a smooth surface, straight, and perfectly sound, to be in length from 18 to 20 feet, and not less than five inches in diameter at top; the bottom portion from six to seven feet in length, to be properly charred, and then to receive a good coating of the best coal tar. They are to be placed perpendicularly and firmly at least four and a half feet inio the ground, and from 40 to 80 yards apart, according as the line is straight or curved. Straining poles and insulators must be placed at intervals of half a mile, as well as at each end of the land connexions. ! The insulators are to be fixed to the poles in a permanent and workmanlike manner, and the wire is to be carefully hung and well jointed according to sample in the engineer's offices. Houses or any fixed points may be substituted for poles, subject to the approval of the engineer or a person appointed by him to lay out the direction of the land connexions. Proper lightning conductors and testing posts at each end of the cable shall also be provided by the contractor. 14. The materials and workmanship as well as the ships, the machinery, and all appliances are to be of the very best description, and to be subject to the approval of the engineer, whose decision in all cases is to be final and binding on the contractor. 15. The cable is to he finished and placed on board ship, and all preparations of every kind are to be completed by the Ist June 1860. The Government will supply two steamers, if required, to assist the vessels in the operation of laying the cable. 16. The contractors shall, at the cost of the Government, insure the cable against risk of damage by sea and fire, to the full amount of the advances made, the policies to be effected in the name of Her Majesty’s Government, or any person they may appoint, and to be placed in the hands of the solicitor of the Treasury or other person appointed by the Government. 17. The рола for the cost of covering the cable to be made monthly for the number of nautical miles finished in accordance with Clause 5, and certified by the engineer, less five per cent., to be retained until the cable shall have been certified as having been leid and maintained in working order, in accordance with Clause 12. The payment for laying the cable to be made after the cable has been certified by the engineer to have been laid and maintained in working order in accordance with Clause 12. The contractor to give security to the amount of 20,0001. to the satisfaction of the solicitor to the Treasury, that the cable shall be safely laid and maintained in working order, in accordance with Clause 12, which will be forfeited in case of failure. Any quantity of cable which may prove to be requisite beyond the lengths specified in Clause 5, shall be supplied at the contractor's cost. Any surplus cable remaining after the submerged portion is taken over by the Government shall be the property of the contractor, but the engineer shall be satisfied that the quantity of slack paid out is sufficient to prevent any injurious strain upon the cable.* 18. A formal contract, with proper securities for its com- letion, will have to be entered into between Her Majesty's xovernment and the contractor whose tender is accepted. (Signed) GISBORNE and FORDE, 6, Duke Street, Adelphi, W. C. Sept. 1, 1859. When the destination of this cable was changed, the hemp and steel covering specified for the very deep sea, was not carried out, the maximum depth between Rangoon and Singapore being under 100 fathoms. The rest of the cable was 80 far advanced in manufacture that it had to be adopted, although not designed for this locality, nor perhaps is it the most economical or best form that might have been designed originally for this eastern line, Various causes prevented this cable being shipped in time for laying before the setting in of the monsoon, and its destination has been again changed, the proposal being now to lay it as a coast line from Malta to Alexandria. (Signed) GISBORNE and FORDE. Jan. 16, 1861. SIEMENS and HALSk E. * This Clause was subsequently altered, and now provides that surplus cable shall remain the property of tho Government, сн 3L APP. No. 11. Falinouth and Gibrallar telegraph cable. Specification. pec me Ree DD Em APP. No. 11. Falmouth and Gibraltar telegraph cable. Registry of tests (con- tinuity). Form A. Registry of tests of insu. lation. Form B. 446 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 11—continued. Form A.—FALMOUTH AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH, ELECTRICIANS’ DEPARTMENT. REGISTRY OF TESTS APPLIED TO COPPER WIRE (CONTINUITY). Resistance of Time. Temperature. Coils Tested. Wire. Copper Jc Of Appar. | Of Wire. | Per 1,000 Yards. J REMARKS. Month. | No. Length. | Total. ы ° . ч 3 = = L. 8 z E 2 S8 3 1 2 3 4 5 2 9 o 0 October -| 2 65 18 1,089 1,992 s > ; " { ' 1°86 | 1°83 | All these Coils were tested for Con- enl ren] tinuity after having been tested 1:092 1 1°86 1°83 for Insulation. T had not al farsa i a enk Shia single, as us whic. ы 4 " 63 17 52 18050 1:83 1°80 will not, however, be of any con- 4 , uence. 1,095 | 1.981 1°86 | 1°83 sog 1096 | 1943) | 1,097 1,971 } 1,098 2,082 1,099 1,991 } 1,100 1,982 e 5| „ | 68 | 17 1,101 1881) 1,102 1, 981 1,108 1925 1,104 1,929 1,105 ye 1,106 1,966 1,107 гоо; 1,108 1,976 е A 8 8 65 18 1,109 ed 1,110 1,950 1,111 т 1,112 1,984 1118 | 1,847 ! 1,114 1,937 1,115 1,960 } 1,116 1,972 — — —————— ͤ —w—w Form B.—FALMOUT Н AND GIBRALTAR TELEGRAPH. ELEcTRICIANS’ DEPARTMENT.—REGISTRY OF TESTS OF INSULATION. Я — d EI N.B.—The Jtalic figures refer «o the tests in the pressure tanks. | | Observed. | Insulation. | Reduced, Date. | Temperature. Number | | | | Á | ! T e ч 5 үү i ccu a e * * т. — АВ a | Num Coust. | | sin. № Disch | x | —— — — Length. ber of of | ‹ | T | Dis- | х. 2029 10 1— U 4 | | Room. Water. Cella. | — Resistance per L. | charge. | sin. p ni 1. z s| | | of of | 1 | 8. Instru. | knot. Charge. | | 8 ыж раг | | sin. o l Xm - 7: = | 2 F C | A " Test. Coils. | я | 9 T 2s 2050 V : o | Pw | . lo = Sr. |С. | Р. o. | | | С. din. с 2059 ist 2nd Charge. Ist Dis. i| 2163 | 4| 5 | 6| 7 $ | $9 | 0 1 12 |18 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 19 | 20 | 21 | | of « "I | "|: | | | tai OE tate FE ee ES TER ge: LF TSO | | | : : | Yards. | ‘Millions of Units. : Oct.] 2 | 65 18 | 75 | 24 | 383 | 1089/90 | 3960 100 | 13:3 |25:3|21'7| 113 9°5 |2'4| — 18°45 4°66 0°747 24 | | | | | | 20'0 | 21'8 120 g'á 29 — 18'45 | 764 0'695 » 1. »|»|»i|»|» 384 |1091/02 | 3959 | E 24°8 | 221 113 | -9'8 |25| — | 19 03 |: 4°86 0:745 pe a ad | | | 20'1 | #2°8 123 | g'8 |80) — | 19°03 |, 5°04 0° 697 - ) 73 E Ue ESN, 6 385 | 1089/90 | 3960 E: 24°4/ 20°8 117 95 26 — | 18:45] 505 0726 ‚| | | zd | 386 |1091/92| 3959 | 24°7 | 21°6 114 9'86 |2'5| — | 19°03 4'86 | 0 745 є] t „| 4| 68 | 17 75 | 24 | 387 | 1093/94 | 3881 „ | 194 |32'1|22'6 116 9'5 2˙4 — 18'68 4°72 9 747 m | | 20'0|20'5 128 9g'ó HY — 18°68 5°51 0" 705 Bo | P T ' " | 388 1095/96 3924 | 5 " 391 | 292 °8 | 117 9*5. 128 |. — 18*48 4°48 0°7 58 * 2 | | | 20°S | 20°S 128 9'ó 3.9 — 18°48 5°84 | 0* 685 * al wil % Р „ | 389 1089/90 | 3960 23°8 | 25°3 109 9:8 |2'2| 18'88 | 4'24 0°775 „ | | 2g0'3|20'3 130 9'8 |2'5| — 18°88 | 4°82 O° 245 oil "T 6 | „| „| » | »,1390/|1091/92| 3959 A f 24'8|25'6 106 9»9 |2:3| — | 19°08 | 4°44 0'767 x t | та | po 120 9*9 29 — | 19°08) 5°59 0.707 5 e| э * SH 6 » | 391 1097/93 4053 * N 21˙2121˙2 128 10:1 |3'2| — 19°01 6°03 0° 683 * | | | 19°7| 0"0 140 10°¢ |3'8| — f9' 0f 7°46 0° 623 E » » : * | * , | 392 1099/0 3973 5 | 19°9 | 21°5 128 | 10°0 |3'1| — 19°21 5°96 0° 690 | 12'8|18*3 /48 | 40'0 |4'5| — 49°24 | 6°78 0° 650 и „| 5| 68 | 17 | 75 | 24 | 393 | 1101/2 | 3957 4 | 11˙8 |216 | 29'8 105 9-1 |2‘6| — | 19°89 | 5-69 0°714 а | | | | (9*4 | 20°8 | 146 9*4 |9'0| — 19°89 6°48 0° 662 $: „| 5 | 63 | 17 | 75 | 24 | 394 |1103/4 | 3933 | „ , |22:2|23'8| 102 90 |2:2| — | 19:79 | 4°84 0.756 = | | 20°7|@0°0 | 143 | go [34 — 19°99 | 5'50 0 ˙ de » | » » " T » | 395 | 1105/6 | 3971 | а 91 °8 | 22°8 105 9˙1 |2°6| — 19°82 5°67 0°714 e» | 196 | 20°2 148 | gt |sv0o| — 19°82 | 6'54 0'670 = |I owl sbwl4 » | 396 | 1107/8 3974 * = 22°2 | 28°2 114 | 9'2 [2:8] — | 20702 |. 6°10 0605 - l = | | 20°D| (9*8 148 9.4 | 3°0 — 80°08 | 6'54 0*674 = > 6 | 65 | 18 | 75 | 24 | 397 | 1109/10 | 3949 - 12:3 |235*0|25'3 101 9'3 [220 — | 19°55 |. 4'21 0*785 b | 27 °3 | 22'4 | 112 9g's |20| — 10°55 5°47 dre - "| »| „| »| »| | 8398 |1111/12 | 3923 | á Р 93 '0 | 24°6 102 93 |2:2| — | 19°68 | 4°66 | 0*763 <. 20'9|91'5 114 9'3 |2'4| 19°68 |` 5*09 0*742 оё „| »|»| »| »| | 399 1109/10| 3949 ^ 24°3 | 24°5 100 9:3 |2'3| 10°55 | 4°83 | 0°752 * » mod wb ts ۴ » | 400 | 1111/12 | 3928 5 24°0 | 24° 5 100 9'3 |2:2| — 19°68 | 4°56 0*763 * Н » [„ „ » ‚| » 1 401 [1113/14 3784 23:7 | 24°0 97 9*0 2.1 — | 20°06; 4°80 0*761 T E ^ | 12:1 | 20°6| 87's 109 g'o [ — | 20°06 | 4°94 0*7. x h „ » ‚| „| „| » | 402 |1115/16 | 3941 » з 33:2 | 24'4 101 9"0 |2:1| — | 19°27 4°50 0°766 i | | | 21°41 |21°6 112 9'0 |2°6| — | 19°27 | 5°57 0`711 " * We ordered these coils to be retained to be tested again, as the under pressure. The coils had been exposed to strong оштете tests made with the negative current do not show the proper ای ا‎ when teste the G. P. C. a little previous to our tests, which circumstances ests repeated after the pressure had been taken off. have caused ths i larity. "* Second tests of the coils Nos. 1089/1092. The first had been made on the 2nd of October. The coils not having been exposed to any current for 24 hoon || Retained on account of its insulation being below the standard of 100. previous to our tests of this day, gave now tlie proper results. $ Tests repeated after pressure ioi SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH . COMMITTEE. —— — Д ———— | X. Room. 18°8 20°0 | 56 | 1373 Water. C. | 56 Ёё 57 13˙8 911 922 56 , 1373 933 57 13•8 944 57 | 13°8 | 955 56 13˙3 912 56 ! 18:3 | 923 56 | 13°3 | 934 57 |13:8:945 57. 13°8 | 956: 913 924 » 13:3 56 13°3 56. 13'3 57 | 13: 84 048 56 | 19:3, 959 56 13:3 916 56 | 18°3 | 927 56 | 18'3 934 57 13˙8 949 56 133 900 56 13˙3 917 928 t 56,133 56 13˙3 57 | 13°8 | 950 961 ele APPENDIX No. 11—continued. 447 APP. No. ll. Rangoon and А : MET | : Singapore Foru C.—RANGOON AND SINGAPORE (LATE FALMOUTH AND GIBRATAR) TELEGRAPH. Cam ELECTRICIANS’ DEPARTMENT.—ReGIstry OF TESTS DURING MANUFACTURE OF CABLES. Registry of . tesis during | lg ; | i | manufacture. Length. Resistance of Wire. | Resistance of Insulation. Charge. |Discharge. Loss. Form C. RIE | 2 B's E , |, Addit. | = 2 SS ; D. | E:C | od $ LOU Total, — | Obs. 3% Sum cls |5 FHE & oot 20 at 20? 242 22 < - N 1 | 5 w o 2. zo z б се SI „% из] эз 14 | 15 16| ı7 18 |19 20 m 22 253 24 28 26 27 28 وا‎ | Vds Knots Units. | Units, | Units. | Millions Millions | | — 1:897 1841) 141744 00/000) 5056 | 51873 | 51671 |12 11:7] 5:6: 60 Q4| 2°67 38 15 0116-1) 901 9-7 °8 1113 0 m m m *» ЕА 50574 | 518°3 70 m 1172, 5'5 8°83 v3 2°67 309 150 16˙*6 9˙0 10˙0 *3tN 11:5 1 i „ | 5053 | 51973 н „|1171, 5˙5 6•0 0•˙5] 2˙33 351 15˙017˙5,11012˙9 265 11˙2 Каа С и : „ 5051 | 51777 „ |1411 775 ae 2°67 368 150110 85 80 °4 Т5 „ „„ n „ 504575173 „ |, п 561 6°2|0°6|] 2:49 34+ :11570|1s70| 170.1372. 7205 | ура |» 247 „„, 87°16 [00/000 31275 | 32079 | 3181 |12 |11'7 4'3| 4.4 0.1 3:56 310 |10-0]17-0| 5:0 8'G! "ую | 11:3 | $i A d e „ 13127|3911| |, 1121 4'3| 43:00| 3751 306 0159, 6'0,1075 +333 11˙5 Жо е е Me »]31:2!32w8! , |, (111 2! 4391| 3:42 29s 100 18˙5 60:111 399 | 11:2 | | И o „ [311-0 | 3168, „ |o 14.1 4. 4.9 . 3:00 345 10.216. 5.0 75 „ 11.8 „ | Г 99 » » 31077 313°5 э” ” 11°0 89 4'2 03 3'92 316 10:0 191. 5° 5 105 419 11°4 s| „ „ 18078 007000 478-0 | „ | 477-4 |18 111-7111 8 10·0·5 1:45 | 189 15˙0 15-2! 60| &1' -s99 113.5 » » » » » 478°3 75 » 77 11.2 10.1 10 6,9:5 1°46 192 1570 15:6| 60 6˙3 599 | 1175 » » m » 7 475°2 m » „|11 1 9:5 10:3 0*8 1'48 193 15°0 165 70 777, 532 11°2 „ „ ы » „ | 4762) , » , |14 1:10 5,1076 '0°1| 1°85 241 |14'9|l371, 7.02 520 11˙8 „ „ „„ „ | 47891 „ „ |. |110, 93]|102;09| 1°51 193 15˙016˙9 70| 7˙9 532 | 11°4 |+ 4| „ 9 168 17 00 000 6005 „ 606 »3 |12]1171 901102 1'2| 1:62 269 180 160 10'0| 9*0! *443 ! 1173 » 4 „| » » |6090 „ „ „ 112 9°6/10°0 0˙4 1:53 257 |15'0|165 1070| 9.2 4% 11˙5 99 ээ | » ээ 99 600° 2 99 эь » TE 9:3 190/077 1°32 252 18°0 17˙4 10°0 76 “AAS 11°2 „| „| »| » „ |5990] » „ [|[»]|191,100|1074/074| 191 317 18,013. 1070] 7°8 °44 | 118 » A 99 » » 60071 ۰9 99 » no i pis nb: soo е pid к 3 99 “нЗ 11'4 šal „ , | 39°12 00/000 141°2 | 145 0 | 142-8 |12| 177: 3°4] 35101] 4°48 175 | 45]|171| 8°0/11°4| 7333 | 11-3 „| „ » » » | 141°1 | 14649 | , „„ 11.2 3,4 3510| 457 179 | 4'5|178. 3°0]11°5| 7333 | 11-5 Ml ө e, Ah „ |1403, 1441|) „ „ 11171) $9791 3:1/]01| 4776 187 | 45/1861 3 0,124 *333 | 1172 » ia B „ 11403] 145 78. „ [,1141| 2771 30103] 475 264 | 45/149; 3'2| 9:9! "335 | 11:8 | | » Г [T] 9 | [1] folis 143°9 » » 11'0 3:6 2:5 1°1 4°06 183 4°5 un 3°0 12°7 333 11°4! | 5b) „| „| 51°15 00/000 182°9 186:9 | 180-0 12|11:7, 2˙62˙80˙2 5°73 293 | 6°0/17°4' 3°0] 8˙8 590 | 11°3 | „ " lot 1679! „ ]|,]|1r2| £6, z6'0:0| 5:79 296 55 16˙5 30, 9:0] ‘454 | 1175 | | „„ „ 182.1 186.) „ |„|1171| 2.4273 5˙70 292 57 180 3°0| 9:5! 473112 |5} . „ | 182° 186-8 „ |, |1411 81| 3-0 0°1| 6°35 325 | 6'l|1572| 2°9° 7°3' "517 | 11:8 „| „| | » | 18179 1868s n [njiro] 24| 2'501 Бозу | 300 | 60119-5) 40,1379] 333 | 11-4 Be) „ | 72°69 00/000 26177 2687 | 26673 | 12] 117; 41| 4'201] 3773 271 | 8'0|1674 40 8˙2 ‘500 | 11:3 ec E. e » Ee 360 5| „ |, |112, 4'0| *6|06| 3:51 255 | 801169 40 8.5 "500 |1175 й " Ni ls „ 2609 267 4 „ „ 111 4'1| 45:0:4| 3-38 346 8017-8 40| 9-0: 50 | 1172 8 | 502" :62 |3°5 142 8˙0 959 3-56 |5'7/05 |5°2 |14°1|„| „ 4 267 260°0 | „ مر „ „ |„ » » | е a „ |2005|2075| „ |„|11°0|] 4 0| 40/|0:0| 3'68 267 | 8'O 1863 40| 9'2| 500 | 11:4 |) t 3 Nos. ба and 5b invariably under water, and бе under water at least twice per day; and in the interim per * Well under wator. Form D.—S. S. *Q Total Length, 189: 59 Knots. Pumped over at intervals during the daytime but not during the night. UEEN VICTORIA,” FOREHOLD ht ps 1 foot or 1°14 exposed to the air. BOTTOM CABLE. Date. Month. Day Resistance of Gutta Percha in Millions of Units: taken after 1 Minute. 3 5 min o * Р Рег — Total. Knot. 1 p.m. December - | 1 | 2.0 | 0°327 Н » | 9.0 (0:292 » » | 9.30 Lr a.m. $5 -| 2 111.0 | 0 p.m. 19 *| وو‎ 1.0 lov a -| „110.0 | 0°345 a.m. á -|3 | 6.0 | 0°582 p.m. m „2.0 [0598 m 12 2.0 m „ . [10.30 07730 » -| „ 11.30 ma a.m. » - 4 5.0 0*749 " -| ,و‎ 111.0 |0'621 js -| » [11.0 — p.m. b -| „ | 6.0 | 0°592 е 8.0 — 0:750 138-0 442*0 9750 | 1170 |о°вто é 1122 8 min. | min. | min. 11 0°770 0°770 0°720 13 18 min. 0°S20 | 0'320 | 719°4 | 7 0˙802 0°801 | 721°5 0° 465 | 0°465 | 715°8 0 pes 0:770|0:770 0:780 | 0°730 Resistance Earth connexion. 719°4 | 720°0 20'0 721°8 710*0 697 °0 690*0 696°0 689°0 692°0 691°0 700°0 — |719°0|720°0 Temperat ure according to Resist- ance of Cable, Fahrenheit. Copper Resistance at 20° Cel. 692 Units. Resistance Thermometers. fram Bott. from Bott. | from Bott. 75:2|103'8 No.8. 113 Knots | 163 Knots Cels. 82:8, 10071 67°7| 995 64°0 | 100°0 No. 7. REMARKS. . | | 77°0| 101°4| 64°4|102°8,86°0 Cable kept dry. Water pumped over the cable from 6.30 p.m. till 10.30 p.m. irregularly. 73:4|102*4|84'4 Water pumped over continually from 10 p. in. Ditto ditto. Ice put on till 9 p.m., and water pumped over cable from 10.90 p.m. till 11.30 p.m. (1.0) Pumpiug stopped without orders from our staff, Queen Victoria leaves for Ply- mouth. No water pumped over the cable. 98:4|65:9 — | — | Water pumped over the cable for | half an hour. Pumping stopped by Capt. Lam- bert so as not to endanger the ship. Water pumped over from 8.0 p.m. with several interruptions till 10.0 p.m., when it was stopped by Captain Lambert so as not to en the ship. 3L 2 Form D.' C. Ж E e . „= —— — ee” 448 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE App. No. 11. APPENDIX No. ll—~continued. — Rang oon and E Form D.—S. S. “ QUEEN VICTORIA,” ForEHOLD Bottom CAnrE—continued. cable. Resistance E Resistance of Gutta Percha in Millions e. SB Date. of Units: taken after of S 5. Resistance Thermometers. f cz PE БЕ No. 5. No. 6. No.7. А with- Z= 45 Knots | 113 Knots | 163 Knots 1 Minute, with E Re from Bott. | from Bott. | from Bott. REMARKS. out. | $ | end, 100'9 end. 102°1 | end, 98°81 . |———| 8 | 8 |] BY] 18 23 ¢ Units at 20°|Units at 20˙0̃UUnits at 20° Month. . 5 i : | 55| Cels Cels. Cels. | 5 Per min. min. | min. | min. | min. Earth 7 5 E os Total connexion EE E: 322 + 2 [* 2 S | * Knot r S" $a |25 са Sc Salsa E [oi — га EA Еч 1 n s | 4 | 5 6 7 в | 9 | 10 п |а 13) 14 15 j | 17 | 18 | 19 20 ee | December 4 11.0 |0 115°7 10:675 0700 — — — — |692°0 680 1010 68-5 98:5,51'8| 97'0/60'0 a.m. 2 -| 5 | 1.0 — — — — — — — — 700˙0 pn — | — — — — | — | No water pumped over the cable. 55 „„ 3.0 0˙598 113°4 — — — — — — 7100 79°8 1015 70°8 | 98°8)53°2) 07:5 62*1 А | si - („ 10.45 — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — | — | Water pumped over the cable from 10,45 a. in. till 11.30 a.m., when it was stopped by Captain Lambert so as not to endauzer the ship. m. » t|» 12.30 07508 113*4 0637 | 0°700 | 0° 711 0° 745 | 0775 | 70070 | 700°0 ie TU 99°5 | 56°4| 932/6574, No water pumped over the cable. a -f a [11.0 (07598 |113*4. |07609 | 07645 | 0°669 0680 | O° GSO | 701*0| 70170 | 7379 101-9 7276] 9976|0077] 980] GEL! — i : -| E — d em — = = UE — — э en = e — — — | — | No tests applied on the 6th, the testing room being tilled with water in consequence of which am. - theinstruments were deranged, » -|7,11.0 05991136 [06100640 0 678 0 680 0680 7020 703-0 75:2/101:90 72:6, 908'7/52'8| 98'5,6077: No water pumped over the cable; chief otlicer declined doing so, as there was 3 fect 1 in. water in the hold. Mr. Rxip's Description of his PATENT Pressure TANK, used in testing Cables during Manufacture. Mr. Reid's patent prese sure tank. HAVING some years ago employed, at different times, column of water whose height is equal to the depth of the several modes of testing telegraph wire for submarine pur- poses, such as immersing itin the sea at different depths, &c. this plan I found & great improvement over the common method that was practised at the Gutta-percha works, where it was tested in the canal with seldom more than 12 inches of water over the coil of wire. The plan of testing in the sea, however good, has some disadvantages, such as stormy weather, the danger of having the wire injured on board ship, or in the transit to and fro, &c. I have therefore adopted the following plan, which for simplicity and giving a fair impartial test of wire to any extent required, seems to provide for all contingencies that may arise in making telegraph cables effective. First, I take a strong iron vessel capable of containing five miles of core; it is made air and water tight, and is fitted with a number of air-tight stuffing boxes, for the pur- pose of passing the ends of the wire out from the cylinder and connecting them with a galvanometer. The vessel is also fitted with gun-metal valves at top and bottom, for the purpose of exhaustion and for filling and discharging the water from the cylinder. 'lhis vessel weighs in round numbers seven tons. To explain the working fully, I fill the cylinder from the top with as much wire as it will contain, bringing the ends of the several coils or drums through the stuffing boxes; I then put on the cover of the cylinder and bolt it down, having a ring of Indian rubber for a joint. The air-pump, which is worked by steam power, is then applied, and a vacuum formed by exhausting all the air contained in the cylinder and also that of the gutta-percha or other core. Hitherto gutta-percha has only been employed, and it is found that in the process of manufacture a considerable quantity of air has been mixed up with it, forming what is called air bubbles, and sometimes to be in places porous and spongy ; in all such places the cavities are filled with air which at times have nearly reached the conductor, and in many cases must have proved fatal to the telegraph. To remedy this defect the object of the air-pump is to remove all the minute particles of air. When the vacuum is considered perfect, as shown on the vacuum gauge, the exhaustion pipe is closed and the valve opened for the admission of water, which at once fills the cylinder and occupies the space in the gutta- percha formerly filled with air. At this stage of the pro- ceedings the galvanometer is carefully noted and the deflec- tion recorded. I now bring the hydraulic pump into action and exert a pressure equal to 600 pounds on the square inch, and after this pressure has remained for 10 or 15 minutes the galvanometer is again recorded, and if it remains quiescent you may consider the cable safe for & depth of 250 fathoms; the pressure is still continued till it equals a sea where the cable is to be laid, adding a sufficient margin to the pressure to make it perfectly safe, on the same prin- ciple as testing a beam or girder that is to carry a given weight, the pressure must exceed this weight, or its safet becomes endangered. If we suppose the cable destined for the Atlantic, and the depth to be 2,000 fathoms, equal to 12,000 feet, the pressure applied in this case would be 5,295 pounds on the square inch, equal to 2 tons 7 cwt. lqr. 3 lbs. When this pressure has remained on for 15 minutes, again note the galvanometer, and if still quiescent your cable is sound, and may safely be immersed to the required depth. When the wire is removed from the cylin- der it must be carefully wound off one drum on to another passing through the hands of a careful operator, who will find a slight indentation on the surface where the pressure has acted on a crevice containing air. He must pass a thin sharp knife under this indentation and reach the bottom; if only slight it may be tooled up and restored; if it is a serious fluw it must be cut out, and the cable proceeded with. ‘The further advantage of this process of testing is, that the flaws and defects are all discovered at an early stage of the cable's progress, and before the expensive process of covering the cable with iron or steel wire has commenced, and the detection becomes more difficult. The engineer has now the satisfaction of knowing that he has a perfect core, and that when laid in the ocean's deep it will not be sub- jected to any more pressure than has already been upon it, and that if carefully laid and free from mechanical injury, the cable will work satisfactorily and fulfil all the conditions that are anticipated from it. The great and crying evil with all deep-sea telegraphs hitherto made was the careless and hurned manner thes were executed, without a proper amount of inspection and supervision. I may observe, that some people are of opinion that a cable to be perfect ought to be tested by the above-named rocess after it has received its iron or hemp covering. This can be done while passing it on board of ship; it only involves a great amount of time and additional expense. The cable constructed for the Government and about to be laid from Singapore, and the one for the French Go- vernment from 'loulon to Algiers, I consider the best cables that have yet been made. No pains or expense have been spared to render them effective. ‘They have been v carefully tested, and every coil on which rested the least suspicion has been rejected; and if carefully laid will redeem the credit of this country from the many failures that are recorded against submarine telegraphy. January 1861. SETENE ES анаа ee E REN E E SA A : T E Woke oe O 7 4 9-1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 24 23 24 25 26 47 38 29 30 30 2 З 4 Y ааа GALA ET dé 25.26 27 28 28 50 3 7 23 4 | Desember 1860. January / "ua a as Ий February = їз Е АШ EN | gh i È AFT MOLD. 3 | "EISE $ tà Ra s АГ 3 E @ Bev 3 E З. ! 3 A RPS N è е $ 3 143-55 rots of cable vn. circuit | Did 4 . 1 8 À 8 ; 54 = E pak oe Ч 1 EN رھ‎ wo a à х Fr. . Copper Resrstanre ot u f Fabri - 524 y Sayer tis s E З 33. ài d aS A б Seeger ag E К d 5 S g its ON d D Б 74271 92282 CE 3 S © 3 е ۹ x 8 FRNA АХ Ri 3 N c 8 « D $ * 2. & j AFORE CRN S ! à У 3 Ti T. 3 ЕР l & онн е Boe M i 8 М * 8. 8 8 5 3“ M A We У к. 8. М, a А = gQ S t RS BS B E A 98 P Ф у i Sells? ы z $n i S Se SW d TT 3 A D ( —— r ‘ss S. PS " Nyom i^ ^4 xl (Re 88 2 we 2 Ss бу. МУ => de qe © e S © 2 SS 1 GS EM "QE + © Е: ! ! | ! E . оо · wy, t. | + m ~ Rê: RB 28 * Рт! — "m "IT E | а inn rH яше шин: THRE sat EE SUPE s oat E Rep — ME 222 EN m He £ зайле PryreprIT Hg H 22 ane TCT - P E y 3 39 | I H EE um | а X х n e — LoN Me oN XIGNAdd HEE E LE REE ти какы: ик ш E Can 5 F A MES: E ИШ] MAD DIT E C T cL E ИШӘ! 1—1 30 % 2 38 49 Á 5 6 7 B 9 WN WSS WIS 76 77 16 19 30 2 2243 24 25 2627 2829 3001] 1234 5 6 7 8B 9 I0 H I2 I3 M 15 16 7 6 728 А9 8c 3) |! 4 yi Р December 1860 January 1867 | Feirnary Day & San Lath? *to the Queen 448 APP. No. 11. Rangoon and Singapore « telegraph - cable. Date. Ret 1 Mi Month. QE a TUE „| 3 = © R Total. — — — 1 2 3 4 | pam. December | 4 11.0 10:610 | a.m. i “| 5| 1.0 س‎ Я -| „| 3.0 1059S » „ 10.45 — Mr. Reid's Mr. REI patent prese zure tank. HAVING sor See Plate No. 2. EA several modes € poses, such as t this plan I fou method that wa it was tested in of water over th The plan of disadvantages, f the wire injured &c. Ihavethe simplicity and extent required, may arise in ma. First, I take : five miles of co: fitted with a nui pose of passing and connecting also fitted with 5 purpose of exha water from the numbers seven t To explain th top with as muc of the several coi then put on thec a ring of Indian: worked by stear formed by exhau and also that of gutta-percha has in the process of has been mixed bubbles, and son in all such places times have nearly must have prove defect the object particles of air. shown on the vac and the valve ope once fills the cylin percha formerly f ceedings the galv. tion recorded. I and exert a pressu and after this pre: the galvanomete: quiescent you ma 200 fathoms; the E'roOo"s5mn?mec.oeoeoo» Water Handle for opening and shutting exhaust pipe APPENDIX N? II. Plate № 2. REID'S APPARATUS FOR TESTING TELEGRAPH WIRES. WATER RESERVOIR’ і | " Ab xXx O4 athe UHN 4: е 4 : z a f vee го «o ра no т te — == a | TTE TI In REFERENCE Moveable cover Бойз of Glinder Ы Exhaust pi Vacuum gauge , Exhaust Olinder supply Handle for and shutting water supply pipe Hydraulic pump for pressure Pressure gauge Pressure pipe Waste pipe Handle fir opening and shutting waste pipe PLAN OF CYLINDER PLAN OF CYLINDER COVER i Digitized Google on {= Das «y ode LPS the үөү Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 449 APPENDIX No. 11—continued. Reports on the SPONTANEOUS GENERATION of Hear in the RANGOON and SINGAPORE (late FALMOUTH and GIBRALTAR) CABLE, by WM. ALLEN MILLER, M. D., and Messrs. SIEMENS, HALSKE, and Co. ]. King's College, London, My Lonps, December 3, 1860. REFERRING to your letter bearing date October 1, 1860, in which you requested me to examine into the cause of the heating of the electric cable (proposed to be laid down between Rangoon and Singapore) during the process of manufacture, I, in accordance with your instructions, placed myself in communication with Mr. Gisborne, who has given me every facility for inspecting the cable during the process of its manufacture, and for conducting the necessary expe- riments. I have also received full particulars respecting the tests of the electric conductivity of the cable, and of the conditions in which the heating was observed. From the information thus obtained, and from various experiments of my own, I have been enabled to arrive at a definite conclusion as to the cause of the heating which was observed. These heating effects appear to have been due not to any permanent chemical change, either in the composition of the insulating coating of the gutta-percha, nor in that of the serving of hemp and tar, but were owing simply to the effects of oxydation upon the iron, at the ordinary summer temperature of the air, produced by the moistening of the cable with the water of the river, the slightly brackish nature of which increased the effect. It appears that the cable, when manufactured, was coiled in tanks, where it was at first wholly submerged in water. Gradually, however, the tanks began to leak as the weight of water increased, and eventually the water was drawn off, leaving the mass of the cable thoroughly soaked in water, but nowhere submerged. From the mode of stowage necessarily adopted, an enor- mous surface of metal was exposed to the air in a compa- ratively small compass. The moisture necessary to the oxydation was gradually supplied by the capillary action of the hemp sewing as fast as it evaporated from the metallic surface, under conditions most favourable to the production of oxydation. This oxydation is always attended with a rise of temperature, but under ordinary circumstances the heating is overlooked, as the mass of air around carries off the heat as fast as it is produced. Here, however, the con- ditions were exactly such as would be required for its accu- mulation, viz., a sufficient access of air to promote oxyda- tion, with an effectual prevention of a rapid change of the mass of air; and & speedy rusting of the metal, attended with a considerable rise of temperature throughout the mass, was the unavoidable result. ‘The process of rusting is very slow at temperatures not exceeding 50°, but it increases rapidly as the external temperature is augmented beyond this point. In order for the future to avoid any similar heating of the electric cables during their manufacture, it will be sufficient either to avoid wetting the metallic coating at all during the process of making, or if it be found needful to immerse the cable in water, to take care that it be always afterwards kept entirely submerged. The oxydation of the iron wire coating takes place at temperatures above 50°, but only when both air and moisture have free access to the surface of the metal. The method of cooling the cable which was resorted to in this instance, by frequently sprinkling it with cold water, although effectual as a temporary expedient, is attended with an increased rusting of the metal; and if it were dis- continued during the warm weather, it would inevitably lead to a renewal of the.heating in a still more rapid degree. I return Mr. Gisborne’s reports. I am, &c. (Signed) WM. ALLEN MILLER, M.D. To the Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade. 2. King's College, London, December 12, 1860. I mave the honour to acknowledge the receipt of a copy of a letter, dated December 11, 1860, addressed by Sir W. B. O'Shaughnessy to J. Danvers, Esq. In reply to your request that I would express my opinion upon the suggestion of Sir William as to the cause of the heating of the electric cable on board the “ Victoria" steamer, I would remark that that gentleman states that he has not had an opportunity of seeing the cable in question. Had he done so, I think it not improbable that he would have come to the same conclusion upon the subject as myself. From the experiments which I have made, and the results of which 1 reported to you in August last, I am able to confirm the statement of Sir W. O'Shaughnessy, that gutta-percha under certain circumstances slowly absorbs oxygen, and might even become heated in the process. This oxidation, however, takes place under free contact with the air, is favoured by an elevated temperature, and, as I have particularly pointed out, is especially influenced by exposure to light. If I understand rightly, in the case alluded to by Sir W. O’Shaughnessy, the gutta-percha cable was entirely un- rotected by any outer covering. If so, there is no analogy 5 that case and the present one; for in the cable at present on board the “ Victoria" the gutta-percha is covered with hemp soaked in tar, and this coating is again covered with iron wire. The gutta-percha is therefore in the dark, and in a great measure excluded from the action of the air. If Sir W. O'Shaughnessy had examined the cable he would have observed,—]st, that there was a considerable oxidation of the iron covering; 2nd, that this oxidation was in great measure confined to the ezposed surface of the iron wire, and that where the surface of the wire was in contact with the hemp serving it was scarcely rusted. This oxidation of the wire is abundantly sufficient to produce the heating in question. Remembering also that the oxidability of iron in a moist condition, far surpasses that о gutta-percha, Sir W. O'Shaughnessy would probably agree with me in thinking that the oxygen of the air would expend itself upon this freely exposed iron, and could not therefore reach the deeper and well-protected gutta-percha. Still more, he would also have seen on examining the gutta- percha that in reality no such change from oxidation had occurred. I satisfied myself upon this point, as of course the oxidability of gutta-percha itself was, from my own recent experiments, present to my mind. SIR, The remedy suggested by Sir W. O'Shaughnessy, viz.— the immediate coiling of the cable into water with the view of recoiling it on shipboard into water-tight tanks for the voyage, is exactly the same as that which I proposed to yourself as soon as I was informed that the heating on shipboard had occurred. There is no doubt that it is the true remedy, and that it would be perfectly effectual. I understand, however, owing to the delay which would be needful in order to enable suitable tanks to be con- structed, that such & course would entail the loss of the present season for laying the cable, and that with a view to attempt to obviate this great inconvenience and expense, it is proposed to uncoil the cable, tar it, and recoil it. I have considerable doubt as to the ultimate success of this expedient ; but I see no objection to the trial of this as an experiment, provided that the freshly coiled cable be exposed for ten days or a fortnight to a careful series of tests, with the view of detecting immediately any rise of temperature should it occur when the cable is duly recoiled into the hold. Even should the process fail in preventing the heating, the loss incurred would be limited to the expense of tarring and recoiling. 3 L 3 Arr. No. 11. Rangoon and Singapore telegraph . cable. Dr. Miller's reports on spontancous generation of heat in cable. 450 If, however, the temperature be still found to rise after the tar has been applied, the sailing of the ship should be stopped at all hazards. The cable, in such a case, must be recoiled into water, and kept there until vessels with . suitable water-tight tanks for its conveyance liave been prepared. I have, &c. (Signed) WM. ALLEN MILLER. To Captain Galton, F.R.S. &c. &c. &c. е APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Section A, lying at the bottom of the tanks, has been affected during the timeit has been kept dry to the greatest extent, the temperature of this cable reaching to23:1? C., and kx resistance of the gutta-percha decreasing to 57 millions of units. Section B being kept dry during the same period, and placed between the other two, attained a рагы of 239 С., and its gutta-percha resistance was found to be 91 millions of units. | ‚ Section C being irregularly wet and dry during the time it was coiled over, reached a temperature of between 16:8? and 19? C., the resistance of the gutta-percha ing be- tween 115 and 301 millions of Unis. Premium Section A, at the bottom, had therefore changed most. Dr. Miller's tcport on spontaneous ene ration of Nore or APPENDIX to Dr: MILLER’S Report on the HEATING of the RANGOON ELECTRIC CABLE. I have been informed that a knot of this cable weighs 21 tons, or about 2 tons per mile. Experiments upon the heat given out during the oxidation of iron show that for every pound of iron oxidized, it would raise two tons of the metal 15? Fahrenheit. Each mile of wire during the oxidation of 1 Ib. of the wire covering its surface would therefore be raised about 15°. In order to form an approximate estimate of the quantity of iron that had undergone oxidation during the Heating observed in the course of its manufacture whilst on the premises of Messrs. Glass and Elliot, I detached as much as possible of the oxide of iron from the surface of & piece of the cable. I found that a sample of this cable, cut at my request at the beginning of October 1860 from the centre of the heated coil, and representing a fair average sample of its condition, furnished about 66 grains of oxide of iron, the length of this portion being two feet. This oxide would amount to 24'9 Ibs. per mile, which would be equivalent to nearly 174 lbs. per mile of metallic iron which had undergone oxidation, a quantity amply sufficient to account for the heating of the able observed: . The rusting of the iron, it may be stated, was entirely confined to the external surface of the iron wire the parts of the wire in contact with the tarred hemp having per- fectly preserved their brilliant metallic surface and aspect. (Signed) WM. ALLEN MILLER. 3.—REPORT on the SPONTANEOUS GENERATION of HEAT in the RANGOON and SINGAPORE CABLE at GREENWICH. Iv was remarked, towards the beginning of June 1860, that some of the tanks at the sheathing works of Messrs. Glass, Elliott, and Co., at Greenwich, began to leak. The cables deposited in these tanks could not, therefore, be kept entirely under water, and some irregularities iu the indica- tions in our electrical observations became manifest. This was communicated, by letter dated 22d June 1860, to Messrs. Gisborne and Forde, who, guided chiefly by the advice of the Gutta Percha Company, ordered these cables to be kept entirely dry, and since nothing more was to be added to their len th, our tests were reduced to & mere control test once or twice per week. On the l/th August, when the usual weekly test was applied, it was found that the resistance of the gutta-percha of cable No. 5 had fallen to 85 millions of units. By the copper resistance it was also found that the table had e a mean temperature of from 79-80° Fahrenheit, corroborating the reduced resis- tance of the gutta-percha. On 20th August, cable No. 5 was cut into three different pieces, each of which was tested separately. The length of each piece not being then exactly known, no very definite results could be obtained. In order to ascertain these lengths, sections A and B, cable 5, were coiled over into dry tanks, where they remained from the 4th to 19th September. Section C, cable 5, was paid over to the same dry tank gradually during this period. The annexed three sheets contain the tabulated summary of our tests. ‘The observed copper resistances in column 13 gave a clue to the real average temperatures of the cables ; their resistances at the temperature of 20? C. being known, The temperatures calculated from these resistances will be found in column 16. Some of the indications of the resistance of the copper wire are too high and not to be relied upon, because dis- charge currents of the cable, caused hy the previous tests of Messrs. Glass and Elliott, influenced our tests. The differences between the positive and the negative current given in column 20 prove the existence of these discharge currents. Section B, the middle Section, less. Section C, on the top, least. On the afternoon of the 11th, water was pumped over all the cables deposited in the same tanks in the above order. The water, previous to being pampre over the cable, had a temperature of 14:4? C., which however rose to 17:8? C. when the tank was full, as measured by a mercury ther- mometer. The calculated temperatures of the three cabl the 12th, as follows = dd ا‎ Section a, = 19:5? Centigrade. 99 = 18:0? وو‎ „ c. = 9° During the time from 12th September to 13th October, the cables were continually kept under water, except on the 9th October. The temperature of the cables during this period as ascer- tained by electrical tests, which are given in column 16, will be seen to fall gradually, exceeding nevertheless, always the measured temperature of the water, which in its turn exceeds its temperature when entering the tank. The first being = 14 ' 1°, the other 13°7°. The average temperatures of the three sections during this period are as follows :— | Measured Measured goon, Teen, Tene t ae . in the Tank. | the other Tank. a. 17°1 14*1 13:7 5 b. 15:9 14:1 13:7 $ c. 15°38 14°1 13°7 Since these cables, 5 a., 5 b., 5 c., have been kept con- tinually under water, cable 5a. has undergone some cis es not attributable to the variations of the temperature of the water alone. It is, therefore, still under the strictest observations in order to come to a decision whether this cable has suffered permanently by the generation of heat that took place. Cables 5 b. and 5 c. however do not give rise to such a doubt, as their regular tests show no other differences than such as are accounted for by variations in the temperature of the water. We do not pretend to decide what the chemical causes may be that give rise to a generation of heat when such cables after having been wet, become gradually dry, but we are convinced by our tests that such changes of temperature do take place. These should be carefully guarded against, lest by an accumulation of heat the gutta-percha should be softened and the metallic core move from its central posi- tion. Unless the temperature should at any time have ex- ceeded 90? we do not apprehend that any permanent injury can have been done to the cable. The maximum average temperature that has been observed in the present instance does not exceed 80° Fahrenheit, and the cables may be pro- nounced uninjured unless the heating action should have been more energetic, locally, of which however there is no proof at present. (Signed) London, 31st October 1860. SIEMENS, HALSKE, & Co. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 451 APPENDIX No. II continued. Arr. No. II. Rangoon and * Sin or RANGOON AND SINGAPORE TELEGRAPH.—ELECTRICIANS’ DEPARTMENT.—REGISTRY OF TESTS DURING telegraph cable. MANUFACTURE OF CABLES. ёз i Registry of tests. Temperature Tempe- Resistance of | Calcu- | Resistance of Insulation. rature [Number of f 'Total | in the | Cable. Leusth. Obs, Sum , c е Tanks. Jat 205 Tre | 4. | — Dig. Ir IR. nots. | Units.| Units.“ о fe |° |o [Milions. - 5a. §39°12]142°5/ 142-8] 19:5[2:8|3:0/0*2 91 '600 | Water pumped over lying : from the 19th Au- $.8 . d . ә, °3 0*0 . er 142-6 19°65) 2°3 | 2 159 750. . D өю ath Be. tom of 22:0/22:0| 0*0 tember. "oe. 142°5 19-5 22-20 0-01. 123 | +750 . 142۰8 20-0 |27-7/27:7|0-0| 101 * 500 .. [143-1 20۰5 |2:5|2-6|0.1| 107 | -501 . . 143*1 20:5 [3:4|3*6|0'2 75 625 [Cable kept dry till the afternoon of the А 1 . 4*:0|4*2/|0*2 750 144۰1 22۰3 0 66 75 11th September. АГ А 143۰9 22-0 [4:2|5'1|0*9 57 750 T 144°6 93:1 {3:4 |38 | 0:4 72 625 | 14:4 e 142°5 19°5 [2*3 $2973 117 ‘500 | From the 12th Sep- 14°4 * 142*3 19:1 12:4 2:5/0*1 106 * 500 tember the cable "was completely under 14*4 141-9 18:4 [1-6]2-2|0-6| 136 | -500 | 9th October. 13*8 141*4 s 17*6 T 13*8 А e 141°3 17:4 [4:8/[5:2/|0*4 104 * 800 14°4 ч è 141۰9 18:4 13°8/4°0 0:2 123 758 20 dd 57 |14* 13°8 " 141°3 17:4 |55| 4° 0| 1° 5 105 778 21170 57 14° 13۰8 141۰2 4 17:2 5:5|3:811:7 108 778 29 69 57 114-01 ass] .. | .. purej 17:9 }д-7|3-0|0-з3| 181 | -555 24 |63 | 3538144] 13:3 өз $ 141۰0 ne 17۰0 12:6) 2:8 2 184 555 25 64 5814 4 13 3 T " 140*8 16°5 [2:8 3:0 |02 171 555 26 64 | 58 |14: 13:3 А 141۰0 ее 19:9 [4*0 4:1 |01 143 355 27 62 5814-4] 13-3 i 144۰3| .. |Seeco-|5:2 4:5 0:7) 119 | :555 Tue copper resistances - 4 . S |143: . [umn off 4:4|4:3/,0:1 122 355 taken on the 27th, e * f | 28th, and 29th are 29 | 59 56:513:5| 13:3 So |1420| „л. fremarks}3-5|3°7/0-2) 161 | -555 | not to be depended | | upon, as the cable | was insufficiently Oct. 1 * 56 13:2 . 140'5 * a 16°0 . . ae * .. discharged at the 2 |64| 56 “ 10141-94" zd 17:2 [3:4|3:5]|0*1 175 333 time. 3 72] 56 $ К 141*1 "^ 17:0 [3:4|3*5 0*1 179 * 333 4 sal 56 3 „ or” os 15-6 |3:0| 3:1 |01 187 333 5 “ 56 ede. aes] .. | 15-6 |2:7|3:0|0-3] 264 | 336 6 168 56 140.1 dte 15°3 |36 |25 11 182 336 8 66 56 4 А 140 1 кә 15:3 [2:11 2:3 |02 297 336 9 165| .. Pe „ USE . v. 16:9 [3:0|3:2/|0*2 212 fee No water in the tank. 10 164| 58 г А 140 '4 »e 15:4 [2:0|2:2/|0*2 289 , 11 {63 | 56 T ‚ 140*6 ore 15°8 [2:0|2:2/|0*2 296 - 12166 54 - 27 140۰1 - 15:3 [2:0|2:2/|0*2 318 - 13 |60 | 53 .. | .. [1896| .. | 10]1:9|2:0]0:1| 309 Average v] 17-1 peratures - London, 31st October 1860. (Signed) (Siemens, HALSKE, and Co. 3L 4 K la >‏ | | - ا Digitized by “МЛ O O le‏ 452 RANGOON AND SINGAPORE TELEGRAPH.—ELECTRICIANS’ DEPARTMENT.—REGISTRY OF TESTS DURING APP. No. If. emperature.| Tempe- ' rature [Numbe Date. | Ê | water | water f E in the | Cable. F. T. C. Tanks. [»] [e] о Aug. 20 | 65 | 64 117: T 5 b. 21465164 * d esce 5 a. and Sept. 4162 T iba 5 {61 T ec ee 6 [60 e» T ec T 1621 e ee "P 8163!. ec . ° 10 [64 eo А А 11 1601.-155 ec - 12 [66,64 17° 14°4 oe 13 16463 17:2] 14:4 oe 14 {65 10-5 14:4 oe 15 164 60 15:5] 14:4 ec 17 164,57 14° 13:8 ° 18 [68/57 14:0| 13:8 T 19 |7058 14:5] 14-4]... 20 7157 14-0] 13-8 |... 21 170 57 14° 13°8 А 22 6957 14° 13°8 P 24 [63,58 14* 13:3 ec 25 [64 58 114: 13°3 ee 26 164 5614 4| 13:3 oe 27 162 58 |14 4| 13:3 ee 28 160 57 14'0] 13:3 ec 29 159 | 56 13 13:3 ec Oct. 1 56 13*3 ec 2164,56 13:3 . 3 165 56 13°8 ee 4166 56 13:3 . 5 [66157 13.8 А 6 168,56 13°3 ec 8 [606 | 56 12°8 ec 9 1651. 12:8 ec 10 [67 | 58 12:8 А 11 163,56 12°8 ee 12 | 60 | 54 12:2 ee 13 160153 12:2 ee Average ee 14:1 13:7 peratures - —————————M M — M H— HÀ س‎ London, 31st October 1860, Length APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 11—continued. MANUFACTURE OF CABLES. Per Knot. ; Disch. Resistance of | Calcu- | Resistance of Insulation. culated Tempe g Obs. | 4:209. [теге |... | = [pig rnt Knots.| Units.| Units. 9? 19 | ©.) Millions: 51°15] 185°3 |186°6 18°4 i ois dia 150 184°5 T 17:31 2*8, 3:3/0:5 157 184*7 oe 17*5 117*0:117*510* 5 237 184*6 e 17:4 Мар пери aa 208 185 :8 ; 19:0 | 2-0| 2:3/0*3| 182 186*8 T 20°0 | 2°4| 2-7/0-3 135 187°5 А 91:1 | 2:5| 2:70:95 135 189۰2 e 23°0 | 3:8| 3:6/0-2 106 189°9 ec * 3'0 3°6)0°6 91 186°6 e 20°0 | 2*0| 2*1|0*1 180 185*0 ec 18:0 | 1:7| 2°0/0°3 183 184°5 ёв 17:4 | 1:5] 1:803 200 184:4| .. 17:3] 1:8| 2*0/0:2 183 184*0 * rio NOB ECT ee 184°9 А 17:0 | 2:8 2:8 0°0 243 184.6 ә 17°5 (| 2*7| 2*710' 0 236 183: 5 "T 16°1 | 2:6 2°6)0°0 251 183°4 е • 16*1 | 2°53) 2°7/0°2 253 184*4 ee 178 1 2*6| 9*110*1 255 183°3 os 15*9 | 2:4] 2°۰5 0°1 265 183°2 oe 15*8 | 2:2 2:410: 281 183.1 " 15*7 | 2*5| 2.70 0*2 291 183°3 T 15*9 | 2:7] 3:0| 0*3 266 1840 as LO 1 2:5] 3*7|0*9 302 183*1 e 15:7 | 2:5| 2:6|0'1 297 1825 "T 15*1 T.i. Д 293 182.9 ‘ 15°5 | 2:6| 2:8 0:2 293 182°6 Р 15:2 | 2:6 2°6)0°0 296 1821 14:3 | 2:4 2:7; 0:3 292 182°2 ec 14:2 | 3:1| 3:0/0*1 325 181*9 és 14*0 | 2°4 2:5/0*1 306 181*9 T 14*0 | 2°3| 2°5 0°2 356 183°1 £ 15*7 | 3*1] 3*2/0*1 264 182°6 А 15*8 [94| 255 0*1 317 182°2 А 14:2 | 2:6] 2°6'0°0 312 182۰2 . 14*2 | 2:4| 2'4 0:0 347 181°5 - 13:8 | 2:2] 2*3/0*1 350 15°9 (Signed) SIEMENS, HALSKE, and Co. Water pumped over the cable from 19th August till the 4th Kept dry from the 4th till the afternoon of the 11th September. The cable completely under water from the 12th Septemberexcept on the 9th October. No water in the tank. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 453 APPENDIX No. ll—continued. RANGOON AND SINGAPORE TELEGRAPH.—ErrcrniciANS! DEPARTMENT.—REGISTRY OF TESTS DURING emperature.] Tempe- MANUFACTURE OF CABLES. — Resistance of | Calcu- | Resistance of Insulation. rature [Number Wire. D E of 'Total lated ate. © | Water. | Water] ° Tempe- 0. Per Knot. Remarks. inl in the | Cable. Length. ps, Sum А — — Tanks. at 205. tore] + | — Dig Ir- IRI E. IE. C. ا‎ ла a Knots.] Units. Units. o | ° | ° | Millions. Aug. 20 | 63 | 61 16° e+ [5 с. lay-| 72°69 | 263۰1| 2663 17: 4*0| 4*6| ‘6 115 79 Water pumped over ing on "s Я . ' А from 19th August to 21 ee А the top| °° 265*2 T 19 4*0| 4*5| °5 118 4th September. of the Sept, 46. |] «- al „ T2697]. „ з [28-0,30:0| 2 158 | +499 From the 4th tothe11th РА zs . А . 930 · 0 *1 : the cable was paid 5 162 oe А 263.9 8 |299 150 680 aver to hE HEE tank: 6160 T [2639] .. 7 2۰9| *2 | 162 | +599 [| and till the 17th kept ‹ y у ? .91 2۰9 *0 sometimes without d us І | : sé. و‎ ta яба 799 ve water, from which day 8162]..].« T ee . 263*9. T ali al 1 301 599 it was always under в | E of, 2*6 »1 ~ 327 water. 10 64 . ee ee fe 263 3 . "1 | | 195 3 í xcept on the 9th Oct. 11166,. e " T 263°5 ec 43| 2:6| *3, 195 532 121|166|64/17:8] 14°4 ec "m 264°1 T 3| 2*4| *1 208 465 13 |64 |63 1172] 14°4 oe ee 263°9 ee 2۰9| 2:5| *3 206 *652 14 [65162 [16:51] 14°4 oe T ve ee 7| 9*1| *2 200 465 15 64160 115.5] 14:4 i» i РР "n se | t 167 399 17 64 | 57 |14* 13*8 ө • ee 43 ee .. „+ ee . 18 [68 | 57 |14:8] 13:8 T we 1262.44 4*4| 4*8| °4 211 625 19 [70158 114:5] 147 id oe 1262.55 4*0! 4*3| °3 213 * 500 20 170] 57 14° 13°8 my 308 263*9 bcd 4:715 1| °4 190 * 625 21 [70|57 |14* 13°8 is «s 1359/7] ws 4:0| 4°5) *5 22] 500 22 [69 | 57 14° 13:8 bs ds 262°9 T 4*1! 4:3| *2 994 * 500 2463 58 [14•4J 13:3 me „„ 1262:5 е 3:8! 4*0] °2 237 T 25 |64158 14:4] 13:8 T .. 1262-44 3-9| 4*0| ‘1 | 234 А 26 [64|58|14:4| 13:8 Ж e Таб. as 42 45| °3 | 248 à 27 |62|58|14:4| 13:3 F ec 20007] vs Eh 4*9| *6 235 The copper resistances „|14. $ : | 4-6| •5 957 P measured on the 27th aid xd as nds ua LER е MEL £3 : "T and 28th are not to be 29 |59 | 56 13:3] 13:8 n Я 261˙99 sa 4۰1 44| °3 254 depended upon, as the cable was insuffi- ciently discharged Oct. 1[64|56]13:3 13°3 er ee 261°3 er ee oe e ee eo when taken, 2164 56 13۰3| 13:8 T С 4:11 4*2| *1 271 Y з |65 | 56 13:3] 13:3 4 .. 260-00 4:0 4:1| *1| 255 $5 4 [66156 13:3] 13:3 L .. 260-99 4:1| 4:5| *4 | 246 А 5665714. | 13:8 " . |260:9| .. А 5:7| °5 | 259 18 6 168156 13:2] 13:3 de „ 1260:5| .. 4*0 4-0| *0| 267 bi 8 [66/56 113:3| 12:8 к .. 260 . 4*0 4-0 *0 | 292 t 9 [65 |56 113:3| 12:8 ЕЯ „„ 126091 .. £3 4*6| °3 269 No water in the tank, 10 [64/58|14:5| 12:8 * ; 200-0 zi са 4•6 4 | 255 г 11 {03 | 56 13:2] 12:8 А 960°2 А uiu 3:3| °3 292 oe 12160 5412 199 15 „ 12597 xe 3:7| "5 334 А 13 160 | 53 |11: 12:2 n 259°3 3°5) 35 ‘0 321 | сер 2 - { Average tem | 14:11 13:7 | peratures J | London, 31st October 1860. (Signed) ЅтЕМЕМ8, HALskn, and Co. 3M ы, Google APP. No. 1]. APP. No. 11. — Description ofa stance thermo . eter. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. ll—continued. 4.—FonEÉ-HoLp BOTTOM CABLE.—QUEEN VICTORIA. Total length, 189°59 Knots - œ Resistance at 20° Cels. = 692 Units. 3 E $ [58 Resistance Thermometer, ^ 3 83 58 4 5 2 85 5 | | E ч E 2 i No. 5, situated 45 | No. 6, situated 113 | No. 7, situated 163 a | ao 2 8 Knots from the Knots from the Knots from the З 8 Sg © E g bottom end of Cable. bottom end of Cable. bottom end of Cable. Hidra Date. | Hour. o: Оя ia g б | Resist. at 20? Cels. Resist. at 20? Cels. | Resist. at 20° Cels. ° ча e |813) = 100-9 Units, | = 102-1 Umts. | = 98-81 Units 8.8 i а E B's | | 3 5 Ey Mea- Mea- 35 gr d E &| sured Tah. sured | Fahl, — S Resist Resist. ' SS ead ЕНЕ TUUS 5 Nov. 10| — | 553 — — — — — Before coiling the cable on board, it was laying in a tank at Greenwich, being pumped over with water occasionally. Temperature of the water in tank — 79? Fahrenheit. „ 21 — | 199 — — = — — Cable being completely coiled on board and kept dry. „ 30 7pm — | — — | 102:4 102°2 | 84°2 Dec.1| 2 p. m.] 61 | 720 | 84 102۰9 102۰8 | 86°0 Cable kept dry. „ l|6pm. 54 | 720 | 84 — — — „ 2 11а. 53 | 721°8) 86 102:5 102۰4 | 84:6 | Water was pumped over the я? cable irregularly from 6.30 p.m. to 10.30 p.m. on the pre- vious evening. „ 210 p.w.] 64 |716 |83:4| 104°2 98 ''| 64°4 | Water was pumped over the cable from 1 p.m. continually. „ 3|62am|100 | 697 |70:2| 100:8 97°5 | 62-1 — DESCRIPTION OF A RESISTANCE THERMOMETER.—By Mr. C. W. SIEMENS. In consequence of the observed tendency of the Ran- goon and Singapore cable to heat after passing from water into atmospheric influence, I was desirous to ascertain the temperature of the coil at regular intervals аго the mass after it had been coiled on board, in order that timely remedies might be applied to check the accumulation of heat in any part. Recent events have proved that this pre- cautionary measure had not been adopted in vain, for the temperature in the interior of the fore-hold cable on board the ** Queen Victoria" had reached the alarming point of 86? before the temperature at the surface of the mass had quite reached 60°. The instrument 1 designed for this purpose may be appropriately termed a “ resistance thermo- meter.“ This instrument is based upon the principle “that the “ specific resistance of copper to the galvanic current * varies in a definite and constant ratio with the tempera- * ture of the conductor;" the rate of variation has been determined by Arndtsen ” to amount to 21 per cent. of increase of resistance per degree Fahrenheit increase of temperature. | The instrument consists of & rod of iron about 18 inches long, covered with several layers of insulated copper wire, covered externally with sheet india-rubber, and a metallic protecting tube, hermetically sealed at ths ends. The two ends of the coil of wire are continued, by insulated con- ductors, into the observatory, the instruments themselves being deposited at intervals between the layers cf cable in the hold of the vessel. ‘The resistance of these spiral con- ductors, including the larger connections leading to the instrument room, bad béen accurately ascertained before- hand at the standard temperature, and noted down in units of resistance, the instrument employed for this purpose being our ordinary resistance-coil testing apparatus. In taking the resistance of these coils at any future time, and in comparing the results of these observations with the original measurement at the standard temperature, the increase or decrease of temperature in degrees of Fahrenheit is obtained, by simply multiplying the increase or decrease of соза іп per cents of the total resistance with “ат = 4°8. | s The result of these determinations is more uniform, and may be depended on for correctness, to a tenth part of a degree Fahrenheit. Thermometers on this principle would, I think, be found extremely useful in meteorological observations, and in experiments to determine the temperature of the ocean at various depths, being the only thermometer hitherto devised which can be read at a point considerably distant from the position of the instrument. C. W. SIEMENS. London, 31st December 1860. з + e ~ e -« - —— =m — — SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE APPENDIX No. 12. . OUTLINE of the PRINCIPLES and PRACTICE involved in dealing with the ELECTRICAL CONDITIONS of SUBMARINE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.—By WERNER and C. W. SIEMENS. THr failures of the more extensive lines of submarine electric telegraphs, which have hitherto been but too fre- uently experienced, have become manifest almost invan- ly by а gradual decrease of insulation. In repairing these lines, 1t has generally been found that the gutta-percha has become disintegrated by the electrolytic action of the cur- rents employed in working the line in places where the thickness of insulating material had been originally con- siderably below the average, owing to some mechanical in- jury, or, more frequently, owing to a cavity in the material, forced into by the water, or to an excentric position of the conductor. In such places where the insulating covering of gutta- rcha has been of uniform and sufficient thickness, no dis- integration or partial destruction of the material is observ- able, even after the line has been worked for many years. The rapidity with which the work of destruction in faulty places proceeds depends entirely upon the intensity and duration of currents employed in working the line. Faults are produced proportionately more rapidly in long limes, owing to the greater resistance of the metallic conductor. Their progress can be retarded in working the lines with feeble and alternating currents, but it cannot be arrested entirely, and it may be laid down as an axiom that “so * long as any thin places are allowed to remain tn the gutta- “+ percha covering of a submarine conductor, so long will their * insulation fail by slow degrees." RP It is, therefore, a matter of first importance to prevent, if possible, all irregularity in the insulating covering. The material employed should be ectly homogeneous; it should be put upon thé wire in several coatings, closely adhering to one another; air bubbles should be strictly avoided, and the coneentricity of the entire coating be in- sured by the use of very perfect machinery and strict avoid- ance of stoppages during the process of covering, to prevent a softening of the several coatings by heat. | - Great improvements have of late been effected in the pro- cess of covering electric conductors with „ and intermediate layers of compound called ** Chatterton's mix- ture, which may be estimated by the fact that the cover- ing of the Rangoon and Singapore cable, now in process of manufacture, insulates fully ten times better than the cover- ing of the Red Sea and India cable did before it was laid. This marked improvement is due to the greater care taken by the Gutta Percha Company in the manufacture, under a system of stringent electrical tests, which we are charged by the British Government.to apply. The object of these tests is, in the first place, to ascertain the specific conductivity of each mile of the copper conductor, in order that all below a certain fixed standard may be rejected. An inquiry into the extraordinary variations in the con- . ductivity of the copper of commerce has been made the subject of a careful investigation by Dr. Mathiessen for the British Government, which will probably shortly be pub- ` lished. | Ж ; In practice we find that the best selected copper employed for telegraphic conductors varies as much as twenty per cent. in its conductivity and that the purer copper conducts the best. | The conductivity tests of each mile of an insulated con- . ductor are very necessary, not only to reject the faulty material but also to obtain a complete record of the con- ductivity of each portion of the cable when completed, . without which it is not possible to determine afterwards by galvanic tests and calculations the precise position of a fault. The more difficult and most important tests are those of the conductivity of the insulating material of each mile of insulated conductor, for it is not sufficient to find out any . palpable fault or leakage but to appreciate eccentricities, cavities, or other minor defects in the coating, and to reject what falls below the standard of conductivity of the insulat- ing material in its most perfect condition. It was necessary for the purpose to determine in the first place the specific on of: the material which experi- ence has proved to be sufficiently uniform at constant temperatures. | m e effect of temperature upon the conductivity of gutta- pace and other insulators has lately been fully investigated y the Scientific Telegraph Committee of the British Government, whose report is however not yet published. It suffices for our present purpose to state that between the limits of 41° and 80? Fahrenheit we found the con- ductivity of the insulating covering of the Rangoon and Singapore Cable to increase nearly in the ratio of f, /. The ratio of this enormous increase is bec by no means con- stant, and in the absence of very elaborate and reliable experimental results we thought it advisable to test at a uniform temperature of 75° Fahrenheit (20 Cents.) This comparatively high degree of temperature has the advantage that it is seldom exceeded naturally, and that the con- ductivity being seven times greater at that temperature than at the winter temperature of 41°, the effect of minute faults upon the measuring instrument will also be proportionately exaggerated. In order to insure uniformity of temperature the coils to be tested are placed twenty-four hours in tanks containing water regulated to 75°, they are then removed into the test- ing tank of the same temperature, which is hermetically closed, and hydraulic pressure of at least 600lb. per square inch applied, in order to force the water into the cavities or fissures that may present themselves. It is a remarkable fact, which is borne out by observation upon cables in pro- cess of submersion, that the application of hydrostatic pres- sure sensibly decreases the conductivity of gutta-percha, which however increases again slightly above the former ‘ratio when the pressure is relieved. In slightly defective coils the increase of external pressure produces, on the contrary, no increase, or even a decrease of insulating property, and a clue is thus obtained to ascertain otherwise inappreciable defects. The methods usually em- ployed of measuring the conductivity and insulation of conductors in degrees, by simple galvanometer tests, would be insufficient for the purposes here intended. It was necsssary to express the conductivity of both the conductor and the insulating covering by simple numerical expression in units of resistance. he unit of resistance we have adopted is that of a column of mercury 1 metre in length and of 1 square millimetre sectional area, taken at the freezing point of water. The advantages of this unit have been fully set forth by Mr. Werner Siemens in a treatise published in * Poggendorff's Annalen, vol. 110." In expressing the degrees of conductivity of both the wire and the insulating medium in definite units of resist- ance we obtain not only the advantage of a more accurate comparison between the results of different indication, but subsequently when the separate coils are united with a single cable, we have an admirable means of judging its electrical condition if we compare the total resistances of both the conductor and insulating medium with the sum of the resistances previously obtained in testing each coil separately, due allowance being made, of course, for change of temperature. But the principal advantage derived from this system of measuring consists in the facilities it affords in f the position of a fault in the cable while it is being laid an after submersion. N In carrying this system into practice, we construct in the first place coils of definite resistance, which are capable of being combined in such a manner that we can vary the total resistance between the limits of 1 unit and 10,000. By inserting these alterable resistances into one branch of a Wheatstone's bridge, the resistances of the о ог insulating covering of & cable of considerable length can be ascertained. If, however. it is required to ascertain resistances beyond the limits of the resistance coils, we adopt another arrangement on the principle of the Wheat- stone's bridge, which consists in making the two permanent branches of the same also changeable. 2 —— —— BATTERY. A B C D represent the four branches of this arrange- ment, A C and B D being in connexion with the galva- nometer, A B and C D the terminals of a battery. 3M 2 APP. No. 14, Principles and practice involved in dealing with the electrical conditions of submarine electric tele- raphs, by Verner and C. W. Siemens. Unit of re- sistance adopted for expressing the degrees of conductivity of the con- ductor and theinsulating material. 456 No current will pass through the instrument when the . A C . relation B = 5 exists. ment A is always equal to B, the unknown resistance D is equal to the resistance C. A scale containing resistance coils from J — 10,000 units would therefore only allow us to ascertain resistances not exceeding these limits, but C and A being each composed of 3 variable coils of 10, 100, and 1,000 units respectively, we are enabled to measure any resistance between 0°01 and one million units with the same degree of accuracy. By means of this arrangement we measure the resistances of copper wire of any length and the insulation resistance of long cables within the limits of correctness of 0-2 per cent. For the insulation tests of short pieces of cables or of longer cables of better insulating materials, such as india- rabbe and JWray's mixture, such method is no longer applicable, because resistance coils of such diversity of di- mensions as would be necessary could not be used with the sufficient accuracy, chiefly because the greater battery үс that would be required would heat the smaller branches of the arrangement and thus increasing the resistance affect the result very considerably. It was therefore necessary to turn to another method for ascertaining the value in units of the insulation resistances of short pieces of cable, say one knot in length. We employ in such cases a very sensitive sine galvanometer, or if the room permits of it, a Weber's reflecting galvanometer of 40,000 turns, and a magnetic reflector. . Р By means of an adjusting magnet the sensibility of this instrument can be varied between the limits of 1 and 100. The astatic condition of the needles of the sine galva- nometer being subject to changes, the constant of the instrument should be verified repeatedly while testing. For the reading of this instrument in degrees, we sub- But as in Wheatstone's arranga- N EARTH. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE stitute units of resistance by means of the following formula :— R= sine $ sin o! in which R is the insulation resistance, ¢ the angle of de- flection, ¢, the constant of the instrument, n the number of elementa employed. For the derivation of this formula, see Appendix No. 1. This method is applicable only for measuring great resistance between certain narrow limits. During the pro- gress of the cable at the sheathing works, the insulation resistance gradually decreases, and the instrument would very soon be too sensitive. It could be made less sensitive, it is true, but in resorting to this it would no longer be possible to appreciate correctly the value of the resistance of the last coll added to the cable. It was, therefore, necessary to resort to a means of main- taining the original degree of sensitiveness of the measuring instrument, while the total resistance gradually decreases. For this purpose the coils of the sine galvanometer employed are surrounded by an additional coil of com- paratively few turns, through which the current of a constant amall battery continually passes. The insulation current passes through the wire of the instrument, but is counteracted by the current in opposite direction in the outer coils, which is so regulated by means of a resistance coil, that no deflection of the galvanometer needle can be observed. In adding to the length of the cable, the resistance coil in the outer circuit of the instrument has to be diminished by stopping till the equilibrium of the needle is restored ; and the value of the alteration of the resistance coil being known in units, this number has only to be multiplied by the fixed proportion of the relative power of the outer and inner coil upon the needles to produce the correct result. CABLE. If W represents the resistance of the inner coil, In order to calculate the insulation resistance of insulated Methods ќе W^ the resistance coil put into the inner circuit, wires from the specific conductivity of the material used, insulation m, the number of cells of the battery of the inner circuit, and vice versa, we employ the following formula :— ane corre d w, the resistance of outer coil, R cables of al! w', the resistance coil put into the outer circuit. С. log. nat. — тенет п, the number of cells of the outer battery circuit, and W = 2 ** k, the number indicating the proportion of the effect of 211 the outer and inner coil on the needle, we have, N Ў т ош = WFT > О? . m (m + wi) ~ (И + Ил) п If instead of w the unknown resistance of the cable is introduced into the circuit, and by arranging the resistance w till the needle is perfectly at zero, the following equation is established, M N А T N PIT UDO o MV! + ш) у m N.k : or by introducing for k its value from above, Mn W + T= Nm w+ wı а The chief advantage of this arrangement consists in the unchanged sensibility of the instrument, since the whole strength of the insulation current acts upon the needle, which nevertheless is brought back always to zero. In measuring the insulation resistance of short cables the resistance of the galvanometer coils (W) may in practice be neglected, and the following more simple formula may be adopted :— M V ? = W . 'K The value of K is independent of the sensibility of the needle, and need only be determined once for all. The tests are thus reduced to a very simple and easy method. The derivation of this formula has been given by Mr. Werner Siemens in Poggendorff's Annalen of 1857, vol. 102, and will be found in Appendix 2 of this paper. The foregoing methods suffice to ascertain insulation and copper resistances of cables of all lengths and forms; they do not comprise, however, the test necessary to determine their inductive capacities. А Recent experiments hereafter given prove that the specific inductive capacity of insulating materials is more to be relied upon for permanency than their specific conductivity, the inductive capacity is, moreover, independent of local defects in the insulating covering, being dependent chiefly upon the general geometrical form of the insulator. In ascertaining, therefore, the inductive capacity of & length of cable, as compared with & standard Leyden jar, and in com- paring this result with the total capacity due to the material employed, a means is obtained of ascertaining with great certainty whether the material is disposed throughout its length in equal thickness round the conductor, or whether the wire lays partly excentric. A knowledge of the induc- tive capacity of a cable is, moreover, absolutely necessary, in order to determine the position of a break in the conductor when the broken end remains insulated. According to Faraday’s conception, the inductive action is communicated, say from the interior electrified covering of a Leyden jar to the exterior, from atom to atom, through the dialectric. In our case the jar is represented by the cable, the inner covering of which is formed by the surface of the copper wire, the exterior by the water. The laws which apply to the motion of heat and electricity in conductors are accordingly directly applicable to electro- induction, which may be expressed by the conductivity Formula for representing the dr capacity o any insulated Wire. Instrument j used for giving a steady deflece tion of the ; needle. Specific in- ° duction of differeatly covered wires. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. multiplied by a constant varying with the nature of the insulating material. Starting from this point of view the inductive capacity of any insulated wire will be represented by the formula = 10221 in which the inductive capacity I takes the place of the specific conductivity x of the previous formula. The unit measure of inductive capacity is assumed to be the capacity of a Leyden jar of two square plates of the unit of measure in breadth, and placed at the same distance apart. Professor W. ‘Thomson has obtained the same formula in a direct and most elegant manner, which differed from that of Mr. Werner Siemens in the value of the constant, prov- ing that he started with another unit. Mr. Werner Siemens’ method has been fully developed in Poggendorff’s Annalen, vol. 102. In dealing with cylindrical jars, or with cables, this formula may be written more simply thus :— Т.С = r In our experiments the inductive capacity of a Leyden jar is measured by the deflection of a galvanometer needle. f the deflection of the needle is caused by a current of very short duration, the quantity of the electricity passing through the galvanometer is equal to K=C log . a K = sin 2 E In practice it is found to be very difficult to read with sufficient accuracy the sudden deflection of a needle, and we p for practical use an instrument which we have placed efore the section, enabling us to obtain a rapid succession - of charging or discharging currents which in passing through the galvanometer produce a steady deflection of the needle, capable of being read with great accuracy. The value of these deflections is calculated by means of the following formula* :— If A is the angle through which the sine galvanometer has to be turned to bring the needle to zero, C the number of charges or discharges per second, E the electromotive power of the battery, we have— К = sin g E C or if Ki is the unit capacity of a jar and а the corresponding angle of readjustment of the instrument we have (if the number of discharges per second remains the same)— K: Кү = sina: sina, ‚ Kısma sin a1 By permission of the British Government, we have been enabled to test the Government experimental cables by this method. The results of these experiments which are given in the tables of the Appendix No. 3 show satisfactorily the accu- racy of the methods employed. They also prove that the formula employed in calculating the specific inductive ca- pacities which ‘Professor W. ‘Thomson and Mr. Werner Siemens obtained in entirely different ways, can be relied upon in practice. The specific induction of all gutta-percha covered wires is shown to be nearly the same and to be entirely indepen- dent of its specific conductivity, while india-rubber, and its compounds, are far inferior in its specific induction to gutta- percha. The specific induction of gutta-percha being taken аз а unit, that of india-rubber is equal to 0'7 only, and that of Wray's mixture = 0. We have stiil to make mention of those methods which have been frequently resorted to of late of ascertaining by means of sensible electrometcrs the decrease of tension in a heavily charged cable when left to itself. If E represents the tension of a galvanic battery in com- munication with the cable, as observed by a sine electro- meter, y the remaining tension in the cable after an inter- val of time f, K the capacity, and v the resistance of the insulator, there will be, according to the law of Ohm, after the interval ¢ a current of discharge = 2 „by which the ten- * In this case the amount of charge is represented by a constant deflection, and therefore by sin a, whilst above, where it was given by one swing of tho needle, it is equal to sin é 457 sion is decreased during the time d! by dy. Hence we obtain the equation — K.dy- P. dt dy dt — y kw C—iny = Ka and since t=0 y- E e t ign y Kw E ao or y s IK and y= l Kw In a regular cable K = J?! ln— r R W = in r AZ [r or KW = x X and therefore in Pon y J and T. In E. (v. ) A= y t and therefore E A: Jzlog.nat.— :t This method is well adapted for ascertaining the specific resistances of insulating materials, and to compare the insulation of two similar cables, even when no instrument capable of exact measurement is at hand. It suffices to observe the times required for the reduction of the original tensions to a given fraction. As the proportion — although unknown is in each case the same, it is obvious from the former formula that iA UN yY y and AT à) t where A and ¢ represent specific conductivities and times occupied in both experiments. This result is independent of any excentricity of the wire in its insulating covering. The method is therefore well adapted for determining the specific resistance of materials, but as it is necessary to ascertain whether the wire is throughout the cable, concentric with the insulator, this method cannot be exclusively used. Besides this process requires considerable time in testing well insulated cables. Again, another objection to its exclusive use arises from the possibility of slight faults in long cables passing unappreciated, as the loss of tension through such faults will be exceedingly small as compared with the whole charge. We therefore prefer to determine the loss of tension not by an electrometer, but by measuring the charge a, and after the lapse of one minute the discharge б by the galva- nometer needle. We then have the loss of quantity or tension during the minute p) (VL) a In order to associate this formula with the system pre- viously developed, it is only necessary to remark that 2 is equal to H The cable having been tested from the earliest stage of its manufacture (in lengths of one knot) subsequently during the joining and covering of the cable, and finally during the paying out. These tests must strictly control each other, and must consequently be recorded system- atically. The chief care during the submersion of the cable should be to detect at once the slightest change in its insulation, in order that the paying out machinery may he stopped instantly. It sometimes happens, MR that 3M 3 App. No. 12. Principles and practice invoived in dealing with the electrical conditions of submarine electric tele- graphs, by Werner and! C.W.Siemens, — * Apr. No. 12. Principles and practice involved in dealing with the electrical conditions of submarine electric tele. raphs, by Verner and C.W.Siemen Mode of test- ings in paying out electric cables. rr. No. 13. lectrical inditions of е Red Sea legraph. — 458 a fault does not appear immediately on submersion. It is therefore necessary, if a fault appears, to calculate its exact place before taking any other steps to remove it. In order to do this eff ctually, it is necessary to test the cable from both ends, i.e., from the ship and from the land station, as In paying out submarine cables, we pursue the following plan of testings :— A clockwork arrangement at the land station js made to put the cable by rotation to earth, to the poles of a battery, and to insulation. On board the ship there is constantly a bridge of resis- tances in connexion with the line. Whilst the electrician conditions of the cable, although very fatiguing to the electrician employed, has been found to answer perfectly well in paying out the Indian lines, Durmg the paying out of the Aden-Kurrachee Section by Messrs, R. S. Newall and Co., we were by this means enabled to Observe faults on five different Occasions, which could then be removed without delay. Our methods for deter- mining the place of a fault are as follows :— Ist. When both ends of the cable are at hand let г and y represent the re. spective distances from each end of the cable to the fault, Z the length of the whole cable, G a galva- nometer, and W, Wi, two, aduated resistance coils. Then if W and W, are so adjusted that the galvano- meter needle is perfectly quiet the place of the fault is given by the formula— { (VIL) E t= — Wx W, This method has already been published by Werner Siemens (the Zeitschrift des Deutsch Oestereichschen Tele- graphen; Verems, 1857) having been used by us with perfect success ever since 1849, In dealing with a single submerged line this method is no longer applicable. Let C denote the resistance of the length of the cable, x and y the resistances from each end to the fault, Zthat of the fault itself and a, and 5, resis- tances observed from each end respectively; the further end being insulated, a and 5 the same, whilst the further APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE ` end is to earth. We have then by means of Ohm's law, the following equations: ' 1. =+ y 2. a,-r4Z a a-rtZ.y Zxy Z.z "HEN ae By eliminating Z and y the resistance z is found by the following expressions: | C Y = aby 4 2 (VIII.) c—b = ]z- D c a : I а c—b | r—_= í > : y V с—а (X.) 5 . v/(a,— a) (oa) If the cable was not perfectly well insulated before the ault under consideration appeared, the values a and № supply the means for determining an average resistance y of the previous leakages. This resistance y together with the final readings of insulation аз, 5, gives the place of the fault as follows :— r-q — a (7705 ; E (XL) In all these measurenſents the battery power must be so و = 1 knowledge is unfortunately wanting in respect of near] all the cables that have hitherto been laid, In the instance. of the Rangoon and Singapore cable, we Propose to furnish each station with a complete testing Spparatus, and to cause daily tests to be instituted upon the cable, when laid, of its electrical conditions in each section. Records of these observations should be forwarded daily * to the chief electrician in charge of the line, who will then hitherto submerged, we confidently expect that the result in practice, will also greatly exceed that of previous ex- perience, still the insulating material employed remains the same, and is, therefore, liable to be affected b — APPENDIX No. 13. REPORT on THE ELECTRICAL CONDITIONS OF THE ON the 28th of last April, after the arrival of the Impera- E E of Suakin. 1e results of these tests are given in the following able :— TABLE I. MEX QD x c c PNE Date | Resistance per knot Length. of Test. | of Wire. I Cable. — . — On board the | No. mperador I. 399 (Suez Bay II. 41 mperatrice } III. 455 (Suakin c} IV. n Millions. 26'0 Units. values of resistance are given in units. According to Table I. the resistance of the conducti wire of the cable on board the Imperador (Nos. I. and П.) was found to be equal to 8:6 units per knot at 80e F. tem- The experiments which were previously made at Birken- head showed a resistance of 8'3 units per knot at ]5с. When the end of the cable Which was not connected with the battery was insulated, the resistance to the current ing through the gutta percha was nearly equal to 67,000 units, The resistance which one knot of the gutta-percha cover- ing opposed to the electrical current was, in Cable ].—26 millions, in No. II.—28 millions. The mean, therefore, =27 millions of units. The ratio of conductivity of the cable per knot to the conductivity of the gutta-percha — —— - During and after sub- mersion. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. covering was, therefore, in the cable contained in the Im- perador before submersion, 25,000,000 : 8:6, or as З millions to 1, nearly. | The resistances in Cables III. and IV. on board the Im- peratrice were less favourable. The difference may be ex- plained partly by the considerably increased temperature of the cable; as it is well known that the conductivity of gutta rcha increases rapidly with an increasing temperature. t this was the case here is demonstrated by the fact that the resistance of gutta percha became nearly twice as great during and after submersion. The resistances of the gutta percha of the Cables I., IT., III., and IV., reduced to that of one knot, was, at their departure from Birkenhead, sup- posing that of Cable I. 100, as follows :— No, I. = 100 » IV. We have been limited, in this computation, to a compari- son between the cables themselves, as the instruments used at Birkenhead had not been compared with those at Suez, and in consequence of our method of comparing the resist- ances not having, at that time, been fully developed. The respective ratios of these resistances coincide with those taken at Suez. It is difficult to explain with entire satisfaction the far smaller resistance to conduction of. cables IIT. and IV., i. e., 6:2 instead of 8°6, This difference is partly due to a less perfect degree of insulation of the conducting wire, which would permit a considerable amount of the current to escape throu h the gutta-percha covering instead of passing through the whole length of the wire; but this alone does not nearly account for the difference. DURING AND AFTER SUBMERSION, A continued series of tests were made while the process of submersion was going on, for the purpose of noting all the alterations which occurred, during that time, in the electrical condition of the cable. ‘This was done in such a way that the place and the amount of any fault which might occur could, at any time, have been determined.* The process of paying out was three times interrupted in consequence of accidental defects in insulation. The first two occasions happened soon after the departure from the port of Cossire, and the third at a distance of 180 knots from Suakin, towards Aden. They were repaired by raising and cutting out the defective pieces. Finally, a defect of considerable magnitude was observed, soon after submersion, in the Aden line, the distance of which was calculated to be within ten knots from Aden. This cable was raised to a length of seven knots, and the defect discovered and repaired. The accompanying diagrams, of which a special expla- nation is annexed, show the alterations in the resistances of wire and gutta percha during and after the submersion, and also during the four weeks following. The irregularities observed in these diagrams are chiefly due to the difficulty of making correct tests on board ship, while in motion; in addition to which it was necessary to take into account, as much as possible, the southerly increase of the intensity of the earth’s magnetism in the Red Sea, and particularly a considerable alteration in the direction of the attractive force, exercised on the needle b an iron ship laden with an iron cable, which varied wit every change in her course, and with the continued lessening of the disturbing cause, as the cable was paid out. 7 * Since defects in insulation rarely occur immediately after submer- sion (sometimes not in the space of days or even weeks), it is always absolutely necessary to determine, by calculation, the distance of a fault from the ship before the paying out is interrupted, and any attempt made to repair the injured part. In order to be constantly supplied with data for contidently deter- mining the distance of any fault which might appear, it is, in all cases, requisite to make tests of the resistance, as well of insulation as of continuity, at either end of the line. Such tests will afford data for four different determinations of the faulty place; two of which can be used for determining the place and magnitude of the fault through the ‘imperfect insulating of the gutta percha; and the remaining two for proving the truth of these calculations. It will be seen by comparing e values arrived at from the different tests for determining the faulty lace whether there exists only one or several defects. Other valuable on these points may be gained in testing for loss of current simul- taneously at both ends of the cable. 459 These resistances are likewise shown in the following Arr. No. 13. | — — . —— Table :— TABLE II. No. | | Date Test from Line. of Length.“ of — — Cable. 25 Test. South, | North. ! Knots. : Millions. Millions. | After submersion. - Suez-Cossire I. 272°5| 4 May] 27°1 25°4 Cossire-Suakin| I. & II. 534 17 May| 30°4 32 · Suakin-Aden | III. IV. | 637 4 June 22:8 21 Four weeks after submersion. Suez-Cossire 1. — - | 10 June] 384,1 | 8 Cossire-Suakin I. & II. M z ‘ ==: Suakin-Aden III. & IVI. 5 July] 27'9 | 16:7 Since the resistances of the wire had not been remarkably changed, those values were omitted from the Table, and instead of which we have put together the values for resist- ance of gutta percha, as they have been derived from tests at the two ends of each line. In the second part of Table II., the spaces for the Cossire- Suakin line we have been obliged to leave blank. The resistances of insulation being small, in consequence of a large fault, could not be considered as resistance of gutta percha; and, therefore, could not be calculated per knot. However, tests have been made and put down on the accompanying diagrams. On the whole it will be seen from Table II., as well as by inspection of the diagrams, that the resistance opposed by the gutta percha has continually increased during the pro- cess of paying out, as well as during the four weeks follow- ing. This change, so favourable to the insulation, was very considerable in the Suakin-Aden cable; and the fact of the high temperature, to which the cable on board the Im- peratrice was exposed, being detrimental to its insulation, is fully confirmed. 'The close correspondence of the tests of resistance, which were taken at the north and south ends of each cable, proves that they may be considered so far free from defects. his is not quite the case with the Suakin-Aden line, in which there is obviously à small defect near Suakin; it is, however, too small to be determined with any degree of certainty; and even if it were to increase to an extent a hundred times greater than it is at present, it would not be of sufficient magnitude, in any way, to interfere with the working of the cable; it was, therefore, in the Table, con- sidered as a defect in the quality of gutta percha over the whole length. Very different from this, however, is the state o tne Cossire-Suakin line, which, although it remained in ex- cellent condition. until the 22nd May, a defect in the insulation was discovered then, which gradually increased until the 28th June, since which date it has remained nearly of the same magnitude. The electrician at Suakin being ill at the time, Dr. Essel- bach was unable, until the beginning of July, to make tests of the currents and resistances, in order to determine the position of the defect. From these tests, and from those made at Cossire it will be seen that & defect of 850 units of resistance exists at & distance of 135 knots from Suakin. ‘This calculation of the place of the defect has been corroborated by the diagrams showing the currents and resistances during the paying out which prove that the defect existed already during submersion. On the morning of the 16th May, soon after the place where, according to calculation, the defect exists was passed, a sudden leakage through the insulating covering was observed, as will appear by inspec- tion of the four curves; but it was too small to justify us in stopping the paying out, and, after a few hours it entirely disappeared. It is, therefore, probable that an air-bubble, previously enclosed in the gutta percha, may have been broken by the hydrostatic pressure, and a small cavity opened thereby which had reached to the conducting wire for a while, but had been subsequently closed by a con- tinuation of the same or an оо pressure. For а period of eight days following this, perfect insulation was re-established, when the water must have again penetrated to the conducting wire. The nearly constant resistance of this defect gives room for hope that during the next few 3 M 4 Electrical condition of the Red Sea telegraph. — APP. No. 13. Electrical condition of the Red Sea telegraph. Explanation of the dia- grains. 460 months it may again disappear in consequence of the formation of hydrated oxide of copper at the opening. This will most probably be the case also with the fault in the Suakin-Aden line particularly as it is nearly 100 times smaller than the former, provided the conducting wire is enclosed centrically in the insulating medium, at the place of the fault; but it must be left to time to decide this. The defect in the Cossire-Suakin line exercises no detri- mental influence whatever on the present working condition of the cable; i.e. the celerity and certainty with which messages can be transmitted. And so far is this true, that even if the fault were five times greater than it is, it could not affect the utility of the cable to any serious extent. The fault which was observed in the Aden-Suakan line (resistance about 20 units) near Aden, and which was consequently at least 45 times greater than the one above- mentioned, was inconvenient to the speaking through it. Correspondence could, however, even under these circum- stances, be sustained with considerable certainty. It ought to be remarked that a defect in a line near to a station, as was the case here is of less importance, in an electrical sense, than a fault of equal magnitude midway between the stations, We may state in conclusion, as the result of our inves- tigations aided by the accompanying diagrams, Ist. That, only excepting the two defects above men- tioned, the insulation of all the cables composing the line is in first rate condition so far as we are enabled to judge by comparison with former cable layings. 2nd. That the conductivity of the conducting wire is such as could only have been obtained by using a very pure quality of copper. 3rd. That the Suez-Cossire line is without defect. 4th. That the Cossire-Suakin line contains a defect (the resistance of which is 850 units) about 135 knots from Suakin. This defect did not in its state on the 5th July, when the cable was handed over to the charge of the com- pany, in any way retard speaking through the line, and even if it should have greatly increased since, would only retard the speed of transmission to an inconsiderable extent. But it is possible the defect may in time disappear. 5th. That a very slight defect exists in the Suakin-Aden line, which will probably disappear, and which, even in the event of its remaining as it is, does not interfere in the least degree with the working of the cables. Should anything given in the above Report and its accom- panving diagrams seem to the reader to be insufficiently considered, we must remark, that believing our attention chiefly due to the task of showing the main features of the cable’s condition, we have not entered into details of minor importance, which we should have done had the Report been intended for a specially scientific purpose. EXPLANATION OF THE DIAGRAMS. The diagrams are arranged in the numerical order I., II., III., with an additional indicating letter A, В, C. The figures I., II., III., refer to the 3 sections, I. Suez-Cossire. II. Cossire-Suakin. III. Suakin-Aden. whilst the additional letter to each of these figures indicates the special regard in which the respective diagrams show the conditions of the cables. A, During submersion and following month. D, Resistance during submersion. | C, Strength of current during submersion. Since the quality of a cable is to be judged by the ratio of resistances which its conducting wire and the gutta- percha covering relatively oppose to the passage of the electric fluid, it was our chief ohject to observe the varia- tions in these two resistances which could be deduced. 1. Dy observed changes of the intensity of the current. 2. Directly, hy comparing resistance coils with the cable, and altering them until they produce upon the current an effect equal to that produced by the cable. ‘The experiments made in the Red Sea convinced Mr. Weiner Siemens, that the latter method is, in practice, by far the more preferable; as both instrument and battery reductions, which are always tedious and uncertain are avoided by its adoption. In the Red Sea both methods were applied. ‘The green and red curves represent the resistance of the gutta percha; the blue and black, the resistance of the conducting wire. 'l'aken in another view, the blue and green curves show th» state of the cable ob- served from the north end; those in black and red as observed from the south end of the cable, or on board the ship during the paying out, which was done in a direction from north to south. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE The three diagrams A, represent the conditions of the three sections during submersion and the month following, according to daily observations. ‘The successive days аге laid down as points of the base, the perpendiculars above them indicating the resistances observed on those days. The most favourable ratio of the resistances of the gutta percha to that of the conducting wire will be seen in the diagrams representing the resistances of the Suez-Cossire line (I. A). The other diagrams show the decrease of the insulation in the inverse ratio of the increasing length of cable, as was natural. The ratio between these two resistances appears somewhat too favourable for the length of the cable in the Aden- Suakin section (III. A). But this may, perhaps, be due to the resistances being chiefly computed from observed inten- sities which deviate occasionally as much as one-sixth of their real values. The insulating covering of the Suakin-Cossire cable (II. A), since the defect, opposes scarcely more resistance to the passage of the electric current transmitted from Cossire than the conducting wire, and to that sent from Suakin still less. From this it might erroneously be concluded that in its passage, the electric current is wholly lost through leak- age; but this could not be so as, according to the law of Ohm, only part of the current would be lost and the remainder pass along the line, in the inverse ratio of the resistances. At the commencement of June direct tests showed a loss of 4 at most; and we believe that, even in its worse state, the loss will not amount to more than 3. The diagrams B and C are special diagrams, shewing the state during submersion according to hourly observations. B and C have not been constructed for Section [., for the reason given in the special explanation to that Section. The diagrams B contain the resistances during the pay- ing out, as being the more obvious. The respective lengths of cable paid out are taken as the base, while the perpendiculars erected thereon represent the observed resistances, namely, of wire on a twice larger scale, of gutta percha on a scale four times as small compared with diagram А. Since we limited ourselves, during the paying out, to tests of current more than of resistance, we have added these diagrams, representing the observed strength of cur- rent in the same manner as the resistances to which they are reciprocal; but laying down the currents through gutta percha on an eight-fuld scale compared with the cur- rent through copper. 1.— SECTION FROM SUEZ To CossIRE. Cable I. (Imperador.) Dia I. A.—The insulation became worse until the 16th of May, at which date its good condition was perfectly re-established by repairing the land line at Snez, and it remained so unt:] the time of the rupture of the cable on the 12th June. The values indicated within inverted com- mas were obtained after the repairs on the 14th July were effected, the cable being, at that time, already in the hands of the Red Sea company. Special diagrams (B and C), showing the hourly obser- vations made during the two days of paying out, have not been constructed, as the submersion was ettected without accident, and as, in any event, it would have been imprac- ticable, in consequence of the defective insulation of the land line at Suez, to depend upon the observed variations. II].—Sercrion FROM CoSsIRE TO SUAKIN. Remainder of Cables I. and II. (Imperador.) Section {227 Suez to (. sire. The general diagram shows two interruptions of the pay. section fa Cossire tà ing out directly after departure, on the 10th and 12th May, уте the result of defective insulation. After our departure for the third time, the hourly ohserved resistances remained regular; the resistance of the gutta percha increasing gradually as the cable left the ship. On the 16th at eight o'clock, a.m., there was observed on board the ship, as well as at Cossire, a decrease of insulation, accompanied by considerable disturbances of the magnetic needle. The defect thus indicated was not of sufticient magnitude to justify the interruption of the submersion, and disappeared altogether after the lapse of a few hours. An extensive decrease of insulation appeared on the 22nd May, after the cable was laid, and the ships had left Suakin for Aden. Experiments subsequently made (ignorant, how. ever, of the fault above mentioned) to determine the dis tance of the defect, placed: it at 135 knots from Suakin, that is to say, at about the spot where the disturbances alluded to above occurred. In the beginning of July the resistance of this fault was equal to 850 units. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 461 APPENDIX No. 18—continued. III.—SeEcTIonN FROM SUAKIN TO ADEN. Cables III. and IV. (Imperatrice). The Diagram III. B shows that during the submersion the resistance of gutta percha became nearly doubled. A confirmed leakage, not far from the ship, showing itself on the morning of the 23rd May (III. A, В, C), the paying out was interrupted. On withdrawing part of the cable and removing the faulty piece the conducting wire was found to be enclosed excentrically in the gutta percha covering. This having been set right by taking out the excentric portion and rejoining the cable, the submersion was proceeded with, and no interruption of any importance afterwards occurred, On the 26th May, at 4 o'clock p.m. (III. B and C), the entire submersion of Cable III. was effected, and it was connected with Cable IV., in consequence of which the in- tensity of the insulation current was doubled, and, reci- procally, that of the passing current reduced to about one- alf its former amount. Speaking through a cable when coiled up being incon- venient, on account of the extra current, we made a puncture and connected our instrument to this intermediate point of the conducting wire, which when done left the insulation current unchanged; but increased the current passing through the conductor according to the law of resistances, as was to be expected. At 3 o'clock tests were applied to the whole length of the cable, as the paying out had so far proceeded as to nearly reach the punctures; and (off Aden) at /.40 A.M., the superfluous cable having been cut off, the final observations were made. In order to have at a single view all the major variations of the cable, independent of the altered circuit, an additional piece has been attached to this part of the Diagram III. C, showing the tests reduced to the length of Cable III. which had just been paid out. After laying the deep-sea cables, and when the shore ends were completed, a serious defect near Aden, which rendered speaking through the cable difficult, was discovered. ‘The resistance following it was 20 metres. In order to take u and remove the injured piece, the Imperatrice was dispatched and successfully accomplished her task. It is improbable that the sudden rise seen to occur in the red curve (of 10th June) is referrible to any sudden im- provement in insulation, although the disturbance (seen in the oscillations of the needle) increase with the rising curve and may be estimated therefore as considerable. The green line, which has slightly fallen, indicates the small defect mentioned at the conclusion of the Report. In general the resistances given in these diagrams are slightly in advance, for the reasons given above, and the reduced resistances in the Table (Appendix I.) are more to be depended on. SIEMENS AND HALSKE. Report on ће ELECTRICAL CONDITIONS of the ADEN-KURRACHEE SECTION of the Rep SEA CABLE, shortly before, during, and for One Month after its Submersion, or in January, February, and March 1860. The S.S. “Imperador,” with portion of the cable on board, arrived at Aden on the 10th December 1859, and at Kurrachee on the 24th. The Imperatriz joined the expedition at Kurrachee on the llth January 1860. The mode of testing the Indian cable was the same as devised by Mr. Werner Siemens for testing the Red Sea and Singapore-Batavia lines; it consists in measuring the resistance of the conductor, as well as of the insulating materials by means of resistance coils capable of accurate adjustment. During submersion the cables were tested alternately from the ship and from the station; the latter reporting the results obtained to the electricians on board during short intervals permitted by the contact arrangement of the clockwork employed in our method of testing. The conditions of the several sections of the line pre- vious to, and shortly after submersion, and at the termina- tion of the period of guarantee are given in the annexed Table No.1 and A, B, and C. The Table No. I. shows at a glance the good condition of the line up to the day of our final tests. Table No. II. records the tests and interruptions that took place during the submersion of the cables, the figures given in this ‘Table are the average of a series of tests extending over six hours. Column No. 10. contains the numbers given to the several faults that occurred, and were removed, being six in all, not including a breakage of the cable that took pes in the harbour of Muscat in conse- quence of a gale before the vessel started. The appearance of the faults 2 to 5 was very sudden, they all were found situate close to the ship, and were removed by hauling in the last part of the cable paid out, and by cutting it out. The fault No. 6 was an old one in the cable laid down in June 1859 between Aden and Maculla. The position was according to tests fixed to be within 20 knots of Maculla. These 20 knots were taken on board, and the fault was found to be exactly in the middle. A new piece of cable was laid down to replace these 20 knots. The instruments for the transmission of messages in the stations Kurrachee, Muscat, Helania, and Aden were put up in the same manner as in the stations of the Red Sea line, and a complete testing apparatus for ascertaining the condition of the line by regular tests was added. The construction of the telegraphic instruments is such as to enable the manipulator to use them either as ter- minals, intermediate, or translation instruments. During the period of the guarantee, when our assistants were at the stations, the messages were always sent by trans- lation or transmission. Through the Kurrachee-Muscat, the Muscat-Helania, and the Helania-Maculla section (that is before the last was joined on to the Aden-Maculla piece) an average speed of ten words per minute was attained. | Through the entire length from Aden to Helania six words per minute were sent without difficulty. (Signed) SIEMENS, HALsKE, & Co. London, Nov. 15. 1860. TABLE I—Recorp of Tests of the ADEN-KURRACHEE CABLE shortly before, immediately after its Submersion, and at the Termination of the Period of Guarantee. Resistance of the Copper Wirc. | Resistance of the Gutta-percha. Name of Ship Length g or Date. No. of Cable. in Measured from the Section of the Linc. Knots. EastEnd MEM Atan | Per East End а Atan | per Knot Top End. Average.| Knot. { Top End. Average. * Eud. End. 1 2 3 | 4 5 | 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 A. BEFORE LAYING. 1 | Imperador - 7th Jan. I. 443 3695 3693°5 | 3694'2 | 8°34 § 106,675 | 106,500 | 196,587 47,218,000 2 LT - иһ, II. 457 3781 3304 79205 | 83 88,800 88,500 88,650 40,513,000 3 | Imperatrix e + 20th „ I. 491 | 4045 4011 MES 8235 72,000 72,406 72,533 35,610.00 4 » - |i.» وو‎ II. 443 | 3084 3633 3683'5 | 8°314 | 69,023 69,033 ,633 30,840, 000 B. AFTER LAYING. 5 | Kurrachee—Muscat ‘19th „ | Imperador (T. & IT.) 515 | 4056 4054°25 4055 17'878 | 272,843 236,000 | 254,421 131,026,800a 6 Muscat—Helania - | 4th Feb. | Imperatriz (I. X 1.) | 496°6 3978 3958˙O0 | 3968 7°987 162,700 150,000 „350 77, 660, 0005 7 | Ship-Helania- „ПП „ рш. ш o | 732 5725 5320 55225 | 7544 | 91,100 85,000 88,500 64,770,000 | mperatriz (LO 8 | Maculla—Helania „| Sth „ pun n" nt 5045 — 5955 3955 7:839 159, 500 159,500 159, 250 80,320,000 mperatriz í 9 ' Maculla—Aden » |?th „ — ; 232.5 — — — — $153,500 159,500 156,500 36,470,000 10 Helania—Aden — -|lóth „ | Imperatriz (II.) and! 737 | 5947 5610 5778'5 | 7°835 | 85,000 80,500 82,750 61,030, 000 | cable laid (1859). | C. AFTER THE PERIOD ОР THE GUARANTEE. 11: Kurrachee— Muscat th „„ Imperador (I. & II.) | 515 | 397178 ; 42235 | 409765 7:956 [207,150 207,750 07,450 106,830,0008 12 Muscat—Helania - 29th i: Imperatrix (I. & II.) 4966 395566 3018°66 | 3937710 i 77928 f 137,517 131,333:3| 134,575*15| 66, 848. 0000 18 Helania—Aden e jllth Mar. ыа i094 737 | 625478 5940°66 | 6112°5 | 8°29 73,417°66| 76,720 75,218°33| 55, 178.5000 cable laid 1859. | 3 N App. No. 13, Electrical condition of the Red Sea telegraph. Section from Suakin to Aden. Electrical conditions of the Aden and 469. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF. THE Arr. No. 13. APPENDIX No. l3— continued. Red Sea tele- AME dissi TABLE No. 2.—ReEcorp of Tests during Submersion of the ADEN-KURRACHEE CABLE. Адеп. Kur- rachee sec- M | А | | tion. Date, 1860. Length. Copper Resistance. Gutta-percha Resistance. No. Sec- „ of Remarks. tion. i ' | Day. Hour. | i 2 Paid out. East End. West End. East End. | West End. [WE | a | | 1.| 2 3 4 5 „ > 4 8 | 9 | 10 11 I. | Jan. KunRACHEE-Mvscar. 13 12 443 0 3,6384 3,638 109,275 106,800 Ship starts at 2h. 5m. 6 18:3 3,635:5 3,635 107,210 105,000 | pm. 14 |12 night 53:2 3,6346 3,641 113,710 105,900 6 88:4 3,827°6 3,721 115,700 | 108,375 - 12 131 3,894 3,825 123,825 118,700 " 144-5 3,991 3,825 130,000 125,630 Fault |. The irregu- 2. 40 14,000 . 5,000 140,000 122,000 1 larities of these test 6 170 3,578 3,624 146,925 130,000 were owing to a 15 12 night 209 3,593 3,602 162,430 152,203 destruction of the 6 246 3,603:5 3,574 168,930 155,900 ier тача -— 19 2905 | 3,5695 3,588:5 181,250 174,490 accidentally had i 3046 | 3,0073 | 3,574 195,000 182,250 taken place. | 60:5 | 3048 | 6.092 6,008 74,700 70,000 Ship stops. 16 9 309 ·5 6,022 6,030 73,240 65,550 12 329 6,005:5 5,998 72,596 68,365 6 3747 6,077:4 6,026:5 72,030 71,180 17 | 12 night 418 5,971 5,986 80,470 76,760 6 461-4 6,046 5,9465 86,623 83,720 1 518'4 6,053 5,863 94,680 90,210 Ship stops, and cable 3 515 515 4,019 4,065 224,500 229,500 cut. 19 515 4,056 4,054:25 | 272,843 236,000 - п. MvuscaAT-HELANIA. 94 7 694˙5 15 4,003 | 79,500 65,000 Ship starts at 6h. 20m. 15. 17 4,040 4,045 81,500 76,700 am. 10. 15 694˙5 174 400 4,007 c. 1,400 c. 4,221 9 Fault 2. 1 17-9 17:2 144 124:5 | c. 805 850—1,000 11 night 493 17°2 4,030 4,020 80,000 73,500 Ship starts again. 25 " 22-9 4,036 4,025 80,700 78,000 & oor | -403 25 3,500 4,015 c. 14,950 c. 16,900 3 | Fault 3. z 25 205:5 198:9 Ss des 26 4 484:5 15 3,935 3,945 81,000 80,000 6 22:8 3,943 3,940 82,000 81,000 27 |12 night 63 3,940 3,930 84,500 86,500 "d 104:4 | 3,938 3,913 95,000 94,900 12 144 3,939 3,904 99,850 100,000 б 181:6 3,940 3,889 111,100 109,000 ү 220 3,927 3,886 117,000 114,000 28 |12 night , , , É ei 261°7 | 3,945 3,857 121,000 122,400 ié 305-9 3,940 3,870 139,500 139,000 à 347 3,950 3,840 162,500 147,000 390°7 3,910 3,860 161,000 160,000 29 |12n ht , , , ^ 4341 | 3,932 3,834 172,000 170,000 үз 477˙5 3,953 3,845 176,400 175,000 8 500% — 4,000 4,060 164,700 156,000 484-7 4,078 3,900 95,000 30 | 8.42 | 484-5 175/,000 - | ры x e > s 7 9 1 5,000 12 night 5095 | 4845 | 4,81 4,056 154,000 154,000 Ship starts again. 3 484°7 4,077 4,057 162,000 160,000 Ship starts and cable Feb. is cut. 4 1 49675 496:6 3,978 3,958 162,700 150,000 Tests taken at the station. III. HELANIA-MACULLA. ` 4 1 485 ب‎ ай 69,000 68,000 9 3,992 3,995 62,800 62,000 5 |12 night 3,992 3,994 62,700 62,000 6 3,993 3,995 62,770 62,000 12 314 3,977 3,992 64,000 62,000 | 6 70:4 3,985 3,975 67,470 66,500 6 |12 night 112˙5 3,964 3,960 72,200 71,500 А 6 150: 3,972 3,940 75,750 74,500 12 195:7 3,917 3,937 83,970 84,950 6 235˙7 3,924 3,917 96,500 97,000 ᷑ 7 |12 night 2767 3,930 3,895 109,200 113,000 6 316:4 3,944 3,865 121,000 120,000 e 2 m Tm ч 3,928 3,860 125,300 123,000 | | . 54 =. 3,853 63,800 23/. 000 j 1'4 362 362 3,839 2,782 с. 4,540 с 185 B . , 70 at tbe same time 4'45 | 361:25 | 361:25 = — — 218,000 i 9 | 48425 | 361-23 908 MEE CNN АР i | 3, 3,882 125,000 125,000 _kins’ boat is cap- 4 8 |12 night 384˙5 3,893 3,885 133,100 132,500 sized. 6 4241 3,927 3,849 143,700 144,500 12 — 460'4 [ 3,933 3,829 161,500 157,000 m Еу - d NC curan dejes em di m t › , "E . toe " + Н ©: $999 * ` ` * * ` * às , „ „ į > ur 1 — —— ——ä——kd.— — ——ſ—ñũ * жоо re * * poe m -— | woe ср eese BBA J, % - 1570097007] jf a Ty | TT r |2 Ty РЫ дай \ T d HIT i -— gs itii Ем geb tla in ү? i 112 tkf Ts ЖС Pa | A . | | [ t4 PIU ee ES ШЧ SEE È 1 t + + - М А i ] : 4411 $ |) + | i * — e —„——— ре — n | 4 "TE ر‎ — — 1 i p | | < + | + + 4 а o4 tt + 1 ! 4—— ‘ ! + i a +4 —— di | 14 Digitized by Google K I Li f ^ Г - * - — 5 44 * ج سیر‎ * | f | . - бү — _{+- 7 — + — А — — 4 —— ! 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Table No. 2.—Record of Tests during Submersion of the Aden-Kurrachee Cable—continued. Aden-Kur- С и M d | un tion. i Date, 1860. Length. Copper Resistance. Gutta-percha Resistance. | No. Sec- — — — == of Remarks. be Gay , | aoe ылы Ми End. | East End. | West End. Ta “1 | 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T Il. | Fb HELANIA-MACULLA— continued. ‚в | 0 4840 8,801 3,932 170,100 165,200 Ship stops. The posi- xe ү i ' Чоп of the fault | towards Aden is 11 6 732 484 5,825 5,555 . 78,300 76,800 ascertained by tests 12 |12 night 5,402 5,480 80,400 80,000 Ship e рет Д 6 | 732 484 M 5,468 = 82,000 ЕА Я distance of 232° 5 10 5,725 5,320 91,400 85,600 knots from Aden, 12 5045 504:5 — 3,955 159,500 159,000 and the splice is | Determination of situation of fault in line already laid made there. IV. MACULLA- ADEN. | 9 253 253 2,0955 1,7258 — — 6 | Fault 6. 20 knots con- 20:5 20-5 168-1 168-3 == ex taining the fault are cut out and replaced 10 | 4:14 n. 282°5 232°5 — — 153,600 15°/,000 by new bk V. à ADEN-HELANIA. — 504:5 knots new cable + 232°5 knots old cable. 16 737 737 5, 947 | 5,610 | 85,000 | 80,500 SIEMENS, HALSKE, and Co.'s METHODS of determining the Distances of FAULTS. Methods of I. When both Ends of the Cable are connected with the III. a = insulation, and | from the same end, the distance Testing Board. a = continuity and of faults The ends of the cable are to be connected to the galva- nometer angles of Wheatstone's parallelogram, in order to form two sides of it, and the battery put in circuit, using the faulty place as earth plate. | R. Ley represent the resistance of the length of the з. y. The respective resistances of the shorter and longer parts, from the ends to the leakage, and w. 101. that of the two other sides of the parallelogram. Then, in order to prevent any of the current passing through the galvanometer, it is necessary to add resistance — r to that of the smaller part — 7 of the faulty cable. By knowing the resistance of the entire cable (= R), and observing the resistance (= r) necessary to be ndded, we obtain— t= wR—w)r оу _ WR + юг y= w + wil and by dividing = + y by the resisiance of the cable per knot (= ¢), we arrive at the distance of the fault from the end of the cable— 2 and X ф $ Messrs. Siemens, Halske, and Co. prefer this method, when practicable, as it is inde P wi of polarization. It .. manifol е *. Р 1 is particularly useful сао 3 cables, so long as one wire remains well insulated. II. With a Single Line submerged. The tests of continuity and insulation from both ends, together with the known resistance of the cable per knot, supply materials for calculating the place of the fault in four different ways. Each may, therefore, be used as в check on the others. The data thus afforded may be in- creased, if desired, by interposing between the ca le and battery various known resistances. Messrs. S., H., & Co. ordinarily avail themselves of the following three sets of tests :— I. Where a; = insulation from one end, bi = do. from the opposite end, and c = known resistance of the cable when sound. II. a = continuity from one end, | do. from the opposite end, and c = ut supra; or | 3o 3 vam P „4 — — and cs, viz. :— - relatively to the sets of tests given above. c = ut supre. From these are derived the resistances æ and y from the ends Aand B, as follows :— " 4. — 1 c From I. ie T bi— ai € 6 05 From П. = l+ Nu EE: y 1+ / «u E b c—a If the line were not in а ect state before the fault appeared, c, in this equation, should be replaced by c! аё кс, сә represent the values of а and b before. the u=% b where ci and questionable fault appeared. Form III. is obtaned— ß. | 2—a— Vai —a) (e- a) These formulæ are based on the supposition that-— Ist. The line contains only one fault. 2nd. The eartb contact is the same in both tests, and is not polarized, otherwise, in no case, will these con- ditions be realized. The tests compared i Moore combined and corrected according to circumstances. 8 With regard to battery power, Mesars. S., H.. & Co. — only differing in its amount at each end, according to the distance of the fault, in order to obtain a more equal degree of polarization in both tests EM | each ' ‚ After having roughly ascertained z, y, and z the re- sistance of the leakage), the relative numbers of cells n and n1 to be taken for the final tests, are— advise the employment of I. — +2 m T2 II. , or м y III. L mi 2 (J +z) 3 N 2 464 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP. No. 14. APPENDIX No. 14. On the INSULATING Properties of GuTTA-PERCHA.—By FLEEMING JENKIN. Insulating The experiments described in this paper were undertaken The length of wire in each coil was 2,028 yards or one Properties of with the view of determining the resistance opposed by the knot; the copper conductor in each weighed 73 Ibs. lt by F leeming gutta-percha coating of submarine cables, at various tempe- consisted of a single wire of about 0°06 in. in diameter, the reunite ratures, to the passage of an electric current, gutta-percha measurement being made by Cocker’s patent wire gauge. being considered as a conductor offering a resistance to the No. ] was covered according to Chatterton’s patent; the electric fluid similar to that offered by any so-called good wire first received a coating of Chatterton’s compound; a conductor, such as copper or iron. coating of gutta-percha was then applied; this was covered The first measurement given of the resistance of a sub- Бу a layer of compound, followed by another coating of stance usually called a non-conductor, which the author can gutta-percha. The gutta-percha and compound weighed find, is that given by Professor Thomson, of gutta-percha, 160 lbs., and the total diameter of the covered wire was in a lecture before the British Association at Dublin in pretty accurately 0'3 in. 1857. Professor Thomson’s results will be further alluded The wire in No. 2 was covered with two coats of pure to in the course of the present paper. gutta-percha to the diameter of 0°3 in.; the total weight of The present experiments were made on various specimens gutta-percha was 152 lbs. of submarine cable at the works of Messrs. R. S. Newall The diameter of the gutta-percha is a somewhat rongh and Co., at Birkenhead. They for the most part consist dimension, as the gutta-percha is not put on with such in measurements of the current which passed between the regularity as to ensure a perfectly uniform diameter, or even interior and the exterior of a gutta-percha covering when а truly cylindrical section. these two surfaces were placed, by means of conduetors of The experiments to be first described were made simul- small resistance, in connexion with the opposite poles of a taneously on these two coils, and at a subsequent pened powerful battery. tests were made on another coil, which will be called No. 3. When the outer surface of the gutta-percha is in con- This coil formed part of the core of the Red Sea cable, and nexion with the earth and one pole of a battery (Fig. 1), was prepared under Chatterton's patent. Like No. I, it whilst the metallic core is in connexion with the other pole consisted of two coatings of gutta-percha and two layers of of the battery, the current passing through the cylindrical varnish or compound, in the order above described. Coil coating is commonly called the loss or escape of electricity, No. 3 was, like 1 and 2, 2,028 yards, or one knot in length. and for the sake of brevity this term will be occasionally The metal conductor was a strand of seven copper wires, used with the above meaning—the insulated conductor each about 0:038 in. in diameter, and weighing altogether being looked upon as a sort of reservoir, in which electricity 180 lbs. The diameter of the circle circumscribing the supplied by one pole of the battery is confined by the gutta- strand was 0:105 in. The total diameter of the gutta- percha coating. percha was 0:34 in., and the weight 212 Ibs. The loss from & submarine cable or wire coated with A section of the covered wire forming each of these three gutta-percha increases in proportion to the length of the coils is given in Fig. 2. wire, inasmuch as the area of the gutta-percha, which here These coils were tested under pressure and vacuum in the ЁТ” acts as a conductor, increases, and thus, by choosing for the following manner: — In order to obviate as much as possible ev experiment a sufficient length of cable, the area of the gutta- the danger of any flaw in the covering, such as might arise 77. percha conductor becomes so large that the current passing from a concealed air bubble or small puncture, the coils оте through it may be easily compared with that coming from were placed in a strong cast-iron tank nearly full of water, £7 the same battery, which passes along a resistance coil of and the ends of the insulated wires brought outside the usa moderate dimensions, or even {очур the copper core of tank through small stuffing-boxes provided for this purpose. the cable itself. The ratio of the resistance of the two cur- The lid of the tank having been replaced, water was pumped rents may be determined by measurements on a galvano- out of the tank until a vacuum of about 15 in. of mercury meter, or on two galvanometers, the proportion between was produced. Water was then pumped into the tank by which is known, or by the arrangement known as Wheat- an hydraulic ram until a pressure of 600 lbs. per square stone’s parailelogram, or differential arrangement. The inch was reached. At this pressure one pole of a battery second of these two methods was preferred in the present was connected with one end of the coil to be tested, the experiments, for reasons which willappear as the experi- other end of the coil being kept free or insulated, whilst the ments are described in detail. second pole of the battery was put in communication with The resistance of the cylindrical coating relatively to the earth. A galvanometer of great delicacy, which will be copper conductor or resistance coil being known, the resist- presently described, was introduced in the circuit between ance of a cubic foot of gutta-percha can be deduced by the battery and the coil, so that any current passing from means of a formula due to Professor Thomson. The details the inner to the outer surface of the tulle edis either by and results of this calculation applied to tests on long sub- a flaw ог by reason of the conducting power of that sub- marine cables, and the particulars of those tests, are given stance, would be shown by this galvanometer. in the second part of this paper. A sketch of the connexion described is shown in Fig. l. There is, however, great difficulty in ascertaining the A similar arrangement is frequently spoken of in the course exact temperature of a considerable length of cable, and still of the experiments, and will be called the connexion for the greater difficulty in varying the temperature at will. Whilst, ordinary insulation test. | therefore, the absolute resistance of gutta-percha has been The indications of the galvanometer were in each case calculated from the loss on long submarine cables, the satisfactory, the deflection not being greater than that relative resistance of the gutta-percha at various tempera- expected from daily experience of similar coils. tures has been determined by means of the loss on shorter After being removed from the pressure tank, the coils ор апа continued immersion in water. 3 ft. diameter, and 3 ft. Gin. deep. This tub was carefully ese experiments are described in the first part of this felted and provided with a lid, also covered with felt; the aper. By these no absolute measurement of the resistance bottom of the tub alone was not felted. The place on which is given, but numbers are obtained proportional to the loss the tub stood was kept moist by a slight leakage from the as above defined, and therefore inversely proportional to the tub, which was thus put in good connexion with the earth. resistance of gutta-percha at the several temperatures. Coil No. 1 rested on the bottom of the tub, and coil These numbers are tabulated and thrown into curves, which No. 2 rested on coil No. 1. Water was poured into the | show graphically the change in the insulating properties of tub until the surface of the water was several inches above i the material. the highest portion of this coil. By the word coil a sort of By the experiments and calculations given in the second loose hank is meant, formed by winding the gutta-percha part of the paper, the absolute resistance of the material loosely on a centre, which is removed as soon as the coil or | was obtained for some few temperatures. The resistance at hank is complete. Three or four light gutta-percha thongs other temperatures results directly from the tables or curves prevent the hank from falling into confusion, and facilitate given in Part I. its removal at wil. The connexions for the ordinary | insulation test were then made, as shown in Fig. 3, and P I the first careful experiment made on the 31st of August. Apr A battery of 72 pairs of plates arranged on Daniell’s EXPERIMENTS on the INSULATION of SHoRT LENGTHS . system was employed. The copper and zinc plates both of GUTTA-PERCHA covered WIRE, at various tempera- measured 43 in. x 33 in., but these plates were only partly tures. covered by the solutions. The plates were separated by Two coils of wire, which will in the course of this paper be flat porous diaphragm 4 in. thick, which unfortunately called No. 1 and No. 2, were obtained from the Gutta- offered considerable resistance to the passage of the electric percha Works, Wharf Road, London. | current. The porous diaphragms were secured by an | | lengths, which were capable of being heated or cooled b No. ] and 2 were placed in a large wooden tub of about ' g y $ g | 1 — uc * SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. insulating mastic to the sides and bottom of a glass trough, divided transversely by webs, which, with the porous diaphragms, made compartments which held the two fluids and plates. This arrangement of battery is shown in Fig. 4, and is patented by Mr. Reid of London. Gutta-percha covered wires were brought from the poles of this battery to the two terminals 6 and d, of a circular commutator A (Fig. 3), made by Messrs. Siemens and Halske, the details of which are shown in Fig. 5; one of the two remaining terminals a of the commutator was con- nected with earth by means of a copper plate E, buried in moist earth, and the other c was connected to one terminal e, of a small brass junction piece F, drawn half-size in Fig. 6, the two halves of which are screwed on to a circle of vulcanite, and are each provided with two terminals. When the conical brass plug P is in the hole i, a current can pass directly with very small resistance from e to f; when the plug P is withdrawn, the current is obliged to traverse the wire connecting handy, and consequently the galvanometer G. When the resistance of the wires joining C F is consider- able, as must always bethe case where delicate galvanometers are employed, no sensible portion of the current passes through the galvanometer when the plug P is in its place. A piece of gutta-percha covered wire attached to the fourth terminal f of the circular junction piece F could be connected at will by means of an ordinary binding screw B, with one end, n, o, p, or q, of either coil in the tub; the binding screw was insulated by being allowed to hang free in the air; the batteries, galvanometers, junction pieces, and connecting wires were all carefully insulated by means of gutta-percha or vulcanite. The sine galvanometer employed (Plate I.) was made by Messrs. Siemens and Halske of Berlin. In this instrument an astatic couple of magnets, made with extreme care, are suspended by means of a single fibre of unspun silk, a, 5, six inches and seven-eighths long, from a brass fork b, fixed accurately over the centre of a divided circle c, which rests on a wooden frame d d, containing the coil. The brass fork is carried by a cross bar resting on the two standards I and H, and can without being turned round be lowered or raised by means of a nut at A, and a concealed screw. The length of each needle is 15s in., the weight of the astatic couple including the brass connexion is 4 grains, the internal diameter of the divided circle is 147; in. The coil consists of 20,188 turns of copper wire of gauge, and is composed of two equal and similar parts, the four ends of which are brought to the insulated terminals j, k, J, m. By means of these the coil can be used as one continuous wire, or as two similar wires connected, so that each shall convey half the current in the same direction, or thirdly, as two similar wires, each conveying half the current in an opposite direction. When the first connexion was used, the coil will be described as connected 1n series ; when the second connexion was used, as in double arc. The third connexion forms a differential arrangement. The coils, needles, thread and standards are protected b a cylindrical glass case fastened to a brass disc, on whic the frame containing the coils and the standards I and H are secured. The rim B of this disc projects beyond the framing which receives the glass case, and is divided into 360 parts ; the external diameter of this divided circle is 84 in. An upright standard L, K, is screwed to the bottom of the disc, and supports a small prismatic lunette M, which is fixed in the plane determined ру the line of the suspending fibre апа the zero of the divided circle; by means of this lunette the slightest angular deviation of the needle from the zero point can be observed, the position of the needle at other points of th e circle near the zero point can be observed with a very small parallax through the lunette by turning this latter on its axis in the clip Q, and elevating or depressing one end by means of the joint L. A pin and socket in the centre of the tripod R, R sup- port the divided dise, which can thus be made to rotate at will, together with the coil, lunette, &c., on an axis coincident with the line of the suspending thread. A small catch, not shown in the plate, throws the pin into gear with a tangent screw, of which the milled head appears at T. This screw permits a very delicate angular adjustment to be made, and prevents any accidental disturbance of the disc. A vernier V fixed to the tripod allows the measurement of the angular motion of the disc to be made to the tenth of a degree. Finally, the whole instrument can be levelled by means of the screws 8, S. The resistance of the coils connected in series is equal to 1889 x 102 Thomson’s absolute British units. The resis- tance was measured by Professor Wheatstone’s differential arrangement. If the connexions shewn in Fig. 3 are now examined, it will appear that one pole of the battery will always remain connected with the earth, whilst the other 465 pole will be in connexion with the junction piece F, and with the coil to be tested, whenever the connexion at n, o, p, or q, is completed by means of the binding screw B. By the handle K of the commutator A, the poles of the battery 80 connected can be reversed at will. So long as the plug P connects the two halves of the junction piece, the galvanometer will not be affected, but so soon as the plug P is withdrawn, this instrument will indicate the passage of any current which may exist, in consequence of any connexion between the earth and the terminal m. It is evident that any such connexion would complete the electrical circuit between the two poles of the battery; for instance, should the further end or any portion of the coil be connected on purpose or by accident with the ground, a powerful current almost undiminished by resis- tance would pass through the galvanometer. The same may be said were the terminals f, g, or the binding screw B, in connexion with earth. When care is taken to insulate properly all these parts, any current observed can only be due to & connexion between the wire of the coil and the water in the tub, through or by means of the gutta-percha covering. ‘The intensity of this current can be measured by means of the sine galvanometer, the sines of the deflec- tions under various circumstances being inversely propor- tional to the resistances of the circuits so long as the battery power remains constant. It was not, however, found possible in practice to insulate the various connexions so perfectly that no current. should appear, even when the coil in the tub was entirely discon- nected. The evaporation from the surface of the various exposed bright brass surfaces, and the slight film of hygro- metric moisture covering the same parts, invariably formed a connexion of greater or less resistance between the terminal m and the earth. In calculating the resistance of the gutta- percha from the observed deflections a correction is thus rendered necessary, and for this purpose the loss due to connexions, as it may be termed, was carefully ascertained at the beginning and end of every experiment. Moreover, although much care was taken to ensure the constancy of the batteries, their electro-motive force and re- sistance underwent considerable change from changes of temperature and other causes. A second correction to meet this variation is therefore necessary before observations made on different days or at different times can be com- ared. d The batteries employed at various times were compared in the following manner :—A circuit (Fig. 7) was arranged, including a tangent galvanometer, a set of resistance coils, and the battery ; two or more deflections were taken with various resistances added by means of the coils—then let T = tangent of angle of deflection when a resistance R is added to the circuit, and t, the tangent of the angle of deflection when a resistance r is added to the circuit; let the resistance of the remaining portion of the circuit, i. e., of the battery galvanometer and connecting wires, be called 2 ; then T:t—z-Fr:z-4 R, and ieee B n T TR when r = 0, then 2 = f= the resistance of the entire circuit in the two cases is ¢ + Rand x + r respectively. Now the electro-motive force of the battery where the re- sistance is constant is proportional to the tangent of the deflection, and where the deflection 1s constant this force is proportional to the resistance. The electro-motive force can therefore be measured or represented by the product of the resistance into the tangent of the deflection—the unity of measurement being in such case the battery which, with & circuit the resistance of which is unity, would produce a deflection of 45? on the galvanometer employed. This method of comparing the electro-motive force of batteries leaves little to be desired when the observations are made with care and always on the same instrument ; the measurements can be reduced into any generally re- ceived unit by the use of a simple co-efficient. | The electro-motive force of any battery with which a certain deflection was obtained being once known, the deflection which would have resulted from any other electro-motive force is given by a simple proportion. Thus if with an E M F, = 90,a deflection of 5 degrees is obtained on a sine galvanometer, then with an EM F = 100, we should have observed a deflection z, which may be found by 100 the equation віп. 2 = sin. 5 9% The deflections obtained were in this manner reduced to those which would have resulted from a constant battery. It was observed in the ordinary insulation test that the deflection rapidly decreased for some minutes after the first application of the battery, but that the original de- 3N 3 APP. No. 14. Insulating properties of gutta percha, by Fieeming Jenkin. Experiments on the insu- lation of short lengths of gutta-percha covered wire at various tempera- tures. APP. No. 14. Insulating properties of gutta percha, by Fleeming Jenkin. Experiments on the insu- lation of short lengths of gutta-percha covered wire at various tempera- tures. 466 flection was again obtained by reversing the poles of the battery in connexion with the earth and the cable. The rapid and gradual decrease of deflection was always ob- served, although care was taken to prevent, by means of the plug P, the first rush of the current into the cable from passing through the galvanometer. No test of insu- lation is complete unless the time is recorded which elupses between the first connexion of the cable with the battery and the observation. ‘The state of the cable previous to the admission of the current should also be noted, namely, whether the wire had been previously charged with cither the opposite cr the same electricity, and if so for how long. In consequence of this observation the author resolved to note the deflection at fixed periods of time after the first connexion had been made between the cable and the battery. | | The experiments were conducted in the following man- ner :— The connexions being arranged as in Fig. 3, the coil to be tested was not at first connected to the binding screw B; this screw was left free or insulated, the plug P being in the junction piece F. The number was observed opposite which the vernier V of the sine galvanometer stood when the needle was exactly opposite zero point of the inner divided circle; this number will be found noted as the zero point in the left hand upper corner of Tables I. to XIX., which contain the results of the observations. This number varied slightly from duy to day, principally, the author believes, owing to the effect of the atmosphere on the torsion of the suspending thread, as great care was taken to remove every other disturbing force. After the ` zero point had been observed, the plug P was withdrawn from the junction piece, a slight deflection ensued, due to the loss from the connexions as before described, by means of the tangent screw ; the divided disc, with coils, &c., was moved until the zero of the inner divided circle again exactly coincided with the point of the needle, and the number opposite the vernier was again observed. This number appears near the foot of thc tables, and is called zine or copper to connexion at beginning of experiment, according as the zinc or copper pole of the battery was at the time directly connected with the galvanometer through the commutator. As soon as this deflection had been observed, the plug P was replaced, the ends of the connecting wires at i and m reversed in those terminals; the commutator handle was also reversed and the plug P then withdrawn. The opposite pole of the battery was thus connected with the galvanometer, but the deflection of the needle was still to the same side as in the previous experiment. This deflection was again taken by means of the vernier, and appears next the previous number near the bottom of the second column. The plug P was again replaced, and the coil to be tested connected with the binding screw B; the ends of the con- necting wires were again reversed in the terminals j and m. At a given instant observed by the seconds hand of a watch, the commutator handle was reversed, and the plug P immediately afterwards withdrawn. The needle was now much more forcibly deflected; the divided disc and coils were, as before, moved round until the zero of the inner circle coincided with the point of the suspended needle. ‘The deflection of the needle, however, was by no means permanent, but, after the first oscillations due to momen- tum had ceased, decreased rapidly. In order, therefore, to keep the needle point and the zero on the card opposite one another, it was necessary continually, by means of the tangent screws, to follow the needle with the coiis. The deflections were read by observing the numbers opposite the vernier after ceras of one minute, two, three, four, and five minutes from the time of first reversing the current and withdrawing the plug P. On the conclusion of this set of experiments, the plug P was replaced, the commutator handle reversed, and similar observations made with the opposite current. The numbers observed will be found in the second column of the tables, and are called deflection after first minute, after second minute, &c., with zinc or copper to coil, as the case may have been. [n these observations the author was aided by Mr. William Picken, who also rendered valuable assistance throughout the whole course of experiments. The battery was then connected with resistance coils and a large tangent galvanometer, as shown in Fig. 7, and two deflections were taken, which are entered iu the tables, and called S.C. + 30 and S. C. + 59:15, and occasionally S.C. + 82:27, S.C. being used as an abbreviation тог the resistance of the short circuit, which term must be under- stood to include the galvanometer, batteries, and connecting wires. 30, 59:15, or 88°27 were the number of units respectively added to S.C. when the several corresponding deflections . were taken. These units were those of the only resist- -APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE ance coils at my disposal, and were each equal to about 18,568 x 10*, Thomson's British units. The temperature of the water in the tub was taken at the beginning and end of each set of experiments, and will be found at the upper right hand corner of the tables. This temperature remained very constant during each experi- ment, owing to the careful felting of the tub. The tempera- ture ог the water was raised by the addition of warm water, or cooled by the addition of cold water, or, when necessary, of ice. Twelve or fourteen hours usually elapsed between the addition of such a fresh body of water or ice and the beginning of the experiments. In no case was this interval less than seven hours. By this means time was allowed for the gutta-percha to assume the same temperature as that of the surrounding water. It was, however, found difficult to keep the water in the tub at a uniform temperature throughout, the water at the bottom being invariably cooler than that at the top of the tub. Several experiments were rendered useless, owing to this fact not having been at first observed. Care was sub- sequently taken occasionally to stir the water, and to note the temperature both at the top and the bottom of the tub, when any marked difference was observed. Still the author believes that the observations of the temperature form the least satisfactory portion of the experiments. He thinks, however, that the curves resulting from the mass of experi- ments correct in a great measure the errors due to this Source. The first eleven tables give the results of eleven sets of observations on coils Nos. 1 and 2. The first and second columns have already been explained ; the third column contains the difference between the num- ber noted as zero and the numbers recorded in the second column. The third column, therefore, records the actual deflections of the needle in degrees and decimals. The fourth column contains these B in degrees and minutes. The fifth column contains the sines of these angles. The sixth column contains the sines of the angles corrected for the loss due to connexions, and is obtained by subtracting the mean of the sines of the angles of deflection due to the loss on connexions with zinc to connexions from the sines in the sixth column opposite zinc to coil, and the mean of the sines due to loss on connexions with copper to connexions, from the sines in the sixth column opposite copper to coil. At the foot of the table on the right-hand side are the calculated resistances of S.C. and the electro-motive force of the battery, as before defined. The numbers in the seventh column are obtained by multiplying the numbers in the sixth by 100, and dividing by the electro-motive force. This seventh column contains, therefore, the sines of the angles which would have been observed had there been no loss on the connexions, and had the battery power been constantly 100. "l'hese numbers are inversely proportional to the resistance of the circuit in each case, and since the resistance of the gutta-percha was in all cases extremely great compared with that of the rest of the circuit, these numbers may be taken as inversely proportional in each case to the resistance of the gutta-percha coating. The several columns in the tables are given for the pur- pose of showing in each case the nature and extent of the corrections applied. Tables 12 to 18 give the results of experiments made subsequently in the same manner on coil No. 3. The curves resulting from the experiments on these three coils are shown in Plates II., III., IV., V., and VI. The ordinates at the various temperatures correspond to the numbers in the seventh columns of the tables. On examination of Fig. 1, Plate II., it will be seen that for coil No. 1, with a negative current, or zinc to coil be- tween the limits of 50? and 80? Fahrenheit, two straight and parallel lines very nearly include between them the en- tire series of crosses which show the height of the ordinate, representing the loss at the various temperatures. Between these limits, therefore, we see that the decrease of resistance is sensibly constant for equal increments of temperature, and that the increasc of resistance due to continued electri- fication is also nearly constant at all temperatures between 50° and 80°. At 60° the resistance from this cause increases about 2U per cent. in five minutes. On ex vvining the relative position of the crosses in each group, it will be seen that the increase of resistance due to each minute cannot be very accurutely determined from the experiments, but this increase obviously diminishes during each successive minute. On examination of Plates II., III., IV., V., and VL, it would appear that this increase of re- sistance during any minute is, in most cases, about one-half the increase during the preceding minute. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. It was not possible very accurately to observe the ncvdle during the rapid diminution of deflection which occurred in the first minute after connexion with the battery ; in many cases the resistance seemed of an unsteady nature, causing short jerks of the needle, and this effect sometimes continued even unns the third, fourth, and fifth minute. The author is uncertain how much of this unsteadiness is due to the varying resistance of the gutta-percha, and how much to momentary inconstancy of the battery. It is certain that this appearance is much increased when the batteries em- Bored eh been long in use, or are from any cause in bad order. Returning to the consideration of coil 1, Plate I., we observe that jn Fig. 2, which represents the variation of resistance with a positive current or copper to coil, two straight parallel lines, similar to those of Fig. 1, bound the roups of crosses between the temperatures of 50° and 60°. These lines are, however, nearer the base than in Fig. I, showing that the coating offers a greater resistance in this than in the previous case; the amount of the increase of resistance due to the continued connexion with the batte seems unchanged by a change in the pole connected wit the wire. Above the temperature of 63° great irregularities may be observed in the position of the crosses, the resist- ance of the gutta-percha 5 rise and fall in a very uncertain manner. No attempt has been made to include these observations in a curve. Possibly these irregularities may be due to defective observations, but the author would observe that, to remove the irregularities, it would be neces- sary to reject at least three of the groups, or, in other words, to assume that 15 observations were incorrect, whereas not onc observation has been rejected in order to reduce irregularities in the appearance of any of the other curves. Moreover, the irregularity was so marked even during the observation, that every effort was made in each case to discover any possible cause of error. All the observations shown in Plates II., III. and IV., were made with the same connexions and at the same dates. ‘lhe author, therefore, cannot attach less value to one series than to another; and he is of opinion that a very marked irregularity exists in the resistance opposed by the coating of No. 1 coil to the passage of a current when the interior of the coating was positively electrified. ‘The presence of two different materials, the resinous compound and the pure gutta-percha, may account for this peculiarity. The difference in the resistance of the coating when the copper was positively or negatively electrified, may be caused by the contact between the resinous compound and the copper; no such difference having been remarked when the gutta-percha was in contact with the ppn: On comparing the observations on coil 1 with those on coil 2, consisting of pure gutta-percha, as shown in Plates III. and IV., we at once perceive that the curves in these Plates present an entirely different character from the lines in Plate IT. In Plates III. and IV. the curves bounding the groups of observations approach nearer to the base line at low temperatures, and recede much further from that base line at high temperatures than the lines in Plate I. The incre- ment of resistance is no longer constant for equal increments of temperatures, but is much greater at the high than at the low temperatures. The increase of resistance due to continued connexion with the battery is less in coil 2 than in coil 1, and increases slightly at the higher temperatures. This increase is not affected by a change in the pole of the battery ; the identity of the curves in Plates Il. and III. between the temperatures of 50? and 75? is remarkable. The author believes it has been a generally received opinion that there exists a marked difference between the insulation even of a sound cable when the conducting wire is positively electrified, and the insulation of the same cable when that wire is negatively electrified. When the cable is coated with pure gutta-percha this does not seem to be the case. In such a cable, therefore, want of symmetry in the tests would indicate a fault. The curve in Plate IIJ., zinc to coil, rises somewhat higher than that in Plate IV., showing ADDE that at high temperatures the resistance is affected by a change in the sign of the current. Ihe ordinates of the curves in Plates II., III., and IV., may be directly compared, that is to say, they are in all cases directly proportional to the loss through the two coverings at the various temperatures, and since the diameter and length of the wire in the two coils were equal, these ordinates give the value of the two materials as insulating covers under the several conditions. And here a result of great practical importance appears, viz., that although the wire coated * to Chatterton's patent (No. I) is more ectly insulated at high temperatures, coil No. 2 covered with pure gutta-percha is better insu- lated at low temperatures. | 467 In the particular case before us the 1nsu.ating qualities of the two coverings are equal with zinc to coil after the first minute at about 65°, and with copper to coil after the first minute at about 637. After five minutes of continued electrification, the point of equality is about 1? lower. Wherever, therefore, the bottom of the sea 1з below 60°, & cable coated with pure gutta-percha will give decidedly better results as regards insulat' en than a cable covered with the compound. ‘There arc, however, several con- siderations to be urged in favour of the compound at all temperatures which may outweigh this defect. Among these may be named the adhesion produced between the copper and the covering, and the probability that any small aperture in the first coating of gutta-percha would be filled up in putting on the compound. It must also be borne in mind that the results obtained may possibly be due to some peculiarity in the particular coil under observation, and may not he confirmed by more extended researches. How- ever this inay be, it is very reinarkable that sosmall a quantity of varnish as is employed, should so materially irse the insulating qualities of the coating. The curves derived from coil 3 (Plates V. and VI.) appear in some respects intermediate between those derived from coils l and 2. The diminution of resistance at the higher temperatures is greater than in the former, and less than in the latter coil. ‘This was to be expected from the fact that the compound in this coil forms a still smaller proportion of the entire coating than in coil 1. The ordinates of the curves shown in Plates V. and VI., compared with those of the curves in Plates II., III., and IV., do not directly afford the relative specific resistance of the covering of No. 3 coil, since the dimensions of the gutta-percha and wire are not the same in this coil as in the others. In the second part of this paper, in treating of the absolute resistance, a com- parison will be made easy between the three curves, by the formation of tables of the specific resistance of each material at each temperature. "l'he extra resistance due to the continued electrification of the copper wire is evidently of still greater magnitude in coil No. 3 than in the other coils. Indeed. 40 per cent. of the entire resistance is, at a temperature of 70°, due to this cause. This increase is probably due to the greater body or mass of gutta-percha surrounding the wire. Comparing Plates V. and VI.. we perceive a difference between the curves given by the wire when positively and negatively electrified; and here, as in coil No. 1, the varnish, not the gutta-percha, is in contact with théelectrified wire. The author is, however, of opinion that had the observations been more numerous less difference would have appeared in the upper curve. As in coil No. 1, the curve obtained from negative internal electrification is somewhat the higher. The curves bounding the observations made five minutes after connexion with the battery are extremely similar. The extra resistance, as I have named it, increases rapidly in amount as the temperature increases, instead of remaining nearly constant, as in coils 1 and 2. The author regtets that a greater number of experiments were not made on this coil, especially between the temperatures of 70° and 60°, since the form of the curve between these points is almost conjectural. ‘The observations recorded in Tables 12, 13, and 14, at the temperatures 49°, 52°, and 53? 50", were unavoidably made in the absence of the author, and, owing to the very great losa on the connexions, the author is unable to place much confidence in the results, which, in the zinc curve, seem very anomalous. In damp weather it was impossible to prevent this loss forming a very appreciable but somewhat uncertain quan- tity; continued connexion with the battery, or, in other words, electrification, appeared to have no influence on the amount of loss. It is very remarkable that in almost every case the loss from connexions is considerably greater when the wire and instruments were connected to the negative than when they were connected to the positive pole of the battery. The insulation of the galvanometer coils from the rest of the instrument was necessarily im- perfect, and probably the chief loss arose from the moisture collected on the surface of this instrument; even when standing on gutta-percha it was necessary to use a sort of gutta-percha glove, when touching the tangent screw, to avoid error due to the escape from the surface of the body of the experimentor. : The following is a summary of the results obtained by the experiments described in this part of the paper. The relative resistances at various temperatures of three different insulating coverings have been fixed. The curves deduced from the experiments on pure gutta- percha are regular, and probably accurate: those showing the results obtained from & mixed covering are not so well defined. The general conclusions as to this covering may, however, probably be depended on. . ‘The extra resistance due to continued electrification has 3 N 4 Arr. No. 14, Insulating properties of gutta percha, by Fleeming Jenkin. Experiments on the insu- lation of short lengths of gutta-percha covered wire at various tempera- tures. APP. 'No. )4. Insulating properties of ү! ретсһа, y Fleeming Jenkin. Experimenta on the imu- lation of short 468 been fully described, as the author believes, for the first time. This phenomenon has great influence on all tests of insulation. Finally, the relative value of the extra resistance and of the total resistance for each material and at each temperature has been determined. Part II. In the first part of this paper no attempt has been made to measure the resistance of gutta-percha by a comparison with the resistance of copper or with the resistance of any known unit, nor could the experiments there described lead to any absolute measurement. Assuming that the loss would, ceteris paribus, be proportioned to the length, the insulation of various lengths of any one cable at various temperatures might indeed be compared by reference to the results and curves there described, but further experiment and mathe- matical investigation are required before we can calculate the loss which may be expected through the covering of a cable different in size and proportions from any which has formed the subject of experiment. Before we can do this it is necessary first to know the resistance opposed to the passage of a current of electricity by some definite quantity of the insulating coating, which may be taken as unity, and secondly to know the law con- necting the resistance of that unit with the resistance of the actual cylindrical covering of a cable. Professor Thomson has already supplied an equation expressing this law. Let S be the specific resistance of the material, say gutta-percha, used in covering wire, that is to say, the resistance of unity or of a bar one foot long and with a section of one square foot; let G be the actual resistance of the cylindrical covering of a length L measured in feet ; let ; be the ratio of the external to the internal diameter of the cylindrical covering; then S 2 EG (equation 1). log. a When the internal conductor is formed by a strand instead of by a single cylindrical wire, the internal diameter of the gutta-percha covering must be taken asa little less than that of the circle circumscribing the section of the con- ductor. The author hag endeavoured by.the aid of this formula to determine the specific resistance of gutta-percha from tests made upon the Red Sea cable while in process of manufac- ture at the works of Messrs. R. S. Newall and Co., at Birkenhead. A short description is necessary of the disposition of the cable and of the conditions to which each part was subjected during the manufacture, and when coiled in the warehouse previous to shipment. Eight machines were employed in covering the gutta-per- cha with wire, the finished cable from these machines formed eight separate coils, four of which (called Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4) were contained in a building called the shed, and the remaining four RU 5, 6, /, 8, were contained in a building known as 5 i All these coils rested immediately on a brick foundation ; they were surrounded by a cylinder of wrought iron in- tended to facilitate the formation and ensure the stability of the coil. None of these coils were under water at any time. The shed was invariably at a temperature considerably higher than that of the warehouse, owing to the presence of the boiler in the former building, and to the immediate exposure of its roof to the action of the sun. The absence of windows in the warehouse and the pro- tection of the upper story kept the coils in this building at a temperature nearly as constant as that of a cellar. The temperature in the shed varied considerably during tae 24 hours, and was far from equal even at the same moment in different parts of the building. In the shed therefore the temperature shown by a thermometer hanging against the side of any coil gave little indication of the temperature of the mass composing the coil. To meet this difficulty, long wrought-iron gas tubes were inserted half way up the coils, reaching from the circumference about six feet towards the centre of the coil. ‘Thermometers were placed in these tubes, and the temperature shown by these was taken as the temperature of the coil. In the warehouse little or no difference was ever observed between the temperature inside and outside the tubes, but in the shed this difference sometimes reached 10? l'ahrenheit. Unfortunately this pre- caution was not adopted until August &th, late in the manufacture of the cable. All experiments on cables in the shed previously to this date are consequently of little value. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE By far the greater part of the cable tested in each instance was covered with wire, and lay in the coils described. In each case, however, a small length, never exceeding two knots, was formed of gutta-percha covered wire, served with yarn only, and wound on a drum in another part of the works. This portion formed the core about to be covered with wire, and was therefore unavoidably included in the list, although not at the temperature of the coil; and it is more- over probable that the tarred yarn and wooden drum may have formed an imperfect connexion between the outer sur- face of the gutta-percha and the earth. No allowance has been made for the different conditions to which this short length was subject, but the error arising from this source must be extremely small. A much graver ohjection might be founded on the fact that the manufactured cable was not under water during the test. Luckily, experiments have been made which prove that the loss from a sound wire- covered cable is hardly, if at all, increased by submersion, the temperature of the gutta-percha remaining constant. The experiments on which this opinion is grounded were made on June 20th and 25th. On June 20th the cable was perfectly dry, and coiled in the usual iron wells. On June 25th the same cable was tested under water in the same wells. Water had been kept in the wells for more than 48 hours previously. The fol- lowing table contains the remaining particulars of the experiment: TABLE XX. June 20.— Cable Dry. June 25.— Cable Wet. Angles. Tangents.] Angles. Tangents. B R + 30 — >œ — 5⁵ 1:428 58? 1:600 BR + 59°15 - e - 43 *933 45°30 1015 Loss on 226 knots - - 31} 613 28 0:532 Loss on 696 knots e - 61° 1`804 59? 1:664 E. М. F. - - - 78°45 81°6 Temperatures - - - 68} 624 Ordinate of temperature 1380 1080 The ordinate representing the loss after the fifth minute with copper to coil at 623, taken from Plate VI., is 1080; the ordinate corresponding to 685 is 1380. The ordinates ure taken from the lower curve, because at this date the testing current was seldom or never reversed, and in this case, as will afterwards be shown, the loss is nearly that due to five minutes continued electrification. By a direct propor- tion, the loss to be expected on June 25th may be calculated from the loss on June 20, provided the addition of the water has made no change in the insulation of the cable. The equation stands thus for the loss on 696 knots, . 1804 x 1080 x 81:6 ; tang. r= 1380 x 7845 (the resistance of the two circuits being supposed to be that of the gutta-percha alone) from the above tang. 2 = 1:468 = tang. 55°45. The equa- tion for the loss on 226 knots— 613 х 1080 x 81:6 tang. r— — 226 30. 1380 x 78°45 The deflections actually observed were 59° and 28°, but we must here remark that the temperature, 68}, was the tempe- rature of the shed in which the coil stood, and therefore probably 2 or 3 degrees higher than that of the coil. Thus, on the 17th September, the temperature of the shed was 694°; that of the cables taken in the tubes previously de- scribed, 65° and 63? ; on the 19th the shed was at 674°, and the coils were at 64? and 62°, and a similar difference was invariably observed. A more satisfactory comparison be- tween the tests of June 20th and 25th will, the author thinks, be given by calculating the temperature ordinate for the 20th June from the electro-motive force on the two days and the loss and temperature ordinate for the 25th June, on which day the temperature of the water covering the coils was directly measured. The ordinate required, calculated from the loss on 696 knots, 1:804 х 81:6 x 1080 „ Я 7845 x 1,664 = 1319 = ordinate 66°. Calculated from the loss on 226 knots, 613 x 81:6 х 1080 „ a5 7845 x 532 == 1298 = ordinate 673°; that is to say, after due reduction for the difference of electro- motive force on the two days, the numbers expressing the loss are proportional to the ordinates from Plate VI., corre- sponding to 624° and 66° ог 67°. Since it is almost certain ——ñ— — 2. —— a EEE SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. that 66? or 67° was more nearly the temperature of the coil than the 683? recorded, the author is of opinion that the resistance of gutta-percha may be safely calculated from the loss through a wire-covered cable contained in a dry metal tank. When the cable is not covered with wire it is no longer safe to calculate the resistance in this manner, for the author found that the loss from a hemp-covered cable gra- dually became larger as such cable was covered, and had increased about 70 per cent. by the time the whole cable was covered. "This phenomenon was observed in three separate coils of about 70 knots each. The author, however, does not, from the above experi- ments, conclude that the tests of a faulty wire-covered cable would be similar when dry and when under water. On the contrary, he is very strongly of opinion that no fault, unless of extraordinary magnitude, can be or will be detected unless the cable is under water, and in a coiled cable a fault might escape detection unless the coil were covered by water for a considerable time. To return to the description of the experiments. The coils in the shed were distinguished as Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4, of which No. l was invariably at a slightly higher tempe- rature than the other coils. The coils in the warehouse were numbered 5, 6, 7, and 8, and were found to be usuall at equal temperatures. Some of the most important experi- ments were made after the cables had been coiled into the two ships. They were coiled on board into iron wells, and the temperatures of these coils were taken by tubes inserted between the layers. No difference, therefore, except that due to temperature and electro-motive force, may be ex- pected in the tests on board and on shore. The following description applies equally to all the coils :— Each end of each coil was connected with a terminal a, 5, (Fig. 9) in the testing office, by means of short pieces of wire-covered cables. These terminals formed part of the junction bar A, B ; by means of conical metal plugs fitting the holes 1, 2, 3, 4, &c., in the junction bar, the two ends of any one of the cables could at will be put in connexion with the end terminals A and B of the bar, or by the same plugs the cables could be joined in series and the two ex- treme ends of the series be put in connexion with the ter- minals À and B. ‘The terminal A could, by the circular junction piece O, be connected with earth E, or with the terminal of a commutator C, with which the two poles of the battery of 72 cells already described were directly con- nected. ‘The terminal B was connected with one end of the resistance coils R, already mentioned, and the other end of the resistance coils was connected with two small circular junction pieces П, F, siinilar to that shown in Fig. 6. Fromm the further terminal d of the second junction piece Ё, a connexion was carried to the remaining terminal of the commutator C. Either of the galvanometers T or T2 could be included in the circuit by withdrawing the plugs F or H. Three sets of tests were made daily, viz., the continuity tests, the insulation tests, and the battery tests. The con- tinuity test was made as follows :— The plugs in the junction bar A B were so arranged that the arc of the circuit from А to B was completed only by the cable to be tested; thus if cable A B was to be tested plugs were placed in the holes 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, and all other plugs withdrawn. The plug of junction-piece O being at I, and the index of the resistance coils at zero, the plug at F was withdrawn: the cable to be tested, and the tangent galvanometer then formed with the other con- nexions a complete metallic arc between the poles of the battery. The deflection on T was observed, and the angle noted as the continuity test of the cable included in the arc. The poles of the battery could be reversed at will by xneans of the commutator, but usually one deflection only was taken for each cable, with copper to that end of the cable next the galvanometer. The plug at F was then replaced, the plug at O moved to position II., and the plug at H withdrawn. One pole of the battery was thus put to earth, and the stren d of any current passing from the other pole to earth, through the covering of the cable, was shown by the tangent galvanometer T 2. The angle observed was entered as the insulation test of the cable. Usually this test was made with the positive pole of the battery in con- nexion with the cable. In the final tests, from which the specific resistance of the covering has been chiefly determined, tests were made with both poles of the battery, and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 minutes continued electrification. The third test was made by connecting A and B directly with plugs in the holes l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, replacing the plug at H and the plug of O to position The index of the resistance coil was then placed successively at 30, 60, and 90 units, and the several 3 de- flections observed on T 2 (the plug at F having been 469 removed). This last test enabled the resistance and electro- motive force of the battery to be measured, as was described in the first part of this paper. In order to make accurate deductions from a comparison of the relative resistance of the circuit formed during the continuity test with that made use of for the insulation test, as measured by the two galvanometers, the following values were required :— Ist. The resistance of the battery. This was on each occasion calculated from the battery tests in the manner described. 2nd. The resistance of galvanometer T 1. Ard. The resistance of galvanometer Т 2. 4th. The resistance of the copper wire of the cable. 9th. The change of resistance caused in copper wire by a change of temperature. 6th. The comparative delicacy of the two galvanometers. The author was compelled to use for the measurement of resistance some very imperfect resistance coils, the unit of which was intended to represent the resistance of a German mile of iron land wire one-sixth in. diameter. The imper- fection of the relative value of each coil was rectified by measurement with Wheatstone's differential arrangement ; thus 60 was found in reality to be of the value 59:15, and 90 of the value of 88°27. The accuracy of the measurements was not therefore affected by the imperfection of the coils. In most instances, however, in this paper the value of each resistance will be given in Professor 'l'homson's absolute British units, to which they have been reduced by a simple coefficient subsequently determined. In the case of the electro-motive force only, it has been thought unnecessary to make the reduction, since the unit employed to express the E. M. F. is itself completely arbi- trary. The measurement of resistance of the copper wire used, either in the cable or in the galvanometer coils, was in all cases made by the arrangement known as Wheatstone's differential arrangement (Fig. 10). B is a small battery, the resistance to be measured being placed between A and D, and the measuring unit between D and E. A C E was in practice a straight copper wire, one metre long, мока close to a scale, by which the position of the moveable point C on the wire could be determined with nicety, Res. AD ACC Res. DE EC when the index of the galvanometers remains at zero. By means of a special contrivance, the ends of the measuring wire A C E, in connexion with the points A E, could be reversed, and a second observation taken, ‘in which the point C was necessarily placed on the opposite side of the centre of the wire A E to that at which it had stood in the first observation. Any slight irregularity in the resistance of the wire was then compensated for by takin a mean between the two observations of the distance of from the centre of the wire to he the distance of that point from the centre, dividing the measuring wire in the ratio of the two resistances A D and D E. The instrument employed was manufactured by Messrs. Siemens and Halske, and was of very perfect workmanship. The galvanometer used was shown in Plate I. The coils were connected in double arc. By the above means the following values were determined :— Resistance of the coil of T 1 = 622 x 10° T. U. Resistance of the coil at T 2 = 148 x 10° T. U. Resistance of one knot of the Red Sea copper, = 250 x 10* T. U. Resistance of German mile land wire, = 185,658 x 10' T. U. In order to determine the change of resistance produced in the copper wire by & change of temperature, special experiments had been made by the author with the differ- ential arrangement in March 1859, on the occasion of some 5 experiments on the change of resistance of gutta-percha. the wire À C E being supposed uniform Two knots of Alexandria and Candia insulated wire were immersed in water at various temperatures, and the resist- ance of the copper wire measured at each temperature by the differential arrangement. By leaving the coil for many hours in the water, care was taken that the copper should be at the same temperature as the water. The experiments and their result are contained in Table No. XXI. and in Plate VIII. The increment of resistance due to equal increments of temperature is apparently constant between the temperaures 50? and 90? Fahrenheit. The equation R = (1 + 0:00192 t), r (equation 2) gives the value of the resistance R of the copper wire at any temperature ¢ + a in function of the resistance rat any temperature а, The constant 0:00192 reduced for the centigrade thermometer becomes R Becquerel APP. No. 14. Insulating properties of gutta percha, by Fleming Jenkin. gus. — >- = - 410 gives 0:004. No allowance was made for the alteration in the temperature of the resistance coils, but these being made of nickel wire, their resistance probably changed little in the course of the experiments. The two galvanometers employed were of such different delicacy that it was not possible to compare them directly by including them in the same circuit. An intermediate instrument, a sine galvanometer called S 2, was employed for this purpose. Three observations were taken, comparing the sine first with T 1, and secondly with T 2. The results appear in Tables XXII. and XXIII. The divisor adopted in consequence of these experiments, to reduce the tangents of the observations on T 2 to the tangents of the angles that would have been observed upon T 1, was 42:4. T was an ordinary tangent galvanometer. The magnet was 2 in. long, and fastened to a brass pointer, 34 in. long. The diameter of the directing coils was 135 in. The dia- meter of the wire used in the coils was 0-026 in. T 2 was a tangent galvanometer made from Dr. Joule's instructions. A little magnet ;; in. long was fastened at right angles to a very light glass pointer, 2; in., and sus- pended by a single silk fibre, іп. long. The weight of the magnet and pointer together was not one grain. ‘The needle of this instrument came to rest very quickly, owing to its small weight, a point of great importance in the insu- lation test. The internal diameter of the directing coils was 4} in. The diameter of the wire used in the coils was 0-017 in. The elements necessary for the comparison of the insula- tion and continuity tests are thus complete, and in order tc obtain the resistance of the gutta-percha covering, we have only to state and resolve the equation expressing the rela- tion between the currents which flow during the continuity and insulation tests. The circuit of the continuity test is composed of the bat- tery B R, the coils of the tangent galvanometer T J, and the copper strand of the cable, which will be called M. The resistance of the cable was no doubt diminished in each case by a slight loss through the gutta-percha, greatest at each end of the cable, and gradually diminishing towards the centre, the gutta-percha forming a relieving arc of great resistance. This 1 85 or relieving are has, however, been neglected. The circuit of the continuity test being con- sidered, C1 = BR + T1 + M. The circuit in the insulation test is composed of B R, the coils of T 2, the resistance of the gutta-percha covering, z, This last item results from the consideration that the whole current passes through the first foot of the wire, but the amount passing through each successive foot of the wire diminishes in proportion to the distance from the end connected with the attery, until, through the last foot of the wire, no portion of the current may be said to pass. The circuit of the insu- and half the resistance of the copper strand = 2 M lation test, therefore, C2— BR + T2 + 3 +. All the quantities in C 1 and C 2 are known, with the ex- ception of z. The relation between C 1 and C 2 is given by the deflec- tions observed in those circuits. Thus: let D be the deflection due to C J, and d the deflection due to C 2, then (equation 3), Р С1: n — tang. rdi tang. D, and 2:4 tang. 8 ang. D x (BR + T 1 + № (в R4T24 5): tang. d The resistance G of the gutta-percha covering is thus obtained in the same units as those employed to express the resistance, M, B R, T 1, and T 2. Professor Thomson's formula gives the connexion between the resistance of the hollow cylindrical coating and the resistance offered by & cubic foot of gutta-percha electrified on one face to the passage of electricity to the opposite face of the cube; in other words, to the specific resistance of gutta-percha referred to volume. This formula will be proved if, from cables of very different proportions, but composed of the same material, we obtain the same value for the specific resistance of the material The author has had very limited opportunities of verifying the formula, which will probably be found defective in extreme cases, owing to the influence of extra resistance of the gutta-percha due to continued electrifica- tion not having been taken into account. Wherever the author has had an opportunity of comparing cables of different dimensions, the numbers deduced by the formula have closely agreed with those given by observations when the observations were taken shortly after the first connexion of the wire with the battery. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE . А 2r L С The formula alluded to (No. 1) S = log. a has Deen b already stated at the beginning of the second part of this paper. This equation assumes that the resistance of an insulating cover is directly as the log. directly as the resistance of the material, and inversely as the length of the wire covered. The loss will of course be inversely as the resistance. That the loss is inversely proportional to the resistance of the material employed, and directly as the length of wire covered, is a statement which will hardly be denied, and bee been found to hold true in lengths of from 1 knot to 2,000. As regards the influence of the thickness of the gutta- percha cover, the following examples surport the formula employed. For the Red Sea cable log. = 0:5315, taking the diameter of the strand somewhat less than that of the cir- cumscribing circle; the loss at 50° upon No. 1 experi- mental coil, taken from the upper curve in Plate IV., is 610. The loss upon the Red Sea coil of the same length taken from the upper curve in Plate VI. is 860. Now 5315: 6990 = 610: 802. According to Professor Thomson’s theory, therefore, the loss observed should have been 802 instead of 860. At 60° from the same curves the respective observed losses were 1,160 and 1,460. Now 5315: 699 = 1160: 1525. The calculated ando bserved losses are respectively 1460 and 1525. The above numbers are from the copper curve. The calculated loss on the Red Sea coil is at 50? seven per cent. in defect, and at 60?, about four per cent. in excess of the observed loss. The observed loss at 60? from the zinc curve is about 1540 instead of 1525, a remarkable coin- cidence of theory and observation. As might have been expected, the loss at the lower temperature is greater where Chatterton's compound was used, and less at the higher temperature than the loss through pure gutta-percha; unfortunately the uncertain character of the experiments on Which the curve for the Red Sea coil at low temperatures is based greatly diminishes the value of this comparison. The extra resistance tends to diminish the loss on the Red Sea coil to a greater extent than in No. ) coil, and but for this the author believes that even at 60? the specific resist- ance of the covering of the Red Sea coil would have been less than that of No. 1 coil. The loss after five minutes continued application of copper pole of the battery is very nearly equal from No. 1 coil and the Red Sea coil. The law enunciated is no longer applicable in this case, being overthrown by the unexpected influence of extra resistance. It would be most desirable that a series of experiments should be made on cables of very different proportions, for the purpose of ascertaining how far the equation given can be relied on, and applied for the purpose of comparing insulating covers of various cables. It is also very desirable that extended experiments should be made with the object of determining the luw according to which extra resistance increases with the increased mass and surface electrified. Meanwhile the author has felt justified in using equation (No. 1) by the agreement observed between theory and observation in the case cited, and by his confidence in the correctness of Professor’s Thomson’s theoretical views. In applying the values of S obtained by this formula, however, the influence of extra resistance must never be lost sight of, and owing to this element the author is strongly of opinion that the resistance of a cube pöth of an inch of gutta-percha would be very different from that of a cube the side of which measured one inch, and this again from that of a cube the side of which measured a foot. In this particular gutta-percha does not therefore appear to re- semble the metals or good conductors, and any deductions founded on the assumption that the resistance increases as the length of the arc, and diminishes in proportion to its area, must be applied with caution. With these reservations, the author gives the values cou- tained in Table XXIV.and XXV.of the specific resistance of gutta-percha, calculated by means of equations l and 2, from а series of tests made on four coils of the Red Sea cable when in the holds of the ships Imperador and ** Imperatriz previous to their departure for India. The deflections observed and other particulars of the experiment are given in Table XXIV., the contente of which SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. are sufficiently explained by the headings. The resistance of the battery added to that of T ] was calculated in the manner before described; but it is somewhat unfortunate that on this day there exists a wider discrepancy between the various values of B. R. got from various added resist- ances than was usually observed. ‘The difference, amount- ing to 3 or 4 G. M., although considerable in relation to the total resistance of the battery, is inconsiderable in relation to the total resistance of the circuit, and the error due to this defect is small. The resistance of the copper wire of each cable was measured directly by the differential instrument. The cal- culated resistance &nd the observed resistance agreed very closely; thus the calculated resistance (by equation?) for 512 knots was 68°99 G. M.; the observed resistance, 69:3 G. M., and on the other lengths the agreement between observation and calculation was still more perfect. 'The following is an example of the calculation employed to obtain the resistance G and specific resistance 5 from observations on 512 knots of cable in the main hold of the * Imperador." Four different determinations give В К + T = 13:26 18-09 17:82 13°87 ээ ээ ээ Mean value of B R+ T = 15°76 B R= 15:76 — TI = 1241 GM ; substituting the par- ticular values in equation 3, we have, 424Dx(BR+71+M) _ tang. d. BE 42-4 x 0864 x (12-41 + 3:35 + 68:99) DU UTR Еа and B R + T2 + = = 12°41 +798 + 34:49 = 1267 GM. G = 251392 — 1267 = 235722 G M = absolute re- sistance of the gutta-percha covering. This number is given in the third division of Table XXIV. 2 1 8 2513:92 G M. L Then by equation 1, z = where the log. 2 o. 5 length of the cable in feet, — the length of the cable in knots multiplied by 6022. Moreover, to express z in Thomson's units, G must be multiplied by 185,658 x 10*. | 2 x 31416 x 512 x 185,658 x 10 x 2,387722 55 05315 = 1,631 x 10%, The fourth division of Table XXIV. contains the values of z, or the specific resistances of the covering of each cable at the end of each successive minute. Table XXV. contains the mean specific resistance of the four tables. The tests given in Table XXIV. and XXV. are the most complete which the author has yet made; and the specific resistances of the coverings of the three coils, at various temperatures, have been deduced with the aid of the tem- perature curves given in the first. part of the paper, from the mean value of the resistance after one minute's electrifi- cation, contained in Table XXV. The resistance during the first minute is very nearly alike, with copper and with zinc to cable; but the resistance increases more with zinc to cable than with copper to cable, 80 that after five minutes the resistances differ considerably. 'The author has little doubt that, had the wire been covered with pure gutta-percha, little or no difference between the two tests would have been observed. ? A certain analogy exists between the resistance of metals to electricity, and that of gutta-percha. Metals are heated by the current, and when heated resist the current more than before. In metals, as in gutta-percha, therefore, an extra resist- ance is caused by the passage of a current, although that extra resistance must be due to a different immediate cause, since gutta-percha, when warm, offers less resistance than when cold. Indeed the author is not aware of any ex- periments proving that the passage of electricity warms gutta-percha. The heat developed at a fault by the passage of a current does not prove that gutta-percha is heated by the current, and it is possible that the electrical energy may undergo some partly or wholly different transformation. it appears most probable to the author that the extra resistance is due to an effect of polarization taking place in the mass ef the gutta-percha under the influence of the current, and causing -а current in the opposite direction. Differences observed in the continuity tests with different poles of the battery, and the presence of currents in the cable after electrifica- tion, point to this solution, $71 + The author regrets that these anomalous appearances were observed only very shortly before the cables left England, aiid the experiments are too uncertain to afford ground for definite conclusions; but he hopes at some future period to study these phenomena, and should the results be of interest, to lay them before the society. The difference between the tests with different poles of the battery would on the above view be similar to the differ- ence which would be found between currents sent in opposite directions through a galvanic couple, the current due to that couple being in one case added to and in the other case subtracted from the main current. It does not appear that any such galvauic couple is formed by pure gutta-percha and copper, since the tests on coil No. 2 were quite similar with the two poles of the battery. On the other hand, the want of symmetry between the tests of both No. l and No. 3 with opposite poles, points, on the above view, to some chemical action between either the copper and the compound or the gutta-percha end the compound. The relation of the tests with negative and positive poles, and the amount and duration of extra resistance, may, when fully investigated, become valuable data for the detection of the position and nature of faults in a cable. It may be remarked that in the tests of the cable in the holds, Table XXIV., the resistance after five minutes’ electri- fication, is invariably greater with zinc than with copper to coil, whilst the reverse was the case with tests on the single knot of No. 1, in water. The tests of the single knot of Red Sea cable are hardly numerous enough to afford grounds for a definite conclusion, but there does not appear to exist any well-defined difference in the copper and zinc tests in this case. The author cannot at present give any certain explanation of this discrepancy. Should the extra re- gistunce really prove due to polarization, it is very possible that the fact of immersion or non-immersion may influence the extra resistance, since the polarization may be either of the material of the gutta-percha or of molecules of water contained in it. The currents produced by the cable itself, of which the copper and metal sheathing form one large plate, probably influenced the tests. The length of the cable may also have some effect. In Plate VIII. the resistance of the gutta-percha at various temperatures is exhibited as deduced by the above method in absolute measurement from daily tests of cables during the process of manufacture. Tables XXV. and XXVI. give the particulars of these tests. The specific resistance of the various cables tested on the same day was considered inversely proportional to the various deflexions, and directly proportional to the various lengths ; a re- lation which is not strictly true, in consequence of the constants forming part of the circuit, but the error from this source is very small. ‘The specific resistance was thus calculated directly for one cable each day, and the specific resistance of the other cables got by the above proportions. These tests were, however, all somewhat imperfect. The tests of which the results are given in Table XXVI., and shown by small crosses in Plate VIII., were made before the phenomenon of extra resistance or the effect of frequently reversing the current had been observed. Although there- fore the deflections were observed nearly as soon as the galvanometer needle ceased to oscillate the resistance calcu- lated from these deflections is more nearly that due to the third or fourth minute of connexion than that due to a short connexion with the battery. ‘The temperature noted in these experiments was observed outside the coil. - The observations given in Table XXVII., and represented by small circles on Plate VIIT., were made after the effect of reversing the current had been observed, and the rule followed in these observations was to note the deflection which occurred as soon as they had ceased to oscillate. This plan, however, has not been found to give very regular results; different observers by requiring a slightly different degree of steadiness in the eed note different deflections. j | 'l'he time during which the reverse current has been con- nected with the cable also modifies the result. For the future, therefore, it is intended that the reverse current shall alwavs be continued for a definite time, say three minutes, revious to that current being admitted rom which the н is to be noted, and to note that deflection at а given fixed time, say one minute, after the admission of this second current. All the tests contained in Tables XXV. and XXVI. were made with copper to coil. On Plate VIII. the ordinates of the six black circles show the mean resistance with copper to coil, deduced from the four complete tests of the 24th September. The lowest represents the resistance immediately after connexion; ihe second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth show the resist- ‘ance after one, two, three, four, and five minutes’ electri- 3 02 Арг. No. l4. Insulating properties of dun percha, y Fleming Jenkin. APP. No. 14, Insulating properties of коа percha, Jenkin. 472 APPENDIX TO fication respectively. The dotted line passing through the second circle is the upper curve from Plate VI. transformed into a resistance curve by making the ordinates*of the curve in Plate VIII. reciprocal to the ordinates of the curve in Plate VI., the absolute height of the ordinates being deter- mined by the ordinate at 62°, derived from the tests of September 24. The irregularity of the results of the “y tests is cer- tainly considerable, but is not more than might he expected from the causes named. The difference between the resist- ance at high and low temperatures in the daily tests is not so great as that observed in the short coils of one knot. There are two causes of this discrepancy : one undoubt- edly is that the large coils were not really at the temperature of the surrounding air, or even at the thermometers in the tubes in these extreme cases. But another cause is, that when on the same day two coils of equal or nearly equal length were tested at different temperatures (as frequently happened, owing to the position of the coils), a strong ten- dency was seen, even in conscientious observers, to read a rather high deflection for the cooler cable, and a rather low deflection for the warmer cable; so that the deflections noted should not appear to be very different for the same length of cable. 'The striking influence of extra resistance renders this self-deception very easy. The resistance of the gutta-percha covering might be directly measured by a differential arrangement similar to that used for measuring the resistance of the copper strand ; and probably this direct method would give more accurate results than the indirect method followed by the author, which was adopted in consequence of his having no mea- suring coils of sufficient resistance for this purpose, and because he had at that time no differential arrangement. fit for measuring very large and rapidly-varying resistances. It is porene that with the very feeble currents neces- sary in this arrangement, the resistances obtained may be dissimilar, and the effect Of extra resistance modified. The author does not, however, expect such to be the case. The specific resistance of the material covering No. 2 coil is 1,934 x 10” at 62°, calculated from the specific resistance of the Red Sea covering by the following for- mula (equ. No. 4) :— | a $. 0. log. F 6 log. A B Where s — mean specific resistance of ed Sea cable for the first minute from Table XXIV., o — mean ordinate of loss at 62? from Plates V. and VI. for first minute; a and b = external and internal diameter of the Red Sea cable; S — specific resistance of the covering of coil 2; O = ordinate for the first minute at 62° from Plates II I. or IV.; A. and B. the external and internal diameters of the 5 of coil No. 2; o was in this case taken as э - ( 1635 — 165 + 1630 = DTE _ 2,078 А 1,957 аге made а mean between the result of positive and negative tests, because the author believes the slight difference after one minute's electrification to have been almost acci- dental. O = 1297 , log р = 05,315, z being taken asa little more than the ratio of the outer diameter to the diameter of the circle, circumscribing the strand ; that is to say, as J'4 instead of 3:238, log. B 79:699. Table XXVIII. contains the specific resistance at each degree of temperature, from 505 to 83° of the pure gutta- percha which covered coil No. 23 after one minute's con- nexion with the battery, and after five minute's connexion with the battery, with Copper to coil and with zinc to coil. These resistances are calculated by equation No. 4., and ere inversely proportional to ordinates measured from the curves in Plates III. and IV. o and s (Dublin, 1857), gave the value of the resistance of gutta- percha as from 20 x 10 to 200 X 10% times that of copper, between the temperatures of 40° and 80° Fahrenheit. The specific resistance of the Copper alluded to was about 200 x 10", limits included within the values determined by the author of this paper. Tables XXIX. and XXX. contain the specific resistances at the temperatures marked of the coverings of No. 1 coil and of the Red Sea coil, calculated from the ordinates of the curves in Plates III., V., and vI „ by means of equation No. 4 REPORT OF THE The total resistance which may be expected in any cable of any length covered with similar materials may be cal. culated by taking the numbers Opposite the uired temperature, in the formula before given, resolved with S log. 27 L I being the ratio of the internal and external diameters of the covering, L the length of the cable in feet. The object of the experiments is thus attained, The general results of the experiments are these :— The relative loss at various temperatures through pure gutta-percha has been pretty accurately determined for all ordinary temperatures. To a less extent the same knowledge has been gained concerning the other coatings containing Chatterton’s compound. The latter appears superior at high and inferior at low temperatures. Attention has Бега drawn to the fact that considerably increased resistance follows the continued cl:-*:ification of gutta-percha and its compounds. Some of the laws of this extra resistance have been determined, and some suggestions made as to the cause of the phenomenon. The Dol have been pointed out within which formulae may be used, which consider gutta-percha as a conductor of a like nature to metals. The resistance of gutta-percha coverings has been obtained in units, such as are employed to measure the resistance of metals, and by the use of Professor Thomson's formule the specific resistance of an unit of the material has been fixed with some accuracy. The resistance of other conductors, such as glass and the resins, may now probably by comparison with gutta-percha be obtained in the same uniís. Incidentally the increase of resistance in copper with increased temperature has been given from new experiments, and it has been shown that the insulation of a sound wire covered cable is little, if at all, affected by submersion. Finally, tables and formule are given by which the resistance of or the loss through any new cable coated with gutta-percha may be at least approximately estimated. This paper has extended to a length not contemplated by the author. It is, however, difficult to distinguish between the essentials and non-essentials of any experiment, and the author has frequently felt his confidence in the published result of an experiment diminished by apparently slight omissions in the account of the observation. He has therefore endeavoured to lay before the Society, together with the results, every fact having relation to those results ; by this means he hoped that any erroneous deductions on his part might be corrected, and more complete inferences drawn by abler men. February 3, 1860. F TABLE I.— August 31st. Temperature at beginning, 493. Do. at end, 493. respect to G G = FLEEMING JENKIN. Zero, 3,467. Е 3 i H4 . 2 е 2 *. © cs E Sc ES ac o x | Ea 8 20 z= | 288 e£ 2 « < 2 n © Zine to No. ] Coil - | 3.526 5:9 5:51 1028 | 1028 1169 3,522 | 5:5 5:30 | 0953 | 0958 1089 3,520 5:3 5:18 0924 0924 1051 3518 | 5-1 5:6 | 0889 | 0889 1011 3,517 5۰0 $970 0872 0872 0991 Copper to No. 1 Coil 3,522 | 5:5 5-30 0558 0958 1089 3.518 5:1 5:6 0889 0859 1011 3.515 4:8 4°48 | 0837 0537 3,511 4-1 4:42 0819 0819 0931 3,514 4:7 4:42 | 0319 0819 0931 Zinc to No. 2 Coll 3,493 | 3-1 3-6 0541 0541 0615 3,494 2:7 2:42 | 0471 0471 0535 .494 2:7 2:42 | 0471 0471 0535 3,493 | 2-6 2:36 0154 0454 0516 3,493 2:6 2:35 0454 0454 0516 Copper to No. 2 Coil 3,500 | 3:3 3:18 | 0576 0576 0655 3,196 2:9 2:54 0506 0506 0575 3,495 2:8 2°48 0488 0438 0555 3,492 2:5 2:30 0436 0436 0495 8,491 2:4 2:24 0419 0419 0476 Zinc to connexions at 3,467 0 — — — — beginning. Do. end . -| 3,467 0 — — = == Copper do. beginring | 3,467 `0 — — — — Do. end - - 3,467 °0 — — TER S C +30=60°, S C=20°75. S C5915 47 45“ EMF —87*93. Reciprocal 1137, — ИЦ SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. TABLE 2.—September Ist. Zero 3,467. Temperature at beginning, 524. Do. at end, 52}. 2 E i. 2 1 E E © Ee = E = 2 58 5 E 4 $ `© 2 883 eu © 2 2 = ~ -= Lal Ж — 4 e| SA | 8. 898 338 А < | < © 8 | d | | Zinc to No. 1 Coil - | 3,537 | 7:0 | 70 1219 1185 1281 3,533 | 6-6 | 636 1149 1115 1205 3549 | 6:2 | 6-12 | 1080| 1046 1131 | $527 | 6:0 | 6:0 1045 1011 1093 3524 | 5-7 | 5°42 0998 | 0959 1037 | | | Copper to No. 1 Coil | 3,527 , 6'0 | 6:0 1045 1010 1092 3,523 | 56 | 5°36 | 0976 | (911 1017 3.521 5-4 | 5°24 0941 | 0906 0979 3519 | 5:9 5:12 0906) 0871 0942 3518 51 56 089 0834 092: |! | | Zinc to No.2 Coil „| 3,505. 38 | 3°48 0663, 0629 0680 3500 3-4 | 3:24 0593 0559 0604 3.500 | 33 | 318 | 0576 | 0542 | 0586 3,493 | 3:1 3-6 60541 0507 0548 3497 30 | 30 0523 0489 0529 Copper to No. 2 Coil | 3,505 3*8 3°48 | 0663 | 0628 0579 3,501 3-4 | 3-94 | 0593 | 0553 0603 3499 3-1 3:6 (0541 | 0506 0547 3,497 3:0 | 3:0 | 0523) 0488 0527 3,496 2:9 | 2:54 0506 0471 | 0509 | | Zinc to connexions at | 3,470 a8 |0053 Mean — beginning. 0034 Do. end -| 3,468 °1 6 | 0017 | | = Copper do. beginning | 3,465 | °2 12 5 F Do. end -| 3,467 ۰0 0 0 | 0035 | = | S С + 30 = 61°, S С=921 81. SC459:152499. EMF-92:5 Кесіргоса1— 1081, TABLE 3.— September 2nd. Zero 3,467. Do. at end, 55. Б | с 5 8 EA * © 2 E é ots — о 2 о 5 E ean © $ 143 bale E | | ; .1 Coil - | 3547 | 8&0 | 8-0 | 1892] 1323 1367 кине 3,542 | 7:5 1:20 | 1305| 1236 1277 3542 | 7-5 1:30 1305 1236 1977 3,537 7:0 TO 1219 1150 1188 3,532 | 6:5 6:30 | 1132| 1063 1098 | Со to No. 1 Coil | 3539 | 7:2 7.12 | 1953 | 1184 1223 "S. 3,534 | 67 | 6:42 | 1167 | 1098 1134 3528 | 61 | 66 1063] 994 1097 3.596 | 5°9 | 5-54 | 1028 959 0591 3,526 | 5*9 5:54 E 959 0991 Zinc to No.2 Coil - | 2,521 | 54 5:94 | 0941 | 0872 0501 3517 | 5'0 5-0 0872| 0803 1829 3,514 | 4-7 4°42 | 0819 0750 0775 3.513 46 | 4-36 | 0802 | 0733 0757 3,512 | 4-5 | 4:30 bis 0716 0740 Copper to No. 2Coil | 3,521 | 54 | 5:24 0941 | 0872 0901 3514 | 47 | 4°42 0819 0750 0715 | 3,512 | 4:5 | 4°30 0785 0716 0740 3511 | 4.4 | 44 | 0767 | 0698 0721 3510 | 4:3 4°18 0750 0681 0703 e | | Zinc to connfxions at 3,472 5 30 0087 |} Mean beginning. | | 0069 on Do. end - -| 3470 | 3 | °18 0052 | | | Copper do. beginning | 3,472 | 5 | ۰30 | 0087 } - Do. ene -| 3470 18 posa S C+30=61}° S C=22°55. SC459:15—49? 50, EMF, 96°77. Reciprocal = 1033. Temperature at beginning, 5529. TABLE 4.—September 3. 473 Zero 3,463. Temperature at beginning, 59°, Do. end, 59°. | . ! | | 1 | 5 | h | 8 - | i gg | ESd с | ou] Ms | 898 | $a | = - me © | 2.8 2 5 5 © £ се 22 2 ESE EWESILUE | | | Zinc to No. 1 Coil - | 3,550 | 8-7 | 8:42 | 1513 | 1391 1437 3,47 | 84 | 824 1461 1339 1383 3,543 | 8-0 | 8-0 1392 1270 | 1312 | 3,541 | 78 | 7-48 57 1935 | 1276 | $93 | Т5 7°30 1305 | 1183 1222 | | | | Copper to No. 1 Coil | 3534 | T 7° 6 | 1236 | 1211 1251 3,523 | 65 | 6:30 1132 1107 | 1143 3529 | 66 | 6-36 1140 1124 1151 3,525 | 63 | 6-18 1097 | 1072 1107 | 3,95 | 6:2 | 6:12 |1030) 1055 1090 | | 1 Zinc to No. 2 Coil - | 3,527 6*4 | 6:24 | 1115 | 0993 1026 3,524 | 6-1 6° 6 | 1063 | 0941 0972 3523 | 60 | 6:0 1045) 093 | 0953 3523 | 6-0 | 6:0 |1045 | 0923 0953 | 8,92 | 59 | 5-54 | 1028 | 0906 | 0936 Copper to No. 2 Coil | 3,527 | 64 (0-94 | 1115 | 1090 1126 3,522 | 59 | 5°54 1028 1003 1036 3519 | 5-6 | 5-36 0970 00951 0982 | 3,06 | 5:3 | 5-18 |0924| озу 0929 | 3,515 | 5-2 | 512 | 0906 | 088) 0910 | | | | ee = Copper, to connexion | 3,468 1 6 j 0017 | | at beginning IB Ik: |. ia Ditto end =- -=| 3465 2 *12 0035 | | Zinc ditto, beginning | 3,474 | °7 | 42 = n Ditto end = =| 3,470 | -7 42 [ned viaa = S C730 6135. S С+ 59:15 = 49:50. S C 22:54. E M F, 96:77. Reciprocal= 1013. TABLE 5.—August 30. Zero 3,463. Temperature at beginning. 61*6. Do. end, 61°6. „ z | ! $ vi. EX FX 2 ‚ | #8 ESS £u о MS 25 > ت‎ M x: $ | 21 Жал + 32 2 | <4| < |а |а Я Zinc to No. 1 Coil 3,542 7:9 7°54 | 1374 | 1322 | 1428 3540 | 7:7 1:42 | 1340 | 1288 1391 3,536 | 7:3 7-18 | 1271 1219 | 1316 3524 | 7-1 1: 6 |1236) 1184 1279 3,32 | 6'9 6°54 | 1201 1149 1241 Copper to No. 1 Coil 3,539 1:6 7°36 | 1323 1288 1391 3,534 | 7-1 1: 6 1236 1201 1297 3531 6*8 6:48 1184 1149 1241 3529 | 6:6 6:36 |1149) 1114 1203 3.529 | 6:6 6:36 | 1149 | 1114 1203 Zinc to No. 2 Coil — 3,535 7˙2 1:12 1253 | 1201 1297 98 | 6:5 6-30 | 1132 | 1080 1166 3,525 | 6:2 6:12 | 1080 1028 1110 3,523 | 6:0 6° 0 | 1045 093 1072 3,25 | 62 6:12 | 1080 | 1028 1110 Copper to No. 2 Coil 3,534 T1 7: 6 | 1236 | 1201 1297 3,531 6*8 6-48 | 1184 | 1149 1241 3,526 | 6:3 6°18 | 1097 1062 1147 3525 | 62 6:12 | 1080 1045 1128 3,594 | 6-1 6: 61063 1028 | 1110 ! Zinc i coaneaions at| 3,465 3 ۰18 | 0052 | beginnin - - — Ditto end - -| 3,466 3 *18 | 0052 | 0052 Copper do. beginning 3,463 0 *0 0 | Ditto end - -| 3,465 | 2 12 | 0035 | 0035 = S С+30=61°. S C221:31. S C+59°15=49°, E MF, 92°57. Reciprocal — 1080, 30 3 ы, Google App. No. 14. Jenkin. 474 | APPENDIX TO REPORT OF TH: TABLE 6.—September 5. TABLE 8.—September 7. Zero 3463. Temperature of Bottom coil, 719. Zero 3467. Temperature, 6249. Ji Top coil, 714 . | | с :. | E $ | E БЕ ° o б U " ic 2 5 ESE | ET E $ ёс > 8 $| 23 5755 | 88 == 8 2 235 | BE 8 = Se | £ | ЄЗ? 58 о Ej ES | 2 288 sE Z | < < 2 | @ 2 < < я а a | pes em Ж ' Zinc to No. 1 Coil — 3,547 , 8:0 | 80 | 139% 1392 1447 Zinc to No. 1 Coil . | 3.557 9*4 9:24 | 1633 1476 1672 8343 | T6 ` 7:36 |1323 1393 1375 3556 | 9:3 9-18 | 1616 1459 1653 8540 | 7-3 7-18 | 171 1271 1321 3,553 ¦ 9-0 9-0 | 1564 1407 1594 3540 , 7°3 718 | 1271 1971 1321 3550 ' 8-7 8-42 | 1513 | 1356 1636 3,538 | T 16 | 1236 1236 1285 3549 8-6 8-36 | 1495 | 1338 1516 | П і Copper to No. 1 Coil 3,541 | 7:4 7-94 | 1288 1288 1339 Copper to No. 1 Coil | 3,538 7:5 того | 1305 | 1252 1418 3545 6-8 6-98 | 1184 1184 1231 3.829 , 7-6 6:36 | 1149 | 1096 1241 3,533 ! 6 6°36 | 1149 1149 1194 5593 6-0 6-0 1045 | 0992 1123 3,531 ' 64 6:94 1115 1115 1159 3,022 ¦ 5-9 5:54 | 1024 | 0975 1105 3,530 | 6:3 6:18 | 1097 1097 1141 3,22 | 5:9 | 5-54 1028 0975 1105 Zinc to No. 2 Coil 3,541 74 7°24 | 1288 , 1288 1339 Zinc to No. 2 Col - | 3,603 14-0 14 ·0 | 2419 2252 2551 3,534 | 6°7 6:42 | 1167 1167 1213 3,5956 , 13:3 13-18 | 2300 | 2143 2428 3,533 | 6:6 6:36 | 1149 | 1149 1194 | 3,93 13:0 ' 13:0 | 7249 | 2093 2370 3,532 | 6:5 6:30 1132 1132 1177 3.591 | 12:8 19:48 | 21% 2058 2331 3,531 | 6-4 6:24 |1115. 1115 1160 3,0 |1 | 1242 2198 2041 2312 | | Copper to No. 2 Coil 3,538 ! 7-1 76 1236 1236 1285 Copper to No. 2 Coil | 3.592 | 139-9 | 19-54 | 2282 | 2179 2468 3,533 ' 6:6 6:36 1149 1149 1194 585 | 129-9 | 42 12 2113 2060 2333 3,30 | 6:3 6:18 10 1097 1140 3,578 | 11-5 | 11-30 1994 1941 2199 3.529 | 6:2 6-12 1080 1080 1123 3.577 , 11:4 ' 11:94 1977 1924 2180 8528 | 6:1 6.6 |1063] 1063 1106 3,77 1114 10124 | 1977 1924 2180 | | l Zinc to connexion at 3,467 `0 | | Mean. beginning. | | Zinc to connexion at 3, 470 0:7 0:42 |] ' j beginning. 157 Do. do. end - 3,467 “0 | Do. do. at end 3474 1-1 | re | 192 Copper do. beginning | 3,467 '0 Copper do. beginning | 3,465 ` 0:2 0:12 с) | d 53 Do. do. end m | 3,461 0 Do. до. at ead - 3,467 | 0:4 0-94 | 70 | | EM | | S C-36?—629 15’. S C=20°6. S С + 30=610. . 5 С= 18:9. 8 C+59°15=50° 20, ЕМ F- 96:17. Reciprocal = 1040. S С + 59°15=48° 30’. EM F 88 . 22. Reciprocal = 1133. TABLE 7.—September 6. TABLE 9.—September 7, 2nd Exp. Zero 3461. Temperature, Top coil, No. 2, 664°. Zero 3565. Temperature, Top coil No. 76°. | 3 Bottom coil, No. 1, 654°. а Bottom No. 749, Ex | | | cd Md 1 ux PO 50a! |, | г P 6 ik [ е 353 7 sš SE E F | | s3 ЕБЕ ЕЩ == $ 2 23 998 8 == 8 4 eE! ‚| soa | $8 c È| EX 2 gs 8 2s 8 3 FE: e 282 2s E 4 2 18,4 | & Z < 5 | z & | | | | | | Zinc to No. 1 Coil - 220 14 14 p 1975 Zinc to No. 1 Coil - | 3500 | "1 | ae es 1382 1751 | . 4 3, . . 582 754 3.535 7°24 1288 1988 1479 3.554 | 89 | 8:54 | 1547 1547 1712 3.535 1:24 1288 1288 1477 3.552 | 8:7 , 842 1513 1513 1675 3,535 7'24 | 1288 1288 1477 ' 8552 87 | 8:42 | 1513 1513 1615 Copper to No. 1 Coil 3,527 * 6°36 | 1149 1149 1317 Copper to No. l Coil | 3,544 1:9 7-54 1374 1374 | 1521 3,519 5:48 | 1011 | 1011 1159 | 8,549 T7 7:42 1340 1340 1482 3.514 . 5°18 0924 0924 1059 8,39 7-7 | 7°42 1340 1340 1483 3,513 5:12 | 0906 | 0906 139 3532 77 7:42 1340 1340 1483 3,510 4:54 | 0854 0854 980 | 35323 7.7 | 7-48 | 1340 1340 1483 ! ' 4 i Zinc to No. 2Coil -| 3,544 8:18 | 1444] 1444 1656 Z mc to No. 2 Coil - 3,637 17:9 17°12 | 9957 2957 3273 3 534 7:18 | 1271 1271 1457 | 3,631 , 16:6 16:36 | 2857 2857 3162 3,531 7:0 1219 1219 1398 | 36:9 | 16:4 16:24 | 28 2893 3125 3,530 6:54 | 1200 | 1201 1377 ' 3,628 | 16:3 | 16:18 280 2807 | 3107 , 6:54 | 1201 1201 1378 3.628 | 16:3 | 16:18 2807 2807 | 3107 i | Copper at No. 2 Coil 3,541 8:0 1392 1392 1596 Copper to No. 2 Coil 3,637 1 | 17:12 | 2157 2957 | 3278 3,535 т 24 1288 1258 1477 | 8,28 16.3 | 16-18 | 2897 | 2801 3907 3 532 76 | 1236| 1235 | 1417 3695 1160 | 16-0 3756 2756 | 3050 3,531 170 1219 1219 1398 3.628 ' 15-8 15.4 | 2756 2723 3014 3,530 6:54 | 1201 1201 3378 3,623 | 158 15:41 2723 2723 3014 | 1 a to сопвех ов at | 3,461 i ۰0 0 Copper to connexion | 3465 ' | | eginning. st heginning. | | Do. do.atend -| 3,461 0 0 . T | | | Do. do.atend | 3,465 [ D l i Copper do. beginning 3,461 ш 0 0 Zinc do. at teginning’ 3, 465 | | Do. do. at end 3,461 . `0 0 Оо. do. at end 3,465 | А | | S C+30=61° 10”. S C=18°01. S С + 30 = 619 20. . 9 С=19°4. 5 C+59°15—48°30. ЕМ Е=87:21. Кесіргоса1= 1447. S С + 59:15 = 49° ЕМЕ 96:30. Reciprocalz 1137. TABLE 10.— September 8. Zero 460. Zine to No. 1 Coil - Copper to No. 1 Coil Zinc to N- 2 Coil | Copper to No 2 Coil | Copper to connexion at beginning. Do. do. at end Zinc do. ` beginning. Do. at do. at end S С + 30 = 61°. No. observed. co рә‏ دو دو م 88888 E M F 90:34. Reciprocal = 1107. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH. COMMITTEE. Temperature, Top coil, 78. Do. | | | | ‚ ' eš 2 28 | ۾‎ = Fr | £ : EXE 8 SS £ EE 7 << 72 @ 27) | | Zinc to No. 3 Сой - | 3,543 : 7:8 7°48 | 1357 1305 1468 3,532 6°7 6:42 | 1167 | 1115 1254 8,525 6:0 6:0 1045 93 1117 8.522 | 5.7 5:42 | 993 941 1059 | 3519 ; 5:4 5-24 | 941 889 1000 Copper to No. 3 Coil - | 8,534 | 6:9 6:54 | 1901 1194 1343 |: 3824 | 5:9 9-54 | 1028 1021 1149 ¦ 3590 | 55 5°30 958 | 951 1070 | 3515 5-0 5-0 872! 865 9731 | 8513 478 4:48 | 837 | 830 934 Zinc to connexion - | 3,468 | 0:3 18 52 Copper do. 3.466 | 01 6 7 S C = 18'62. S C + 30 = 61? 20’, S C + 59°15 = 48? 53, ЕМЕ = 88°93. Reciprocal =1°125. TABLE 16. Zero 3463. Temperature 719. 0 t n ? Е T | ie F , 83 Бо; ES = © 2 © E: : 8 1. 70 em ó е z e | gag 28 z « < 2 8 a Zinc to No. 3 Coll - | 3,610 |14:7 | 14:49 | 2538| 2172 2346 3,587 | 19-4 | 12-94 2147 1781 1923 3,572 | 10-9 | 10-54 1891 1595 1647 3561 | 9:8 9:48 ! 1702 | 1336 1443 3,558 | 9:5 9-30 | 1650 1284 1387 Copper to Coil No.3- | 3,620 | 15:7 | 15°44 2706 2514 2715 3,587 | 12-4 | 12°24 2147 1955 2111 3,570 | 10:7 | 10-49 | 1857 1665 1798 3,561 | 9:8 9-48 1702 1510 1631 3555 | 9:2 9:12 | 1599 | 1407 1520 Zinc to connexion - | 3,484 2:1 2:6 366 Copper do. -| 3,472 11 1*6 192 S C + 30 = 61°. S C= 21:3, SC + 59°85 = 49, ЕМЕ = 92°55, Reciprocal == 1-080. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE TABLE 17.—September 7. Zero 3463. Temperature 74°. i | |, | i. È 3 S gh 93 „| я PP i = 8 S| „„ J83, us . i е 9 ! ó £ — с S & "nsi [а |477 | 8° SJ РАБЫ ы ЖЕЕ. ЭЕ ЕС ИКА Zinc to No. 3 Coil - | 3,624 | 161 166 273 зз | | 3,96 | 13:3 | 13-18 2300 2038 — 3,582 ¦ 11:9 11°54 | 2062 | 1800 2039 3573 11-0 | 110 1908 1646 1865 3,569 | 10-6 | 10°36 1840 1578 1788 3,567 | 10-4 | 10-94 | 1805 | 1543 1748 Copper to No. 3 Coil. | 3,626 | 16:3 | 16:18 | 2807 | 9685 3.585 | 12:2 | 12-192 4113 199] 75 3.570 10-7 , 10-42 1857 1735 1966 3.562 | 9:9 9.54 | 1719 | 1597 1809 3,554 | 9-1 9-6 | 15821 1460 1654 Zinc to connexion - | 3,478 1:5 1:30 262 Copper do. = | 3,470 0.7 0-42 122 | БС + 30 = 619, S C- 18:9. S C + 59°15 = 48?:3. EMF = 88 22. Reciprocal z:1*133. TABLE 18.— September 8, 1859. Zero 3463. Temperature 78°. š | | “= dux qx ba ў 2 t. — 3 2 | fae! ES me © $i #8 Bo | = . ^ Ф v Ф е 8 3 3 c SSE с 45 « < م | شا‎ be ي‎ БЫК ЛЫ ee PRU ЖЕ ИШ \ i | Zinc to Coil No. 3 - | 3,646 `18#3 18:18 3140 | 3018 3341 | 3619 15-6 | 15-36 | 2690 2568 2843 ' 3,602 ps 13-54 2402 2280 9594 ' 3,97 | 13-4 13:94 2317 2195 9430 ; 8590 [e 12.42 bil 207% | Copper to Coil No.3- 3670 20:7 | 20-42 3585 3518 3594 | 3,6933 17.0 170 2924 9905 3218 . 3,603 140 14:0 2420 9403 2660 ' 8599 |136 13-36 2351 9334 ^ 2384 3,594 , 13-1 13:6 2266 2249 | 2450 | Zinc to connexion - 3,470 7 42 0122 i Copper do. - 8464 °1 °6 EE ' S C + 30 = 61°. SC = 59°15 = 48°, B R = 20:08. ЕМЕ = 90°34. Reciprocal = 1° 107. TABLE 21. EXPERIMENTS made to determine the Resistance of Copper Wire at various Temperatures. Two knots of Copper Wire compared with 17823 x 10°, Thom- son’s units, Observed Division Mean of Measuring Resistance Temperature 5 - iss E 4 бан Mean in of Room, oint C | Point osition | Position А o waters | Fahrenheit, [9 Right | to Left | с | orc, rannten Fahrenheit. ° o of И ЕМ: Оши. Centre. | Centre. 8A 1429 74170 25830 620 x 106 8214 69% 7440 74215 25725 616х103 73% 664 7460 74495 25505 611x106 Gök 63% 7492 74800 25200 600 x 10е 61% 58% 7520 75065 24935 592 × 103 5314 60% 7559 75270 24730 585 x 10: SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 477 TABLE 22. . TABLE 23. Arr. No. 14. EXPERIMENTS made to determine the comparative Delicacy of 7 of EXPERIMENTS made to determine the comparative Delicacy of Sine Galvanometer called S,, and Tangent Galvanometer guts porte: Tangent Galvanometer called T,, and Sine Galvanomteter called T. Jenkin, ng called S. e Sine Galvanometer S2. | Tangent Galvanometer T:. T G T Sine Gal 8 Ang! dan Кайо. angent Galvanometer T.. Sine Galvanometer 8, ngle ; ngle li : i observed. Sine. observed Tangent. | Ratio. | Angle Tangent. Angle : Sine. c б Observed. g Observed. 7 1278055 ИА — -— 8 139173] 38 36 1954359 5:72 5 WF 9 1564345 41 30 8847253 5:65 0952890 46 20 1233/90 1:513 ; 1005947 45 45 7518398 7°40 Means ratio of indications of T2 to indications of S2 - - 5:67 6 0 1051042 51 30 18526082 1:466 : Mean ratio of indications of T, to Indications of T, - - 1:475 5°64 x 7°475=42°38=Ratio of indications of T, to indi- cations of T,. \ TABLE 24. ——————_———‏ ا Main Hold, Imperador. Fore Hold, Imperador. | Main Hold, Imperatriz. | Fore Hold, Imperatriz. —— Length in Knots - 512 464 443 436 Resistance in G. M. - 68°99 62°56 60-1 58:75 Continuity on Tı. 40. 500 43°15 42˙.15˙ 440. 500 B. R. in G. M. - 15:76 G. M. 13:76 G. M. 14°00 G. M. 15*76 G. M. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. Insulation Test on T3, a og EC o и ° „ о „ $c d o „ "m Needle steady - 51. 0 51. 0 46. 0 49. 0 46. 30 47. 0 47. 30 45. 0 After 30” - - — 48. 30 42. 30 46. 30 43. 30 44. 30 43. 30 44. 0 mw. d — — 44. 30 45. 0 39. 30 44. 0 39. 30 41. 30 41. 30 41. 0 „ Y — - 41. 0 43. 0 36. 30 42. 30 35. 30 38. 30 38. 0 38. 30 „ 3“ — — 38. 30 41. 0 35. 30 40. 0 33. 30 37. 0 | 36. 30 37. 0 „ 4 - - 37. 30 39. 30 35. 0 38. O0 32. 30 36. 30 | 35. 0 | 36. 30 „ 5 жи - 36. 30 39. 0 35. 0 38. 0 31. 30 36. 0 34. 0 | — Resistance of Gutta- zine. copper. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. Percha Coating in G.M. Needle steady - 2387*22 2387*22 2892°76 2593°76 2586°18 2540°74 2756°76 3018: 69 After 30” - - — 262082 328810 2844 06 288557 2781*68 3187 45 3129:22 a b - - 3030*67 2978۰00 3669 03 3111:33 3341°67 3103*04 3426 75 3492°08 „ 20 - 3446:02 3200۰95 4099 21 3298.82 388066 3467۰97 | 3899 25 | 3828°44 as 157 — — 3778 :45 3446 :02 425917 3600۰99 4188۰9 3663۰09 4122-03 | 4042*23 » 4 - - 3921°15 3641°14 4340°56 3877°58 4358,04 3734°67 4364°52 4122°03 a D - - 4068*84 3706°26 4340°56 3877°58 4533°18 3803 *61 | 4530°67 — Specific Resistance in copper. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. zinc. copper. Thomson's Absolute British Units. Needle steady - | 1631 x 10* | 1631 x 107 | 1791 x 10" | 1606 x 107 | 1529 x 10" | 1502 x 10" | 1604 x 10" | 1757 x 10" After 30" : - = 1791 , | 2036 „ 1799 „ 1709 „ 1645 „ | 1855 „ | 1821 „ „ T — - 2071 „ 2035 „ 2271 „ 1926 „ 1976 „ 1835 „ 1994 „ 2032 „ „ 2 nd - | 2855 „ |9187 „ |2538 „ |2035 „ | 2299 „ |2051 „ 2269 „ | 2298 „ „ 9 = - | 2582 „ |9355 „ 2737 „ | 2298 „ [2497 „ 2166 „ 2399 „ 2343 „ „ ^ - | 2680 „ |2488 „ 2687 , | 2401 , f 2582 „ |2208 „ 2540 , 2399 „ „ 5 — - | 2781 „ 2533 „ |2687 „ 2401 „ | 2686 „ 2249 „ | 2637 „ es 3P 478 TABLE 25. MEAN SPECIFIC Resistance of Gutta Percha from the Tests of Sept. 24, contained in Table 24. | Resistance with Resistance with e Zinc to Cable in | Copper to Cable in Battery and Observation. — шн Those в absolute Needle first steady, ic., so soon | | as the resistance be | 1639 x 1017 | 1624 x 1017 After electrification for 20 seconds | 18657 „ | 1761 „ » 9 » 1 minute 2078 „ | 1957 „ n = a ae | 7365 „ 2195 „ эз $s 5 3 - | 2554 „ 2275 „ » bl , 4 58 i 2622 ээ 2374 9? ээ ^» » 5 ” П 2698 ” 2399 » TABLE 26. Dairy Tests before the Practice of Reversing had been adopted. — Temperatures marked taken Outside the Coil. 2 22 | adl g 2 8 25 5g | BSS 22 THE mae 8585 LE | 3 S5 gorig £ 225 Ет Ese xu Зор EDEN Feb.24 5, 6 7,8 48 265-7 | 54 0 24 30 3200 2822 x 10 „ 11234] 61 | 2191 — | вз „ 2289 „ Mar. 10 5, 6. 7,8 50 | 3522 50 15, 3230| 3497 |3106 „ nc d 64 | 1019 — | 1и!) „ |o, April 29 |1,5,6,7,8| 53 | 6782 4030 52 0| 2365 2819 „ May 11 I. 5, 6,7 60 | 7299 | 3315 52 O| 227 |233 „ „ | б | ı62) — 20 „ laz = June2- |1,5,6,7| 63 9302 | 2730; 6315| 2065 |1818 „ July23 |5 68 | a259 | 54 0! 45 0| 194 15 „ „ fl 73} | 3273; — | 53 „ 11195 „ TABLE 27. Dar Tests, after the Practice of Reversing had been adopted. Temperatures taken in Tubes. Ё E g ja |5 8 ' Li о |£ ; 2 8. 85 Coil T 2 2 . 1% ЕЕ " Date of £ 8 че |. Зо E Е or Coils | $2 | © = | se 1 x £ Observation. 22 8 8 © S 2 24 to tested. £ а " 9» 8 > = £ * FE 3 5 as 8 8 с 3 ә > E | 5x 35 $3 “д ГЕ E 3 А fa an о o 7 о August i. 6 | 70% 3-5 60 6| 57 | 23-96 | 1372x 1007 » - - 5 TX 361۰8 me 59 » 1403 os [7] > - 7 70% 361*7 = 60 » 1310 99 ” - - 1 79 367 3 — 66 L 1056 9? August 17 - = 1 76 372-4 | 53 62 | 22-41 | 1065 $s » > > 5 67 361*4 m 56 99 1308 99 эз е - 6 67 333:8| — 53 » 137 „ September? . 1 73 496-4 | 47 15 | 57 | 18:00 1233 „ 3 i 2 69% 129 · 0 — 21 1496 99 i Š 3 674 | 153°2 | — 25 ui 1430 „ М з 4 67% | 1340] — | 22 { „ 1477 „ " 2 5 61% | 237 = 34 - 1568 „ x 6 |61 } 377-2) — 46 „ |161 , September 26 - |Forehold| 62 | 491 |41 45 | M55 | 1870 „ ЗА - |Main hold| 62 443 — 42 » 1874 „ Е - |Fore hold | 62 | 445 | — |44| „ |175 „ - |Mainhold| 62 457 — | 43] , | 1866 „ APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE TABLE 28. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE of pure Gerra PERCHA. Zinc to Coil. E Р | Copper to Сей. 3 Ж тараша тантана 3 8 : (8 А | i энда. |g) ши. | em e | HET — ES rom qp ec pcc uec eem 50 | 4113 x 107 | 5663 x 1017 50 ana x 1017 | sega x 1027 51, 3813 „ 519 „ 51| 2813 „ 5105 á 52| 3548 „ 454 „ 52 3548 „ 454 _„ 5] 3u 459 „ 53] 34 „ 4259, 54| 3105 „ 295 „ 54| 305 „ э „ 55 207 „ 3665 „ 55 2017 „ BS „ 56 | 2742 „ 356 „ | 56| 2742 „ 356 „ 37 278, 3136 „ 57 2578 „ 3156 „ 58 2429 „ 220 „ | 58 2499 „ 220 „ 5| әнә 724 „ | 50| m9. IM „ 60 2163 „ 2 „ 60 2163 „ 259 „ 61 2045 „ 2389 „ | 61} 2045 „ 239 „ 62| 194 „ 222 „ 62 1934 „ 22 63 1930 „ 2106 „ 6| 180 „ 2106 , 64| 170 „ 1978 „ 64| 170 „ 198 „ 65 1634 „ 1858 „ 65 1634 „ 1858 „ 66 159 „ 942 „ 66 [ 1539 „ pna „ 67 143 „ 1606 „ 6| MG „ 16% „ 68| 138 „ 1510 „ | e| 1348 m 1510 „ 6| 1254 „ 1399 „ 69 124 „ 189 70 1262 „ 1991 „ | 70 1193 „ 11 nj 1079 „ 93 „ | n| 1078 „ 192 72 1001 „ 1103 „ 72 99 „ 1100 „ 72 930 „ 1021 „ 73| 924 „ 1013 „ 74 861 „ 945 „ | 74| 858 „ эз „ 75 805 „ 877 „ 75 7 » 866 „ 76| 749 „ 84 „ 76 мо „ 83 . "| &8 „ 757 „ | п| 67 „ 745 „ T | 650 „ 704 „ 78 * 69 „ 79 | 606 „ 657 „ T9 x 60 „ 80| 5% „ 63 „ 80 » ә „ 81] 50 „ 573 „ 81| 50 „ 550 „ 82 497 „ 5X |а В 54 n 83] 47 „ 505 „ | 8| 40 „ 44 „ — ا ا‎ — TABLE 29. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE in Thomson's Units of the Red Sea Covering at various Temperatures. Zinc to Cable Copper to Cable Tem- perature. | Electrification Electrification Electrification Electrifcation for 1 Minute. | for 5 Minutes. | for I Minute. | for 5 Minutes. 60 2162 x 1017 | 2330 x 1017 | 2239 x 1017 | мо x fol? 65 1810 „ 2947 „ 1790 „ 2770 „ 70 1460 278 „ zs „ 2939 „ 75 11600 „ 1753 „, | 1000 „ 1139 „ т TABLE 30. SPECIFIC RESISTANCE in Thomson's Units of the Covering of No. 1 Experimental Coil at various Temperatures. Zinc to Cable Copper to Cable Tem- After After After perature. | Electrification | Electrification | Electrification Electrification for | Minute. | for 5 Minutes. | for 1 Minute. for 5 Minutes. a o 50 3023 x 1017 | 9560 x 1017 | 2240 х 1017 | sags x 101 55 1858 „ 2302, 206 „ 2560 „ 60 1718 „ 200] „ 1886 „ 2309 „ 1598 „ 1918 „ 1 | 70 M91 „ 1767 „ дё SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 479 Fig. 1. App. No. 14. C and Z, poles of the battery. E, earth-plate. А В, wire coated with insulating material. G, galvanometer introduced between Z and A to measure the loss through the coating of A B. Fig. 2. Section of No. 1 coil. Section of No. 2 coil. Section of No. 3 coil. Fig. 3 Cc | C апа Z, poles of the battery. A A, circular commutator with four terminal screws, a, b, c, d. F, junction piece with four terminal screws e, f, 9, he G, galvanometer, with four terminal screws i, &, Û m. B, binding screw, which can be attached to n, 0, p, or q, the ends of the two coils in tub T. E, earth-plate. A A, glass trough divided into three compart- ments by the webs a, a. ö, b, b, porous diaphragms, secured with mastic in the grooves provided to receive them. 3P2 480 APP. No. 14. Insulating properties of бу Fleming" by Flee nkin. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Fig. 5. a, b, c, d, four terminals connected with four tongues A, B, C, D. E, F, G, H, four spiral springs, which press the tongues against a central spindle I. J, h, two insulated metal arcs, which connect either a with d and b with c, or a with b and c with d, according to the position of the handle A. Fig. 6 Fig. 7. | G, galvanometer, C and Z, poles of the battery. R, resistance coils. Fig. 8. Digitized by Google Ms “ IOAN Turns of wire in toits. хеке ol Cals in series ЛО x 107 T.U. Length of suspending thread GI от. Trap al external derided circle Sean. Drew! ol vuternal devvded circle 1776. Digitized by Google Хаах г a; s em | | 17 TNT UY Д 2000 | | Bu d | us C hs: — 1 | | 4 [| |. --4 E Е _ — i E 1500 v. ree — "i nu 00 2. eig. 1. | | | S 1 | | E ZINC TO COIL NOI | | | 1000 A COVERED WITH GUTTA PERCHA | s | ! 4 AND CHATTERTONS COMPOUND. — 300 Fa „> | > | | | Nu" ; A Loss aller L prt lh /2M L467 1437 __ M28 1447 4/725 1672 7734 1020 19.22 à! ue EU uo MM 1205 1277 0293 au, [077 7496 VAS ЛИ 072 L769 . „ AGE „ 177, WH 1277 TH? An 12107 7477 ZI IUS U 26 32 . . x45 207 1093 HSS L276 L279 137 1477 45.46 4675 ПИ 2602 ‚ . 4^ ORD 1037 1095 2 7247 LISS 7477 22 Wis 7624 1602 2000 Ж. | S: pes pe j [ EL IEEE e ас ue? 5 | 5 Fig. 2. Ку ee сс E | 3 poss - © COPPER TO COIL Net AM d e үке” | | = COVERED WITH GUTTA PERCHA рер" * z AND CHATTERTONS COMPOUND. Е | 2 | | z po i= Ы Е | 1 p А | К m |Р ) _ 2 2 22 ) "— Е воху aller , nunute. 1122 227 gu, Vi, 1729 LAT SHS: А1 102 8 ,, UM 1017 MSE Mts Dad,, 12 HID 12H _ 4\7 1742 L004 „ cd ay. A 972 1027 Lu ШИ Ш 70852 m U23 ZETA. wed fe оу J42 , i,, OK lis WDN MS e, LY 24H24 J” . эу 223 YU LOYO LMS UM. _ 7 HOF _ N u == 20% К N. ue dd Digitized by Google Plate IIl. ZINC TO COIL N?2. Covered with PURE GUTTA PERCHA. 800 parts I” ES‏ س —— — — — — ——À —— — — M —————— — —À‏ ر Vertical Scale. Less ahe 1и туш — — — — ih. NER TO эл MH уд J339 _ e 822 72 1 / 1 Р er — . 2. o āū oaz 166 I$ x m" E „е 715 22.2953. NSD d ы ae s 56 — SAAT Oo 95 lig IN. JA uea — M6, OO 9519 740 _ 9360 He NEC _ Less after Г minute — a 938 | i | | | | | | quilt Plate IV. | | | | | | | | | | - | ИЕ IHE COPPER TO COIL N? 2. Covered with | | PURE GUTTA PERCHA. | Ж || || | | | | | | pa E ZA ERE NER И sry es ane EUER ови mT ge 4% 426 H28 3 na. mê — —— — — ———— — 2 — — — — 3014 04 800 parts = [" Vertical Scale. i — лл —œäé — . — Plate V. ZINC TO COIL N? 3. RED SEA CORE. — . —— = 2346 1973 1641 145 — „ „шый maa e rm 334! _2845 1387 24524 * 2430 on ay ee Vertical Scale. 800 parts 1" Day А oen lah uthe tun Digitized by Google Plate VI. COPPER TO COIL N?3. RED SEA CORE. = |= 800 parts Vertical Scale. Пау hoor Lu tthe suun Digitized by Google TIU DIAGRAM Shewing the Increase af ©”; Resistance of Copper Wire, due |: | ШП to an Increase of Temperat’ * : С i 200 al an 5 | | 5 | - | 510 | fine Base Line 500 Dé . | ! | below Base Lune shewn 500l 1 | ! | 50° 55° 60° 65° 70° 75° 80° 85° 90° 95° Fahrenheit prec eere ыыы] Digitized by Google „um DIAGRAM Comparing the Results af Daily Tests af the Cable during Manufacture, with the Results of the Tests an single Knot of Cable c of vurlous Temperatures. "n { | | < — — MM ä—ꝓ—ũ0 — — M И i 759 905 Day Ё Son Luh” to the faan Tatical Scale 6 5 10 *- 1% SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 481 APP. No. 14. by Fleeming Jenkin. Fig. 9. Ki, Ks. Ky &c., cables. A, B, junction bar. Ay: C, commutator. D, battery. E, earth. F and H, junction pieces by which galvanometer T, and T; сап be included or excluded from ü the circuit. | O, junction piece. B, resistance coils. — d 523 —— — omega — — n — — ынын . pu— س‎ TD — —M —— — a —— — —má ( | 3 P 3 ram € Sir Charles Bright on tlie requirements of an electric cable of great length, and laid at a great depth. Recomiuen- dation for the outer cover. ing of a cable to be laid between Ply- mouth and 1 abraltar. APPENDIX No. 15. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE LETTER from Sir CHARLES BRIGHT to Sir STAFFORD NORTHCOTE relative to the REQUIREMENTS of an ELECTRIC CABLE of GREAT LENGTH and to be laid at a Great DEPTH. 72, Old Broad Street, May 21, 1859. I HAVE the honour to submit my opinion upon the points contained in the memorandum accompanying your letter of the 17th inst., relating to the requirements of a telegraphic cable, 1,100 nautical miles in length, to be submerged to depths varying from 100 to 2,500 fathoms. Question No. 1. What is the form of electrical conductor best suited for a telegraphic cable 1,100 nautical miles in length, submerged to depths varying from 100 to 2,500 fathoms? Solid wire or strand ? 1. There are electrical advantages in the use of solid wire, but I consider the mechanical benefit gained by forming a conductor of several wires laid together in a strand to be of superior importance, and I therefore recommend that a strand of pure copper wire should be adopted for the con- ductor of your cabie. 2. What thickness of conducting metal? 3. What speed a cable ought to work at with the conductor recommended? 4. What insulating medium should be employed, and up to what thickness should the conductor be insulated having especial reference to the retardation of the electric current in a circuit of the extent contemplated ? 2, 3, and 4. ‘he dimensions of the conductor, and the thickness of the insulating material by which it is to be covered are mainlv dependent upon the speed at which it is desired to work through the cable when laid; I presume, however, that it is not your intention to incur the very great outlay necessary for the attainment of a rate of work- ing equal to the speed which may be reached with short submarine lines, or wires suspended from posts, but that a moderate speed—say, of ten words per minute—would suffice for your purpose. For the accomplishment of such & rate of working I should advise that about three hundred- weight and a half of copper should be used for the con- ductor to each nautical mile, which would make a seven- wire strand 45; of an inch in diameter. The copper should be very carefully tested for conductivity during the manufacture SIR, of the cable, as very great variation has been found to exist. in the capacity of different samples of copper wire of the same size and weight, and apparently equal in all respects. The conductor should be covered to half an inch in diameter with the best gutta-percha, and the compound of gutta-percha, wood tar, and resin, now usually applied by the Gutta Percha Company in their layers immediately over, and between, the wires insulated for submarine cables, by which a more complete adhesion of the surfaces in contact is obtained. The quantity of gutta-percha thus applied, (which should be laid in six separate coatings, three of the composition, and three of pure gutta-percha alternately) would amount to a little more by weight than the conductor, and would ensure an ample degree of insulation, if properly tested during the construction of the cable. With this object, in addition to the usual tests at the gutta-percha works, the cable when finished should be coiled in water, flake by flake, and there be tested with the greatest care until the completion of its delivery on board ship. Such a conductor as the above, if submerged without injury could be worked well, without requiring an excessive amount of battery power, at the rate of ten words per minute, through the length which you have in contempla- tion; it would cost about 100/. per nautical mile, and could be made in ten weeks. Special attention should be paid to the construction of the joints in the conductor, and a series of resistance coils of fine wire should be made before the departure of the cable exactly representing the resistance of various lengths _ of the cable, by which in the event of any defect or fracture hereafter, the position of the fault may be readily determined. 5. Whether it is desirable or practicable to add to, or assist the insulation of the conductor by any pro- cess in the application of the outer covering ? 5. I do not know of any process that I could recommend by which the insulation of such a conductor as I have described could be improved to any useful extent; but the addition, to the outside of the insulator, of any non-absor- bent material (although not as good an insulator as gutta- percha) would tend to reduce the degree of retardation proportionately to the thickness and insulating properties of the material so used. Nothing of the knd has been practically applied hitherto, and there are several points connected with its introduction which require further con- sideration and experiments. 6. What should be the form of the outer covering ? 6. The form of outer covering which I should prefer would be governed by the depths to which the cable is to be laid and the nature of the bottom. Near the shore; and until the soft clay bottom which is generally found at the greater depths is reached, a strong covering of solid iron wire tapering by degrees in its advance towards the deep sea, would in my opinion be the best and most permanent mode of protecting the conductor. In the greater depths & combination of iron and hemp might be adopted by which the specific gravity of the cable would be reduced, at the same time that sufficient strength, and protection for the conductor would be preserved. If you have not already obtained so many soundings upon the route over which the cable will be laid as to indicate generally the depth and bottom, they should be procured before deciding upon the form and dimensions of the outer covering, and before the actual laying of the cable is com- menced careful soundings should be taken, any sudden variation in depth being very carefully examined. If you are in a position to give me the information in regard to various depths on the track, I shall be glad to lay before you my opinion as to the form of outer covering to be used, with specimens of the system which I may recommend. The manufacture of the conductor and insulating material should not be delayed on account of the outer covering, if time is as important in the execution of this work as your letter leads me to suppose. | I have, &c., (Signed) CHARLES T. BRIGHT. Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart., M.P., &c., &c., &с. 72, Old Broad Street, E.C., une 9th, 1859. SINCE I addressed my report of the 21st ultimo to you, I have obtained such information regarding the general character of the soundings along the route of the proposed telegraphic cable from the Lizard to Gibraltar, as enables me now to lay before you my opinion upon the form of outer covering which I should recommend to be used in combination with the insulated conductor formerly de- scribed. For the main portion of the line, where the depth is not more than about five hundred fathoms, I should advise that the outer covering should consist of fourteen No. 12 guaye, best charcoal iron wires, covered separately with Manilla yarn well saturated with tar, oil, and beeswax, a serving of yarn should also be laid over the conductor. In the Bay of Biscay, where the depth increases consider- ably, I should lay precisely the same form of cable, with wires of the same guage, but of steel, instead of charcoal Wire. In the Straits of Gibraltar, and near the English coast where there is any likelihood of injury from ship’s anchors, a heavier cable composed of solid iron wires whould be laid, the core being thickly covered with tarred yarn to form a bedding for the outer wires; I should recommend the adoption of fourteen No. 2 guage iron wires as the outer covering for this part of the line, to be tapered gradually into the main cable after leaving anchorage ponds I have, &c., SIR, (Signed) CHARLES T. BRIGHT. Sir Stafford Northcote, Bart., M.P., &c., &c., &c. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. LETTER from Mr. J. A. LoNcRIDGE to Captain GALTON on Payinc-ouT APPARATUS for SUB- MARINE TELEGRAPH CABLES. Captain Galton, R.E., Board of Trade. DEAR Sin, I sEND you herewith sketch of the paying-out appa- ratus I showed you this morning. The object is twofold : Ist. To avoid the severe strains caused by the friction of heavy rotatory machinery when the vessel pitches. 2nd. To reduce ad libitum the injurious normal pres- sure of the cable upon the paying-out machine. Ist. This is accomplished in methods 1 and 2 by substi- tuting a sliding motion of the cable over a surface, the fric- tion of the cable being the retarding force instead of the friction of breaks, and in the third method by so arranging the cable over revolving drums that when the strain exceeds that of the break, the cable slips away, without increasing the velocity of rotation of the machinery. By any one of these methods the inertia of the machinery has no effect on the cable. 2nd. The normal pressure at any point is equal to the tension divided by the radius of curvature. If, now, we take a cable running out with a tension of 30 cwt. over a 5-feet drum, the normal pressure equals 3? = 6 cwt. per lineal foot or 56 lbs. per lineal inch; an amount which, if the gutta percha be at all soft, would be very likely to injure the insulation; and suppose that, by a sudden pitch of the vessel, the inertia of the Ls caused an extra tension of 20 cwt., which is greatly within the limits of what might happen, this would bring an extra normal pressure on the cable of 38 lbs. per lineal inch, making altogether 564-38 =94 lbs. per lineal inch. Such a pressure, besides the injury to the core, would prevent the adoption of a system of sliding, because the friction would be so great as to tear off the entire coating. . Now the only means to reduce the normal pressure is to increase the radius of curvature, to which there is a prac- tical limit if circular drums be used. Again, with circular drums the normal pressure is greatest where the cable leaves the drum, and least where it enters on it; whereas it ought to be constant throughout. It is therefore evident, that by adopting & curve of variable radius we can obtain 8 constant pressure. This is the principle of the methods 1 and 2. The curve may for convenience be divided into sections, and placed either vertically or horizontally along the deck, and so arranged that the cable may be thrown off itin a moment. One or more of the sections may be so arranged as to indicate the tension of the cable. METHOD 2. The curve may be formed by a spiral groove cut in a cone 183 METHOD l. The curve of constant pressure is a spiral of which the equation has been investigated. В Representing this spiral by the sketch in the margin, the cable would enter it at A and leave it at B, and the tension at A Radius of curve of A tension at B ^ Radius of curve at B Taking the radius of curvature of B — 16 feet and of A = 2 feet, the tension at A = #th of that of B. The length of curve required depends on the co-efficient of friction, and is of course greater as the latter is less. The following table gives an example of the action of such a curve, of which the radii are 16 feet and 2 feet re- spectively. Let T = tension at leaving the curve. t — tension at entering the curvc. P — normal pressure on the lineal inch of cable on curve. р = normal pressure on a 5-feet drum at leaving the drum. T | t P. p Cwt. Cwt. Lbs. Lbs. 33 4 19 120 24 3 143 90 16 2 94 60 8 ] 44 30 The next Table gives the length of the curves and their horizontal abscissæ (if developed as shown in Column 1) corresponding to various co-efficients of friction. Co-cfficient of Friction. | Length of Curve. Horizontal Length. f. L. l. Feet. 2 84 56 1 70 47 k 64 42 i 42 28 as shown in Fig. 2. If this cone be rectangular the curve ossesses the same properties as the curve of equal pressure. he cable enters at the small end of the cone, and makes one, two, or more turns round it, the number of turns depending on the amount of friction required. If the cone Fe free to revolve, the cable turns it round and runs itself ee. 3P 4 APr. No. l5. Paying- out ap paratus. > — — | 484 i | APP. No. 14. If, on the other hand, it be desired to increase the re- ; Paying-out — tarding force, the cone is turned in a reverse direction, apparatus. and winds more cable on it. Tae bearing of the cone is so arranged as to offer no j impediment to the escape of the cable when required. ' "hus, by this arrangement, the retarding force can be | varied at will with the greatest ease. : The cone also takes up much less space than the curve. Its properties in reducing the normal pressure and tension, are similar to those exhibited in Table 1, given above, for and are ‘acted on by small rollers FFF, pressing on the back of,each, so connected that the pressure of the two belts on the cable can be varied at will. The cable can be N e TM NTS TR 55 Thus, it will be seen, that the cable runs out with the belts at a tension, regulated by the break-wheel, and the increased strain due to inertia is avoided by the cable slipping through the belts when the tension exceeds that Adi. the friction imposed by the rollers FFF, variable at will. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE the curve. It also affords great facilities for indicating the tension. | METHOD 3. The cable is here passed between two endless belts passing round drums AA and BB. The standard C is fixed, whilst D is moveable so as to tighten up the belts when required. The distance apart of the top and bottom drums can be varied at will. ‘The endless belts are formed thus— — Plat wire rope, . II dia- rubber. ./ Be I thrown off the machine and put on again in a moment. E is a break-wheel, and F the shaft-end which may be con- nected to & small steam-engine for hauling in. [ш machine is peculiarly applicable to picking up cables. I remain, yours faithfully, JAMES A. LONGRIDGE. 18, Abjngdon Street, Westminster, 28th November 1859. 14 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, APPENDIX, No. 16. ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH CABLE. Atlantic Telegraph Company, 22, Old Broad Street, Engineer's Department, August 19, 1858. GENTLEMEN, ON arriving at Valentia, on the morning of the 5th instant, I forwarded to you by telegraph a brief report of the success which has attended the Company's endeavours to place Newfoundland in electrical communication with Ireland, and I have now the honour to lay before you fuller particulars of the operations carried out on board H.M.S. * Agamemnon," which I have been unable to do sooner, owing to the pressure consequent upon the return of the expedition. After our departure from Queenstown, at two a.m. on the 18th ult., we proceeded towards the rendezvous, which we reached on the night of the 28th, having been delayed by contrary winds and a head swell. We found the ** Nia- gara," “ Valorous," and“ Gorgon,” which had left Queen's- town on the l7th, waiting for us, and on the morning of the 29th, the sea being smooth, and the barometer standing at 30.15, the Agamemnon " апі “ Niagara" were con- nected together by a hawser stern to stern; the end of the cable on board the latter ship was then brought by the boats of the Valorous ” to the“ Agamemnon," where the splice was finished by one o'clock, local time, our position then being lat. 52? 8’ N,, long. 32° 27’ W., distant 938-2; statute, or 815 nautical miles, from the White Strand Bay at Valentia. Having veered out a sufficient length to bring the splice into the centre of the curve formed by the cable hanging between the ships, the hawser was 9 and we pro- ceeded on our course slowly, paying out slack freely for the first three hours, after which the speed of the ship was increased to four, and at seven p.m. to five knots per hour. All went on well until 7.45 p.m., when, immediately after passing from the outside to the centre of the coil in the inain-hold, the beginning of the first turn of the flake next below that in process of delivery was seen (on being exposed by the uncoiling of the cable above it) to be squeezed be- tween the side of the cone in the eye of the coil and the end of the piece of wood by which the leading-in part of the coil was defended. This injury occurred through the extent to which the coil was disturbed during the gales encountered in our previous voyage. Although the whole of the upper part of the coil which had been displaced to such an extent as to promise any difficulty in paying out was removed, and coiled on the upper deck abaft the foremast, it would appear that all the new cable which had been lately placed on the top of the main coil had shifted somewhat in the heavy weather, for it was necessary to rectify another defect, arising from the same cause, at a similar part of the coil soon after. The old cable, which had been coiled for a longer time, and was more thickly coated with the mixture of tar and pitch, was not in the least degree disturbed. When the defective piece had been passed under some of the turms of the flake then paying out to the outside, in order to allow of more narrow examination than could be made in the centre of the coil where the cable was passing out or the hold, Professor Thomson reported that continuity had ceased. On the cessation of signals I requested Captain Preedy to stop the ship, having placed Mr. Clifford to superintend the machine, so that as little cable might be payed out as was consistent with safety, Mr. Canning taking charge of the reinstatement of the injury, while Mr. Hoare attended to the dynamometer. It is in great measure owing to the care of these gentle- men that no ill resulted from this critical mischance. At 9.15 the fault was repaired, and shortly afterwards signals were again reported from the “ Niagara.” We had at this time payed out 46 nautical miles of cable from the “ Agamemnon." The depth of water at the time of this stoppage was 2,030 fathoms, according to the nearest sounding. By noon on the 30th we had payed out 135.8 nautical miles, being then in lat. 52? 24', long. 29? 50', by observa- tion, and 718 miles distant from Valentia, the Niagara having laid 130 miles of cable. After this the wind freshened, and a heavy swell got up, increasing the motion of the ship very much, and at jud: night it was blowing hard from S.S.E., the consumption of coal required to keep up the speed which I desired to main- tain being so great that some apprehension was felt in regard to the sufficiency of our supply of fuel. At noon on the 3lat the“ Agamemnon” had payed out 280 miles, and the“ Niagara ” 285. The weather did not allow of any observation, but our run, by dead reckoning, made us about 605 miles from Valentia, and in the locality where the depth of 2,400 fathoms (the greatest in our route) was obtained by Captain Dayman, in H.M.S. * Cyclops," last year. During this day the wind continued to blow heavily, the sea running very high; by midnight the barometer had fallen to 29.50, and everything indicated a change for worse rather than for better weather; we had then payed out 358 miles of cable, the “ Niagara " 365. At noon on Sunday, August Ist, we were 4783 miles from Valentia, our position by observation being lat. 52° 26’ 30", long. 23° 16’ 30”, 434 miles having been paid out from the * Agamemnon,” and 440 by the Niagara." During the morning the wind had changed to the S. W., and the weather gave signs of amendment, but a hea swell remained, and in the afternoon the breeze freshened, squalls followed each other in rapid succession, and the ship pitched as much as before. By noon on the 2nd we were in lat. 52° 35’, long. 19° 48’, 351°6 miles from Valentia, 605 miles of cable having been laid from the Agamemnon," and 615 from the “ Niagara.” In the afternoon the force of the wind decreased, and the motion of the ship was much easier: at three p.m. we had to alter our course for a few minutes to avoid a three-masted schooner, which passed us on the port bow so closely as to make it a subject for congratulation that she did not cross our path astern ; the cable grew out very much to the star- board side during the change, but I caused an additional amount of slack to be paid out at the time, so that no undue strain came upon it. During the evening the weather was squally, and by four in the morning of the 3rd the wind had got round to the N. W., and a long slow swell from the S. W. caused the ship to pitch and roll as much as before. At this time some excitement was created by a baroue bearing down upon our starboard beam; we increased speed to clear her, but she hove to on being intercepted by the Valorous,” At noon, on the 3rd, we had payed out 776 miles of cahle, being then in lat. 52? 26’, long. 16° 7’ 40", 211:2 miles from Valentia, the Niagara" having laid 780 miles, After this the depth of water, which had averaged 2,000 fathoms since the Ist instant, began to lessen, and at 5 p.m. the greatest variation in our tract (from 1,750 to 550 fathoms within about ten miles) occurred, an extra per-centage of slack being laid to provide for any irregularities which might there exist on the bottom; by midnight the depth had further decreased to 216 fathoms. 3 Q Arr. No. 16, Atlantic tele- graph. Sir C. odds report on the аса paying-out of the cable, 484 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 14. If, on the other hand, it be desired to increase the re- Paying-out tarding force, the cone is turned in a reverse direction, apparatus, and winds more cable on it. The bearing of the cone is so arranged as to offer no impediment to the escape of the cable when required. "hus, by this arrangement, the retarding force can be varied at will with the greatest ease. : The cone also takes up much less space than the curve. Its properties in reducing the normal pressure and tension, are similar to those exhibited in Table 1, given above, for Cross Section. and are ‘acted on by small rollers FFF, pressing on the back of,each, so connected that the pressure of the two belts on the cable can be varied at will. ‘The cable can be FyaTÁUECULÉ-— mem TELE TA ER A sa p mee = = r н LEG quen “aio | Thus, it will be seen, that the cable runs out with the belts at a tension, regulated by the break-wheel, and the increased strain due to inertia is avoided by the cable slipping through the belts when the tension exceeds that ii. the friction imposed by the rollers FFF, variable at will. 3 . Pa 5 = 3 $ / / FN A \ \ 4 ^. TAV VA ү, Det Р.а m Р — ‘ ь LÁ. тў FANT ane LC VLA Lema 75 A а Drum ү ua peii euet Eu. REUS „b ——ä— 2 —ũ4k — .— 2 —Uü—ê—ͤ— M а Да — —ũ—w—ꝗ— Паш E ر‎ cee a = SSS Ham LZ PE y Tia tae ed PH ee ‘ * NN n Le nr Tot * (UI i ——— تک س نا ا‎ —äj—ä—ůe— م‎ a ا سے — کے ہے اھ‎ рах 4 à the curve, It also affords great facilities for indicating the tension. | METHOD 3. The cable is here passed between two endless belts passing round drums AA and BB. The standard C is fixed, whilst D is moveable so as to tighten up the belts when required. The distance apart of the top and bottom drums can be varied at will. e endless belts are formed thus— thrown off the machine and put on again in a moment. E is a break-wheel, and F the shaft-end which may be con- nected to a small steam-engine for hauling in. SOTO eee ee) 71 Pe j * N wis DERE AUN dau. dk „ E — —ñ— 2 — — — + a , — ow - , — — — fr КҮ TORS HELD SER Uy IT es ee TOC DA ae el‏ د جم مد nat machine is peculiarly applicable to picking up cables. I remain, yours faithfully, JAMES A. LONGRIDGE. 18, Abingdon Street, Westminster, 28th November 1859. SSF SSS ELS * А mU‏ ی ING | | | я | | j SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, APPENDIX, No. 16. ATLANTIC TELEGRAPH CABLE. Atlantic Telegraph Company, 22, Old Broad Street, Engineer's Department, August 19, 1858. GENTLEMEN, ON arriving at Valentia, on the morning of the 5th instant, I forwarded to you by telegraph a brief report of the success which has attended the Company's endeavours to place Newfoundland in electrical communication with Ireland, and I have now the honour to lay before you fuller particulars of the operations carried out on board H.M.S. „% Agamemnon," which I have been unable to do sooner, xi to the pressure consequent upon the return of the expedition. After our departure from Queenstown, at two a.m. on the 18th ult., we proceeded towards the rendezvous, which we reached on the night of the 28th, having been delayed by contrary winds and a head swell. We found the “ Nia- gara,” ** Valorous,” and“ Gorgon,” which had left Queen’s- town on the 17th, waiting for us, and on the morning of the 29th, the sea being smooth, and the barometer standing at 30.15, the “ Agamemnon” and “ Niagara” were con- nected together by a hawser stern to stern; the end of the cable on board the latter ship was then brought by the boats of the Valorous ” to the Agamemnon," where the splice was finished by one o'clock, local time, our position ien being lat. 52? Ü N,, long. 32° 27’ W., distant 938,2, statute, or 815 nautical miles, from the White Strand Bay at Valentia. Having veered out a sufficient length to bring the splice into the centre of the curve formed by the cable hanging between the ships, the hawser was released, and we pro- ceeded on our course slowly, paying out slack freely for the first three hours, after which the speed of the ship was increased to four, and at seven p.m. to five knots per Nour. All went on well until 7.45 p.m., when, immediately after passing from the outside to the centre of the coil in the main-hold, the beginning of the first turn of the flake next below that in process of delivery was seen (on being exposed by the uncoiling of the cable above it) to be squeezed be- tween the side of the cone in the eye of the coil and the end of the piece of wood by which the leading-in part of the coil was defended. This injury occurred through the extent to which the coil was disturbed during the gales encountered in our previous voyage. Although the whole of the upper part of the coil which had been displaced to such an extent as to promise any difficulty in paying out was removed, and coiled on the upper deck abaft the foremast, it would appear that all the new cable which had been lately placed on the top of the main coil had shifted somewhat in the heavy weather, for it was necessary to rectify another defect, arising from the same cause, at a similar part of the coil soon after. The old cable, which had been coiled for a longer time, and was more thickly coated with the mixture of tar and pitch, was not in the least degree disturbed. When the defective piece had been passed under some of the turns of the flake then paying out to the outside, in order to allow of more narrow examination than could be made in the centre of the coil where the cable was passing out or the hold, Professor Thomson reported that continuity had ceased. On the cessation of signals I requested Captain Preedy to stop the ship, having placed Mr. Clifford to superintend the machine, so that as little cable might be payed out as was consistent with safety, Mr. Canning taking charge of the reinstatement of the injury, while Mr. Hoare attended to the dynamometer. It is in great measure owing to the care of these gentle- men that no ill resulted from this critical mischance. At 9.15 the fault was repaired, and shortly afterwards signals were again reported from the “ Niagara.” We had at this time payed out 46 nautical miles of cable from the " Agamemnon.” The depth of water at the time of this stoppage was 2,030 fathoms, according to the nearest sounding. By noon on the 30th we had payed out 135.8 nautical miles, being then in lat. 52° 24’, long. 29° 50’, by observa- tion, and 718 miles distant from Valentia, the Niagara having laid 130 miles of cable. After this the wind freshened, and a heavy swell got up, increasing the motion of the ship very much, and at mid- night it was blowing hard from S.S.E., the consumption of coal required to keep up the speed which I desired to main- tain being so great that some apprehension was felt in regard to the sufficiency of our supply of fuel. At noon on the 313 the“ Agamemnon" had payed out 280 miles, and the “ Niagara " 285. | The weather did not allow of any observation, but our run, by dead reckoning, made us about 605 miles from Valentia, and in the locality where the depth of 2,400 fathoms (the greatest in our route) was obtained by Captain Dayman, in H.M.S. “ Cyclops," last year. During this day the wind continued to blow heavily, the sea running very high; by midnight the barometer had fallen to 29.50, and everything indicated a change for worse rather than for better weather; we had then payed out 358 miles of cable, the ** Niagara " 365. At noon on Sunday, August Ist, we were 4784 miles from Valentia, our position by observation being lat. 52° 26’ 30", long. 23? 16' 30", 434 miles having been paid out from the '* Agamemnon,” and 440 by the “ Niagara.” During the morning the wind had changed to the S. W., and the weather gave signs of amendment, but a hea swell remained, and in the afternoon the breeze freshened, squalls followed each other in rapid succession, and the ship pitched as much as before. By noon on the 2nd we were in lat. 52? 35’, long. 19° 48’, 351°6 miles from Valentia, 605 miles of cable having been laid from the Agamemnon," and 615 from the “ Niagara." In the afternoon the force of the wind decreased, and the motion of the ship was much easier: at three p.m. we had to alter our course for a few minutes to avoid a three-masted schooner, which passed us on the port bow so closely as to make it a subject for congratulation that she did not cross our path astern; the cable grew out very much to the star- board side during the change, but I caused an additional amount of slack to be paid out at the time, so that no undue strain came upon it. During the evening the weather was squally, and by four in the morning of the 3rd the wind had ot round to the N.W., and a long slow swell from the S.W. caused the ship to pitch and roll as much as before. At this time some excitement was created by a baraue bearing down upon our starboard beam; we increased s to clear her, but she hove to on being intercepted by the “ Valorous,” At noon, on the 3rd, we had payed out /76 miles of cahle, being then in lat. 52° 26’, long. 16° 7’ 40", 211:2 miles from Valentia, the “ Niagara" having laid 780 miles, After this the depth of water, which had averaged 2,000 fathoms since the 1st instant, began to lessen, and at 5 p.m. the greatest variation in our tract (from 1,750 to 550 fathoms within about ten miles) occurred, an extra per-centage of slack being laid to provide for any irregularities which might there exist on the bottom; by midnight the depth bad further decreased to 216 fathoms. 3 Q 485 pes At 4 алп. on the morning of the 4th, the larger coil in Atlantic tele. the main hold was exhausted, and we commenced paying out from the upper deck coil. By noon the water had deepened again to 400 fathoms. We were then in lat. 52? 11’, long. 12? 40’, only 893 miles from Valentia, having laid 924 miles of cable, while the * Niagara " had laid 925. 8 During the day the wind and sea dropped, and at 8 p. m., having reduced our distance from Valentia to 50 miles, the * Valorous " steamed a head, to make out the land. The water now shoaled gradually; at 8:30 p.m., having ` finished the second coil, a change was effected to the cable on the orlop deck. At midnight we were in company with the ** Valorous," in sight of the upper Skellig light, and at dawn, on the morning of the 5%, abreast of the Blasquets, steaming slowly towards Valentia. At 6 a.m. we anchored in Doulas Bay, 2,022 nautical miles, having been paid out between the two ships, and proceeded to coil a sufficient length of cable to reach the shore into one of the paddle-box boats of ће “ Valorous.” The wind freshened in the course of the morning, by which the landing of the end was somewhat dele the swell becoming so great that Captain Preedy got up steam in the “ Agamemnon,” ready to put out to sea at any .moment. At 3 p.m. the end of the cable was safely brought to the beach, and passed into the company's station at Knights- town. The strain upon the cable varied during the paying out under different circumstances of weather, depth of water, and speed of ship, as will be seen by the accompanying tabular log, which furnish details recorded several times in each hour, of the indicated strain, weight on brakes, angle of cable, rate of paying out, rate of ship, revolutions of screw, dis- tance run according to Massey's log, distance made good by observations, and a journal of all the events worthy of note 'in each watch ; an entry is also made of Greenwich time, so that the electrician's diary, and the log kept on board the “ Niagara may be more readily compared with it. Some inconvenience was experienced by the great accumulation of pitch and tar, a second coating of which was laid on the cable when coiled away at Keyham for the winter, to prevent it from rusting ; but this had also its advantaye in keeping down the cable leading from the coil, which had, if too des in any place, a tendency to fly out when running at a high speed. The paying out machinery (consisting of the addition of Mr. Appold's brske, to one of the two machines fitted on board each ship last year, as recommended by your com- mittee, with the dynamometer for indicating the strain) has worked exceedingly well, in à manner which reflects the highest credit upon the manufacturers, Messrs. Easton and Amos. The hand wheel for lifting the weights when required, designed by Mr. Amos, was of considerable service during the unfavourable weather which prevailed for the chief part of the voyage. The amount of slack payed out amounted to 22 per cent. upon the distance run; less might have been laid, but I considered it desirable, to ensure the cable laying every- where on the bottom, that ample slack should be used to cover any irregularities within the bounds of probability. I must not conclude this Report without again expressin my deep sense and appreciation of the laborious zeal ап untiring patience exhibited by Captain Preedy and the officers and company of the Agamemnon,” nor can I too strongly express my obligation to Mr. Canning and Mr. Clifford, who so ably took part with me in the general superintendence of the work, and to Mr. Hoare and Mr. Moore, whose supervision of the dynamometer and machinery was of the utmost value to us; and it must not be forgotten that Captain Hudson, and the officers and crew of the “ Niagara," with Mr. Everett and Mr. Woodhouse, who had charge of the operation of paying out from the * Niagara," with the assistance of Mr. Kell, have also per- formed their share of the labour equally with those who have returned to Ireland in the ** Agamemnon.” I have the honour to remain, Your most obedient Servant, CHARLES T. BRIGHT, To the Directors of Engineer. The Atlantic Telegraph Company. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 487 APPENDIX No. 16— continued. | Arr. No. 16. — Log of the successful PAvrNG-OUT the ATLANTIC CaBLE on Board the AGAMEMNON, from the 29th July to the 5th August 1858. Appended to Report from Sir Charles Bright to the Directors of the Atlantic Telegraph. 588 | HERE | Аре |y | È Green kiip E Cable ЕЕ E Я Cable. E Distance | Distance Dare. wich | Mime. 28 payes PER. P8 2 Bis "T : REMARES. Time. 25 out тш, z $|. ili Е s, 9 | Massey в | good at * — P 5 3 ЭР 1224335 | тор. | Noon кызы OÑ io fa olo do 2. z 2 |3 3 2 j>a a | | — . ́ — —b — — tions. 10.4 с.т. Signalled Niagara 110 miles of cable payed out. During this watch ev erything has ИЖА | | T H. м. July 29 - Splice lowered. Commenced paying out. 200 fathoms before | — — س‎ | — 3.23. Engines started after paying out 70 fathoms ; dedu | | | 1.30 scr. Increased ship luti А — | 30 = = zu I Е б шш ‚30 в.т. In ehip two revolutions of screw rej ! 12 | 1866 47 | 15 | | 1.35 вт. Speed ship, 1*7. 1°7 з 506 30 14 ¦ 1966 | — | 1200 | 25 | 8| — — | — | — 4.12 oF Increased number of revolutions of screw : 38 20 — . TR un e = to 18. 28| 6 350 | 1200 1500 | 25 | 8 | i 4.15. A whale close to cable. 3-0 | 10 — | 38 | 20 | 1266 | 1300 | 1700 2|12|— | — | -- |+ ше 4.30. Incress number of revolutions of screw 3.0 13 — | 30 | 20 | 1666 | 1300 | 1800 | 23, 8| — | — || — — о ^R ; ' 4.30. Reduced weight on brakes to 1266; shi — | 16 800 32 | 20 1666 | 1300 | 1700 | 23 | 5 — | up, = — going 2:7, 5 p.m. ; increased wel ht on baka E 17 800 | 32 | 22 os EE m | — کک‎ = 4 9 | to 1666. CHARLES T. BRIGHT. | T | | 6.30 с.т. Increased speed of engines 2 revolutions, 3-0; 19 500 34 | 22 „ | 1300 | 1650 | 22 | 10 -- | — — i -- А 10 ا ا ي‎ on Brake стен, . — 34 4 TEM E кс == КЕ .5 G.T. Incre of engines 2 revolutions. $4, 21 » | 1300 | 1700 | | | 1.15 G.T. Ditto ditto ditto. 3:9 | 24 500 40 | 26 | 1866 | 1300 | 1700 Wal 5| — | = | == ج‎ ar G.T. mus ditto ditto. е D 40 928 — PENES — — ° G.T. itto ditto ditto. 4-8 1 27 400 „ | 1400 | 18007 1059 | . | During this watch cable paying out easily ; strain 4-5 | 30 — 133,20, , | 1500 | 1850 | 15 T à steady. етер: a CANNING. А - = __ ' em .b5 G.T. Incr weights to 5 (14 moveable 630| 45; 32 6003830) , | 1400) 1800) 15; 3; — | 77 | | ө бука weights and levers = 656 Ibe.) 3 cable 6 45 45 | 34 400 | 39 | 30 | 2066 | 1550 | 1950 15 3 — | = — | = à going ош! knots, ship 4:4. А 40 32 P he 25 = .0 g.T. of screw increased two revolutions. 7 0% UG 36 90 | » | 1550 | 2000 | 14; 3 | | 10.5 с.т. Four weights taken off brakes and engine g 0 46| 39 700, 40,32, „ | 1500) 1900) 14, 3| = |. 7 251 — stopped to allow lapping to be made to cable in 825 — 42 — 98 | — | ,, less than 1200 | — — 1 7 | zs | E | a | m n noo. Want of continuity reported from ! electrical room. 8 40| — 3 — 21, — » | » „ 53 —— اک‎ — ; == 8 p.m., s.T. Massey's log, 25% miles. Ship stopped, 857 — | 43 150 | 14 | — | 9666 | 1900 | 2100 M Nen = ES = veering out cable slowly, and making good * | | pricked and cut places opened for testing in 9 15 r2 44 125) 8 | == | 9866 | 1900 | 3000 | — | — — — eus — 5 Insulation reported good; соп. — | — | 3066 3600 | — MM = TR za nui 5 9 8) — P s 8 1909 3700 É | | 11.35. Signals reported from Niagara again. я 15 "i 44 400|35 | — uisi 1200 i Е — | 2 | 2, = The splice passed over йе arama cha was paid | | e роо, with a considerable length of cable 920| — 4 — 10 — » » a qe; 47 = — after it, under very small strain. An aug- 9 0 — 46 — 26 — 1900 h = -—' ~ ES mented strain was put on to retard the proere s | | | and diminish further loss before signals came 940| — 46 700 36 | — 1700 | | س‎ — = — 1555 сый рн Ей W. Tomson. = 4l | — کک کے ا‎ us M T . s repo iagara sgain, 41 930 i | | W Ea going on again. Lapping cn ` : — | 40 | 28 mu шш — = e cable vassed over drums; strain eased. July 30 3 : m 360: lao dao е 20 Е | | 11.50. Engines increased to 22 revolutions. : 15 c A cd MEOS ES Jory 30 і | ° 10 50 4:0 306 | 48 | 32 1800114|—; — | 7 | x — 12.6. a.m. Engines Increased to 24 revolutions. . 44 i EE NET d ERR i a= .25 a.m. tto 28 , n oj 55, 53 80 : 000 | | During this watch tbere has been much variation 115 — 400 | 44 | 30 ME s MEN = | — — in the speed “ the BI, which accounts С the 41 | 30 2000 a а = E" PEN great speed of cable pay out at times. ther- n 5| 38 57 800 | 14 | | wise everything bas gone on satisfactorily. 1125 — — | 40 | 28 1800 | 1900 —| — | — — Е ; Roll of ship five degrees each way. 5. CANNING. 38 ¦ 28 2000 | = ==] == z= .48 G.T. Increased sp of ship to 30 revolutions. a 2 E и 3 36 | 28 1800 16 È | | | Slowed 9 eee a place in the hold à 8 » Е jj xem тт = = requiring lapping. 12 15 65 600 36 | „, 1900 2000 d | ER | NES e | zs 4.50 G.T. 70 miles payed out from Niagara. = d | н 6.0 алп. Speed of engines increased two revolu- 1230| 3:5| 67 700 34 | 30 1900 117%; —' — EE | xd | БЕ | р їп ош uence of new рсете. пон T 35 К ee d = = wa all has gone well; one ace in 1244| 3:7, 68 900 ” КАД з» | | hold occasioned by working of ship during gale, 10 42| 70 — 38] » » а аи Bu к" = = made good at 1.30. CHARLES T. Baicur. 130, — 72 400 33 » UMS ш — s m 6.45. Niagara signal of 80 miles paid out. 2 p | H. CLIFFORD. 136 | 73 —|30|% 1950 | „ — — | = = = 6.50. eM made to Niagara that: se Dare payed А 32 ا‎ ея z = = out 90 miles. . CLIFFORD 2 0| 36| 74 770 = 1000 WX i 4.90 g.T. Roll of ship four degrees each way. 230| 40| 77 700,35 30 1850 15 3 n = = PE 7.400.7. на speed of ship two revolutions, 2 us — € — makin . 8 0 42| 80 700) 3) » 1900 | 15 | 2 8.25 om Niagara signalled 90 miles payed out. 3:30 | 3°6 | 83 35 | » 1900 | i6 p = p = „ 8. 30 0. r. Pene to вая im miles payed ouk. 34 2000 ا‎ e = — E — 8.50 C. r. Splice between old and new cable paye 4 0, 4:4) 87 » | 16 | | | out. Easeu strain on cable for five minutes. 4 25 | 4-3 34 | » 1900116 — —— | 7 == ES 8.55 с.т. Increased speed of engine to 36 revolu- 435| 4 36 25 A | = 36 | 36 36 $: D Nam | | | | = | Sss = gone on satisfactorily. 8. CANNING. | | 11.90с.т. Increased р of ship two revolutions, T ES -= the head Dd freshening, and the cable grow- . "E = == ing to windward. o „ Splice | 11.30. ^ Niagara. Signal of 110 miles. 7 0| 4-6 |10 38 | 36 1500 1950 12| 2, -- ' 77 e de v 11.50. Valorous signals that she is going five А an — Е = knots. TELLE d i p ien M E | | 12.35. Cable growing а good deal to starboard 8 0 4:8 110 700 | 37 36 1600 | 1 | 12 4 = | — 1А | -- side, probably due to steerage. 5 + ) Е — "m == ] p.m. Temperature of water 0 es eg. EX uoo | M HESSE | | | 120 miles payed out from Niagara. 9 0| „ 116 850 38 | » „ 5 | em | =з کچ‎ = M Georg Т. BRIGHT. = = 22 =. All going well during watc from 8 to 12. 9 15 "| 118 450 | 39 ; » n | vi | | g CHARLES T. BRIGHT. 93| „ 120 — | 40 1500| » | „149 — D EE RE 2.30 G.T. 130 mue cable payed out from Niagara. 2000 | = SEN = = 4.7 p.m. G.T. miles 0. 0. 945i SEO UM S " | ; 4.30 с.т. 150 miles of cable payed out. 10 0 „ | 123 300] „ 1600 » „ » | ap T | = 5.21 с.т. 150 miles of cable payed out from the 1900 = x — Ң uem Niagara. 1015| , (M 0 | © „|18 ings: | During this watch all has gone well. S. CANNING. 10 30 „ | 126 506 | 38 ” » » 44%) — = „ 4.10. Increased speed of ship two revolutions, but | — PES — | = reduced again to 38 per min., a8 the consump- 10 % % , |M8 150 | 39 К VER. LONE | tion of coal would be disproportionstely added — = — = 6.40. Niagara signalled 160 miles cable payed out. пзу „ |131 600j40) „у „ |190 ы s | 5.45 а леа speed of ship to 40. Kreeze 11 30 „ 123 — 39 » ” ” „15 — 5: те | dn from E. (тееп. All going well during the 12 0| 4-8 135 800 38 38 2966 | 1500 2000 126 5 | 174) — 94.7 98 watch fr m 4 to 6. Strong head breeze re vailing. Buone faiüng. EC и m рч 8 O.T. iagara es 12 30 | 4:2 | 188 — | 36 | 38 „ 1500 | 1900 15 7| — — = | ^ j ird кар id | | | ‚ > 8Q2 488 APPEN R T O E PP. No. 16. ND | Con ed Lo g of th e successfi ssful Payi ying-o if t the Atlantic Cab] e on Bo ard the he A gamem non —e öntnued Green Dire wich Ship's 1 Ca $9/9. 8 е . ble «3 e a Е е [>] Time. Time. pi - $5 E 8 iná 22 yed HEE E акч Angl z^ out: 585 E ain. x IM | и. м.| и. м. re BHE АН . و‎ se 2 o & D Mis, Fths 3 cd 57 EM Ч 4 шалсе | Die | 2 m t E tance 2 8 2 E : 3 af m * Фф 8 Massey’ ade * 13 3 y's | good ё Lo. | at aZ "E Noon Нкм, | е АВЕС. Jul у 30 рат | 4 1 4 4 1 2 pi | 4*5 9 800 34 | 437 4 38 a — |37 2266 8 37 01 4 4 | 150 400 „ | 13) 7 | 6 1 3 30 5 153 — 36 38 » 3 i 15 " a1 6 37 4 0 „ 156 34 ! , ” | » 15 ,10| — | m = 7 10 4 30 4:9 | 156 |» | „ " » |15 : aes = 8 25 н. м 4 TO i : == 1.35 : 7 40 50 4 163 T 33 - » " э” 13 2 ERES | = SEN , — s 8.T. 180 8 5 "as ii 166 — Uj» " » : T TE — = All ipi Жом cabl 8 35 6 0 3 169 s 33 oe T » a » " Бр mE "т vat ur E agara payed out | out 9 5 6 30 4:92 | 171 500 35 P 99 | » E ээ T E 9 ын р ана uring LS wile 9 45 то 4-6 174 500 34 | 40 д й „ |13 „ү б | у: ES 10:50. 5 ышы Мы уы is watch. w 10 7 20 4°6 | 177 37 эз {400 „ 3 e — 11.10. ачап г of ship and sea . „ ент $ 8 | 500 r a9 NE -= (14 edu th rai e get k NG. 10 35 8 0 4:7 179 000 37 | » 1500 1900 | | " E af, | ld moveable a Weight ting up | ” 55 — See, 9а t in- db PRSE f ревет P Top D еды мга, brakes to 11 25 эш Шын \86 37 * | EE 128 = Ж. M s 5 . 2,006 be 11 50 eo cid ces 68 | . „ 2 3| — sol TM Чи Бар x to 2006, v DELIA i “ж бы ы асе Се 2 м splice | pacing «knots. to 1.866. 1 | = | 155 800 34 „| 2066 кен 2000 an ae pleted и Bi Squall 200 Jc pom » havi dnight. 12 5 | | 800 | 36 » f 200 | 1800 | 151 3 | E — — bye RAS Н LY 31. ing 1 | , |1 — 40 oo a rai ayed 12 90 | 0 0 | » | 1866 209 | 1700 | 15 4 | ч from All weit, G.T n. Shi out fro 296 | 10 0 ГҮ : „з Rte IE analy S biome e Niagara , Y . 12 50 10 20 4. | 195 185 |, | „тр a al. See ; We ар .25 a.m. G » Sia Кош. good deal 1 1 1 650 | 34 sS | — a NICA from atol i к | 2000 i di БЫ ila. a.m. саза wens ; ARLES 195 Wea 1 20 11 0 2 198 750 | 38 ; | » ; э 15 | — | == f a "o 210 breaks from x T auro " , 1 77 [ oo ' i 9 N m . 5 " 135 и 0 | 20) | 36 | » i а 2 _' — | | Found. Мо of eni yed кб io stopped — 450 „ | 1800 | " ا سل‎ | | 8.30 a.m. . оса pm in | 201 600 pem : | a BRT -- sisi ce stationed | Tudor Nia 25 11 45! 3:8 ' 203 T n | » | 1950 | si рве | 5 | Ж | 1407 Na, GT. Increased мыш to plats 5 BESE ЕБЕ ЕЕ Ei 3 cs 3 12 30 | Ва жа ко ‚| „| 2000 — е = Se | Ip росе до ее . 5 3 | 900 „| 300 prm EN | | — — eter, 29 owin g full s gines to rom N bs. Н 1 | 5 34 , 1 1900 d TS able Ы дс ng nea peed 46. iaga 3 35 114 з 210 23 | 3101 — * | —— xi = B | s | _. 5.99 0. ee. ; fore ш still of nas 4°2 0 3 660 2000 | т М m fall d 4 13 2 4 , i | МЕХ | ! POTUM ап Ing 5 ; baro- 5! i 13 150 38 1200 | 16 ` „ е5 i h t; du agara si trysail 3 consi 43 | 2 0 | 4:5 214 i 39 | 4 , ә | 1600 7 کے‎ | = í | head curing ер ыалы Н s set to dere b 5 зо i 2 7 200 ' ! ge : 99 | nt | T- -—Á — eav cable rain 2 ere h cabl * $ 30 4:4 | 220 37 | 1866 „ 71 ES watc fea on; very ship as bec e payed 35 0 650 » o» „ 15 ied : "ME wee from 12 all ri variab! pitchin n a stron 6 6 3 30 | A leer | Bl nia i ЯЕ т 6.50. То in Таз ш eom hing heavily A n; » ' ,5 ss =- — == dd : ` : . T 1 A H 6 35 4 0 4:4 221 40 46 ] n 1200 Н » * M ' = c. 17 P eat payed mination uence: В 300 | | a - star ‚ An rysa ou S.C of this 4:4 38 | , 1650 " - | bo gle ils t t 240 ANNIN 7 4 23 full | d -m E | 73 ard si of 0 m NIN 5 30 40 1 — speed 1009 | 1 | is 10 C ig | Е 5. Shi siec. cable 155 shi ilcs. G. 7 35 5 0: 4:5 933 800 | 37 | | » 1000 115 cin | ^ em B | __ | < | stopped when all е aving ир осна each 8 5 5 30 4 237 g 327 „ „ | 1000 700 „ "| — Ee 5 ыры nm Rey mun icd ta tbe 8 6 0 °2 | 240 co | 38 „ | 1000 1700 „ س س :”و‎ i | out Niaga ; heav eights indeed ЧЕ к "milli = Ый Fore t Dipan aena ve es drome ” , 2 , P. — — T 2 Р * 9 к 7 0 4-0 247 — | 36 J | و‎ ' E Е 9. 11 po 1 E ! 77 ENT | 9 ia uten Sign a storm miles of cabl y the 10 5 7 30 | 46 | 250 — |39 ct NEL E 1800 i l4 aa | " | ~~ паа " pss Niagara: to ied sea дер we e payed 13 ы 5 . pr | Mss — |yesterd - variation „N роте 11 5 8 30 | 4:5 | 256 39 | , | E » | 1790 | » | » i M | == _ Ay = Al cg. to nnn ТИ stern miles Sut ually 4° 600 » i , 14 | C ous "| - lw aeg pitch shee ‚т 11 35 9 0 | 6 259 39 | s | 1800 1 9 | а> | А | _ ell st end • ing of ave ы vecti 9 ” 200 | 36 ài " "PR ; | 10. 9 Е | 11.20 of this e shi T great m ae Б m эю ж о |, E Бир: ——À 2 5 | 9 | 264 38 „ „ 1 EE and " 2.0 0 ‚от. ата payed CHAR a.m. s FFORD 1 10 0, 400 " " 3.4; MUN ба oT, Мака ores т. . 2235 0 36 » 1 1700 | S | the w 280 mi gara p 270 mi T. Bai 1 10 30 | 4:0 | 268 ” 200 | 1600 15; 8 | - — | -— — full eather Жм ГУЕ ed out iles. GHT. 5 14 200 2 Ex 97- e ve peed лав conti out 280 mi 11 І 4 27 ! m »" | NE 2 ry , oni ntin . D les Noon. ] 35 11 0 ! 4°2 d 320 as .• | | [T] »? | — d пош зды, turn 585 men steaming 4 an и this 2 30 | " | 3 х 22000 s: al ri; very Dolte wa 0| 12 40 4 200 |37 Е 6. pom E | e yesterd EE o ali rignt evious, s kn ous; din таа a Men 277. о LI т 170 И | р ay ote 490 mil 5 еи stati i coals 3 93 2 80 4: 280 EM 35 » | 17 * 00 ja А | — > PA T G.T. 300 miles payed a oned to 1 0,2 ^» , tes E 30 G. m payed out f . CANN 3 39 18 83 " HD | " Е 0.0 т. 31 iles out rom Ni NNIN 3 1 30 а 288 300 is » | ” 77 = 8 EE = l high. D payed ou from Ni tagara G. „ 1% |ә бю MEI үре a NC S spayed out om . 4 7 и 45 4:2 289 600 ^ i rn " ээ К — | -— ' — | тт, | by ox ia ship en nom Roe 422 3 15 NUR 291 — 39 ” | | , ” , i x — де 7.0 0 ops, in создав ing ai has beet з 30 | $93 | 37 1 A күү n 6.50 G1 Ni Bot. к» cf 2,400 f pap мы 4 52 i 45 500 » » i » = — 107-2 e t ст. Emi Сил! fath е close t 51 2 45 | 4-6 295 150 40, » „ ! 1200 [1 » |» „Ксы ы éi 113 | this watch roles pay out еден T Bale арені | 4 D = 00 t . a i ` IG 5 22 з 0 991 600 39 | " | " | 1200 700 124 hs — yesterd: апше and he except A 4 ee out. miles. HT. 5 45 915 | 299 200 i | „ а 1000 0 12 | Ы | в Probably aoe salt heavy тайа; caus arene gd d 6 0 345 I „ | i 1700 * 9 — — | durin ý esterday | sl falling. being wi ot у nied aa previous “= , n" „ ЖЕ п моо š : n ic u Au ЖЫ, 55 | 166 | NE pee ee Jat four o obser-| 52 4 fati oF at drume aucion or squall 6 4 15 | 4 | 304 34 | | " 5 Pr Ted weather | 8 ‚400 fat -0 mil „„ at 30 7 ids | 1000 t oul too r .40 ho es ua ete | — 00 M * ou ing thi G.T ms of c S 1, 29 r 45 | 44 300 " | T 5 11 1 — s 98 о-дау 2 аео : yed o NING. — 1 5 0 308 39 » | 1500 e | yester pparen end of payed ut, b $ 0| 515, 4- к „ | a | 1600 |, a — pn day Дш, 1 i n rA елан 1 30 15 4 900 » | - Se = - — | orce of epeed & still ; weat iles of | i 5 4 33 10 - 10.0 wind of sh hea her cabl 8 0 45 4 311 — » e % 3 17 | — — | = d il ат G.T : {р ич апа clearing uj 6 6 4|3 37 " К „ — | | m ЦЕ шогон incteann 9 8 54 35 4:5 317 500 5 » x 00 14 EY ae ZA | _ 2 Т 10 . Spe "reduced teva ont leid 9 24 7 0 320 | 34 „ * | M, — i MES | n scr. N Do. engines revolutis ° «= ee 5 spo qu Me ES m vie | 12.8 a.m. ACTA ра P increased to to X 53 | 5-0 "T » as. 141% тт ко m Бы 12.15 Mm. G.T rend out to о 10 30 8 0 ao 40 99 pM - П | _ ы 19.20 G.T. е Splice nes to 38 miles А | 11 5 | 8 34 5°5 | 329 42 3 » di А ls | 0 | дез | 12.32 a e Do out. i е 4 * ‚ i Ш — { FONS TL е A * . 11 9 0 4:6 333 00 | 42 A » Е E * M = | Чы) Reduce песа of 285 | ю| 9230 5'0 | a —i4 | 5 1200 | 1660 15 | 10 i س‎ да —- | 3 12 uced ird epee wen to | 4. зт 600 | 43 E 12% ne ри M е регаше і and 12.10 pee Bente 36 revo 4| 340 43 ” " T | ts by uch w G.T. спе пез Mir ls. 609 | ui » |1 „| 5 к LS = | СЕ (іме іп паа есите 3 rev 41: 4 i 700 = 1 = very sulatio from و‎ ols. ‘ à » 1 * 10 1 — Б | E cu remot n som this sh atel m Nia " 500 40 | urrent e pa debere eh indice 1 i » „ 40 fro i -- si cam rt of e, in ” PER } m al ef th or cat 5 n 8 TO e d ed at ‚ 2 ооп T foll m ca ead def ** ES 11 this ete owed the N ble. 5 i » en да th ats b i A th os 40 y e ram after ut m agara t 12 at ' 2 — — ing to аер ост meh Жү еде th .90 ihe — 25 cabi dimini ter, b ill ind er Ad regu e | i l ru e tes sh ut ndica an la r le ted r . 329 Е i strong ted qui aduall ss in degr ad usual p · out T8 that regula ite as y. Fr ee efect y He served. Т man currents. Wen “Р 13.50 t seem. usual, By 1 irregularities rom 1 tol the and co clock rities сово 1.1 ntinues the ca hav " Sir 0, to d ble e bee nce o 80, ' tested no SW qui b- . Тнё te X — — ts DNE — в T SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, 489 APPENDIX No. 16—continued. App. No. 16. — — Log of the successful Paying-out the Atlantic Cable on Board the Agamemnon—continue d. — — À —— ——————— a —— ' l | — 3.25 a.m. G. T. Increased speed of engines 2revo- ГЕ esis je | | Ж. | | 838 „ ө ۹ Angle ъ | | | ОШ THREE E RR ER | E Saige lagi Жан Саве E | . p Green- | & | Cable 342538 |— 8 | A | py | made Ship's n 2 2. 2 x | | | 1 € "d REMARES. Dare. | wich Time | » 5 | payed 2 2 2 E $ ** З » | Ё | Massey's | good at E = = E ә 2 pj | f © 2 n Time. | | = out. 5 Е 5 E SE E 2 | т | 2 © E Log. Noon. a] 12 _|s®|s#] $4 3 = | "TA а 5 н. M. | н. M. knots. Mls. Fths. 7 |^ | | Pe NE ien | | А — — —— — ےی‎ e — MES" — PT | | | | P lj | uM ME | ng i | | | | | | | | | TM. | | 1.5 a. m., G.T. Niagara payed out 360 miles. July 31. | 12 0| 10 0| 5:2, 43 — | 43 | 38 1866 | 1200 1600 1214 5 | P pe | ке | x 8 to 12 p. m., July 31. In this watch all has gone | : 750 | 38 | | | | nt | ае | ге — | -— well, the sea becoming calmer. Wind lcssening, 12 30 | 1030| 52 34 „ ы Ж M wow)! and getting more favourable ; enabled to reduce | 1 0| 11 0| 5:0) 351 500 42 36 „ |» | вре Lb we K ce speed of engines in consequence. S. CANNING, 130| 1130| 48/3594 600,38 34 „| » | жож] „ cu n FE * AUGUST 1. | | | | | | | | | | 2.96 a.m. G.T. Splice went out. | | | | 2.40 a.m. G.T. Niagara payed out 370 miles. | | | | | 3.14 a.m. G.T. Splice went out. Í | ! | | | m 2 J 12 mid 4'2 358 HEN | » | | x Жы а aa | ep mais! „ 350 60 „| o 1200 | 1700, „| „| — 2 30 | 12 30 | 4-5 | 361 400 | | | lutions. | 3.35 a.m. c.r. Rate of machine 42, added 2 — weignts, making weight and brakes 2,066; NE | ship going easy ; 14 moveable weights now on. D Ys 3.50a.m. с.т. Reduced the engines 2 revolutions. mE | CHARLES T. BkIGHT. | = 5.10 с.т. 380 miles payed out. * e". | 5.30 c.T. 390 miles payed out from Niagara. | йй و ا‎ Е |. ә | — | = Duri: д the watch from 12 to 4 a.m. all has gone | | | 2 45 | 12 45| „ 263 900 | 33 | | | | 30 10| 45,36 ed bd 3 15 | 1 15 | 4:5 307 100 | | 330| 130, » | 368 800 | | | | | ET | A M well all right in electrica! cabin. 3 45 1 45 | „ | 369 500 | 41 | » 2066 » „ А ey Ww йш CHARLES T. BRIGHT. | | 6.40 G.T. 390 miles payed out. 7.0 с.т. Niagara payed out 400 miles, Elec- trical condition of cable reported by Professor | Thomson as decidedly improved by submersion. | M. 8.15 c. T. 400 miles payed out. | Niagara payed out 410 miles at 8.20 G.T. d | — i = 90 с т. Set foresail. 4 0 2 0| 53, %0 400 | | " 4 15 215| 4* 273 500 | 44 | „ | 2066 „ 1600 »| n 4 39 ges 4:8 | 375 900 $0| 30 | | | ! A 9.40 с.т. Niagara signalled, 420 miles payed out. | E 9.45 G. T. 410 miles payed out. | | | | E d " | | [x Dow |] 9-1] — — 9.45 c.r. Decreased speed of engine to 32 геуо1г. 623| 4% €2|38 — 3 | ied ioa ex | Боа 7 10.0 сл. Шо do. 30 do. 6 53 5 0| 5:0, 391 400 4| wl »| » | o» | wa Wu pom | 2 In this watch from 4 to 8 a m. all has gone well. 3 А | 43 40 | | | : 8 | rM IET -— | — Weather fine, but still a swell on. S. CANNING. +3 339 |. = | » a M = Ж | 11.0 a.m. с.т. Niagara pa; ed out 420 miles. 7 53 6 0| 5:0; 398 35 39| » p | ” » | Ai l | = 75 * 12.30 a.m. G.T. Wind fre-hening and weather 823! 6 30 | 4-8 401 400 | © > | М ab ow 14] З = | — — | =- Омоке: 2 weights taken off brakcs, making | 90| 70, 50 405 600 42|». н | ~ |. EU 3 = |20966 dir ДЕ 12.50 a.m. с.т. Squall with rain; going 54 by | 930| т 30| 46 409 — | 39 | "ETE oF | d d Nose ae = Lowe lag AR ҮҮ ы 2. 440 miles payed out | 10 0 | 8 0 | 5:0 | 412 400 | АРИ eee ИЕ n 11 | 121st | e nce B [^ с=з All rigl.t at end of this watch from mee noon. | 4-5| | | E M Now ei 1 “` م‎ CHARLES T. BRIGHT. | 1030 | 8 20 | 45 | 415 900 | * З | ез | | аш! „ Jhis ai. P. 2 2 15 p.m. G.T. 440 miles payed out. 110 9 0 » | 418 200 | 38 | „ | mon TL * „ | y 1 | 2.20. Niagara payed cut 4.0 miles. | 1130| 939, 45 421 400 39 | » | еа Е. | | ot Get е 6 | an хер ari varying with the rise of the | | | | | | | | | | | | | 3.30 C. r. P mil: s payed out. — ; z^ | | "E TRE E INN. 3 40 G.T. Niagara payed out 460 miles. pis é| 15 04 v? | 424 850 | EROE "a Mor Nd beds. | 3.45 G.T. Eased speed of engines to 27 revols. | 12 30 | 10 30 48 | ar % ww р рн ваи | ME. gs 4 0 G.T. o. do. 23 do. | 10 11 0 4-4 | 43^ 400 | 38 | 28 | 1866 |» „ [14] 9 | — | Fes | on | — | ge 5924 5 engine 2 revolutions. 1 20 naso, 4˙5 | 433 800 39 | 30 | |ә ” | ү la S фе: | = 5.0 G. T., Niagara payed out 470 miles. | | | | | _ | — | 126 since 338 from | 5.20 с.т. Reduced engines 2 revolutions. " jj ó| s |4M e| Fi vi P) m ы. Bi e = noon, | Friday. | In this watch from 12 to 4 p.m. there has been | 2 10 1230 | 5⁄0 | 440 500 | 49 | 31 full speed. ” | р. July 31. heavy squalls of wind end rain; much swell, | 940 | 10 5:2 | 442 600 | 44| ath grade. 1200 | 1550 | wii) = - = |р Жж | кор pitching heavily. All А ые of ! | == \ = M ۰ . 2 . 3 10 1 30 | 5-0 | 446 200 | 40 | » | " "ы К Жл лей LIS | 5.53 p m. с.т. Sp'ice went out. 0 | 5-8 9 400 | 42 | ab o. lA. c — EL 6.20 p.m. G.T. Niagara signalled 480 miles out. | 340 ibd «49 4 "i. ТУ T ES Em emo eh 6.30 p.m. с.т. 470 miles payed out. | 4 10 230| 5-1 | 453 — 39 23 » | 1009 | 1500 „ 6 | | 7.20 p.m. G. r. o " | 5* | 2 Б 1300 | 1700 112 bL qom id ге 7.0 p.m. G.T. miles run since noon by P „Жы Bux baden j^ : | | 1055 | н 1 5 | ТУ Massey's log, taken ор in consequence of getung 5 10 3 30 | 9:5 | 459 300 | 44)27) » | » | |» 6 | | | foul cf common log. | 5 40 4 0 „ |463 — | 48 95 | » | MEET o AT.) = — | In this watch much amenity experienced from | | | Tom es е. = c excessive pitching of the ship. | e10| 430| 48) 463 —| 42) зет * „ 1500 „ | 8 | | | 5 BRIGHT aW Р ИУ zl О У О Бач == = 7.40 с.т. Niagara payed out 490 miles. 6 % 5 0 48 470 nd жк Ru Gal od EP | e 9.10 с.т. 490 miles payed out. | | | | | — — | £0 since | 7 10 5 30 | 4'8 | 475 кыйл]. 43 | , | » | » » | ” 7 | | nocn. | чл 9.40 G.T. Niagara payed out 500 po h bei Tée| € 6| » | 49 o |[4|9| » | » AE == | " | = | % "c ps bly . ا ا‎ I still $8, 693 | &2|40 50 9|» | » | » | „ [99 7 | pitching heavi!y. S CANNING. | 0 5:5 | 485 500 | 44 | » | - » А | | — — DEL DES 10.45 c.r. Increased ship 2 revolutions. &40| 7 | f | d | cx de ЕЕ, Ж — 1 - 1125 C. T. (9°45 s т.) In hauling in common log, #2] 72) a [49 —14| | * | lE ea | 4 | E E fouled with Na, se, 's log, which came in with it. osi в ово ар o = Ө wp I 104 | Sy 10.40 с.т. Niagara, 510 miles. 10 10 | 8 30 5:0 | 497 900 | 45 | 30 | 1866 | " | 1500 | 13° ii дый Mon | ~ 12 с.т. Fased engine 2 revolutions, and shortiy | E ” ,* ,* | Е] , x xd = = after 2 more. 10 % 9 0| 48| PUR. MN | T | А | | А М Же | zc. «же Man 1.30 c.r. Niagara payed out 520. 1110 930 | 5:0 | 505 — |44122) » » " | ” | ” | | | During the watch, fr. m 8 to midnight, его has been 10 0 5:0 509 — 44 |. dà ” | Bd ж ел ЛС E LS a tremendous swell on, and the stip has rolled * | | | k | | and pitched excessively. CHARLES T. BRIGHT. EY | 1866 ‚ 1600 10i — Ed "T T AUGUST 2. 122 0| 1020, 50 512 300 47 | » | » | | ess = Pu, p t. 12 40 | n 0| 48 | 516 400 42 Iv] x]. КШӨ | д ЖГ que: 2.52 am. 6.7. 530 miles cd out 50 miles. 110 11 30 5-02 519 100 0 „„ » „ Toon TEE s ee m = 4 ر‎ d ies Acid etat p | | oe — = `30 a.m. G.T. Niag . 1 40 | 12 0 Log 522 200 42) „| „ - EN 4 | | 4.30 a.m. ст. Niaga ed out 550 mi jout of | | | | | | 5.40 алп. с.т. 550 miles payed ont. order. | | | | | | From midnight to 4 a.m. squalls of wind and rain, | | b. m | | | | = with heavy swell. Ship pitching and rolling August2| 210| 1? 30| 5:0 | 526 — | 42 | 27 | 1866| | 1400 | 13 | See Е cC d | heavily у towards termination of watch sea | | -— — pe | = tting down. | 2 40 | 1 0 4*8 | 529 650 ” n | ” " | LET ШЕ. | CE | | a крон that signals from Niagara had been 3 10 | 130 5*0 | 533 300 | 43 "E „ э | getting weak; made preparations for pricking | 5 -- — xs | = cable at 5.30 G.T.; reported signals right again; 3 40 | 2 0 | 5 0 | 536 800 | 49 , | Г n ” | * 5 | TT at termination of watch all going well. 410 230 5'0 539 500 44 ” „ | » " » 2 E d ix S. CAN NING. 1% 2% sepe % „„ = | D mS таер. to 1a deg, at commen r di * , p p | ” „ | d watc è repor e ‹ ' , 5 | 510 | 3 30 | 50 | 546 500 42 » | » ШТА Е" „| „ P "dx nals, which had been weaker since midn'ght, | | | — — -- | = ailed altogether shortly before end of last had f: £4) X 9 POLT, ed Б А * | bak. |^ watch, but had afterwards returned, though re- 61 450 48|50 70|4| „| » | » | » | "| 9 9а pm c maming weaker than originally- | == — -- es 6.5 a.m. G.T. Splice payed ov 6 40 5 0 4 5 558 300 39 LE | ” | ” 1500 ” ” 6 30 a.m. G.T. Squall with rain. 7 10 | 5 30 | 42,9562 000 39 | 29 ” ” | » 191 a "E nd | 6.40 a.m. G.T. panne virgin hip a oes. | | | | | — — ud 50 a.m. G.T. Niagara paye 70. фм | 8 8 yid ges ы | "un p. | Р : id Бе | | 2s 1210 iu. G.T. уе кен spced of + ip 2 revols. 8 10 630) 48 | 569 400 42 | „| » ” "A Wa eerte LS p 1.20 a.m. G.T. 1 M и хисен 100m very | | - 'h better for the last half-hour. dt Жы Шы | iliis dnd е | x E 148 s.m. G.T. Signals still continuing toimprove. | 910} тэ| . |57 200 | 40|27| „| » 1 Log out of order. * But varying much with the pitching of the ship. | ` А ^P, No. 16. 490 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE H. M. 8.30. Niagara payed out 580 miles ; hoisted fore- topsail, and reduced eges 2 revolutions. 9. 5. Reduced 2 revoiutions of engine on account of squall coming up; 9.15, reduced 2 more, breeze freshening now 25; 9.25, increased ? again. 9.30. 590 nM Due out from Ni During this watch the ship has rolled and хади very much; signals from Niagara at of watch reported as stronger than ever. CHARLES T. Васит. 10.5 a.m. б.т. 580 miles payed out. 10.50 a.m. G.T. Niagara payedout 600 miles. 11.27 a.m. d. T. 590 miles payed out, 12.10 p.m. Niagara payed ont 610 miles. 12.40. 600 miles payed out. Squally during the first part of this watch, from 8 a.m. to noon, since then finer weather and sez becoming more calm. Allright at end of watch. S. CANNING. 1.40. б.т. No signals for three intervals of [9 minutes from the Nia: ; variable currents, but not the pre-arranged signals; may be only earth currents. 1.50. All right again from Niagara; 620 miles miles payed out by her; unmistakeably good signals coming now. 2.5. Cut the upper end of the deck coil at union with the main hold coil by Professor Thomson: desire, and joined the main hold only to the circuit, 3.10. c.r. Set foretopsail. Lost additional amount of slack by having to change our course to avoid the American ship ** Chieftain," which was steering direct for us. 4.50. c.r. 640 miles payed out by Niagara, All well at end of watch from noon to 4. Wea Snip's motion much less. CHARLES Т. BRIGET. 5.10 p.m. G.T. Niagara payed out 650 miles. 6.6 p m. c.r. 640 miles payed out. 6.15p.m. Squall of wind, wıth rain, reduced speed nes to 23 revolutiuns. gant ncreased speed of engines to 27 revolu. tions. 6.37. Niagara payed out 660 miles. 6.30 с.т. Paid out 650 miles. A few squalls in this watch: at other times sea All right at end of watch. S. CANNING. Increased speed of ship 2 revolutions. Niagara payed out 670 miles. 8.35. G.T. Increased speed of ship 2 revolutions. 8.50. Decreased speed 2 revolutions. Squall coming up, took in foretopsail. All right at end of watch. CHARLES T. BRIGHT. 9.40 G.T. ri payed out 680 miles. 10 с.т. 670 miles payed out. 10.47 c.r. Wind — eased engines 22 revolutions. 11.34. с.т. 680 miles payed out. 11.10. Niagara payed out 690 miles, AUGUST 3. 12.30 a.m. G.T. Niagara payed out 700 miles. 1.8 a.m. 690 miles “rer out. ther finer. of en caimer. 7°27. G.T. 8.30. с.т. 8to 12 p.m. Everything has —— gerer d in this watch. trical signals reported S. CANNING- 2.10 a.m. G.T. Niagara signalled 710 miles payed out. 3.50. N a payed out 720 miles, 4.20. Ship rolling very much. Wind round to N. W., and sea heavy, slow swell S. W. setting in. 4.40. A barque bearing down our beam end, starboard side, Valorous guns, and caused her to alter her course. speed 2 revolutions to clear her. 5.30. Niagara 730 miles. Ali well during watch ending 4 a.m. CHARLES T. BRIGET. 6.55. G.T. 730 miles payed out. 7.10. Niagara payed out 740 miles. 8.25. G.T. Pay ed out 710 miles. 8.35. Niagara payed out 750 miles, All has gone well during thie watch from 4 tos a.m. Electrical signals reported * rate. 9.36 a.m. G.T. 750 miles payed out. 9.50a.m. G.T. 760 „ » from Niagara. 11.10. 770 from ara. PT рез — 4 of wanda All right at close of watch, ending noon; wes- ther fine, but heavy swell on. C. T. Васит. 1.30 a.m. G. T. 780 miles payed out from Niagara. 1.50. 780 miles payed ou 2.0. Increased speed of engines, 2 revolutions. 2.50. Niagara payed out 790 miles. e 3.11. 790 miles payed out. 3.14. lice went out. 4.80. Niagara payed out 800 miles. 4.39. 800 miles payed out. 5.10. Engives increased to full 4th grade; t end of this watch, ever well, TEN rng. aine. 4pm. NG 6.0 Or. 810 miles rave aus from Niagara. 6.2. 810 miles payed ou Speed of paying out diminished from 45 te 38 without an apparent reason; ship g 5.4 as before; log hove twice; SA. — by lifting weights to keep speed in same propor- tions as сеѓоге: to 1 s, ducc d weights to 1666; "xs ur weights, reducing to 1466; all 1 6.10. D ге. APPENDIX No. 16—continued. Log of the successful Paying-out the Atlantic Cable on Board the Agamemnon—continued. CT M. f dA Û fshe |a |l. — 4 "EH a a 2 REIHE Н Indicated Angle 8 $ E 8 E Strain, of S 3 9x|Sg Cabie - ах: 2 Cable |31 22| 3 8 Г D wich je dd D "EHSH: 4 228 к АТЕ. Time. | = $ рау 22 E z E 2 Р ш 5 © 8 | Massey's Time 23 out. 3 83222 8 3 “| g — л 22 33 ла | B | 9 [515 32 ACTA — 2 ood © 2. H. M. н. M. knots. MIs. Fths.|^ [4 2 4 = Lal id B. e Aug. 2 940| 8 0} 4-8 | 578 is 38 | 27 | 1866 | 1200 | 1500 | 13 | 6| 86 | — | 101 since 1010} 830) „ 81 „%% „| ow | »|»|5|—]| — | 10 40 9 0 5°5 584 400 40 " » » ” p ” 2 ex a 11 10 930) ,, |588 - % 5» | „„ „„ „„ — | — [ик 11 40| 10 0| 6-0 | 593 600 44 | „ „ - - — | — | fouled | twice P.M. | 12 10 | 10 30 5:8 596 500 45 „, * » | 1200 — = * e » " ت‎ | — — 12 ^5 11 30 5-2 602 100 44 ” ” „ ” = е = 1 24 | 12лооп| 5°5 | 605 — | 45] „ 55 " » — — 155 12 30 5.5 610 — 46 „ ,, » | 1400 + terday. 2 25 1 0 5°5 | 614 700 45 , „ ” ” AS — с? 3 25 ® 0 5*4 622 — 44 ” ” » ” E — = 3 55 2 30 5:2 625 506 42 » » " „ = РЕР = 425| 30| * | 629 — |44 | 27 | 1806 | 1200 | 1500 12 E У д. 5 55 3 30 | 5-5 633 507 | 45] » й i$ » = ЕСИ — 5 25 4 0 5:2 | 636 500 | 44 * » „ ” = — = 5 55 4 30 0*0! 639 300 43 " " " ” =. — == 6 25 5 0 „ | 642 100 | 4| » | » " L m — = SHl eh Ө | Т ө hs б A E = 725 6 0| 5°0 649 150 42 Wi - - * 20. | >= és ч 55 6 30 5*0 653 800 42 ” | , " » = — = 825| 7 5.0 657 — 42 29 „ РА á —— m — De в ^ A e = 9 25 8 0 5-5 663 500 42| » н ne - — — | 46 since 955| 830| 5-0| 669 50/44 „| „| „| n es des 4 1n 25 9 0 5:5 672 — 42 ” n ” , — 511. | 10 89 30 5-5 | 675 40|42|97| „| „ „ Е й 1125; 10 0| 5:8 678 50 42 „ » A & — — | Valencia 1155| 10 30 5-0 | 682 — lie „| „ á s -|= in 12 25 ll 0 5:4 | 685 150 42 » » " » = — D 12 55 1130| 5:5|688 600 4o0 ^| „ - $ — = = August3 | 125| 12 0| 5:4 | 691 400 40] „„ فو‎ 1 60 | — c 1 55 123) | 52 | 696 600 40) „|, m б —|-— — 2 25 | 1 0; 5.3 | 699 500 | 41 I " " mm == — = 255) 139) 54 703 500 40 „| » " » adl HL = 3 25 2 0| 5:3 706 200 „ 25] » А » —|— = 3 55 2 30 5:0 709 500 36 ” ” » T = — T 4 25 S 91 46 [| 113.900] ,.| 39 | ;, н а c — — 4 55 3 30 | 5:4, 716 800 | 42 27 T T » — — — 5 25 4 0| 5:4 | 70 200 40 „„ „ б - — — — 5 58 430 5:5 723 500 42 „| „ Б - — — = 6 25 5 0| 5-6| 726 500 „ „| > е » n а = 6 55 5 30 | 56| 730 — , ” ” „ » 35 "E. a 725| 6 0 5˙0 733 300 „ „„ 5 б — жш 7 55 6 30 | 5-0 | 736 400 42 | 27 | 1866 | 1200 | 1500 — — — т Үе ЖЕГИ 1 Ir. ) " ==. چ‎ T4 ам 730| 52/744 — 46 „| „| „ | 1400 =a ous x 9 25 8 0| 5:2 | 748 400 45 „ К" » а 46 — | 113 since 955] 830| 5:0 | 753 100 4327 „ | , a reden. 10 25 9 0 | 5:0 | 756 800 | 43 „ „ " 3 — | — [739 miles 10 55 9 30 | 5:0 | 700 — | 44 ” ” ” ” mE Valence 11 55 10 30 5-0 | 767 400 42 „„ А: i m-— Ие а = 1225| 11 0| 5-9| 770 | wl asd us * - — — — 12 40 | 11 30 5:6 773 — 43] „ » РА s — — | Massey's 1 10 12 0 5°6 | 776 300 ae „ ” ” ” = 3 Bind: 1 37 12 30 5-0 | 779 200 42 „ „ Å x — E — 271050 782 100 44| „ „ | 1500 — em - | 245| 130| 5-0 | 786 800 | 44| ^| „ " Ps — |, - 315} 2 0| 5:9 | 790 350 4| „| ,, : " — Splice, — 345| 230| 5:0 | 793 200 42 „ „ „ 1400 — j — es: 415| 3 0| 46|797 600 40 „| „ E е. — — = 445 | 330) 50/80 200% „ „ „ е) Дааа | 5 15 4 0| 4-5 803 — | 42| t 8 | T A 8. |. — | 645| 430 5°4 | 809 200 44 „| „ |o» x اا ج‎ а 28-2 since. 615| 5 0| 5-4 | 811 500 41 „ | 1465 | nil. | nil — — E 6 45 5 30 t 815 — 42 ,, 5 — -— — — | chai ged ТАК Ж BO ДШ ое „ү = - SEU AUR 745| 630| 5-4| 820 900 41] ^| , — = ج‎ [|% с side. 815; 70| 54|84 — 40 4 , | — | — bpm M BA 79 ФЕ | xm AMI. uode | 5 PE IE © ee MEC EM MM MS = 22 | — | 45 since | ( ur BUE qu | a ead. |) a qo MOOR 10 15 9 0| 5-0 | 38 500 34] „ 1066 — | — sa DN - 1045| 9 30 50]|s84 — | „„ emm ws — = E 11 45 | 10 30 38 | n^ D dns ucl m ах | | 846 Log not taken; + Log out of order, turning ship to clear American vessel. 1 Full speed on this Digitized yGoogle ad watch from 4.0 to 6. 0. Qusa T. — 1j SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. - . 401 APPENDIX No. 16—continued. Arr. No. 16. Log of the successful Paying-out the Atlantic Cable on Board the Agamemnon—continued. > 589 8 Angle 3 A Green- | | Е | Cable ЕЕ 85| 2 | Strain’ | Cable. | S | g. | Distance | Distance 's 27 25 wich в на payed |$ 32 a Е G 4 by made ar DATE. Time. | A. oo è од 3 т ч RES. Time. 28 out. 22 ا ا‎ ob 5 ry 9 | Massey's | good at | 5 535 33 3 | 3 S18) Е 4%. | ox. — 82 33 39 3 a sis F. d à п.м H. M. knots. Mis. Fths. E |Z > * an ...... . ĖS H. M. Aug. 3 12 45 11 30 3-0 853 300 31 31 | 1066 | Nil. | Nil. | 14| 0| — | — — — 7.30 p.m. c.r. Niagara payed out 820 miles. 115| 12 0| 5-o | 856 200 38 |31| 1066) „| „ 4% – | – | — s. MICA RE uc There has been no alteration in this watch ; al has gone right ; electric signals ие perfect. . CANNING. 8.0 p.m. All the brakes off the machine being Kopi running by the tension of the cable, which is forming an easy curve from the stern. 10.0 p.m. 4 moveable weights taken off weight on * brakes 1,066 Ibs. ; 10.30, 840 u iles from Niagara; м 850 miles out of Niagara at 12.10 a.m., G.T. All right during this waten from 8 T to mid- night. CHARLES T. BRIGHT. Aug. 4 1 45 12 30 5:5 859 400 39 ” ” E » ” m — — — — AUGUST 4. 2 15 1 0! 5-5 862 800 42 » * 3 v Y а | аа — = = 1.40 a.m. с.т. Niagara payed out 860 miles. 2 45 1 30 | 5-7 866 100 4l „ ^ 814145 d = - 1.55 a.m. G.T. 866 miles payed out. 3. O a.m. G.T. Niagara in 200 fathoms water. T | 3 0| 50/89 60,4 | »| » | NE UT Le unl وا‎ 3 P 3 20 a.m. с.т. 870 miles out. 3 45 230| 46,872 500 34) 5| » » | » 15% S p cde en = = 3.15 a.m. G.T. Shortened sail. 415 | 3 0| 4:8 | 875 500 | 36 | » » "IU | e oup — — = 3.40 a.m. G.T. Niagara payel out 870 miles. 445 330| 4-6 | 878 500 35 | 31 106 „ „ | 2| — | = vA - = am. ст. Passed bight from main hold to я 1 i | (C cull. * 45 4. 9 | Nil. | 879 900 | 24 Ni Td oe зер a T T lo All right during this watch. S. CANNING. | 545 | 430) 4-0 | 882 000 | 34 | 28 » » „ |241» | — |Splice; — — 5.26 a.m. G.T. Splice went out. 6 15 | 5 0 5:0 886 300 36 | 30 T - | » | 16 0 — — — — 5.40 a.m. G.T. 880 miles payed out. | 6 45 5 30 | = 889 200 „ | v» » "E NT rare | > an даг i 5.50 a.m. G.T. Niagara payed out 880 miles. | u » - ' "EET Р = * 7.25 a.m. G.T. Do. do. 890 miles. pis dul aid (нле ы í | Ph m 7.35 a.m. G.T. Eased the screw two revolutions, 745 6 30 4-7 | 895 500 , 28 , „ fw] 1 — | — — i | " the upper deck coil coming out very dry. 8 19 | 7 0| 4°8 | 898 630 | 33 | » T " | ы ы = a = ax 8.28 a.m. с.т. 900 miles payed out. 8 40 730| — |901 300 | 34 | ^ » » | » 2 ээ: ken = — — 8. 40 a. m. G.T. Niagara payed out 900 miles. | 9 10 8 0| 4-4 904 100 | 35 | 26 ” » | n» n — — All right at termination Г watt x HARLES T. BRIGHT. 9 40 8 30 4:2 907 — | 56 | 25 ” , | ” | 24 0 — — — — " . ! 4 | 10.10 a.m. G.T. Niagara paved out 910 miles. | ONS a ae ыба tod Ды Mh wr I a Me Gat dt -i — 10.10 a. m. с.т. 910 miles payed out. 10 40 | 9 30 | 40,912 800 31) » * О... жө, а uc = | = 11.50 a.m. G.T. Niagara payed out 920 miles. 11 10| 10 0| 4:0 | 915 100 | 30) » » 5» | » | 201 „ — — 4 12 5 a.m. G.T. 920 miles pay ed out. 11 45 | 10 30 | 40/9188 0 33 „ РА 8 25 | 21 | » | — = же dq se | 12.43 a.m. G.T. Increased strain 200 lbs. | | | All going well at end of watch. S. CANNING. 12 10 11 0| 4:0 920 500/31 | » » | p^ | „ — == шы | са | ени G. r. Splice Mri out. 51 12 А 28 „ | 1 «e EIER. r NA | 253 ата 930 miles out at 3 p.m. G.T. ч 30 ; 13 pha ek: 99 "m 5 4 : | Agamemnon 930 miles out at 3 p.m. G.T. iid um ^ 6 " " 0 ^j NE Ts 7 | = Niagara 940 > 4 p.m. G.T. з 45 245) 51! =|» |» «ww » |! 3) ome Lt = 29 Agamemnon 940 РА 4 p.m. G.T. 445 3 45 50 | 945 750 30 „ " „ |ala] = | = — — All right during this watch. H. CLIFFORD. 5 27 4 30 | 5-0 948 400 31 „ , * „ „„ — — — — 5.40 p.m. с.т. Niagara payed out 950 miles. 5 55 5 0! 4:8 | 950 750 30 „ к " ы ad же A PEN M 5.48 p. m. G.T. 950 miles payed out. 6 25 5 30 | 4:7 952 200 30 „„ ,, — z m" T hab d = During dm watch all has gone on 1 655| 60| 4-7 954 800 32 » | 4, ot „„ — — 1730. Niagara 970 miles out. 7 30 6 35 | 4:6! 959 900 31 » z y E | „(„ = е — | = 7.30. e are veu u- 8 45 45 . 600 $ „ |» с> icd == > All right during this watch.—H. CLIFFORD. 9 27 4 30 yia кеа 400 | 31 ы * " | i ct | а 9.10 p.m. G.T. Niagara payed out 980 miles. „| » cd ed N ЕКС 9.33 p.m. с.т. Passed bight from upper deck coil 955| 9 0| 44/971 90/28 „|, - „ | 18) 0| — | — — | — to oriop deck ; engines reduced 24 revolutions. 10 20 9 30 4-3 | 974 — 29 „ „ » „ „ » — — — | — 9.34. 970 miles payed out. J0 50| 10 0| 4-3 976 800 29 „, РА a & POE Oy е — — - 10.30. Niagara payed out 990. кн) ав Ш: EI ЁК, "| xi ied 1-2 eg = ра x па — miles payed * NOM jw d а SP & - alb dud ds MU. Ru 5, = 11.37. Ship going 4.5 knots. ‹ During this watch everything has Pet on satis- August 5 12 35 11 30 4-7 984 100 29 » » » ” „| э те — = — factorily. . CANNING. 12 55 12 0| 4-7 | 986 400 30 ,, 2 " „ (22h - M = — AUGUST 5. 2.10 a.m. G. T. Signal from Niagara 1000 miles 2 20 12 0| 3-5 | 93 3 — „ all off.. » ” pmo T F EC payed out. Agamemnon payed out 1000 miles 4 55 4 0| 50104 — 3124 8 íi „ 7 0 — — — — at 350, c. T. edge: harping ау at 3.45. LJ . . 1 . 5 25 4 30 4*0 1007 500 30 - = - P m РА — کد‎ CT sh 4.10 a.m G T agara y ou miles 7.0 G.T. Anchored in Doulus Bay. 1625 8 30 40 1012 500 30 ,, » „ » | 33 CHARLES T. BRIGHT. 304 Digitized by Google App. No. 16. Atlantic tele- graph. . of the U.S. steamer [T] Niagara.“ 492 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 16—continued. Letter enclosing Cory of the ENGINJEER's Гос, U.S. STEAMER * NIAGARA,” off SANDY Hook, August 17, 1858. GENTLEMEN, manufactured by Glass, Elliot, and Co., during the present I HAVE the honour to enclosea copy of the engineer’s season, and about 20 miles of the cable recoy from log, which contains every particular of any importance Valentia Bay, most of which is not suitable for use. connected with the paying out of the telegravh cabie from The cable, machinery, and few articles now on board, will this ship, and requires no explanation further, than the be disposed by the direction of Mr. Field. great per-centage of loss, from the time of making the It is almost needless for me to say that every person cov- splice to the next day at noon, was undoubtedly caused nected with the undertaking has 3 ШШ in their to an extent by the ship not running directly on her course. efforts to bring about so gratifying a result as the success- As for that day, there was a difference of 165 miles between ful laying down of the Átlantic telegraph cable, and that distance run by observation and patent log; while for the Captain Hudson and all the officers have made any and remaining part of the voyage they nearly coincided. Also, a ‘fice to furth | that the speed of the ship noted per hour must be considered every sacrifice to further the great work strictly correct, as it is not possible to log accurately by the Accept my congratulations, ordinary means. And believe me, &c. Nearly all the stores were landed at the Telegraph House, (Signed) W. E. EvERETT. Bay of Bull's Arms, as they would be of much more service there than any other disposition which could have been To the Directors of the Atlantic made of them. Telegraph Company, 22, Old There is now remaining on board about 60 miles of cable Broad Street, London. U. S. STEAMER “ NIAGARA.” | Dynamo-| Brake Angle of Rope. | Amount per] Speed of ^ Hour meter. Str i — — Rotometer. hour by | ' Strain, | “7819. i Rotometer.| Ship. | : d REMARKS. | |. ẽD!!!!:d л л лл e cae At Sea. Thursday, July 29, 1858. | | | x. r. k. r. KF | ! | '; From 8 to meridian. | At 10:20 Stern of ship being secured to stern of Agamemnon by Ist. 52° 09^ North. Knots run by ship. Excess of cable paid out, | кош 4100р, hawser, commenced vecring out саб'е to the “ Agamemnon” to splice. At 10-30 had veered out 200 fathoms. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. Long. 32° 29 West. Knots cable paid out, „ Pe r-centage of loss, s ` | Smooth sea; at 4:40 p.m. 20 miles of cable paid out. TERR (Signed) J. FotLansuge. » | | | From meridian to 4 p.m. | Atl p.m. hawser was let go and ship steaming a-head slowly, and ccm. menced paying out the cablc. At 2:54 p.m. 10 miles of cable paid out. Smooth sea. (Signed, M. KELLOGG. сою а‏ د مو ی D‏ س تھ Ib d aora 1‏ ПЕТТЕ 11114‏ 111111111 |[ [ 1111111 ра‏ Кү! 11Р Fas Е‏ — -— — | í ] Fiy . P.M. | | 9 d K. F. | K. F. | К.Е. l Yicm Û 20 8 p.m. l = = i: > И „ Smooth sea and light breeze оп port beam. At ‘6:30 p.m. had paid 2 2.000 | 1.500 | 208 25 4 $00 ' 4 Gm 2 2 : we’ p.m., had paid out a | 2050 1.900 108 2 10 600 бюз : 16 | E of cable. At 7°50 continuity reported to po c Ship's speed 4 2,050 » J8 8 20 15 90 | 5 300 , У ' reduced. Signed) M. KELLOGG. 5 m" B 10 8 26 21 960 6 060 | 4 2 r 6 a | - 15 27 265 8 38 16 | 7 ч i | " 52 £06 | 5 241 4 4 A 8 is i 5 К 37 800 5 354 ¦ 4 4 ' At9'1l p. m. continuity restored. At 8:55, 40 miles of cable paid out, At id » T0 6 a 10 200 | : ER : 8 10 46 p.m. 50 miles of cable paid out. Distance run at midnight by patent ii p | Bá | à id 51 20 5 713 1 0 | log, 41 miles. (Signed) J, FotLANsBEE, 12 | M 19 56 800 5 520 42 | | | | | | AT Sea. Friday, July 30, 1858. ! A.M. 9 9 K. F. | K. F. K. F. | From midnight to 4 a.m. 1 2,050 1 9n0 уз РА 62 507 5 713 4 2 || Very light breeze on port quarter, and smooth sea. At 1234 a.m. 60 miles 9 2.050 1 900 ۴ j 63 250 5 763 4 6 |! of cable p-id out. At 2 19 a.m. 70 miles of cable paid out. At 3:55 a.m. 3 2 050 1 9:0 Ы; $ 73 80) 5 550 4 2 |; finished paying out forward coil on spar deck, and commenced on forward 4 2,050 19:0 118. 14 79 — 5 213 42 | circle on berth deck. At 4:10 a.m. 80 miles of Баре pud out. 5 2 050 1900 | 108. 16 85 210 6 210 46 : (Signed) M. KzLTLOOO. 6 | 2050 | la| 59. 14 | О 6 | 6 40 | 52 | родова. 7 2.050 1.509 | 85. 4 J3 150 ' , _ Light fa'r breeze, smooth tea. At 545 a.m. 90 miles of cable paid out. At 8 | 200 1900 | 28. 14 101 73? 6 550 | 5 4 | 717 a.m. 100 miles of cable paid out. At 8 a.m. had run 614 miles by patent 9 | 2050 | 1900] 105. | 12 по 9ю | 6 170 5 - | deg, (Signed) J. FOLLLANSSES 10 2,050 1.362 x S: T 115 эй 5 Ma | 2 2. Кошны: У У 0 E. 0 ode 2 8 =. е n 208 Lo 5S. i 131 90 8 100 7 4 A 8°51 a.m. 110 miles of cable puid out. At 1027 a.m. 120 mi'es of cable : | T pee Out; distance by patent log the last 24 hours 1053/19 miles. At 11-55 a.m. had paid out 130 miles of cable; light wind ait and rmooth sea. Lat. 51° 50 N. Knots run by ship, 89. Excess of cable paid out, 42,900 I (Signed) М. KELLOGG. Long. 34? 49' W. Ano ре ра 3 Sore og ee of loss, 48. ' From meridian to 4 pm. : т «pth oi water, 1, нә. At 1°10 p.m. 140 miles of cable paid out. At 2-36 p.m. 150 miles of cable ад 777777 8 paid out. At 4:02 p. m. 160 miles of cable paid out ; Ae run since noon o 8 by atent log at 4 p.m. 234/10 knots. (Signed) J. FotrtAxssEx Р.М. К. F. K. F. K. F. - і 200 1800 88. 12 ]38 720 6 833 5 4 From 4to 6 p.m. 2 2 000 1.800 98. 11 145 790 7 070 G - Alt 5°30 p. m. 170 miles of cable paid out; strong wind and moderate sea aft. 3 2 000 1 800 | 9 8. 12 152 80 7 010 6 - | (Signed) W. KELLOGG. 4 | 200 | 1800 58.1! I | 159 во 7 — 84. arcu dn 8 pow. e 2 n | 90 | i 53 | t T 2 5 Eia : 2 Fresh bıe ze and moderate s?a on port quarter. At 7-03 p. m. 180 miles ot 7 | 203) (180 sS | 12 | 1:9 765 | 6 465 6.2, Cable paid onk (Signed) J. Ео.акзвкж. a | 2030 | 180, 10S. | 12 195 310 6 554 5 6 From s to 12. 9 | 2.102 190, „ | وو‎ | 12 70) 6 30 5 - | Distance run by patent log at 8 r.m. since noon vad bh miles. At 8°34 p.m. 10 9 100 1,800 ede ow 199 2% | 6 53 | 5 4 190 miles of cabl: pid out. At 10°08, 200 miles; at 11:39, 710 miles. Wini 11 | 2100 1,860 ©] А 205 KO 6 600 | 6 - [ and sea moderating. Wind changed from port quarter to port beam. 12 2,140 1 мю) "| js 213 370 | 6 513 : 6 2 | Signed) M. KELLOGG. | i | SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEF, 493 APPENDIX No. 16—continued, АРЕ Моле лее tele. grapn. é6 N 97 — U.S. STEAMER “ NIAGARA. Log of the | «Ning * UN ara.“ Dynamo-| Brake | А816 of Rope. Amount per| Speed of | Hour.| meter Strain. — ———-| Rotometer. | hour by Shi REMARKS. Strain. | Hor. Ver. Rotometer. ір. || AT Sea. Saturday, July 31, 1858. A.M. ü В К. Е К. Е. К. P. From midnight to 4. 1 2,050 1,800 — — 218 800 6 500 6 7 2 2.050 1.800 x Ба 225 870 7 070 6 | Fresh wind and moderate sea on port quarter. At 10 am. 220 miles of 3 2:050 1800 | 108. 13 939 824 6 963 6 0 cable paid ош. At 2:35 a.m. 230 miles of cable paid out. Distance run by 4 2/030 1,300 12 939 900 1 050 6 0 patent log since yesterday noon until 4 a.m., 90 1/10 miles. 5 | 2,00 | 1.80 „ [| 12 | 246 600 | 6 713 61 (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. 6 2,000 | 1,800 s А 252 . 6 — 5 4 | From 4 to 8 a.m. 7 2000 | 1,800 " n 258 6 300 5 6 j| At 5°34 a.m. 250 miles cable paid out. At 7 a.m. 260 paid out; light breeze 5 20 0 4 . E m 780 б 2 " о | оп рог! now. Sea moderating. At 8 a.m. 113 6/10 miles tan by patent log 0. , : . since yesterday noon. Signed . KELLOGG. 10 | 2050 | 1800 | 2, 2 | an o | 6% |5] | ; rp жаа. 11 2,050 | 1,800 | 8,, 10 278 170 б Hn : From 8 to meridian. 12 2,050 1,800 2, 13 2 0 At 8 44 a.m. 270 miles of cable paid out. At 10°20 a.m. 280 miles of cable paid out. At 11 56 a.m. 290 miles of cable paid out. Distance by patent log R since noon yesterday, 137 c/10 miles. (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. | Lat. 51205 N. Knots run by ship, 137. Excess of cable paid out, 22 843. | From mcridian to 4 p.m. Long. 38° 29 W, — Knotecable paid out 159 843, Per-centage of loss, 17. | At 1.14 p.m. 300 miles of cable paid out. At 2:35 p.m. 310 miles of cable Depth of water, 1,657 to 2,250 paid out; light head breeze and moderate sea. At 4°02 p.m. 320 miles of = У | cable paid out. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. P.N. o o K. F K. F. K. F. | From 4 to 6 p.m. 1 2,050 1,800 8 8. 12 298 400 6 683 5 4 Very light breeze on starboard bow, with but little sea. At 5:36 p.m. 9 2,000 1,750 5 8. 12 305 600 7 200 5 6 330 miles of cable paid out. Commences orlop circle at 5:40 p.m. 3 2,050 1,800 6 S. 12 31) 900 6 300 6 0 (Signed) J. FoLLANSBEE. 4 2050 | 1,800 | 8S. 12 319 700 5 83 5 0 From to 8 p.m. 2 2012 1,800 | 10 S. In = 180 : 30 5 í | At 7:12 p.m. 340 miles of cable paid out ; distance run by patent log since 7 2 015 » 9 3 12 338 600 5 530 5 6 meridian, 44 3/10 miles; light head breeze and moderate sea. Dé ээ . 8 2 050 E 7 S. 12 345 250 6 663 5 0 9 | 2050 „„ Jas | is | 3am 6&0 | 6 420 55 | E ju ds кошш е ОРЕКЕ m 5 10 2.030 „ ſetralght 12 353 180 6 523 6 0 p.m. miles of cable paid out. At10:16 p.m. 360 miles of cable 11 2,000 u 5 $. 10 360 590 6 770 5 7 paid out. At 11:46 p.m. 370 miles of cable paid out, 12 | 2000 i 9s. | 12 | 371 460 | 6 623 | 5 7 | (Signed) J. FoLLANSBEE. AT Sea. Sunday, August 1, 1858. А.м. ° 9 K F. K. F. K. F. 1 2,075 | 1,800 | — — | 378 300 | 6 858 6 3 | From midnight to 4 a.m. 3 um d — — 385 500 7 200 6 4 At 1:13 a.m. 380 miles of cable paid out. At 2:36 a.m. 390 miles of cable а ووا‎ n e T үй 195 1 un Ч T peoi Ar pied. a.m. 400 miles of cable paid es d стае on star- . $ 4 oar w and moderate sea. Signe А 11.0009. `5 | 2,000 : 3,| 10 | 407 500 7 400 6 0- xc s dq gam en 6 ка 5 10 „ "n 414 610 7 100 6 0 de 7 ми x 10 „ : 421 6 903 6 9 Moderate breeze on starboard beam. At 5 a.m. patent log gave since noon 8 : a 11 „ 12 428 210 6 723 G 4 | yesterday, 96 miles. At 520 a.m. 410 miles of cable paid out, 9 2,075 i 10,1 „. 434 300 6 090 6 0 . (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. 10 2,100 e 12 „ ә 440 700 6 400 6 0 From 8 to meridian. 11 » » 13,| *. 441 800 6 100 6 0 At 8:09 a.m. 430 miles of cable paid out. At 9:54 a.m. 440 miles of cable 12 35 РА п, 11 456 400 8 613 6 0 paid out. At 11:18 a.m. 450 miles of cable paid out; strong breeze and mode- rate sea on starboard beam. Ship rolling considerably; distance by patent log from meridian to meridian 1412/10 mites. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. Lat. 50° 32’ N. Knots run by ship, 145. Excess of cable paid out, 19.683, | From meridian to 4 p.m. ` Long. 41° òY W. Knots cable paid out, 164683. Per-centage of loss, 14. Strong breeze and heavy sea on starboard beam. At 12:30, 460 miles of Depth of water, 1,950 to 2,424, cable paid out. At 1:55 p.m. 470 miles paid out. At 3:05 p.m. commenced paying out fore hold-coil. (Signed) Р FOLLAXSBEK. From 4 to 6 p.m. Р.М. o o K. F. K. F K. F. 2 1,800 9 463 700 7 300 6 3 At 4:45 p.m. 490 miles of cable paid out. Strong wind and heavy sea on - 2030 1,500 TM 13 470 590 6 903 „ 4 starboard bean: ship rolling heavily. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. 4 | 2,050 » Hs 1З АЗА др SE 0ш » - Fresh br d moderate sea forward of starboard beam. At 6-05 5 | 2,050 " 70,| 12 | 49 800 | 7 490 eS. «doris oe cable pad out ету ота MOS E p. 6 2.050 5 70 „ 14 499 100 7 313 pa 00 miles of cable paid out. At 7°33 p.m. 510 miles of cable paid out; distance 1 2.000 Ж 11 „ 12 506 425 6 938 s since noon by patent log, 46% miles. (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. 8 2,030 99 » 9 513 510 7 485 » 7 From 8 to midnight. 9 | 2,050 » » " 521 200 T 103 ** ¬ At B 51 p.m., 520 miles of cable paid out. At 10°10 p.m. 530 miles paid " 20 » * * 835 805 red * 8 out. At 1:35 p. m., 540 miles out. Wind moderate, heavy sea, ship 12 2,050 7 " е 543 100 1 313 E 5 rolling badly. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. AT Sea. Monday, August 2, 1858. A.M. Ө S K. F. K. F. K. F. 1 2,050 1,800 | 11 N. 13 550 420 7 320 h 4 From midnight to 4 a.m. 2 09d DU IN MEA XE Er oi Wind anıl sea moderate. At 12:56 a.m. 550 miles of cable paid out. At 1 202 * a ” 571 8 40 " 640 = „ 2:18 a.m. 560 miles cable paid out. At 3:38 a.m. 570 miles paid out. Patent 5 9.000 " Tu э 580 700 " 873 5 : log, at 4 a.m. from noon yesterday, 106} miles. Е 6 | 205 2,100 14 „ | 18 | 587 „ „ 30 $ 6 (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. 7 2,150 5 12 ,, Ar 594 6 8)3 4 6 From 4 to 8 a.m. At 4.53 a.m. 560 miles paid out. At 5:20, commenced on 8 2.150 Ж `» 1з 601 600 7 100 » 4 new cable, which being very dry, some difficulty was experienced in the 9 2.250 2,200 | 10 „ P 604 780 „ 150 5 - running off the coil. At 6:21 a m. 590 miles paid out. At 7°47 a.m. 600 miles 10 2 250 ar 8 „ ee 615 „ „ 030 6 - paid out. Light breeze on starboard beam. Moderate sea. ship rolling 1 2,300 ú 10 „ 12 623 850 8 070 o 4 considerably. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. 13 2,150 2,100 90 » 633 550 9 613 2 From 8 to meridian. At 9:11 a.m. 610 miles of cable paid out. At 10°25 a.m. 620 miles of cable paid out. At 11:49 a.m. 630 miles paid out. Patent log, at noon, 141 3/10 miles. Lat. 49° 52 N. Knots run bv ship, 154. Excess of cable paid out, 23 150. (Signed) J. FOLLANSBER. Long. 45° 37 W. Knots cable paid out, 177.150. Per-centage of loss, 15. From meridian to 4 p.m. Depth of water, 1,600 to 2,385. At 1:50 p.m. 640 miles paid out. At 2°03 p.m. 650 miles paid out. At 3°16 p.m. miles paid out. Light breeze on starboard beam, ship rollin P g co rably. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. P.M. ? id K. F. К.Е. | K. F. | prom 4 to 6 1 4.000 1,800 | 9N. 10 641 400 7 863 6 4 m p.m. 4 1,900 1,900 — РА €40 8 240 7 1 Light breeze and moderate ses forward of starboard beam. At 4°43 p.m. 3 1,850 1,800 — 657 900 260 10 670 miles paid out. At 6-09 p.m. 680 miles paid out. а 1850 | 1800 | 5N. | їз | 65 300 | 7 313 6 7 | (Signed) J. FOLLANSAZX. 5 1,900 1,800 straigh 8 671 990 6 790 — From 6 to 8 p.m. 6 i 9N. a; 673 940 » 943 8 4 At 7-40 p.m. 690 miles of eable paid out. Distance by patent log, since me- 7 1,857 » 4» 11 685 500 » 573 » 4 ridian, 477/10 miles. (Signed) M. о. 8 1,457 5s 5 „ 12 693 300 „ 813 6 - F 8to mid А 9 1,870 ж Could not see | 699 030 | ,, 743 5 4 rom nigh 10 1,815 ja tbe 705 180 » 150 6 - Light breeze and moderate sea forward starboard beam. At 9-09 p.m. 11 1,925 » over the stern. | 711 420 » 240 53 700 miles of cable paid out. At 10°46 p.m. 710 miles paid out. 13 1,875 с 8 7 550 » 130 » 6 (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. 3R i 494 „APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 16. APPENDIX No. 16— continued. Atlantic tele. graph. Log of the U.S. STEAMER “ NIAGARA.” U.S, steamer Niagara. e A о ЕЕЕ Сыс ЕСТ====е Dynamo- Angle of Rope. Amount per! Speed of Hour.| meter rake — — — — ——- | Rotometer.; hour by REMARKS Strain. Hor. Ver. | Rotometer.| Ship. AT Sea. Tuesday, August 3, 1858. “| aes 180 — - | ha m6 | % 34 1 , А — — 23 5 5 4 ; 2 1,850 1,700 ae КЕ 730 300 6 NI3 6 0 From midnight to 4 a.m. 3 1.820 1,700 | — — 736 600 6 500 6 0 At 12:28, 720 miles paid out. At 1:57 a.m. 730 miles paid out; distance CCC 5 4 || by patent log, from В a.m. te a.m. 431/10 miles. At 2:30 a.m. 740 miles paid 6 | 1600 d NS 736 040 | 7 260 6 о || rately RRV Niel) M. Кыс 7 1.650 ә 8" ji 163 590 6 963 5 4 (Signed) M. KELLOGG. 8 1.600 ЗА 8,, 11 770 510 6 0 9 1.450 1.400 — 12 775 100 5 933 4 4 From 4 to 8 l. m. 10 1,450 1,500 5, 15 780 800 6 700 6 0 S AERE breeze and moderate sea forward, starboard beam. At 5:5 a.m. 11 1,200 1,200 — 11 787 100 4 313 3 0 | Ше е paid out. At6-29 a.m. 700 miles paid out. At 7°56 a.m., 770 miles 12 1,200 1,200 — 10 795 300 8 603 5 0 P out. (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. From 8 to meridian. : Lat. 49? 17" N. Knots run by ship, 147. Excess of cable paid out, 14:761. . Long. 49° 23 W. Knots cable paid out, 161-763. Percentage of loss, 10. ma : hs % N cable all paid our fro m the forward coil, and commenced on Depth oF water, 742 to 1.827 , after circle in ward-reum. At 9:51 a.m. 780 miles of cable paid out. At P ii 11-25 a.m. 790 miles paid out. Distance run by patent log, 134 miles. F (Signed) M. KELLOGG. paj | ° | o | K. Е | K. F. K. F. 5 крш. L] А 0 . * n 8 è » 2 а 1 200 1,200 5 S 12 801 880 6 580 5 4 p.m. 800 miles paid out. At 2:15 p.m. 810 miles paid out. At 2 » » | 85 $s 808 270 » 503 6 - 3°47 p.m. 820 miles paid out. Distance by patent log, 24 shio miles. At 5-16 У » » 1 = „ п 100 » 020 б 4 p.m. 830 miles paid out. (Signed) J. FOLLANSBEE. 5 : $ == ii вәз 200 | „ 813 6 4 | From 6to8 p.m. 6{ below } » — 12 838 790 „ 590 6 2 Nearly calm and smooth sea during the watch. At 6:47 p.m. 840 miles below paid о. Distance at 8 p.m. since noon, by patent log, 50 3/10 miles. below From 8 to midnight. в 1200 „ 451 13 | 848 400° „ 643 | 62 — 9 | 1,000 | 100 R55 000 | 7 400 76 At 8.15 p.m- 850 miles paid out. At 9-10 p.m. 860 miles of cable paid out. 10 "900 З = RG) 400 | 6 100 5 6 At орт reccived signal from “ Agamemnon " that she was in sounding. T 1.000 » = = i 264 1! oa 00 de. At 12, 870 miles paidout. Distance run by patent log, 157/10 miles. 12 d 3 E Е E ; | 5 213 6 2 (Signed) M. KELLOGG. At Sea.‘ Wednesday, August 4, 1858. i ————— ꝗͤ—— — A.M K. F. К. Е. K. F. 1 1.100 поо то, ү? i 10 ё 2 6 í From midnight to 4 a.m. 2 1, ; sec the cable. Nearly calm and smuoth sea. At 1°32 a.m. 880 miles of cable paid o : m. ut. А e 1:000 js R en 20 С 179 5 " | At 3'05 a.m. 890 miles of cable paid out. Patent log at 4 a.m. 91 6/10 miles 5 | 90 900 4$. | п | 901 — | 5 703 | 5 6 Com noon yesterday, (Signed) J. FoLrLansszs. 6 $00 $00 11 906 800 5 800 5 6 From 4 to8a.ın. Кг „ ETR O ta sur Pulp A 52° sn mie of cable 9 950 800 |straight 13 926 630 6 630 6 4 from meridian, 115 7 a miles e paid ou s 5 посе жыр log 10 850 goo | 6S. | 13 | 933 910 | 7 270 6 6 ' (Signed) gf шы 11 800 800 6 S. 12 941 — 7 113 7 - From 8 to meridian. 3 800 800 » 12 941 — — „ „ 4 || At 929 a.m. 930 miles of cable paid out. At 10-51 a.m. 940 miles of i cable paid out At 12 03 a.m. 950 miles of cable paid out. Patent log at noon, for 34 hours, 142 miles. (Signed) J. FolLANS ARE. Lat. 48° 17’ N. Knots run by ship. 146. Excess of cable paid out, 8:360. Long 52? 43’ W. Knots cable paid out, 154-360. Per-centage of loss, 6. From meridian to 4 Pm: . Depth of water, less than 200 fathoms. | At 1:25 p. m. 960 miles of cable paid out. At 3:10 p.m. 970 miles of cable | paid out. Patent log, from meridian to 4 p.m. 21 6/10 miles. ER „55 | Signed) М. KELLOGG. P M о о I From 4 to 6 p-m. ( К ) zu 900 800 4s. 12 957 000 7 353 7 - At 4.50 p.m. changed from ward-ronm to quarter-deck coil, in order to 9 800 800 us 15 964 560 1 560 = cut out a fault which had been discovered ¥esterday. At 5°10 p m., 980 miles 3 1,000 1,300 EN 13 969 500 4 953 4 - of cable paid out. (Signed) J. FoLLANSBEX. 4 800 800 — 12 973 000 3 513 3 - 5 800 | 800 | 48.| 11 | 978 820 | 5 820 dE bugs ва, 6 800 800 straight 11 985 060 6 253 5 6 At 6:41 p.m., 990 miles of cable paid out. Distance by patent log, since 1 600 600 | — d 991 100 G 040 5 6 meridian, 41 1/10 miles. (Signed) M. KLLOOG. 8 600 600 — — 994 700 3 600 2 6 From 8 to midnight. 10 400 a cm йй LA A. ood 1 6 1 At 9-28 p.m., 1,000 miles of cable paid out. At midnight had run since 11 400 400 2 1005 410 1 320 з _ noon, by patent log. 58 miles. At 12:06 1,010 miles of cable paid out. 12 400 40 | — — 11.00 600 | 4 190 3-1 (Signed) J. FoLLANSEEK. At Sea. Thursday, August 5, 1858. O 0 ur 400 400 Е M ка 150 К: А { Bn From midnight to 4 a.m. в 2 = — — — 1,016 600 3 000 — At 1.45 a.m. ship came to anchor off Telegraph House, Bay of Bull's Arm. 3 — — — — — — — At 3:30 a.m. coiled 1 miles of cable on quaiter-deck, preparatory to the 4 — — — — — — — | end bring taken on shore. End of cable was landed on shore at 4°15 a.m. in 5 — — — — — — — Niagara's boats. (Signed) M. KELLOGG. : = == = aes = 22 == Distance by patent log, since meridian, 64 miles. Total distance run since 8 = ЕЕ i. Z E = = making splice, 882 miles. Total amount of cable paid out, 1,016 miles 600 9 РЕЖ = с: m 2 = = fathoms. Total per-centage of cable paid out over distance run, 15}. 10 =e = | per ы == ex = Total Amount paid out from “ Agamemnon," as per signal, 1,010 miles. 11 == == E эш БЕ = m | During the day three miles cable extra was sent on shore, at the request of 13 a — | = = == == = Mr. de Sauty, for future use. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 495 APPENDIX No. 16—continued. oS rar Atlantic teie- graph. Loe of paying out ATLANTIC CABLE from AGAMEMNON. Unsuccessful Trip in 1858. Log of- memnon,” 2 i i М 1 lz ' c * — а 9. t 858. 23 $ |2 |29 |22 a |58 | 3 $8 , р, F © $. 8 7 8 8 2% Cable |5 33 | Angle of т Distance 8 E © |025 22 = ^g & > ar: Lati- | Longi- Z Date. 8 > p 93 |85602 payed | FE NC Cable. | s m * run by 2 REMARKS. S E ir 5.2 8282 7 8 23 2 | ga | tude. | tude. E 25 A 8838 8 out. 38 | wy i | 4 | of Massey. 3 ^? غ‎ Za |22 Vet Ho. А |55 Ae н. M. n. м. | Miles. |^ ‘Mil. Fath. = m | ‚= | 2 55 — 2-0 — | 32 — 600 | — — [Went on board the Niagara, and found that the accident 12.25 ship's time, 2.35 Greenwich June 26 3 3 es nm a 30 2 870 | 1800 | 1666 had been owing to a want of tension in the cable entering time, splice finished, lowering pro. the machine, which allowed it to get out of the leading- ceeded, veering out until fa- 3 35 -— ceased 3 250 | 2500] „ on groove, and into the second groove of same drum. thoms payed out; 2.55, steaming In trying to replace it it was allowed to get off the drum slowly away. on the outside, where it was caught by a large projecting lever for working the scrapers, and broken. W. THOMSON. 7 35 | Splice lowered, and 150 fathoms payed out. Massey's) — | ry акый беа зна . zs 5 m m = = БЕ ree and а miles to uct 7 50 Started, 2-0 | эз | — у. | I 16% Log set. Abad the amount ofes ые resister ed 4 Я Жы - as payed out, g been n 8 0 5 4^ 1:8 26 4 650 1200, », = vx а Mc E = Te the first instancc. 8 30! 6 15 2-0 a ° 7 140 15229 2266 — — 3% — = z == TES 9 0| 645| 20 | 13 | 25 9 400 12% „25 —| | — БЕ ES En 2: 9 30| 7 15| 20 , 13 | 21 10 200 1% „ 36 | — | — ыз ды 22. EN ics 10 15 в 0 20 | I8 | 19 | 13 400; Ri; „ | | — |. | — = — — — 10 40/8 0 28 | 16 20 | 15 — 1% „ 30 | @ | — | — = 2, is — | 10.45. Screw increased to 18. п 10| 9 0 3-0 | 22 | 27 | 16 600 33801 „ | 17 8s | -- — — — — ni » 22. 11 45| 9 20 35 , 26 , 30 | 19 100 3383] „ | 16 S [=з е — = "T — | Weights increased to 2466, A.M. ; 11.55. Machine decreased to 26 revo- June27| 12 12 10 0| 40 | $8 | з | 21 200 | 2488 | 2466 | 16 98 — | = = = E lutions per minute. 12 42 10 :0 4:0 28 33 24 — Hoo - 15 4 — — — — — — | 12.5. Screw increased to 28. 1 il] ib o 40 | 28 | 32 | 26 600 | 100| „ 106 4|— | — — € - 25 141 [11 30 4.0 28 31 29 300, 3323; „ 13 == = = - == = з 2 и n o 40 | 28 | 32 | 3 135% . 2 — 29 13 = 16 — — — = — | All going on well; gave up charge to Vert. | Hor. Mr. Canning. 40 T. BRIG. 2 4212 30 42 28 | 36 | 31 380 414% „ 185 | | — = = — | Revolutions of screw increased to 24 3 12 1 0 4:0 | 24 | 30 | 38 70 1110 „ 14 4| — — = = ES 22 at 3 p.m. 3 42| 1 30 4:0 94 26 4l 300 | 2350 % — am dl. — — — 29% = Reported continuity broken at 3.44 a.m. No variation in dynamometer. B. H. At 3.44 reported by Professor Thomson want of continuity, and in his opinion that the cable had parted. Maximum strain on the cable, 2450 lbs., cable having psyed out easily and without the slightest appearance of hitch or acci- dent, at after consultation with Mr. Bright and Professor Thomson, put stopper on cable by stern whcel, to enable us to cut cable as near the machinery as possible for Professor Thomson to test for distance of point of accident from ship. After holding on for a few minutes the cable parted by stern wheel, there being a breeze on at the time, which made it difficult to keep cable perpendicular over the stern of the ship. SAMUEL CANNING. At 3.29, Greenwich time, when signals had been coming from the Niagara regularly each minute, the galvanometers came to zcro, instead of indicating the last of the reversals. During the next ten minutes the operations were continued on board this ship on the regular plan, but the inoications of the instruments corresponded to earth about the middle of the cable, and after 3.40 the signals due from the Niagara did not come. These indications leave no doubt but that some point of the conductor near the middle must quite suddenly have lost insulation. After the part which had been paid out from the Agamcmnon was cut away, the part of the circuit remaining on board was tested and found perfect. W. THOMSON. June 28 9 45 7 35 ex — — = | — | — | = | = = — | == | = | — = e үре шо E ош 110 ne | А thoms, ng used for bringing At time of making splice. м А 1309 | e EN КЕЯ TES round cabie for splice and lowering. 10 5| 8 Of 20 | 12 | з 1 506 14% 2266. 25 | 8 52 6, 33 8 Engine going 14 revolutions, could not 10 45| 8 30| 20 14 33 4 200 12% | 2266 | 21 8 z= = ae ee — — go slower on account of wind being . 2490 JEN 22 = = — — : 2E rdv ud Чен Lo Ж ы eh) M ion NE. Ship pitching. 11.55 p.m., weights on 11 42| 9 30 3-5 14 23 9 0, 130 = 21$) 74| — — — — — — bie uced to Ibe. ЕЧ | 12.25 p.m., strain hardly sufficient to June39| 14 15 10 0 25 | 14 | 26 | 11 500 558 2266 20) 5| — | —| — | — = ne em e cable at 3X knots, ship 12.55 a.m., screw increased to 20 re- ago | volutions per minute, at 12.0gave up 12 45 | 10 30 2:8 16 24 13 500 | 4385 2266 23 10 — — — — -— — charge to Mr. Canning, going К оо T = 2 Е T well during zbove time. o Hos 220 5 (Signed) CHARLES T. BRIGHT. 1 45; 0 0 40 , 26 33 19 600 | fiso а 14 1 == a cui m = ке 2 15|12 0| 40 | 26 | 33 | at 40 113 „ 15 igas ue Ex = = = 9 45|12 30| 36 | 26 | 33 | 24 190 780 „ 14 Ik; — | — = = ЕР E 3 15 1 0| 38 26 33 | 26 900 | 3298] „ 14 "uu = - se € 35 | — 32 1300 n 15 : m = e e E — | | During this time there was no altera- 3 45| 1 30 V , tion in the speed of theship or the 4 15| 2 0| 36 | — | 32 21 680 27% „ 15 2|-—|— => = = — р] strain on tbe cable. Elect sig- 2 30 3:5 21 30 4 730 19 RM "T = ME 2 = nals reported perfect. 4 45 3 ‘ 3 ээ » » (Signed) S. CANNING. 5 15 3 0 3:5 DE 32 87 100 1913 *» » » $T "A = == md = 5 45 3 20 3°5 a 30 39 900 320 э, 99 4 Deck — — — — — 6 15 1 0 3:5 26 20 42 0 32912 » » эӊ oy = = SER = = 6 45 4 30| 38 | оз | 34 | 45 200 7149 2366 | 12 1 паке = = - m = 7 15 5 0| 40 | 28 | 34 | 47 950 2483) „ | 0281 1 | 91 — — — — - 6.30. weight on brakes increased to 7 45 5 30 40 | 2 | зз 50 650 3392) „| 12% Id — | — 2 = +3, —|| 2366 pounds. 8 15| 6 0| 40 | 28 | 33%) 53 506 HIS | | M M —|—| — — 44\/: -| 8.54, 100 pounds added to brakes. 8 45 6 30 41 | 28 | 36 | 56 440 | 2392) „ | 12 des ا‎ = n БЕР ЕЕ: 9 15| 7 0| 44 | в | 31 | 59 240 7128 2466 1435 4 | — | — | — Ms = ee pounds removed from 9 23 7 6| 40 | 2 | 32 | во о | 1122 2266 „ €x = в xd — Я 00 All right during above time. 9 4| 7 27| 4:0 | 28 | 31 | 61 800 ni „| м 3 — — — — — = (Signed) CuanLzs T. Barcar. 10 15; в 0| 38 | 2 | 32 | 64 800 3353) „ | 14 L 5e uus a КЕ 52 T 10 43 8 30 3.7 | 26 | 33 | 67 500 3239 | nj M 23 НЕ = = — | 10.40 G. T., hoisted fore trysail, and n . R 11 15| 9 o| 4:0 | 26 | 24 | 7 400 2249 „ 14 3| | — | — = = — [fit Reduced engine to 25 revolutions. n 45| 9 30| 45 | 26 36% 73 280 | 2999 13 24| — | — сё = PN — | 12.0, increased weight on Jever brake * T " ^ to 2466 pounds. Depth of water P.M. . 26 increasing. 12 15|10 0 4:5 37 76 408 5132 2466 13 21 — d E == T 1.8, increased speed of engine to 28 12 45 10 30 4˙3 26 36 T9 546 | 3382 б 124 2 К == — e = RA revolutiops. * Eascd by hand- wheel. 3R 2 APP. No. 16. Atlantic tele- graph. — Log of“ “ Aga- memnon,’ 1858. 496 Date. сл сл QU 9» P» & & о CO TO MO S NS SSS o SNZ rene о = — — اسر‎ — — о о Greenwich Time. S 25 23 o = 4 = =a B 28 TE "ER Cable E 75 Es S SS payed = 2а o 3% м 2 * out anne H. м. | Miles > nnn Fath. a.m. | | n 0 40 | 26 | 38 | вә 600 p.m. | | П % 45 | 22 | 3X 86 — |3 0 -0{ = M" ә ео. soe noon 12 0| 38 | 24 | 34 | 88 150 p.m. |12 10| 45 | 24 | 40 | во 506 12 410 |35 26 36 92 — L 10| 35 | 26 | 34 | 95 506 1 30| 238 | 28 | 36 | 96 506 1 49| 3:8 | 30 | 38 | 99 500 2 10| 40 „„ | 100 700 2 30| 46 | 28 | 40 E 700 2 40| 40 | 98 | 40 | 1043 400 з 0| 42 | 30 „ | 106 100 3 15 44 MEM QE E:] 3 40| 42 ә „ | M0 8 4 | " v „ | 112 380 4 30| 40 | „% 38 | 15 —| 5 0| 4.2 » | 36 | 119 506 5 30 4-5 » | 33%| 122 700 5 45| 48 » | 36 |124 60 6 15| ^48 „ | 36 | 127 600 6 50| 48 „ | 37 | 130 506 7 20| 50 » | 38 133 506 7 35 50 » | 36 |135 450 8 0| 50 s LN 1396 — 8 30| 4-4 „ | 34 | 141 300 9 0| 40 | 28 | 32 | 144 150 9 30 30 | 20 | 22 | M6 556. * Brakes slack. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 16—continued. Loe of paying out the ATLANTIC CABLE from AGAMEMNON —continued. | Indicated Strain in pounds. 2109 2300 100 oU #133 11 2200 "300 2133 | 3:20 000 5 20 3122 uuo HI 210 0 230 0 | | | upon Brakes in pounds, Weight t Run since noon. з Angle of - Cable. A r Ұ ert. Hor. | 1 ii 2 — 1%) IK) — zi 44| 67 ~ | ” = 154, là — 154| 14| — ,* ,* anc: 13 sa es * 3 = 1114 — Hd xl 12 1%; — 14 4 80 13 14| — 11 2 — 124 3M| — 12% 3 — 124%; 44| 91 ” TS 2 0 12 1 — 12 1 97 12 1 = 12 = — 12 — — Splices and Lap- pings pa) ed out. REMARKS, . eee eee ee l2 Distance 3 8 Lati- | Longi- P2 run by | ge tude. | tude. gS Massey. | 5 3 A * D. M. D. M. — — 52 12 31 11 70 9 72 a 1.26, increased weight on brakes to 2,666 pounds, as machine was going 40 revolutions per minute. 1.40, speed of screw reduced 2 revo- lutions, in consequence of cable vi. brating. 1.47, speed of screw reduced 2 revolu- tions. 2 p. m., increased speed of screw to 21 revolutions per minute. During the watch between 8 a.m. snd noon, the speed of the engine was often altered, on account of the va- riableness of the force of the wind. (Signed) S. CANNING. Set brakes up a little, and increased number of revolutions of screw. S. T. 2°25, decreased speed 2 revolc- tions, the log giving 414; good breeze freshening. 2۰55, increased 2 revolutions. (Signed) CHARLES T. BRIGHT. 200 pounds additional put on brakes not fully set up. During the watch from noon to 4 p.m. all has gone well. ectrical signals reported all right. (Signed) CHARLES T. Висат. 7.10, 200 pounds removed from brakes. During this watch, from 4 p.m. to 6 p-m., all has gone well.—H. C. Electrical signals reported perfect: S. CANNING. Rotometer when started after re- ring 6.30 s. T., 8.45 GC. ., 41,454, ndicator 129,400, 9:45, in the 24 — ИШЕ. payed out 135 miles 459 uring the watch from d Sanc p.m. to 8 p.m. all well, (Signed) CHARLES T. Bricer. 11*30 p.m., eased screw 2 revolutions. 11*35, eased again to 20. "hips ster. The speed. of tee dp ship's stern e had been reduced to enable us to more readily the bight from the — — indi — by U sin hold. Ths strain indica at the time of the cable parsing being being 2,200 pounds, the number of revolu- tions of the screw being 20, and of the machine 24 per minute. (Signed) S. CANNING. The speed of the ship reduced; the dynamometer indicated 2,200 on the cable parting, vary ard 1,900 to 2,200 pounds pre C. Moore. 1 Index hand for miles does not point quite true. Digitized by Google SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 16—continued. 497 ResuLT of the Теѕтімсѕ on the NEWFOUNDLAND END of the ATLANTIC CABLE ACCORDING to Instructions from C. Е. VARLEY, Eso. — OCTOBER 1859. October 22nd, 1859. Resistance Test.—Zinc to Line. Deflection. Deflection. 0 o Galvanometer A needle at - — — 0 Galvanometer B needle at - = - 2 К. S; 1 cell short circuit - - 32 L. i 1 cell short circuit - - 3 L. Cable current - - - 2R 0? 12 cells into line - - - 803 L. 12 cells into line - - - 35 L. Through resistance = 1446 cable - 80$ L. Through resistance = 141+ cable - - 35 L. 24 cells into line - - 87 L. 24 cells into line - - - 59 L. Through resistance = 1212 cable - - - 87 L. Through resistance = 101° cable - - 59 L. 48 cells into line - - - = 795 L: "Through resistance = 6 $; cable - - 75 L. Cable current - = - „ 5 R. Cable current = - = - 3 К. Resistance Test.—Copper to Line. Deflection, Deflection. O Put 24 cells copper to line for one hour to drive up 24 cells copper to line - - - 20 L. resistance of cable to maximum. Through resistance = 1131 miles cable - - 20 L. Galvanometer needle A at - - - 0 36 cells copper to line - - 30 L. РЕ 1 cell short circuit - - - 32 L. | Through resistance — 1134 miles ‘cable - - 30 L. Cable current - - - - - 0 L. 48 cells copper to line - - 44 L. 12 cells copper to line — — — 6 L. Through resistance — 910 miles cable — - 44 L. Through resistance = 1773 miles cable - „ 6 L. | Cable current > Е А " =- À L. October 23rd. Differential Tests. Reflection Deflection. | ол cells zinc to line 5 seconds charge — 2 12 Nee me toline and through resistance 14 return current 0 resistance ۴ - 0 24 cells zinc to line and through resistance — = 14i » ; Varley's resistance d 10 E miles cable » 5 M" Ў 30 I. 48 cells zinc to line ‘and through resistance = = 108 ? Э : ” : ээ 10 ээ = ш 41 L. miles cable - - 20 - - 49 L 24 cells copper to line for one hour. " 30 И s - 53 L. 12 cells copper to line and through геше ys 50 š - - 55 L. = 1404} miles cable - - 0 m 100 m — - 57 L. 24 cells copper to line and through resistance РА 200 " - - 58 L. = 10234 miles cable - 0 $5 400 He - - 59 L. 48 cells copper to line and through resistance „ infinite resistance - - 59 L. = 767 miles cable 0 24 cells zinc to line for one | hour to bring cable to 48 cells, zinc to line, 5 seconds charge. original state. return current 0 , р 0 Return current Tests. N ; ا‎ ue i » E Deflection. وو‎ 5 » = „ * 32 L o D ээ 8 = 02 12 cells zine to line н 10 7 — - 43 L. Charge, 5 seconds return current 50 L. 2 20 Ж " - 49 L. 24 cells zinc to line И 30 М 2 . 53 I. Charge, 5 seconds - return current 50 L. » 50 ii E s БЫ, L, 48 cells zinc to line K 100 5 = - 58 L. Charge, 5 seconds return current - 55 L. 200 = 1 - 59 L. » 400 - - 59 L. Return Current Tests with varying Resistances. „ infinite resistance — - 59 L. Deflection. 48 cells copper to line for one hour. 12 cells zinc to line. 5 seconds charge return current 0 resistance . - 0L. — 3i 1 Varley’s resistance - 5 L. » ээ ээ ai zi 7 L. - - 20 L. ii 10 , А к И . 39 L. Resistance Test. | = 20 M М » - 43 L. | Deflection’ M 30 وو‎ » c - 49 L. 12 cells copper to line - 4 L. ` 50 وو وو‎ c7 - 53 L. | Through resistance = 19031 miles cable - - - 9 L. 2 100 „ „ — 55 L. | 24 cells copper to line - 7 L. E 200 „ وو‎ = - 56 L.| Through resistance = 19033 miles cable - - - 18 L. 5 400 » 7 - 57 L. 48 cells copper to line = - BL s infinite resistance е = = 57 L. Through resistance = 19033 sides cable - e 25 L. 3 R 3 APP. No. 16. Atlantic tele- graph. Result of testings on the Ncw- foundland end. 498 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP. No. 16. Atlantic tele- APPENDIX No. 16— continued. graph. Result of testings on — the New. foundland end. October 24th. Resistance Test.—Zinc to Line. : wi Deficction. Deflecticn. о Galvanometer A needle at - - 0 Galvanometer B needle at - - 2 R. Е l cell short circuit - - 34 L. E 1 cell short circuit - 3 L. Cable current - - - - 0 0 12 cells into line - - - - 81 L. 12 cells into line - - - 3AL Through resistance = 1212 cable - 81 L. "Through resistance — 1213 cable - - 3234 J. 24 cells into line — — - 87 L. 24 cells into line — — — 553 1, Through resistance — 101^ cable - - 87 L. Through resistance = 1012 cable - - 55 J. 48 cells into line - - - 74 W А Through resistance = 6,8; cable - 74 L Cable current — - - - 6 R. Cable current - - - - 0 Resistance Test.— Copper to Line, Return Current Tests with varying Resistances. Put 48 cells copper to line, to drive up resistance of cable Deflection. to maximum. | : : i 12 cells to li 9 eeconds charge. Galvanometer A needle at zero. | лаш ES ix TIMES бй hed aout d Wa Return current O resistance - - 0 Р cell, short circuit - - - ; EA x - 8 Я Cable битеп и Ё - - 0L 5 І Varley's resistance : m р 12 cells copper to line - - - - 4L. Е 5 - В - RE Through resistance — 19032 miles cable - - 6 L. * 10 T E s 7 24 cells copper to line - - - 53 L. K 90): Ы 3 - 44 L. Through resistance = 19033 miles cable - - 13 L. i 30 i _ - 49 L. 36 cells copper to line - - - BL. 50 - 51 L Through resistance= 19033 miles cable - - 193 L. X 100 i _ So 48 cells copper to line - - - 103 L. i 200 i _ - 56 L. сооп resistance — 19031 miles cable - - 208 L. А 400 x L - 56 L able current - - - - - 0 c 1 5; „ б = Put 48 cells zinc to line for 1 hour. ч даш SERGE oe | 24 cells zinc to line, 5 seconds charge. Differential Tests. Return current 0 resistance - - - 0 Deflection. 5 1 Varley's resistance - 12 L. 12 cells zinc to line and through resistance — 17 وو‎ 2 » 7 2 20 г. miles cable - - - Š » 5 » * = Зо 3 24 cells zinc to line and through resistance — 114 » 10 » x - 45 L miles cable - - = - 0 » 20 » E ub I. 48 cells zinc to line and through resistance — 9 » 30 » i - ol L. miles cable - - - - 0 » 90 » a il = L. 48 cells copper to line for one hour. » 100 » Д 7 9t L. 12 cells copper to line and through resistance — » 10 ^ 7 ў = А 19034 miles cable - - - - 0 » à ; . ** 7 | 24 cells copper to line and through resistance = » infinite resistance - 60 L. 1903$ miles cable - - - - 50 L. 48 cells copper to line, and through resistance — 48 cells zinc to line, 5 19033 miles cable : ! i - GL cells zinc to line, seconds charge. 48 cells zinc to line for 1 hour to bring cable to its return current 0 0 original state. " l Varley's resistance - 12 L » 2 Ж - — 22 L. وو 5 وو‎ x - 36 L. Return Current Tests. : 10 - 16 L. Deflection. H 20 " М - 52 L, O ээ ээ = 12 cells zinc to line, m 30 M - - H 1. Charge, 5 seconds - return current - 55 L. » 50 2 - - 56 L. 24 cells zinc to line, Уз 100 » - - 69 L. Charge, 5 seconds return current 57 L. 3s 200 53 - - 60 L. 48 cells zinc to line, р 400 a - - 60 L. Charge, 5 seconds return current 57 L $3 infinite resistance — - 61 I. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 499 October 25th. Resistance Test.— Zinc to Line. Deflection. Galvanometer A needle - - - 6 T 1 cell short circuit - - 335 R. Cable current - - - - 0 12 cells into line - - - 79% L. Through resistance = 215 cable - - 79% L. 24 cells into line - - . 87 L. Through resistance = 10$ cable - - 87 L. Cable current - - - x d.d Resistance Test.—Copper to Line. Deflection. Put 48 cells copper to line for 1 hour, to drive up resistance of cable to maximum. Galvanometer A needle at zero. O 1 cell short circuit - - - 33 L. Cable current — — — — — iL. 12 cells copper to line - - - - BL. Through resistance = 16173 miles cable - - RL. 94 cells copper to line - - - - 122 L. Through resistance 19034 miles cable - - 134L 36 cells copper to line - - - - 18 L Through resistance 19033 miles cable - - 90 L. 48 cells copper to line - - . 90 L. Through resistance = 19034 miles cable - - 25 L. Cable current . - - - - 1L. 48 cells zinc to line for one hour. Differential Tests. Deflection. 12 cells zinc to line and through resistance — 165 o miles cable - - - - - 94 cells zinc to line and through resistance = 114 miles cable - - - - - 48 cells zinc to line and through resistance 8$ miles cable - - - - - 48 cells copper to line for one hour. 12 cells copper to line, and through resistance = 19033 miles cable - - 47 24 cells copper to line, and through resistance = 19032 miles cable - - - 62 48 cells copper to line, and through resistance = 19034 miles cable - - - 75 48 cells zinc to line for 1 hour, to bring cable to its original state. Return Current Tests. Deflection. 12 cells zinc to line. 0 | Charge, 5 seconds ~ return currents - 57 L. 24 cells zinc to line. Charge, 5 seconds - return current - 59 L. 48 cells zinc to line. Charge, return current 59 L. 5 seconds ~ Report on the STATE of the ATLANTIC CABLE in Trinity Bay, by CROMWELL F. VARLEY and J. KELL. The Atlantic Telegraph Company, St. John's, Newfoundland, July 3, 1860. After repeated attempts to raise the cable by grapnelling, in order to test its electrical condition, and with a view to land it at New Perlican, as instructed by the Board, we regret having to report that although we have on many occasions been able to raise the bight, and so get on board at different times pieces of cable, in all amounting to about seven miles, we have invariably found it broken again a few miles off. The log, which Captain Kell will furnish, will give the details of the proceedings in full. Deflection. Galvanometer B needle - - - 9 К. : 1 cell short circuit „2 L: | 0 f 12 cells into line - - - - 9913 L Through resistance = 314} cable - - 925], 24 cells into line - - - 57 L Through resistance 8,8, cable - - 57 L 48 cells into line - - - 724 L Through resistance = 655 cable - 724 W Cable current — - - - 0 Return Current Tests with varying Resistances. Deflection. 12 cells zinc to line, 5 seconds charge. j return current Q resistance, - _ 0 т 1 Varley's resistanc 11 L. وو 2 وو‎ Е = 20 L. 3s 5 " - . 36 L. ээ 10 وو‎ е - 45 L. وو 20 وو‎ т - 52 L. ээ 30 59 S - 55 L. s 50 5 - - 56 L. M 100 ss - - 59 L. РА 200 = — - 60 L. وو 400 وو‎ = - 60 L. hs infinite resistance - - 60 L. 24 cells zinc to line, 5 seconds charge. return current 0 resistance, - « DL $5 l Varley's resistance - 13 L. وو‎ 2 ээ K - 24 L. s 5 » - - 40 L. ээ 10 » T > 47 L. ээ 20 » Е - 54 L. 8 30 » - . 55 L. 35 50 ээ = - 57 L. » 100 HE - - 59 L. 23 200 m - - 60 L. 9 400 8 — - 60 L. А infinite resistance - - 60 L. 48 cells zinc to line, 5 seconds charge. return current 0 resistance, — - 0 " 1 Varley's resistance- - 15 L. 55 2 » - - 25 L. وو‎ 5 » к - 40 L. 99 10 » = T 47 L. 2 20 К - - 53 L. 2 30 ss - - 57 L. a 50 is - - 58 L. ss 100 55 - . 59 L. و‎ 200 а - - 59 L. ээ 400 » * = 61 L. = infinite resistance. - - 61 L. (Signed) Н. SAUNDERS. ` The weather up to the 12th of June had been so bad that grapnelling operations were impracticable, and even while writing ìs cold and unsettled, the season here having been unusually late and boisterous. On the 17th of June water was frozen in the pails during the night; the noon following, however, was oppressively hot. Cold, dense fogs, and strong winds have been fre- quent ever since. The plan of operations was as follows :— On the 12th of June Captain Kell succeeded in fishing up and buoying the end, after recovering three quarters of a mile of cable. 3R 4 APP. No. 16. Atlantic tele- graph. Result of testings on the New- foundland end. Report on the state of the Atlantic cable in Trinity Bay, by C. F. Varley and J. Kell. 500 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 16. On the 14th, operations were resumed, and three miles appeared sound, but on minute inspection were found eaten Xeporromthe and a half of cable recovered, when the old fault, the frac- away and rotten ; the sewing was also decayed. In some state ofthe ture, already reported to you by Captain Kell, came on places the iron wires were coated with metallic copper, and ME board. A flag buoy was anchored at the spot where the much eaten, they having most probably rested upon copper Trinity Bay, same came up. ore, for there are veins of it in ‘Trinity Bay. ‘The gutta- By Ce үа percha and copper wire, are, however, in as good condition On the 20th, Mr. Varley arrived at New Perlican, and Captain Kell also. A consultation was immediately held on this and the following day, when it was unanimously agreed that the assistance of a steamer and extra men should be obtained. Captain Kell having refitted, started for Bull’s Arm, and Mr. Varley left for St. John’s on the 2 Ist. On the 23rd, the cable was hooked in 90 fathoms and parted both ways, the bight and a short piece of cable coming on board. 25th.— The cable was hooked again, but parted when within 15 fathoms of the surface, as it had done on several previous occasions. 26th.—Mr. Varley arrived in a steam tug, having, during the previous night, on his passage from St. John’s, encoun- fered such a heavy gale that they had to take shelter. 27th.—The steamer left Rix Harbour in a dense fog and stiff breeze, to examine buoys in position. While out the weather suddenly cleared and moderated, and the sea calmed by the drenching rain. Grapnelling was resumed in 114 fathoms. The cable was hooked several times, and, with one exception, parted before reaching the surface. Care was taken to buoy the spot the moment the cable broke, and by grapnelling from one quarter to one half mile east of the buoy, we hoped to succeed in raising the bight, and did at last get it on board. On testing the cable towards Ire- land, it was found to be broken a very short distance from the vessel, three quarters of a mile of cable being recovered before it parted again at a weak place. 28th.—The wind and sea too high for working. A fresh consultation was held as to the best mode of proceeding, and it was resolved to go further out at once, hoping thereby to avoid the rocky ground, and the bad state of the cable. | 29th.—Grapnelling was resumed three miles farther east. Soon after getting to work the weather suddenly changed, and the sea ran so high that we had to run into harbour. 30th. Re-commenced operations with steamer and boats, in calm but densely foggy weather. 'The fog just cleared up long enough to determine our position. The ** Industry" was accordingly anchored in 130 fathoms as a beacon, and grapnelling performed by the steamer. The cable was hooked at least three times—and probably more during the day, but broke before reaching the surface. At last a bight came on board, the cable at this spot being unusually good for about 30 yards. ‘The outer end was found to be broken about 200 yards off. About two miles of the inner end were ааны энди when it parted again, at a weak place, where there was nothing but the gutta-percha covered wire left; this, however, was just able to bring the cable to the surface when it snapped before it could be secured by a stopper. The point where we last grapnelled this day was a little east of a straight line joining Tickle Point and Copper Island in 140 fathoms water. Although mud is shown on the charts, there are most unquestionably rocks also, as was too plainly indicated by the state of the cable, rock weed and sea animalcules adhering to and surrounding it in many places, showing that it had been suspended clear of the bottom. The cable was invariably hauled in by hand, to avoid unnecessary strain. The recovered cable varied in condition very much, and what is most important is, that even those portions which came out of the black mud were so Serished an numerous patches, that the outer covering parted on board during the process of hauling in, and but for the dexterity and courage of the men in seizing hold of it beyond the break, where the iron wires stuck out like highly-sharpened needle points, we should not have known so much of its condition. In a word, it was evi- dently sometimes embedded in mud, sometimes on small stones, sometimes half imbedded, and sometimes wholly exposed over rocks, as was apparent from the condition of the outer covering. The iron wires in many, places often as when laid down. The general ragged, precipitous, and rocky character of the surrounding land evidently extends below the surface of the water. The unevenness of our soundings and condition of the cable indicate this most plainly. We accordingly decided upon leaving the neigh- ‘bourhood of Bull’s Island altogether, as the cable in its present state at that part of the bay will not repay the cost of recovery. We agreed simultaneously to attempt to raise the cable off Heart’s Content, and ascertain its condition there, this being the most promising part oi the bay from the information we have been able to collect. Accordingly, on the 1st of July, we sailed to New Per- lican, and made preparations to start at 8 a.m. on Monday morning. On the 2nd of July sailed from New Perlican at 3 a.m., and grapnelled for the cable in a smooth sea. At 7 a.m. we hooked in 143 fathoms water in a straight line joining the north point of St. John's harbour and the south point of New Perlican, at a distance from the latter of about six nauts. Having taken bearings, grapnelling was resumed half a mile nearer to the entrance of Trinity Bay, and the cable again and again hooked, each time about half a mile north of the previous run. The cable was during the day hooked at least four times: we believe more. It sometimes lifted off the ground before parting as much as 40 fathoms, sometimes only 15; in no mstance did it come near the surface of the water. On two occasions the iron strands of the cable left most unmistakable impressions on the grap- nel, and iron rust, resembling that usually found on the cable, adhered to its claws. The bottom consisted of green mud and light-coloured clay, the latter very compact, and, in consistency, not much unlike the blue clay of London. Some parts of the bottom were of stone. Having found it quite impossible to raise the cable, we concluded, after careful consideration, to make a last but hopeless trial off Break Heart Point, at the mouth of 'l'rinity Bay, and, if unsuccessful, to take the steamer and men to St. John's to avoid further expense. On July 3rd the steamer sailed from New Perlican at 6:6 a.m, and reached Break Heart Point a little before 4 алп. We grapnelled for the cable from about six miles and a half off in 165 fathoms water to within one mile and a half of the point where the water was still over 100 fathoms. We did not succeed in finding it, and had we done so the Atlantic roll setting into the bay was so heavy, and the current running out so strong, that we could not possibly have raised it to the surface, but only have determined its position. Jt is quite possible that the cable was hooked without being perceived: by us, owing to the depth of water, and to the fact that the cable, especially where laid over stone, is very rotten. At six miles out the bottom consisted of clay, covered by a thin stratum of mud, the same as that off New Perlican. At about four and a half or five miles off the bottom appeared to consist of stones, and this con- tinued to within one mile and a half of the “ point,” where the water was very deep. These portions of the recovered cable that were wrapped with tarred yarn were sound, the tar and hemp having pre- served the iron wires bright and free from rust. This will be further reported on when the pieces of recovered cable have been more closely examined. It is with deep regret that we have to inform you that it has been necessary to abandon the cable. (Signed) CROMWELL F. VARLEY, Electrician to the Electric and Inter- national and the Atlantic Telegraph Company. (Signed) JOHN KELL. To the Chairman and Directors of the Electric Telegraph Company. TH || Paul | a ШИШИ ЕНИН ' 9 | жтт ЕЁ ИЛИ 2 O — « > ш - uJ © = ы сә O ш. FIO 4. CROSS SECTION SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 501 APPENDIX No. 17. EXPERIMENTS on the MEDITERRANEAN CABLE" in the East IN DIA Docks, containing six Copper Wires, insulated with Gutta Percha, and covered with Iron Wires. January 2, 1860. Tue following experiments were made with my apparatus for bisecting the waves, as described by me when under examination by the Committee. The object of the experiments was to ascertain experi- mentally,— Ist. What retardation was produced by various lengths of cable. 2nd. What influence on the speed the iron covering exerted. 3rd. What influence increase of electro-motive force exerted. In all the experiments the resistance of the battery, and also that of the galvanometer used, were too insignificant, when compared with that of the line under test, to exercise any appreciable influence, and are omitted in the calcu- lations. The result of the experiments agreed very nearly with theory, the discrepancies being only such as might be expected in investigations of so delicate a nature. e length of cable was about 77 miles. The results given underncath are the means of a great number of experiments. í hen the battery power was only six cells of Daniell's, and also when increased to 36 cells, the speed of the waves was in all cases the same as indicated by theory. No. of Length of How the Wires Reversals |, ВУ Calcula- n Mile: МАУ per Second | 1st Experi- in Miles. Cable were connected. to bisect nent the Wave. ; „ 154 ; 15:16 15°16 3232. ЕЕС — ————_—____—. 231 „5 6°57 6°75 — . — — 808 ПРОЛЕТНА 8°78 3°79 سے‎ — ا‎ 2 1 402 — 1-727 i — eee 463 V 1°75 — . s...’ e...’ 2 а..." TTL ° a t The latter experiment shows that when the current passed through each of the six conducting wires in the same direction, and where all the retardation due to the magneti- zation of the iron envelope was in full force, the retardation was not perceptibly greater than when the currents through the different conducting wires flowed alternately in opposite directions, and when from the one wire neutralizing the effects of its neighbour, the iron envelope would not be magnetized, and therefore give rise to but little, if any, retardation. This system of bisecting the waves is free from all ambiguity, and is therefore recommended for determining the value in speed of cables, instead of specifying the number of words per minute. It should here be observed that these experiments confirm the theoretical results of Professor Thomson, whose deep researches into this subject are worthy of the highest con- sideration. He has at a very early date theoretically de- monstrated nearly all that our experiments have practically proved. From the above it is evident that the speed is inversely as the square of the distance. On the Zandvoort cable the following speeds were ob- tained :— By Cal- By Cale Length of How ше Wires No.of | culation culation in Miles. Cable dere conical. о Mee pues кошо | d ment. | ment. 272 wi |] e 9'6 — 10˙8 648 / 2˙4 ox | ——————— 27 | This cable is covered with 10 very heavy iron wires, and shows more magneto-electric induction than any other cable I have seen here. The speed of the shorter circuit, 272 miles, is less than it should be. In this experiment the batteries and galvanometer offered some appreciable resis- tance. The copper wire in this cable weighs about 118 lbs, to the mile, and in the former about 63. The copper in the Zandvoort cable was of better ccn- ducting power. This experiment, when compared with the preceding table, also shows that the thick copper conductor gives a much higher proportionate speed than the thinner wire; in fact, the speed of this cable is greater than it should be by calculation from the other one. "This is doubtless due to the higher conducting power of the copper. A cable of the Mediterranean's dimensions, but 272 miles in length, should give a speed of 4°85; this gives 9 6, or as 63 to 125, while the weight per mile of the copper is as 63 to 118 only. C. F. VARLEY. EXPERIMENTAL WinES on PENTONVILLE HiLL. May 1, 1861. In August 1860 (the 6th day) we laid an experimental cable of 33 wires in our iron pipes on Pentonville Hill towards King's Cross. Length 540 yards. It contained the following wires :— ] Godefroy's wire, bare. 1 Radcliffe's wire, bare. 2 Wray's wires, taped. 4 Silver's wires, taped (india-rubber). 12 ordinary Gutta-Percha Company's wires. 13 ordinary West Ham company. The four india-rubber wires are bad; I enclose a specimen. The others all good. Radcliffe's very good. Wray's held a strong charge for three minutes, when it came on to rain, and the test remains imperfect. I enclose a piece of Silver's wire; it has begun to decom- pose already, but I cannot imagine that that has caused the failure. I expect the latter will be found to be due to the wire getting out of the centre. As all four wires have failed it is significant. C. F. VARLEY. 38 App. No. 17. Experiments on the Me- diterranean cable in the East India Docks. by C. F. Varley. Ex per imen- tal wires on Pentonville Hill, by C. F. Varley. APP. No. 17. Observations and corre. spondence on tne subject of detections observed at Lothbury, by C. F. Varley. APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. 17—continued. OBSERVATIONS and CORRESPONDENCE on the SUBJECT of DEFLECTIONS observed at the Central Station of the Electric and International Telegraph Company, Lothbury, London. Deflections, June 8th, 1859. DEAR SIR, June 11, 1859. WE have had many deflections this year, the needles going first on one side and then on the other. I attach some observations taken by myself, and showing the direction of the currents on different circuits on the 8th instant. The most curious thing in these observations is that the neutral line shifted a good deal, that it was not a straight line, and that the London and Bristol line, which is generally a neutral one, was strongly affected at 3.50 р.м. I telegraphed Southampton, who reported “almost no deflection during the afternoon, on either the Portsmouth, Southampton, Southampton, Dorchester, } circuits, or А Salisbury the neutral line was therefore somewhere near a line running from Portsmouth, through Southampton, to & point between Dorchester and Salisbury. The line from London to King's Lynn was nearly a neutral one, and yet strange to say, the London York and London Newcastle circuits were affected like the Lynn and Ipswich circuits, and in the opposite direction to the Manchester circuits, consequentiy the neutral line appears to have been & curved line, and nearly following the coast. I have attached a Map (Diagram A), showing what I believe to have been the neutral line (roughly). The straight lines show the circuits, the curved one the supposed neutral line, which cannot be very far out of the truth. The land comprising our island appears, therefore, to exercise some considerable influence on these currents, which is very. likely to be the case, as the conducting powers of land and sea water are not equal. Some short time since you were so kind as to send me the magnetical observations at Greenwich for several years back. I therein perceive that the disturbances recorded by your apparatus are very numerous and more frequent than those observed by us. I observe that the magnetical observations are reduced to Gottingen time, might I ask the difference between it and Greenwich time? The volumes I have are from 1848 and subsequent ones, but that for 1847 contains, it appears, the key to the obser- vations, and without that key many of the observations are unintelligible; might I ask the favour of a copy of the observations for 1847, a year, too, in which the disturbances were great, and the first time that I saw these deflections on our wires in Devonshire. Trusting that these observations may some day prove of value, — I am, dear Sir, Yours very obediently, (Signed) CROMWELL F. VARLEY, Electrician to the Electric and International Telegraph Company. G. B. Airy, Esq., Astronomer Royal. Extract from Diary, June 8th, 1859. Many deflections all day, various directions. 2.15 to 2.24 р.м. Circuit. End of wire at Lothbury. London to Bristol — — Bristol, strong. » Cardiff — 552—9 Cardif „ " Трето + <—_—<<< Ipswich „ га psom — 5 Brighton 4- doubtful. 2.36 to 2.39 or 40. Short deflection in the opposite direction. London to Southampton + Southampton, ve А Ipswich — weak. ji Brighton — ۴ Norwich rather weak. Bristol + 2.54. London to Ipswich — strong. 5 Norwich — fair. ji Southampton + very weak. 2i Bristol + fair. 5 Cardiff + وو‎ " Manchester + rather weak. $5 Derby T " 5 Brighton + К " Epsom -+ very weak, probably — 3.0 to 3.10 or 15 p.m. London to King's Lynn — ss Norwich к King's Lynn », Ipswich — ۴ Brighton — " Bristol + 3s Newcastle — King's Lynn was very nearly neutral. Southampton very, very nearly neutral. Dristol was formerly the neutral line. 3.50 to 3.55. London to King's Lynn weak. J Norwich n KE strong. Ipswich — — is Brighton چ‎ 3 Southampton — very weak. m Bristol 52 - strong. m Birmingham 2:3295——— Ж York «— < strong. York is doubtful, as the wire was in contact with another, and men were testing on the line. Note.—The neutral line on this occasion had shifted to somewhere between Lynn and Hull on the one side, and between Southampton and Brighton on the other, but very near Southampton ; deflections hardly visible on the latter, and very weak on King's Lynn, much weaker than on Norwich. Usually London to Bristol is very near the neutral line, but on this occasion London and Bristol were very strongly affected. Dear SIR, Lothbury, London, June 16, 1859. WE have had deflections again to-day. They were strong on the London and Plymouth circuit, and noticed on the London and Portsmouth, Epsom, Lowestoft, Ipswich, and King’s Lynn circuits. I was not in the way, and the only record is the follow- ing :— First seen at noon. 1.15 p.m. London <_< Yarmouth + 1.22 deflection ceased. 1.26 » » >> » — 1.32 э” 2.5 دو‎ ээ ———<<<< ээ + 2.23 ээ ээ وو 2.36 — وو حو‎ + means that the wire was plus to the earth at London. I regret that no more complete observations were taken. I am, dear Sir, Yours very truly, G. B. Airy, Esq., C.F. VARLEY. Astronomer Royal. DEAR SIR, July 11, 1859. We have had deflections to-day rather different in direction from the last, and peculiar in the followi respect; viz., the currents flowed in one direction, an seldom if ever reversed. I saw no reversals; but the clerk at the Derby instrument reported having seen one, but Manchester, at the same time, saw nothing of the kind. I saw none, and think it was a mistake. I will send to-morrow a diagram, showing probable positions of the SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 503 neutral line which seems on this occasion to form an S curve, the Thames having part of the curve, the London Lynn circuit being nearly neutral, and the London Man- chester circuit being quite or nearly neutral; Hull, York, and Newcastle, being of the same class as the London Norwich circuit. I will prepare & diagram of these to-morrow if I have time. I enclose a rough one. In haste, Yours very truly, G. B. Airy, Esq. (Signed) C. F. VARLEY. EXTRACTS FROM DIARY. Deflections July 11th, 1859. Lothbury, seen strong at 8.30 A.M., and several times during the day. Strong at 2.12 and continued till about 2.40 P. u., flowing continually during this half hour in one direction. ` Again at 4.27, ceasing at 4.40. Again at 4.45, ceasing at 4.50. 2.12 to 2.40 p.m. From Earth at to Earth at Current at London. Bristol -— —«««« London — Southampton -———— وو‎ = Brighton -——— „ — faint. | Epsom -—— — OO, — rather faint. Ipswich 88 — وو‎ ＋ strong. armouth SS — وو‎ + strong. King's Lynn 52 — وو‎ + fair; much weaker than Yarmouth. Newcastle or York d — „ + York 82 — وو‎ + Hull SS — وو‎ + rather strong. Derby 8 — وو‎ + faint. Manchester -——— y = Liverpool > ээ + fair York S822 — y ＋ „ Derby 2 — رو‎ ＋ very weak. Manchester A (Doubtful) 5 weak. Liverpool London — very weak N.B.—Manchester too weak to decide; appeared as indi- cated. 4.45 to 4.50. | Earth at to Earth at Current. Bristol <—<< London — fair. Southampton! — fairor strong. Brighton -——— y, — faint. Epsom — —C 3» ст pema 5 — „, ＋ strong. armouth 88 — П + » King’s Lynn, —— „. + rather weak. Hull 5 — „ ＋ strong. Newcastle —— ээ T York 82 — 5, + rather strong. Derby 2 — رر‎ | + very faint. Manchester (doubtful as before because it seemed so famt.) + Liverpool ĩ London — rather faint. (Signed) C. F. VARLEY. G. B. Airy, Esq. * I believe, but not quite certain. Royal Observatory, Greenwich, Dear Sir, August 25, 1859. Your letter of July 11, with deflections and map in pencil, arrived in my absence. @n my return (in this month) the time scales were not laid down on our sheets, so that I could not till now make any good comparison of your results with ours. On July 11, between 83 and 9 A.M., there was a re- markably sharp and sudden disturbance of short duration. Your provincial notices of this are apparently incomplete, otherwise it might have been very useful. On July 11, from 2 to 74 P. M., there was a vigorous disturbance, entirely in one direction (with fluctuations of smaller amount, but never reversing the direction of general disturbance), rising suddenly at 2 and breaking down suddenly at 72. It was, especially at first, almost entirely in the nature of augmenting the force directed to the mag- netic north. This agrees well with the directions laid down in your chart, which show currents from magnetic E. to magnetic W., very nearly; for supposing, according to the general law of galvanic currents, that the attraction is at right angles to the direction of the current, we thus get a force agreeing with that which our magnetic records show. Ithink that in this instance, and in one preceding it, we have made some little advance. Still there are great puzzles. Why you should have seen no deflections between 2 and 4 I cannot imagine. I сап only beg you to go on in the same way bringing together the simultaneous observa- tions from lines in different directions, and thus establishing the neutral direction at different hours of the same day, or whenever you can, and, if possible, forming & notion of their magnitude. We shall make out something in time. | I am, dear Sir, Faithfully yours, C. F. Varley, Esq. (Signed) G. B. Arry. EXTRACTS FROM DIARY. Deflections August 28th and 29th, 1859. 28th. 10.30 р.м. to | Constant current on all four continental 11.15 ,, circuits, 11:35 „ Current again on. 11.50 ,, Right on one circuit. 29th. 1.30 A. M. All four circuits right. 7.10 „ to. No communication with the continent, 8.40 „ owing to strong deflections. Much trouble from deflections on nearly all circuits from 8 till 11°30, when they dropped down fast to nil. These deflections were very strong indeed, and alternated from positive to negative very rapidly, sometimes changing direc- tions 3 or 4 times in & minute. NoTE.—The Metropolitan circuits were affected very strongly during these morning deflections from 8 to 11°30. These circuits were— Ape. No. 7. Observations and corre- fpondence on the subject of deflections observed at Leoilibury, by C. F. Varley. City (Lothbury) and Westminster, 3 miles. 3» „ Euston-square, 3 „ وو‎ » Strand E 2 99 З » Shoreditch 1 mile. &c. &c. August 29th, 9 a.m.—Deflections at Lothbury observed by - H. Diz. (See Diagram C.) T d From To Circuit at Earth a£ Earth at London. Southampton London — Brighton 828 — ” T I wich 2 — ээ + armouth 8 — » + King's Lynn 828 — » + York >>> эз + Derby «<<< » ET Manchester ; — — < < » T Portsmouth — E „ — 3 8 2 504 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 17. 3.5 р.м. Observed by C. Е. Varley. (See Diagram D.) Lothbury, London, N.B.—Southampton got weak first, became nil; two minutes later Norwich got weak ; one minute later South- ampton reversed and Norwich increased in power, but did not reverse; the Ipswich circuit now showed almost no current but was still negative, i.e., the same as Norwich. 3.55. Southampton | — London + Norwich L „э ud Ipswich а „ -— very weak. Brighton 8 — „ T fair. 4.0 p.m. Southampton | 3:9——- London + Bristol 2 — 99 + Ipswich KE „ very strong. Yarmouth چ هه‎ „ — strong. King's IÄyynn T2 „ — very weak. Victoria Docks —_< EC 4.7 P.M. (See Diagram E.) Cardiff A——À London + fair. Bristol 8 — „ + weak. Southampton SS>—— „ - fair. Brighton 8 > » -t strong. Norwich X RAT „ — وو‎ Yarmouth + „ — „ ве Lyn xx „ — fair. Yor > e REE fnt: I BEG to acknowledge receipt of your favour of the the subject — Southampton — „ — strong. 25th, respecting the disturbance on the 11th July last. observed at Brighton and Epsom , — I find a notice in one of our diaries that at 7 р.м. (July E. F. Valley Ipswich S — „ + very strong 11th) the deflections were on again. | Yarmouth — ш t I think the deflections of the llth July show that the King's Lynn جو‎ „ + electric currents are caused by magnetic disturbance (or a | e وو جو‎ A like cause), d a the magnetic disturbance by the electric SS » currents, and for this reason. А € > City p We observe at 2 Pp. M., 4.30 p. M., 4.45 P.M., and 7 P. M., Westminster Е = powerful electric currents of rather short duration. Euston | — ME „ — The first three were all in one direction, the fourth 3.90 pu . not observed, but probably in a reverse . м. irection. Derby S — London + Your magnetometers show from 2 to 7, a disturbance 3.40 р.м. (3.38.) =a one deri with one шшш; commencing РМ Rees suddenly at 2 and breaking down suddenly at 7.30 ; these Amsterdam 5 London + very strong. two periods correspond with our periods of deflections, Ipswich جو‎ „ = А this seems in accordance with magneto-electric induced Southampton <—KE » = 99 currents. 3.48 When the etism of the earth was suddenly increased шы: at 2 P.M. we had an electric disturbance, which presently Plymouth London + subsided (or nearly s0); and while the magnetism was sta- Cardiff „ ү Ë tionary, or nearly, we had no great disturbance. Southampton ——w uy = When the magnetism lessened at 7 P.M. we again had Norwich —— „ = E whose direction is most unfortunately not 3.52 P.M. T | If this surmise be correct your magnetometers ought to Southampton nil London 0 show an increase in the etic disturbance at (4.27 to) Norwich ——<«<< — rather weak. 4.40, and at (4.45 to) 4.50 р.м. Will you kindly let me 3.54 PM know whether such is the case or not, as I feel very much Wr EO interested on this subject. Norwich London — very weak. From that date (July 11th) up to August 28th and 29th, 3.55 PM we have had nothing remarkable. MM bras On the 28th, at 10.30 p.m., we had powerful deflections Norwich London — stronger. and brilliant aurora. Southampton „ + I attach all the observations that I have of these dis- turbances. The following peculiarities were distinctly observed : Ist. The deflections ceased on different circuits at dif- ferent periods. 2nd. That while most other circuits were deflected in one direction the Manchester circuit was reversed two or more times. 3rd. At 3.48 Southampton and Norwich were both —. Southampton rapidly gave way, and reversed to +, while Norwich, two minutes after, gave way, and then returned to its original —. Thus the neutral line shifted from the west of Southamp- ton to the south of that station. 4th. During. the morning of the 29th the metropolitan circuits were much affected, and some of their needles stood nearly at right angles. These deflections were probably the strongest we have had for 12 years. In October or November 1347 we had some very power- ful deflections and a splendid aurora. These deflections, especially those in the morning, fre- quently reversed rapidly from side to side, sometimes two or three times in a minute. I regret to have to inform you that Iam unable to get reliable results from the provinces. Our clerks take no interest in the matter, and their data are so confused and contradictory that we cannot do any thing with them. There seems to have been a lull generally observed at Greenwich in the daily variation between 11 А.м. and 2.40 or 2 P.M.; after which a sudden change or variation of force is observed, &c. These daily periods seem to agree also with the periods of these and other similar disturbances, and further appear to strengthen the supposition that these currents are magneto-electric origin, and not vice-versd. We have currents daily on our lines, but they are too feeble for our rough apparatus, and in fact are not so strong as the currents that leak from one wire to another by imperfect insulation. Instruments, viz., reflecting galvanometers, can be con- structed sufficiently sensitive to record these currents on a circuit of a mile only in length (I mean the daily variation) SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Now if this subject be worthy of so much notice as to warrant the expenditure of a moderate sum, the following plan would enable you to get reliable and constant records of these disturbances. At every available observatory insulate two wires, under or overground, at right angles to each other. Connect their ends by means of long, deeply buried copper wires, with the earth. Include in each wire a galvanometer. These to be all made alike, viz., with equal resistance and equal length of wire, and proved ta give equal results. Each cireuit to be tested for its resistance, and all to be made alike. s These reflecting galvanometers would record on photo- graphic paper the disturbances, and each electric station should be made a magnetic station also. From the two electric wires the exact direction of the current could be found; and if all three records were kept on the same paper they would.show at a glance what is now difficult to obtain. . If this be too costly for many observatories I think Greenwich at least should have one, and such observatories as Edinburgh, Oxford, and Cambridge. These wires must not be erected on existing лар poles, because the powerful currents now used would dis- turb by leakage ana induction these delicate instruments. I would recommend that the recording magnets be very short, viz, half inch or three-quarters, in order that they might record rapid variations. I think it not at all improbable that if you had short magnets for the magnetic registers (in addition to the pre- sent ones) many small variations would be recorded which are now invisible. The sudden deflections can only produce a series of oscil- lations in a magnet of 11 inches in length, in spite of the thick copper band. I fear that unless the subject be decided by some such means the true nature of these disturbances will not be brought to light. Trusting that you will excuse this long letter, I am, dear Sir, Yours very truly, С. B. Airy, Esq., (Signed) C.F. VARLEY. Astronomer Royal. P.S.—The coast seems to cause the irregularities of the iso-electric lines, due probably to the difference of con- ducting power of sea-water and land. Dear SIR, Lothbury, London, August 31, 1859. Some deflections to-day from 2 to 2.20 P. u., viz. :— Amount of Detlection. Amsterdam to >>—— London + 50° Ipswich “> „ ++ 579 Brighton » 2: — = 0 0° Southampton << „ =— 19? Bristol » ——<<< وو‎ — 12 Birmingham „ 23:5—- „ + 45° Manchester „ very weak Бр Liverpool „ 33 » + 4 York و‎ >>> А These deflections were measured оп the same galvano- meter, and are only approximate. A moment was chosen when the lines were pretty steady as regards the deflection currents. Observed by my brother, S. A. Varley. Yours very truly, С. B. Airy, Esq., (Signed) Astronomer Royal. C. F. VARLEY. 505 Royal Observatory, Greenwich, S.E., August 31, 1859. I am much struck with your remark on the appa- rently reduced character of the telegraphic perturbations, which I think likely to be perfectly well founded. Your proposal about establishing wires of moderate length and corresponding self-registering apparatus shall have attention. | In the meantime if at your leisure you could sketch any of the arrangements which you think best, you would pro- bably do much to advance the enterprise. ] am, dear Sir, Faithfully yours, (Signed) . B. Airy. DEAR Sin, C. F. Varley, Esq. Royal Observatory, Greenwich, S.E., DEAR SIR, September 1, 1859. Your letter respecting perturbations of August 31st received, and shall in due time have proper notice. In regard to your inquiries about July 11th, in preceding letter :— From 4.27 to 4.40 the terrestrial magnetic force was increasing. From 4.45 to 4.50 also increasing, but I should have fixed on a rather later time, say seven minutes later. At these times the increase was about one-third of the great increase when the perturbation began. I am, dear Sir, Yours faithfully, C. F. Varley, Esq. (Signed) G. B. Arry. I was near forgetting to mention August 28th; we are most unfortunate on that day. From some fault in the chemical preparation of the paper, such as we have not had for many months or for years, there are large patches upon the sheet which have scarcely sustained any photogenic action. There remain traces enough of the curves to show that the perturbations were extravagant, probably greater than we have ever seen. In the element of vertical force (pretty well recorded on 28th), which is rarely affected, the perturbations are so great as to totally alter its character. I shall try how much we can preserve. C. F. Varley, Esq. (Signed) G. B. Airy. Mv DEAR SIR, Lothbury, London, March 28, 1860. WE have had deflections to-day, chiefly between 9 and 10 A. M., also to a less extent up to noon, and to a rather less extent during all the day. The eastern counties circuits were the most affected. We have not recorded any directions. The currents changed very rapidly from + to —. The weather is warm and close. I &m, dear Sir, Yours very truly, (Signed) CRoMWELL F. VARLEY. С. B. Airy, Esq., Astronomer Royal. 1 Royal Observatory, Greenwich, S.E., Dear Str, March 29, 1860. Our clock movement for the photographic barrels of declination and horizontal force has been broken for the last two days, so that we have no results comparable with your telegraph disturbances, except merely the extreme ranges. Judging from these I should say that we had no magnetic storm yesterday morning, but that we had one last night at least later than 11 A.M. I am, &c. C. F. Varley, Esq. (Signed) G. B. AIRY. 3S 3 APP. No. 17. Observations of defections Lothbury, b thbury, by C. F. Varley. Arr. No. 17. Letter rela- tive to the rates of work. ing the Varna and Balak. lava and Varna and Constantino- ple cables, by Alfred Var- ley. 506 . APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APPENDIX No. l7— continued. LETTER from Mr. ALFRED VARLEY to Captain GALTON, relative to the rates of WORKING the VARNA and SIR, [May 4, 1861. THE submarine cables between the Crimea and Varna, and Constantinople and Varna, were both worked with single currents. It required some practice to work on the Crimean circuit owing to the large amount of induced charge, and it was necessary to allow & certain time to elapse between each signal to allow this current to discharge itself, which it did chiefly through the telegraph apparatus of the sending station before the next signal could be sent; the rate of working was in consequence very slow, not more than five words per minute ; in practice it was less than this. The highest rate of working obtained on the cable between Varna and Constantinople was 15 words per minute ; the actual working rate was, however, much slower than this. I had better eh of ascertaining the rate of working of this cable, as I had it under my charge for several months. During the month of November 1855 I had the time each message was begun and finished noted down at the Therapia station. Therapia was an intermediate station on the Varna and Constantinople circuit, about 10 miles from Constantinople. ‚ BALAKLAVA and VARNA and CONSTANTINOPLE CABLES. The result was as follows :— Messages received at Therapia during November 1856,— > m 9 From Varna - - „ 92 „ Constantinople - ә - 16 Total number of messages a - 108 —— snares Number of words in above, 5074. Time occupied in receiving, 10 hours 4 minutes, Average rate per minute, 8.4 words. Messages forwarded from Therapia during November 1856— To Varna - — a ~ - 60 „ Constantinople - „ - 9 Total number of messages = - 69 Number of words in the above, 4209, Time occupied in sending, 13 hours 39 minutes. Average rate per minute, 5.13. Yours truly, ALFRED VARLEY. P.S. The above rates are rather higher than the actual working speeds; telegraphists are always anxious to do their work as fast as they can, and when noting down the time there is a tendency to understate rather than to over- state the time occupied. Captain Galton, R.E, A. V. &c. Ke. | 1 Qo 2 (л m. o г © A / f N о c - T >» E4 ч o 2 7 A X \ x N X ` * * X x “ы \ m Хос 2x ——— Se NN r O 2 о о 2 NT > z. SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE, APPENDIX No. 17——ontinwed, | A. DIAGRAM OF THE DEFLECTIONS of June 8th, 1859. AOIMSd! “WYHONIWUIS — +— + Neutral Line. e 'HOIMA YON NNAN SONIN O * O "H3.153HONVUW N “WV OUSISWV 507 35 4 508 APPENDIX TO EVIDENCE TAKEN BEFORE THE APPENDIX No. 17—continued. - B. € DEFLECTIONS, July 11th, 1859.—DiAGRAM SHOWING SUPPOSED Positions OF NEUTRAL LINE. Neutral Line — + — + \ NEWCASTLE, \ X \ X N * * РА i N x N x ` LIVERPOOL. e (MANCHESTER. No N a N М DERBY. = TO AMSTERDA O KINGS LYNN. NORWICR. © S. N NIN HAM Q VA e 2 ERIS TC ө 2 EPSOM. ‘BRIGHTON SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. APPENDIX No. 17 —continued. C. DIAGRAM OF THE DEFLECTIONS of August 29th, 1859, 9 a.m. Arrows show Direction of Positive Current. NOA - N D e * un а a i uae e Cc Z NOG NO LC A z Q л n < z 2 X 3 (л 2 = О o М. 2 I ot : 0 T "4 'YJLSIHONYW ues “WY GdSILSWY oA C 509 Arr. No. 17. —: — E 510 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE APP. No. 17. : APPENDIX No. 17—continued. D. | ; DIAGRAM OF THE DEFLECTIONS of August 29th, 1859, 3.5 p.m. — + — + — show supposed Position of Neutral Lines. \ \ NEWCASTLE. f P" d ^ * ~ GSLYNN. — 4 t —＋— . —T -T AFI 2L YMOUT Fl. JE END CE ЕРУ LOTHBURY. "VICTORIA DTC M» + WESTMINSTER | N.B.—Derby was observed at 3.20, but it was probably the same at 3,5. Deflections (weak, because lines were short and resistance great. | мона МОЛ dINVH..nos О E SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 511 APPENDIX No. 17—continued. APP. No. 17. E. DIAGRAM OF THE DEFLECTIONS of August 19th, 1859, 4.7 p.m. — + — + shows Neutral Line. O E 101814 Р — =» = M. EH 2d a БС I» "uazisauonuvue О 48330 O OA 'H21/^5dl O ^£. * 7 'IIDIM MON су NNA? SOND 3 T2 519 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Arr. No. 18. TABLE showing the GENERAL PARTICULARS of the VARIOUS Name and Situation. | Owner of Line. | Date of Laying.|. Manufacturer. Length of Cable. Description. SHALLOW WATER CABLES. - - - - » & | Miles. Dover and Calais Submarine 1851 R. S. Newall & Co. 254 4 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, (Grisnez). Company. covered with gutta-percha to No. 2, and served with | 10 No. 1 iron wires. Holyhead and Howth - R. S. Newall June 1852 R. S. Newall & Co. 65 knots. 1 copper wire, gauge No. 16, & Co. | covered with gutta-percha | and served with 12 No. 12 | galvanized iron wires. | Portpatrick and Dona- — 1852 R. S, Newall & Co. 15 5 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, ghadee. covered with gutta-percha to No. 2 gauge ; 1 copper wire, No. 16, covered with ` gutta-percha to No. 4 gauge | (centre wire), covered with | 12 iron wires, No. 2 gauge. Denmark (across the Belt) Danish Govern- 1853 R. S. Newall & Co. 183 3 copper wires, No. 18 gauge, d ment. covered with gutta-percha to No. 4 gauge ; served with yarn, and covered with 9 wires, No. 2 gauge. Dover and Ostend - Submarine 1853 R. S. Newall & Co. 804 6 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, Company. covered with gutta-percha to No. 2 gauge ; served with 12 No. 2 iron wires. to No. 2 gauge; served with 12 iron wires, No. 2 gauge. | England to Holland (Or- ] fordness to Scheven- ing). Miles One solid No. 16 copper No, 1 Electric and May 1853 R. S. Newall & Co. 119 conductor, covered „Vith No. 2 International | June 1853 Ditto 118 percha to gauge No. 1, No. 3 Telegraph | September 1853 Ditto 123 taped, served with yam No. 4 Company. |September 1855 Ditto 119 and covered with 10 No. 5 galvanized iron wires. jpe 4 cables, similar to the Or i - . Ditto. 1853 Ditto 5 cables, similar to the Or- "m m fordness and Scheveningen cables, laid up together. Portpatrick and Donagha- | British and 1853 R. S. Newall & Co. | 25 6 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, dee. Irish Magnetic. | covered with gutta-percha to No. 2 gauge ; served with 12 iron wires, No. 2 gauge. River Tay - - | Electric and 1853 R. S. Newall & Co. 1 3 cables, similar to the Or- International fordness and Scheveningen Telegraph cables, laid up together. Company. Corsica to Sardinia - French Govern- 1854 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 11 6 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, ment. covered with gutta-percha, to No. 1 gauge ; outer co- vering 12 wires of No. | gauge. Holyhead to Howth - | Electric and tember 1854| Fenton Hyde & Co. 65 knots. 1 copper wire, No. 16 gauge, á International m covered with gutta-percha Telegraph to No. 0 gauge; served Company. with 10 wires No. 8 gauge. Do. to Do. - Ditto. Ditto. R. S. Newall & Co. 65 knots. Ditto Ditto Miles. i Hurst Castle to Isle of | Electric and 1854 R. S. Newall & Co. 1 1 copper wire, No. 36 Wight. International covered with No. 0, ғ Telegraph served with 10 No. 2 wires. Company. ick toWhi iti 1854 R. S. Newall & Co. 26 6 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, Portpatrick toWhitehead einig rer > 8 En sak ici uaa эм SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 513 SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH CABLES, arranged Chronologically. Я Circum- TE А Weight per z Condition immediately T Mile. iid of after being laid, Present Condition. Remarks. - - - - - - SHALLOW WATER CABLES. Inches in Diameter, e Good. Good. — Perfect - - | Abandoned - - | No serving of hemp on the gutta-percha. This cable was only worked three days, and then failed. Small portions picked up in October 1859 showed the gutta-percha in excellent condition, but the iron almost entirely oxydised. — Only 15 miles of this — The 15 miles of this cable which were laid from cable laid; testing Portpatrick towards Donaghadee in 1852 were imperfect. picked up in 1854. 34 Good = - | In full operation. — Good. Good. Numbers 1,3, and 4 | The gutta-percha in these cables appears as good have been repeatedly | as when first laid down, but in many places the broken by anchor- | iron is partially or entirely corroded through by age, and are now rust. picked up for repair, but will probably not be laid down 24 Perfect E again. Insulation perfect ; íron very i much rusted ; No. 2 in good working order, and its insu- lation as good as L| ever. = Perfect • - Perfect. 4°319 Ditto & Ditto - | This cable has not cost anything for repairs since being laid. == Dito - - Ditto. — Ditto - | In good working order | This cable has not cost anything for repairs since being laid. 21 Not perfect - Not perfect - | This cable was never in working order. Ditto Perfect - Out of order | With a few exceptions this cable remained in роса working order till 1859, and then failed from the rusting of the iron wires. 3i Good • - Perfect - - | Two cables have been laid at this spot; the first | was injured so much by anchors as to be aban- doned. 4°319 Perfect — Ditto = | This cable has not cost anything for repairs since being laid. 8T 3 App. No. 18. Name and Situation. Sweden to Denmark - Black Sea: Varna and Balaklava. Black Sea: Varna to Constantinople. Prince Edward Island to New Brunswick. England and Hanover - England to Holland (Or- fordness to Haerlem). Liverpool to Holyhead - Weymouth to Alderney, Guernsey, and Jersey. Whitehaven to Isle of Man. England and Denmark Folkstone and Boulogne Singapore to Batavia - Swelen to Gottland = Tasmanian—Bass Strait APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Table showing the General Particulars of the Various Owner of Line. | Date of Laying.| Manufacturer. Length of Cable. Miles. Swedish 1854 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 13 Government. British Govern- 1855 R. S. Newall & Co. 310 knots. | ment. Ottoman Go- 1855 R. S. Newall & Co. 150 knots. vernment. Miles. — 1856 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 12 Submarine 1858 Ditto 280 Company. Electrie and September 1858 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 136 International Telegraph Company. Liverpool Dock 1858 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 25 Committee. Channel Islands 1858 R. S. Newall & Co. 93 Telegraph Co. Isle of Man 1858 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 36 Electric Tele- T graph Company. Submarine 1859 Ditto 350 Company. Ditto. 1859 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 24 Dutch Govern- 1859 R. S. Newall & Co. 550 ment. Swedish 1859 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 64 Government. Australian 1859 W. J. Henley - 240 Government. | Description. | | 3 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, | covered with gutta-percha ! to No. 2 gauge; outer cover- | ing, 10 wires of No. 2 gauge. : 1 copper wire, No. 16 gauge, | covered with gutta-percha, to No. 1 gauge. Shore end 12 wires - - Ditto 10 „ — 1 copper wire, No. 16 gauge, covered with gutta percha, to No. 2 gauge; served with spun yarn, and covered with | 12 wires. 1 strand of 7 No. 22 copper wires, covered with gutta- percha to No. 1 gauge; outer covering 12 wires of No. 9 gauge. 2 strands of 4 copper wires. No. 22 gauge, covered with gutta-percha and Chatter- ton’s compound, to No. 3 gauge, served with 12 wires, No. 64 gauge. Cable of 4 wires, each solid copper wire, No. 13 gauge, covered with gutta-percha (and two of the four with Chatterton’s compound) to No. 0 gauge ; served with 10 iron wires No. 00 gauge. 2 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, covered with gutta-percha No. 3 gauge, served with 12 wires No. 6 gauge. 1 copper wire, No. 14 gauge, covered with gutta-percha to No. 7 gauge; well served with tarred yarn, and sur- rounded with 9 No. 6 gal- vanized iron wires. 1 copper wire, No. 16 gauge, covered with gutta-percha to No. 0 gauge; served with 10 wires, No. 6{ gauge. 3 strands of 4 copper wires, No. 22 gauge, covered with gutta-percha and Chatter- ton’s compound, to No. 3 gauge; served with 12 wires, No. 5 gauge. 6 strands of 4 copper wires, No. 22 gauge, covered with gutta-percha aud Chatter- ton’s compound to No. 3 gauge ; served with 12 wires, No. 0 gauge. 7 copper wires, No.1 gauge, covered with gutta-per:ha to No. 0 gauge ; served with yarn, and covered with 18 wir es. 1 strand of 7 copper wires, No. 22 gauge, covered with gutta-percha to No. 1 gauge; outer covering, 12 wires of No. 9 gauge. No. 16 copper; No. 1 gutta- percha; 10 No.8 best an- nealed iron covering. ——— ——— e — . ——— o bd SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 515 Submarine Telegraph Cables, arranged Chronologically—continued. APP. No. 18. ; Circum- TET 7 Weipht per Condition immediately 161 Mile. id of after being laid. ^ Present Condition. Remarks. Inches in Diameter. 6 tons. ыс Perfect - - | In good working order. 21 ewt. т Good. 300 miles, bare G. P. Broken. 15 ewt. 12 30 ditto - 35 ewt. 25 5 ditto - - 15 cwt. 13 Good - - | Broken, and repaired, 50 cwt. — Perfect · In good working order. 60 ewt. — Ditto — Ditto. 92 tous. 5 Perfect; except a wil- | In good working First cable laid with (2 of its) conductors insulated ful injury to 1 wire, | order. in gutta-percha and Chatterton’s compound. caused by а nail, which was subse- quently repaired. 62 cwt. — Perfect - - | In good working e order. 2 tons 17 cwt. — Ditto + - | Test perfect ; iron cor- roded in rocky grounds and heavy tideways ; perfect in sand ; chafed through three times on sharp rocks. ( 50 cwt. 21 Ditto - | In good working order | Covered with a thick protecting covering of asphalt and hemp yarn, making the total external circum- ference 34 inches. 4 tons — Ditto — — Ditto. 93 tons — Ditto —— Ditto. 21 cwt. 13 God ~ | Broken and repaired. 50 ext. — Perfect - In good working order. 40 cwt. 21 Perfect - - | With exception of 1 | Instead of being laid straight across Bass’ Strait sectionlaid on a very | the cable was laid from island to island, and thus rocky bottom, very | forming 3 sections. One of these being extremely good. rocky a much heavier cable should have been laid: and as the other sections remain perfect, the Australian Government intend having another cable for this section laid in a less rocky position. 3 T 4 APP. No, J, —— Name and Situation. Deumark (Great Belt) - Dacca—Pegu - - —— — ا — — س л л — — — ————MÓM—M—M————‏ ج حح ص —À ome À—— — Spezzia to Corsica - Newfoundland to Cape Breton. — APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Table showing the General Particulars of the Various | Owner of Line. | Date of Laying.| Manufacturer. Danish 1860 W.J. Henley - Government. Indian Govern- | Not yet laid - W. J. Henley ment. DEEP SEA CABLES. French Govern- 1854 ment. Glass, Elliot, & Co. Ditto. Atlantic TelegraphCable, | The Atlantic Te-] After one un- In 1857: (from the island of Valentia, in the county of Kerry, Ireland, to Day Bull Arm, at the south-western extre- mity of Trinity Bay, in the island of New- foundland). Sardinia and Bona (Cag- liari to баша). Sardinia (Cagliari) to Maita, and Malta to Corfu. Dardanelles to Scio and Candia, from Scio to Candia. Athens to Syra and Scio. legraph Com- | successful at-] Glass, Elliot, & Co., pany (іпсогро- | tempt in 1857, 1,250 miles. rated by Act of and three in | Newall & Co., Parliament). 1858, the At- 1,250 miles. lantic cable | In 1858: was laid, and | Glass, Elliot, & Co., the possibility 900 miles. of telegraphic | The whole of the communica- core in 1857 and tion with | 1858 was made by America first | the Gutta-Percha proved there- | Company. by, on the 5th August 1858. French Govern- 1857 R. S. Newall & Co. ment. ; Mediterranean 1857 R. S. Newall & Co. Extension Company. Levant Tele- | June, 1858. | R. S. Newall & Co. graph Come pany. Greek Govern- R. S. Newall & Co. ment. June, 1859. Length of Cable. Miles. 28 s 110 85 The original length of cable, exclusive shore ends, ma- nufactured and taken out in 1857, was 2,500 miles, and of this quantity 385 miles were lost in August 1857. It was then thought ex- pedient to allow more for slack, and consequent- ly the quantity remaining was made up to3,000 (three thou- sand) miles in 1858. The quan- tity actually laid, however, was only 2,200 miles. About 100 miles were brought home, and the rest was lost in the various efforts which preceded the final success in 1858. Miles. 125 700 450 knots. 150 knots. of ———— es The protecting Description. 14 miles consist of cable with 6 conductors, No. 1 gutta- percha, covered with 12 No. 1 iron wire. 14 miles consist of cable with 3 conductors of same description covered with 10 No. 1 iron wires, Same as Red Sea cable - 6 copper wires, No. 16 gauge, covered with gutta-percha, to No, 1 gauge ; outer co- vering, 12 wires of No. 1 gauge. One strand of seven No. 22 copper wires, covered with gutta-percha to No. 1 gauge. Outer covering, 12 wires, No. 9 gauge. The core, or electrical por- tion of the cable, consisting of the conductor and the insulating substance sur- rounding it. was composed of a strand of seven copper wires, each of No. 22 gauge (six wires laid round one wire) covered with three coatings of gutta-percha up to a diameter of 3 of an inch (gauge No. 4). mail sur- rounding the above core consisted of a serving of five thread jute yarn, satu- rated with a composition made of f, Stockholm tar, ү» pitch, ту boiled linseed oii, and 44 common bees-wax. Around this serving was an outer covering of iron, viz., 18 strands, each strand com- posed of seven iron wires (six wires laid round one wire) of the best charcoal iron, and each wire being No, 22 gauge. The com- pleted cable, as it came off the machines by means of which the outer coating of iron was laid round the yarn, was passed through a tank containing a heated mixture of tar, pitch, and linseed oil before being coiled away. One strand of 7 copper wires, No. 14 gauge, covered with gutta-percha to No, gauge ; served with tarred yarn, covered with 18 No. 10 iron wire, galvanized. Onestrand conductor of seven copper wires; gutta-percha insulator ; 18 iron wire covering, No. 14 gauge. Onestrand conductor of seven copper wires ; gutta-percha insulator; 18 iron wire covering ; No. 14 gauge. Ф й SUBMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. Submarine Telegraph Cables, arranged Chronologically—continued. ! | | 517 i | Weight of com- One inchand , Defects of small mag- , Attempts have been | pleted cable, 20 cwt. рег statute mile. Weightof ex- | ternal iron, 15 cwt. per statute mile. Weight of jute serving, 2 cwt. per statute mile. Weight of the electrical соге, 320 lbs. per statute mile. Weight of the gutta - percha portion of the said core, 237 lbs., and of the copper portion, 93 lbs. per stat. mile. The balance of weight re- quired to make up the 20 cwt. will be accounted for by the ex- ternal coating of pitch and tar. 18 cwt. 20 cwt. 20 cwt. n five-eighths. : nitude wereindicated when nearly half the cable had been sub- merged. After the cable had been com- pletely laid, on the 5th August 1858, the current passed from end to end freely, but appeared somewhat enfeebled, and for some reason which has not been clearly explained to the Directors of the Company, the ar- rangements for send- ing and receiving messages were not completed till Aug. 10th. From that date the insulation of the cable kept on diminishing, al- though by various expedients it still was possible to pass telegraphic messages through it until Sept. 2nd, 1858, when it ceased working alto- gether. In excellent condition for 12 months, be- tween Malta and Cagliari, and up to last August, between Malta and Corfu. { | Not working made during the present summer of 1860 to repair the cable, but they have ; proved unsuccessful, ! and it has been found ! necessary altogether | to abandon it, with | the exception of re- | covering the shore ends in order to sell them. Perfect working order.| Same as when laid. Perfect working order.| Same as when laid, | : Circum- ИЕ” : | Weight per Condition immediately $2 Mile. E of after being laid. Present Condition. Remarks. | Inches in | Diameter. | 8 tons. | 4 Perfect - - | Perfect. | MEM | | 5] tons. | 41 Perfect - - | Perfect. | | | | — | — -— | -- Now on its way out. | | - - - - - - DEEP SEA CABLES. 8 tons. — Perfect - - | Ingood working ко This cable has not cost anything for repairs since | being laid. | | | | 50 cwt. | — , In good working order. Perfect - - First strand cables. = i Interruption on Cagliari and Malta line; cause not ascertained. The Corfu and Malta line interrupted from 20 to 40 miles from Corfu. Cable unbroken. 3 U Continuity interrupted. Por- tions raised in good condition. Arr. No. 18. 518 APPENDIX TO REPORT OF THE Table showing the General Particulars of the Various — – — M Name and Situation. Owner of Line. Date of Laying.| Manufacturer. Length of Cable. Description. | Knots. | Red Sea and India - | Red Sea and | 1859 & 1860 | R. S. Newall & Co. 3,043 Conductor: 7 wire strands India Tele- | weighing, per knot, 180 graph Co. lbs. ; 4 times covered with | | | gutta-percha, according to Chatterton'spatent; weight per knot, 212 Ibs. Total wire - - 33 ct. Hemp yarn serving 14 „ 18 wires, best se- lected charcoal gutta-percha and Chatter- ton's compound, served with yarn saturated with tar, and covered with 10 No. 53 an- | . nealed iron wires. iron 16 „ ! Total weight -21 „ - = 2 per knot. Statute miles, Alexandria to Suez - Ditto April, 1859 Contractors, R. S. 220 = — * Е (2 wire land line). Newall & co. . Knots, Suez to Kosseir - Ditto May 5,1859 | R. S. Newall & Co. 255 Ditto Kosseir to Suakin - Ditto May 17,1859 Ditto | 474 | Ditto | i | | | i i | Suakin to Адеп gi Ditto May 28, 1859 Ditto | 629 | Ditto | | | Aden te Hallani - Ditto February 12, Ditto | 718 Ditto 1860. | | Hallani to Muscat Ditto | January 30, | Ditto 486 | Ditto | 1860. | | Muscat to Kurrachee Ditto | January 17, Ditto | 481 Ditto | | 1860. | | | | | | Miles. Sicily to Malta - e | Mediterranean 1859 Glass, Elliot, & Co. 70 | One strand of 7 copper wires, , Extension No. 22 gauge, covered with Company. | gutta-percha, to No. 1 ' . gauge ; served with tarred | | yarn, and covered with 10 ! No. 54 iron wire. І | | Barcelona and Mahon - | Spanish Go- September, | W. J. Henley | 180 | No. 1 gutta-percha ; 16 iron vernment. 1860. ! ! wires, No. 124. | Iviza to Majorca - - | Spanish Go- September, W. J. Henley - | 74 | Two conductors; gutta- vernment. 1860. . i | percha ; No. 3 strand cop- | | per, No. 16. Outer cover- | | ing 18 No. 113 iron wire, | | St. Antonio to Iviza - Spanish Go- September, | W. J. Henley - | 76 | Ditto | vernment. 1860. | r Toulon and Algiers - French Govern- | September, | Glass, Elliot, & Co. | 480 ‚7 No. 22 copper wires forming ment. 1860. , Strand conductor, covered | | | with 3 coatings each of | | gutta-percha and Chatter- | ` ton's compound; served | i | | with yarn saturated with | tar. and covered with 10 | | No. 14 steel wires, each | ) wire being secured with | | hemp saturated with tar. Corfu and Otranto - | Mediterranean 1861. ' Glass, Elliot, & Co. | 60 | 7 No. 22 copper wire forming Extension | | strand conductor, covered . Company. | with 3 coatings each of | i | — — — — йр " b. Weight per | Mile. 21 cwt. Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 60 cwt. 25 cwt. 38 ewt. 38 cwt. 223 cwt. 68$ ewt. | — — ÁÀ— Cireum- ference of Cable. Inches in Diameter. * 58 inches Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto Ditto 2*9 3 SURMARINE TELEGRAPH COMMITTEE. 519 Condition immediately Peach Condition after being laid. Submarine Telegraph Cables, arranged Chronologically—continued. — ANo T. Remarks. Good - - | Four sections out of | It is believed that the positions of the interruptions order. are known, and can be easily repaired. Two sections still | (See detailed remarks opposite each section). working. Good ; taken over by | Not working Company at end of 30 days. Good ; but not taken | Working well over by the Com- pany for nine months. Good ; taken over by | Not working Company at end of 30 days. Ditto, ^ ditto Ditto. «+ Ditto, ditto Working well Ditto, ^ ditto Not working In excellent working | Very good - order. Very good - - | Very good. Very good - [Very good. Perfect - - | Perfect - - | A fault close to Kosseir, probably at anchorage - | The certificate for this section was withheld, in consequence of a falling off in insulation about five days after it was laid; but at the end of nine months, the cable not hee any further loss in insulation, and having worked over the con- tract speed of 10 words per minute, was taken off the contractor’s hands by the Company. - | This cable did not test as well as the above cables immediately after it was laid, but it was con- sidered sufficiently up to contract to receive a certificate. Nine months after it was laid faults developed themselves, and it is still out of work- ing order. - | Interruption took place about three months after line was laid; supposed to be 230 miles from Aden, at a joint in shallow water, where it can be easily repaired. - | The working in this line has never been inter- rupted. - | Fault close to Kurrachee, at shore end; probably caused by south-west monsoon, which blows violently on that coast. - | Laid from the steam ship * Berwick." - | At present only laid between Algiers and Minorca. An attempt was made in December 1860 to lay the cable from Toulon to Minorca, which failed when nearly 100 miles had been paid out success- fully, from a French war steamer coming into collision with the paying-out vessel. LONDON : Printed by GEoncE E. Eyre and WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE, Printers to the Queen's most Excellent Majesty. For Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Digitized by Google O P r 54 БҮТ J“